Lecture 03
Part I: User-Defined Simple Data Types, Namespaces, and the string Type
C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Eighth Edition
1
Objectives (1 of 2)
• In this chapter, you will:
• Learn how to create and manipulate your own simple data type—called the
enumeration type
• Explore how the assignment statement, and arithmetic and relational operators work
with enum types
• Learn how to use for loops with enum types
• Learn how to input data into an enum type
• Learn how to output data stored in an enum type
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Objectives (2 of 2)
• Explore how to write functions to process enum types
• Learn how to declare variables when defining the enumeration type
• Become familiar with anonymous types
• Become familiar with the typedef statement
• Learn about the namespace mechanism
• Explore the string data type, and learn how to use string functions to
manipulate strings
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Enumeration Type (1 of 5)
• A data type is a set of values with a set of operations on them
• Enumeration type is a simple data type created by the programmer
• To define an enumeration type, you need:
• A name for the data type
• A set of values for the data type
• A set of operations on the values
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Enumeration Type (2 of 5)
• You can specify the name and the values, but not the operations
• The syntax for enumeration type is:
• value1, value2, … are identifiers called enumerators
• List specifies the ordering:
value1 < value2 < value3 <...
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Enumeration Type (3 of 5)
• The enumeration type is an ordered set of values
• Default value starts at 0 on enumerators
• A value used in one enumeration type cannot be used by another in the same
block
• Same rules apply to enumeration types declared outside of any blocks
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Enumeration Type (4 of 5)
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Enumeration Type (5 of 5)
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Declaring Variables
• Syntax
• Example
enum sports {BASKETBALL, FOOTBALL, HOCKEY, BASEBALL, SOCCER,
VOLLEYBALL};
• Can declare variables such as:
sports popularSport, mySport;
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Assignment
• Values can be stored in enumeration data types:
popularSport = FOOTBALL;
• Stores FOOTBALL into popularSport
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Operations on Enumeration Types
• No arithmetic operations are allowed on enumeration types
mySport = popularSport + 2; //illegal
popularSport = FOOTBALL + SOCCER; //illegal
popularSport = popularSport * 2; //illegal
• ++ and -- are illegal,
popularSport++; //illegal
popularSport--; //illegal
• The solution is applying the cast operator
popularSport = FOOTBALL;
popularSport = static_cast<sports>(popularSport + 1);
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Relational Operators
enum sports {BASKETBALL, FOOTBALL, HOCKEY, BASEBALL, SOCCER,
VOLLEYBALL};
• An enumeration type is an ordered set of values:
FOOTBALL <= SOCCER is true
HOCKEY > BASKETBALL is true
BASEBALL < FOOTBALL is false
• An enumeration type is an integral data type and can be used in loops:
for (mySport = BASKETBALL; mySport <= SOCCER; mySport =
static_cast<sports>(mySport + 1))
.
.
.
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Input /Output of Enumeration Types
• An enumeration type cannot be input/output (directly)
• Can input and output indirectly – refer to code segments below:
enum courses {ALGEBRA, BASIC, PYTHON, CPP, PHILOSOPHY,
ANALYSIS, CHEMISTRY, HISTORY};
courses registered;
switch (ch1)
{
case 'a':
if (ch2 == 'l')
registered = ALGEBRA;
else
registered = ANALYSIS;
break;
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Functions and Enumeration Types
• Enumeration types pass as parameters by value or by reference
• A function can return a value of the enumeration type
enum color {red, green, blue};
void myFunc(color c);
int main ()
{
myFunc(blue);
…
…
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Functions and Enumeration Types
• Enumeration types pass as parameters by value or by reference
• A function can return a value of the enumeration type
enum info_code {Success, Fail};
info_code myFunc2(int, int&);
int main ()
{
int num1=1, num2;
info_code result;
…
result= myFunc2(num1, num2);
…
…
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Declaring Variables When Defining the Enumeration Type
• Can declare variables of an enumeration type when you define an enumeration
type:
enum grades {A, B, C, D, F} courseGrade;
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Anonymous Data Types (1 of 2)
• Anonymous type values are directly specified in the declaration, with no type
name
• Example:
enum {BASKETBALL, FOOTBALL, BASEBALL, HOCKEY} mySport;
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Anonymous Data Types (2 of 2)
• Drawbacks:
• Cannot pass/return an anonymous type to/from a function
• Values used in one type can be used in another, but are processed diversely:
enum {TURKISH, ENGLISH, FRENCH, SPANISH, GERMAN} languages;
enum {TURKISH, ENGLISH, FRENCH, SPANISH, GERMAN} foreignLanguages;
• This statement is illegal:
languages = foreignLanguages; //Illegal
• Best practices: to avoid confusion, define an enumeration type first, then
declare variables
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typedef Statement
• The typedef statement is used to create synonyms or aliases to a data type
• The syntax of the typedef statement is:
• typedef does not create any new data types
• Only creates an alias to an existing data type
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Namespaces (1 of 6)
• ANSI/ISO standard C++ was officially approved in July 1998
• Most compilers are compatible with ANSI/ISO standard C++
• For the most part, standard C++ and ANSI/ISO standard C++ are the same
• However, ANSI/ISO Standard C++ has some features not available in Standard C++
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Namespaces (2 of 6)
• Global identifiers in a header file used in a program become global in the
program
• A syntax error occurs if a program’s identifier has the same name as a global identifier
in the header file
• The same problem can occur with third-party libraries
• Common solution: third-party vendors begin their global identifiers with _
• Do not begin identifiers in your program with _
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Namespaces (3 of 6)
• ANSI/ISO Standard C++ attempts to solve with the namespace mechanism
• The general syntax of the statement namespace is:
members can be variable declarations, named constants, functions, or another
namespace
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Namespaces (4 of 6)
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Namespaces (5 of 6)
• A namespace member has scope local to the namespace
• A namespace member can be accessed outside the namespace
• The general syntax for accessing a namespace member is:
• ANSI/ISO Standard C++ provides the use of the statement using
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Namespaces (6 of 6)
• Examples with namespaces
using namespace globalType;
using globalType::RATE;
• After the using statement, it is not necessary to put the
namespace_name:: before the namespace member
• Unless a namespace member and a global identifier or a block identifier have the
same name
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string Type
• To use data type string, a program must include the header file string
• A string is a sequence of zero or more characters
• The first character is in position 0
• The second character is in position 1, etc.
• Binary operator + performs the string concatenation operation
• Array subscript operator [] allows access to an individual character in a string
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Example 7-18: swap Function
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Quick Review (1 of 3)
• Enumeration type: set of ordered values
• Reserved word enum creates an enumeration type
• No arithmetic operations are allowed on the enumeration type
• Relational operators can be used with enum values
• Enumeration type values cannot be input or output directly
• Enumeration types can be passed as parameters to functions by value or by
reference
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Quick Review (2 of 3)
• Anonymous type: a variable’s values are specified without any type name
• Reserved word typedef creates synonyms or aliases to previously defined
data types
• The namespace mechanism is a feature of ANSI/ISO Standard C++
• A namespace member is usually a named constant, variable, function, or
another namespace
• Scope of a namespace member is local to namespace
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Quick Review (3 of 3)
• using statement simplifies access to namespace members
• A string is a sequence of zero or more characters
• Strings in C++ are enclosed in ""
• The first character of a string is in position 0
• In C++, [] is the array subscript operator
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