Chapter 11:
Structured Data
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11.9
Pointers to Structures
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Pointers to Structures
• A structure variable has an address
• Pointers to structures are variables that
can hold the address of a structure:
Student *stuPtr;
• Can use & operator to assign address:
stuPtr = & stu1;
• Structure pointer can be a function
parameter
11-3
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Accessing Structure Members
via Pointer Variables
• Must use () to dereference pointer
variable, not field within structure:
cout << (*stuPtr).studentID;
• Can use structure pointer operator to
eliminate () and use clearer notation:
cout << stuPtr->studentID;
11-4
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From Program 11-8
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11.12
Enumerated Data Types
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Enumerated Data Types
• An enumerated data type is a programmer-
defined data type. It consists of values
known as enumerators, which represent
integer constants.
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Enumerated Data Types
• Example:
enum Day { MONDAY, TUESDAY,
WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
FRIDAY };
• The identifiers MONDAY, TUESDAY,
WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, and FRIDAY,
which are listed inside the braces, are
enumerators. They represent the values
that belong to the Day data type.
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Enumerated Data Types
enum Day { MONDAY, TUESDAY,
WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
FRIDAY };
Note that the enumerators are not strings,
so they aren’t enclosed in quotes.
They are identifiers.
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Enumerated Data Types
• Once you have created an enumerated
data type in your program, you can define
variables of that type. Example:
Day workDay;
• This statement defines workDay as a
variable of the Day type.
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Enumerated Data Types
• We may assign any of the enumerators
MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY, or FRIDAY to a variable of the
Day type. Example:
workDay = WEDNESDAY;
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Enumerated Data Types
• So, what is an enumerator?
• Think of it as an integer named constant
• Internally, the compiler assigns integer
values to the enumerators, beginning at 0.
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Enumerated Data Types
enum Day { MONDAY, TUESDAY,
WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
FRIDAY };
In memory...
MONDAY = 0
TUESDAY = 1
WEDNESDAY = 2
THURSDAY = 3
FRIDAY = 4
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Enumerated Data Types
• Using the Day declaration, the following
code...
cout << MONDAY << " "
<< WEDNESDAY << " “
<< FRIDAY << endl;
...will produce this output:
0 2 4
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Assigning an integer to an enum
Variable
• You cannot directly assign an integer value
to an enum variable. This will not work:
workDay = 3; // Error!
• Instead, you must cast the integer:
workDay = static_cast<Day>(3);
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Assigning an Enumerator to an int
Variable
• You CAN assign an enumerator to an int
variable. For example:
int x;
x = THURSDAY;
• This code assigns 3 to x.
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Comparing Enumerator Values
• Enumerator values can be compared using
the relational operators. For example, using
the Day data type the following code will
display the message "Friday is greater than
Monday.“
if (FRIDAY > MONDAY)
{
cout << "Friday is greater "
<< "than Monday.\n";
}
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Using an enum Variable to Step
through an Array's Elements
• Because enumerators are stored in memory as
integers, you can use them as array subscripts.
For example:
enum Day { MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY, FRIDAY };
const int NUM_DAYS = 5;
double sales[NUM_DAYS];
sales[MONDAY] = 1525.0;
sales[TUESDAY] = 1896.5;
sales[WEDNESDAY] = 1975.63;
sales[THURSDAY] = 1678.33;
sales[FRIDAY] = 1498.52;
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Enumerators Must Be Unique
Within the same Scope
• Enumerators must be unique within the same
scope. For example, an error will result if both
of the following enumerated types are
declared within the same scope:
enum Presidents { MCKINLEY, ROOSEVELT, TAFT };
enum VicePresidents { ROOSEVELT, FAIRBANKS,
SHERMAN };
ROOSEVELT is declared twice.
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Declaring the Type and Defining
the Variables in One Statement
• You can declare an enumerated data type
and define one or more variables of the
type in the same statement. For example:
enum Car { PORSCHE, FERRARI, JAGUAR } sportsCar;
This code declares the Car data type and defines a
variable named sportsCar.
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