Operating System practical

File
Name-Saloni Yadav
Course-B.A.program(CS +Maths)
Roll No - 2022022
Year - Second
Submission Date - 3 May 2024

Q1.Usage of following commands: ls, pwd, cat, who, rm,

mkdir, rmdir,cd.

CODE-

ls # lists all files and directories in the current

directory

pwd # prints the current directory path

cat file.txt # displays the content of file.txt

who # shows who is logged on

rm file.txt # removes file.txt

mkdir newdir # creates a new directory named newdir

rmdir newdir # removes the directory named newdir

cd newdir # changes the current directory to newdir

output-

Q2. Usage of following commands: cal, cat(append), cat/

concatenate), mv, cp, man, date.

Code:
cal # shows the current month's calendar

cat file1.txt >> file2.txt # appends the content of file1.txt

to file2.txt

cat file1.txt file2.txt > combined.txt # concatenates file1

and file2 into combined.txt

cp file1.txt file2.txt # copies file1.txt to file2.txt

man ls # shows the manual page for the ls command

date # displays the current date and time

Output:-
Q3. Usage of following commands: chmod, Grep, bc

Code:

chmod 755 file.txt # changes permissions of file.txt to 755

grep "pattern" file.txt # searches for "pattern" in file.txt

echo "scale=2; 22/7" | bc # uses bc to calculate 22 divided
by 7 with 2 decimal placesO

Output:-

Q4. Write a shell script to display date in the mm/dd/yy

format.

Code :

formatted_date=$(date i =+%m/%d/%y)

echo "Today's date is: $formatted_date"

Output:-

Q5.Write a shell script to display the multiplication table any

number.

Code-

n=3

echo"output"

i=1

while [ $i -le 10 ]

do
echo "$(( n * i))"

i=$(( i+1 ))

done

Output-

6. Write a shell script to find the factorial of a given number.

Code-

factorial() {

if [ $1 -eq 0 ]; then

echo 1

else echo $(( $1 * $(factorial $(($1-1))) ))

fi

read -p "enter a number : " num

result=$(factorial $num)

echo " the factorial of $num is : $result"

Output:-

7. Program to show the pyramid of special character “*”.

Code-

p =6;

for ( (m=1; m<=p; m++) )

do

for((a=m; a<=p; a++))

do

echo -ne "";

done

for((n=1; n<=m; n++))

do

echo -ne "*";

done

for((i=1; i<m; i++))

do

echo -ne "*';

done

echo;

done

Output:-

8. Write a shell script to find the sum of digits of a given

number.

Code-

a=10

b=20

#display the result

sum=$(($a+b))#calculate sum

Output:-

9. Write a shell script to perform the tasks of basic

calculator.

Code:-

echo "welcome to basic calculator"

read -p"enter first number : "num1

read -p "enter second number : "num2

echo " choose an operation:"

echo "1. Addition"

echo "2. subtraction"

echo "3.Multiplication "

echo "4.division"

read -p "enter yor choice (1-4): " choice

case $choice in

1)echo "result: $(($num1 + $num2))" ;;

2)echo "result: $(($num1 - $num2))" ;;

3)echo "result: $(($num1 * $num2))" ;;

4)if [ $nu2 -eq 0];then

echo"error: Division by zero!"

else

echo "result: $(echo "scaler=2; $num1 / $num2" | bc)"

fi

;;

*)echo "invalid choice";;

esac

Output:-
10. Write a shell script to find the power of a given number.

Code-

pow()

{ # value of a

a=$1

b=$2
c=1

res=1

if((b==0));

then

res=1

fi

if((a==0));

then

res=1

fi

if((a >=1 && b >= 1));

then

while((c <= b))

do

res=$((res * a))

c=$((c +1))

done

fi

echo "$1 to the power $2 is $res"

}
Output:-

11. Write a shell script to check whether the number is

Armstrong or not.

