PowerPoint Slides adapted from
*Starting Out with C++: From Control Structures through Objects, 7/E* by *Tony Gaddis*
Copyright © 2012 – Pearson Education Inc.
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
LECTURE 11
STRUCTURED DATA
IMRAN IHSAN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
AIR UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD
ABSTRACT DATA TYPES
• A data type that specifies
• values that can be stored
• operations that can be done on the values
• User of an abstract data type does not need to know the implementation of the data type,
e.g., how the data is stored
• ADTs are created by programmers
• Abstraction:
• a definition that captures general characteristics without details
• Ex: An abstract triangle is a 3-sided polygon. A specific triangle may be scalene, isosceles, or
equilateral
• Data Type:
• defines the values that can be stored in a variable and the operations that can be performed
on it
Lecture 11 - Structured Data 1
COMBINING DATA INTO STRUCTURES
• Structure: C++ construct that allows multiple variables to be grouped together
• General Format:
struct <structName>
{
type1 field1;
type2 field2;
. . .
};
EXAMPLE STRUCT DECLARATION
structure tag
struct Student
{
int studentID; structure members
string name;
short yearInSchool;
double gpa;
};
Lecture 11 - Structured Data 2
STRUCT DECLARATION NOTES
• Must have ; after closing }
• struct names commonly begin with uppercase letter
• Multiple fields of same type can be in comma-separated list:
string name, address;
DEFINING VARIABLES
• struct declaration does not allocate memory or create variables
• To define variables, use structure tag as type name:
Student bill;
bill
studentID
name
yearInSchool
gpa
Lecture 11 - Structured Data 3
ACCESSING STRUCTURE MEMBERS
• Use the dot (.) operator to refer to members of struct variables:
cin >> stu1.studentID;
getline(cin, stu1.name);
stu1.gpa = 3.75;
• Member variables can be used in any manner appropriate for their data type
ACCESSING STRUCTURE MEMBERS
Lecture 11 - Structured Data 4
ACCESSING STRUCTURE MEMBERS
ACCESSING STRUCTURE MEMBERS
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 5
DISPLAYING A STRUCT VARIABLE
• To display the contents of a struct variable, must display each field separately, using the dot
operator:
cout << bill; // won’t work
cout << bill.studentID << endl;
cout << bill.name << endl;
cout << bill.yearInSchool;
cout << " " << bill.gpa;
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COMPARING STRUCT VARIABLES
• Cannot compare struct variables directly:
if (bill == william) // won’t work
• Instead, must compare on a field basis:
if (bill.studentID == william.studentID)
...
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 6
INITIALIZING A STRUCTURE
• struct variable can be initialized when defined:
Student s = {11465, "Joan", 2, 3.75};
• Can also be initialized member-by-member after definition:
s.name = "Joan";
s.gpa = 3.75;
• May initialize only some members:
Student bill = {14579};
• Cannot skip over members:
Student s = {1234, "John", , 2.83}; // illegal
• Cannot initialize in the structure declaration, since this does not allocate memory
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INITIALIZING A STRUCTURE
PROGRAM
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 7
ARRAYS OF STRUCTURES
• Structures can be defined in arrays
• Can be used in place of parallel arrays
const int NUM_STUDENTS = 20;
Student stuList[NUM_STUDENTS];
• Individual structures accessible using subscript notation
• Fields within structures accessible using dot notation:
cout << stuList[5].studentID;
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ARRAYS OF STRUCTURES
16
Lecture 11 - Structured Data 8
ARRAYS OF STRUCTURES
17
ARRAYS OF STRUCTURES
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 9
NESTED STRUCTURES
• A structure can contain another structure as a member:
struct PersonInfo
{ string name,
address,
city;
};
struct Student
{ int studentID;
PersonInfo pData;
short yearInSchool;
double gpa;
};
• Use the dot operator multiple times to refer to fields of nested structures:
Student s;
s.pData.name = "Joanne";
s.pData.city = "Tulsa";
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STRUCTURES AS FUNCTION ARGUMENTS
• May pass members of struct variables to functions:
computeGPA(stu.gpa);
• May pass entire struct variables to functions:
showData(stu);
• Can use reference parameter if function needs to modify contents of structure variable