Code:-

echo-n "enter a number :"

read -r n

arm=0

tem=$n

while [ "$n" -ne 0 ] ; do

r=$((n % 10))

arm=$((arm + r * r* r))

n=$((n / 10))
done

echo $arm

if [ $arm-eq "$temp" ] ; them

echo "Amstrong"

else

echo "Not Amstrong"

fi

Output:-

12. Write a shell script to find the GCD (greatest common

divisor) of two numbers.
Code :-

gcd() {

local a=$1

local b=$2

while [[ $b -ne 0 ]]; do

local temp=$b

b=$((a % b))

a=$temp

done

echo "$a"

echo "Enter first number:"

read num1

echo $num1

echo "Enter second number:"

echo $num2

result=$(gcd $num1 $num2)

echo "The GCD of $num1 and $num2 is $result"

Output:-
13. Write a shell script to check if the number entered at the
command line is prime or not.

Code:-

is_prime() {

local num=$1

if [ $num -lt2 ]; then

return 1

fi

for ((i=2; i*i<=num; i++)); do

if [ $((num % i)) -eq 0 ]; then

return 1

fi

done

return 0

echo "Enter the number:"

read num

echo $num

if is_prime "$num"; then

 echo "Prime"

else

echo "Not Prime"

fi

Output:-

14. Write a shell script to display on the screen sorted

output of “who” command along with the total number of
users.

Code:-

who_output=$(who)

num_users=$(echo "$who_output" | wc -l)

echo "Total number of users: $num_users"

Output:-

15. Write a shell script to accept a login name. If not a valid

login name display message – “Entered login name is
invalid”.

Code-

read -p "enterusername"

if [ $name=$username ]

the

echo "valid"

else
echo "enter loginname is invalid"

fi

Output:-

Q16. Write a shell script to compare two files and if found

equal asks the user to delete the

duplicate file

Code-

file1="Welcome to File1."

file2="Welcome to File2."

if [ "$file1" = "$file2" ]; then

echo "The files are Equal."

echo "Do you want to delete one of the files? (y/n)"

 read res

if [ "$res" = "y" ]; then

echo "Which file do you want to delete? (1/2)"

read filedelete

if [ "$filedelete" = "1" ]; then

echo "File deleted"

elif [ "$filedelete" = "2" ]; then

echo "File2 deleted"

else

echo "Invalid choice. No File deleted"

fi

else

echo "No File deleted"

fi

else

echo "The Files are NOT Equal"

fi

Output:-
Q17. Write a shell script to merge the contents Of three sort
the contents and then

display them page by page.

Code:

file1="apple

banana

grape"

file2="orange

kiwi

pineapple"

file3="mango

pear
watermelon"

mergecontent=$(echo -e "$file1\n$file2\n$file3")

echo "merged content = $mergecontent"

sortcontent=$(echo "$mergecontent" | sort)

echo "sorted content = $sortcontent"

output:

Q18. Write a shell script to check whether the tile have all
the permissions or not.

Code:

ls –ltr

output:
Q19. Write a shell script to modify "cal" command to
display calendars of the specified

months.

Code:

echo "Enter the month (1-12):"

read month

echo $month

echo "Enter the year (e.g., 2024):"

read year

echo $year

if ! [[ "$month" =~ ^[1-9]|1[0-2]$ ]]; then

echo "Invalid month. Month must be a number between 1

and 12."

exit 1

fi

if ! [[ "$year" =~ ^[0-9]{4}$ ]]; then

echo "Invalid year. Year must be a 4-digit number."

exit 1

fi

cal $month $year

Output:-
Q20. Write a shell script to modify "cal” command to
display calendars of the specified

range of months.

Code:

echo "Enter the starting month (1-12):"

read startmonth

echo "Enter the ending month (1-12):"

read endmonth

echo "$startmonth - $endmonth"

if ! [[ "$startmonth" =~ ^[1-9]|1[0-2]$ ]]; then

echo "Invalid start month"

exit 1

fi
if ! [[ "$endmonth" =~ ^[1-9]|1[0-2]$ ]]; then

echo "Invalid end month"

exit 1

fi

if [ "$startmonth" -gt "$endmonth" ]; then

echo "Invalid range"

exit 1

fi

for ((month=$startmonth; month<=$endmonth; month++)); do

cal $month $(date +%Y)

echo "========================"

done

Output:-