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 10
STRUCTURES AS FUNCTION ARGUMENTS
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STRUCTURES AS FUNCTION ARGUMENTS
• Using value parameter for structure can slow down a program, waste space
• Using a reference parameter will speed up program, but function may change data in
structure
• Using a const reference parameter allows read-only access to reference parameter, does not
waste space, speed
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 11
RETURNING A STRUCTURE FROM A FUNCTION
• Function can return a struct:
Student getStudentData(); // prototype
stu1 = getStudentData(); // call
• Function must define a local structure
• for internal use
• for use with return statement
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RETURNING A STRUCTURE FROM A FUNCTION
EXAMPLE
Student getStudentData()
{ Student tempStu;
cin >> tempStu.studentID;
getline(cin, tempStu.pData.name);
getline(cin, tempStu.pData.address);
getline(cin, tempStu.pData.city);
cin >> tempStu.yearInSchool;
cin >> tempStu.gpa;
return tempStu;
}
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 12
RETURNING A STRUCTURE FROM A FUNCTION
25
RETURNING A STRUCTURE FROM A FUNCTION
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 13
RETURNING A STRUCTURE FROM A FUNCTION
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POINTERS TO STRUCTURES
• A structure variable has an address
• Pointers to structures are variables that can hold the address of a structure:
Student *stuPtr;
• Can use & operator to assign address:
stuPtr = & stu1;
• Structure pointer can be a function parameter
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 14
ACCESSING STRUCTURE MEMBERS VIA POINTER VARIABLES
• Must use () to dereference pointer variable, not field within structure:
cout << (*stuPtr).studentID;
• Can use structure pointer operator to eliminate () and use clearer notation:
cout << stuPtr->studentID;
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ACCESSING STRUCTURE MEMBERS VIA POINTER VARIABLES
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 15
UNIONS
• Similar to a struct, but
• all members share a single memory location, and
• only one member of the union can be used at a time
• Declared using union, otherwise the same as struct
• Variables defined as for struct variables
Anonymous Union
• A union without a union tag:
union { ... };
• Must use static if declared outside of a function
• Allocates memory at declaration time
• Can refer to members directly without dot operator
• Uses only one memory location, saves space
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ENUMERATED DATA TYPES
• An enumerated data type is a programmer-defined data type. It consists of values known as
enumerators, which represent integer constants.
• Example:
enum Day { MONDAY, TUESDAY,
WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
FRIDAY };
• The identifiers MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, and FRIDAY, which are listed inside
the braces, are enumerators. They represent the values that belong to the Day data type.
• Note that the enumerators are not strings, so they aren’t enclosed in quotes.
They are identifiers.
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 16
ENUMERATED DATA TYPES
• Once you have created an enumerated data type in your program, you can define variables of
that type. Example:
Day workDay;
• This statement defines workDay as a variable of the Day type.
• We may assign any of the enumerators MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, or FRIDAY
to a variable of the Day type. Example:
workDay = WEDNESDAY;
• So, what is an enumerator?
• Think of it as an integer named constant
• Internally, the compiler assigns integer values to the enumerators, beginning at 0.
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ENUMERATED DATA TYPES
enum Day { MONDAY, TUESDAY,
WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
FRIDAY };
In memory...
MONDAY = 0
TUESDAY = 1
WEDNESDAY = 2
THURSDAY = 3
FRIDAY = 4
• Using the Day declaration, the following code...
cout << MONDAY << " "
<< WEDNESDAY << " “
<< FRIDAY << endl;
...will produce this output:
0 2 4
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 17
ASSIGNING AN INTEGER TO AN ENUM VARIABLE
• You cannot directly assign an integer value to an enum variable. This will not work:
workDay = 3; // Error!
• Instead, you must cast the integer:
workDay = static_cast<Day>(3);
• You CAN assign an enumerator to an int variable. For example:
int x;
x = THURSDAY;
• This code assigns 3 to x.
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COMPARING ENUMERATOR VALUES
• Enumerator values can be compared using the relational operators. For example, using the
Day data type the following code will display the message "Friday is greater than Monday.“
if (FRIDAY > MONDAY)
{
cout << "Friday is greater "
<< "than Monday.\n";
}
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 18
ENUMERATED DATA TYPES
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ENUMERATED DATA TYPES
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 19
ENUMERATED DATA TYPES
• Program 11-12 shows enumerators used to control a loop:
// Get the sales for each day.
for (index = MONDAY; index <= FRIDAY; index++)
{
cout << "Enter the sales for day "
<< index << ": ";
cin >> sales[index];
}
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ANONYMOUS ENUMERATED TYPES
• An anonymous enumerated type is simply one that does not have a name. For example, in
Program 11-13 we could have declared the enumerated type as:
enum { MONDAY, TUESDAY,
WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
FRIDAY };
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 20
USING MATH OPERATORS WITH ENUM VARIABLES
• You can run into problems when trying to perform math operations with enum
variables. For example:
Day day1, day2; // Define two Day variables.
day1 = TUESDAY; // Assign TUESDAY to day1.
day2 = day1 + 1;// ERROR! Will not work!
• The third statement will not work because the expression day1 + 1 results in the
integer value 2, and you cannot store an int in an enum variable.
• You can fix this by using a cast to explicitly convert the result to Day, as shown here:
// This will work.
day2 = static_cast<Day>(day1 + 1);
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USING AN ENUM VARIABLE TO STEP THROUGH AN ARRAY'S ELEMENTS
• Because enumerators are stored in memory as integers, you can use them as array
subscripts. For example:
enum Day { MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY, FRIDAY };
const int NUM_DAYS = 5;
double sales[NUM_DAYS];
sales[MONDAY] = 1525.0;
sales[TUESDAY] = 1896.5;
sales[WEDNESDAY] = 1975.63;
sales[THURSDAY] = 1678.33;
sales[FRIDAY] = 1498.52;
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 21
USING AN ENUM VARIABLE TO STEP THROUGH AN ARRAY'S ELEMENTS
• Remember, though, you cannot use the ++ operator on an enum variable. So, the following
loop will NOT work.
Day workDay; // Define a Day variable
// ERROR!!! This code will NOT work.
for (workDay = MONDAY; workDay <= FRIDAY; workDay++)
{
cout << "Enter the sales for day "
<< workDay << ": ";
cin >> sales[workDay];
}
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USING AN ENUM VARIABLE TO STEP THROUGH AN ARRAY'S ELEMENTS
• You must rewrite the loop’s update expression using a cast instead of ++:
for (workDay = MONDAY; workDay <= FRIDAY;
workDay = static_cast<Day>(workDay + 1))
{
cout << "Enter the sales for day "
<< workDay << ": ";
cin >> sales[workDay];
}
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 22
USING AN ENUM VARIABLE TO STEP THROUGH AN ARRAY'S ELEMENTS
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USING AN ENUM VARIABLE TO STEP THROUGH AN ARRAY'S ELEMENTS
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 23
ENUMERATORS MUST BE UNIQUE WITHIN THE SAME SCOPE
• Enumerators must be unique within the same scope. For example, an error will result if both
of the following enumerated types are declared within the same scope:
enum Presidents { MCKINLEY, ROOSEVELT, TAFT };
enum VicePresidents { ROOSEVELT, FAIRBANKS,
SHERMAN };
ROOSEVELT is declared twice.
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DECLARING THE TYPE AND DEFINING THE VARIABLES IN ONE STATEMENT
• You can declare an enumerated data type and define one or more variables of the type in the
same statement. For example:
enum Car { PORSCHE, FERRARI, JAGUAR } sportsCar;
• This code declares the Car data type and defines a variable named sportsCar.
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Lecture 11 - Structured Data 24
