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No.58, 8th Floor, Hledan Road, Kamayut Township, Yangon,Myanmar.

Ph: 0979 5725564, 0940 8199 792
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Basic Lighting Design

In ancient times, much of the indoor work done by humans depended upon daylight being
available to light the interior. Today almost all buildings have electric lighting installed and we
automatically assume that we can work indoors or out of doors at any time of the day or night, and
that light will always be available.
Good lighting is important in all building interiors, helping work to be done efficiently and
safely and also playing an important part in creating pleasant and comfortable surroundings.
Lighting schemes are designed using many different types of light fitting or luminai re.
‘Luminaire’ is the modern term given to the equipment which supports and surrounds the lamp
and may control the distribution of the light. Modern lamps use the very latest technology to
provide illumination cheaply and efficiently. To begin to understand the lamps and lighting
technology used today, we must first define some of the terms we will be using.

LUMINOUS INTENSITY – I
This is the illuminating power of the light source to radiate luminous flux in a particular direction.
The earliest term used for the unit of luminous intensity was the candle power because the early
standard was the wax candle.
The SI unit is the candela (pronounced candeela and abbreviated as cd).

LUMINOUS FLUX – F
This is the flow of light which is radiated from a source. The SI unit is the lumen, one lumen being
the light flux which is emitted within a unit solid angle (volume of a cone) from a point source of 1
candela.
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ILLUMINANCE – E
This is a measure of the light falling on a surface, which is also called the incident radiation. The SI
unit is the lux (lx) and is the illumination produced by 1 lumen over an area of 1 m2.

LUMINANCE – L
Since this is a measure of the brightness of a surface it is also a measure of the light which is
reflected from a surface. The objects we see vary in appearance according to the light which they
emit or reflect towards the eye.

Illumination laws
Rays of light falling upon a surface from some distance d will illuminate that surface with an
illuminance of say 1 lx. If the distance d is doubled, the illuminance of 1 lx will fall over four square
units of area.
Thus the illumination of a surface follows the inverse square law, where
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Where:
E = Illuminance on the surface
I = Luminous intensity of the source in the direction of the surface
d = Distance from the source to the surface

Orientation of the Surface

Surface orientation is included in the Inverse Square Law by adding a cos θ term:

THE LUMEN METHOD

To determine the total number of luminaires required to produce a given illuminance by the lumen
method we apply the following formula:

where
● E = the illuminance level is chosen after consideration of the IES code,
● A = the area is the working area to be illuminated,
● F = the lumen output of each luminaire is that given in the manufacturer’s specification
● UF is the utilization factor,
● LLF is the light loss factor.
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(1) Method for Design Outdoor Area Lighting (Floodlighting)

Step- 1: Determine the dimensions of the area to be illuminated

Step- 2: Determine the type and location of floodlights

Recommended luminaires types as per IES

(1) Luminaires located at or near the center of an area should be IES type 3, 4 or 5
depending on the coverage, intensity and uniformity required.
(2) Luminaires located at or near the sides of an area should be IES type 2, 3 or 4 depending
on the coverage, intensity and uniformity required.

Step-3: Determine the Luminaire mounting height

Note:
• shown values are the recommended minimum height (exceptions may be taken when diffuse lens
or lamp is specified).
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“Rule of thumb” of Mounting Height for pole-mounted floodlights:

The recommended mounting height is one half the distance across the area to be lighted.

For example:
If the area to be lighted is 40 feet across, the lowest recommended mounting height is 20 feet. so,
Mounting height = 1/2 distance to be lighted = 1/2 (40ft.) = 20 ft.

Step-4: Determine the coefficient of beam utilization

Step- 5: Determine level of illumination

Recommended Illumination Guideline as per IES:

Step- 6: Determine the quantity of floodlights by using Lumen Method.

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Step-7 : Determine the suitable Luminaire spacing

“Rule of thumb” of Spacing for pole-mounted floodlights:

Step-8: Determine the suitable Aiming of Luminaires

See Step-2 in above for knowing the suitable field angle degree for selected luminaries.
“Rule of thumb” of Aiming for pole-mounted floodlights:

1- Vertical Aiming
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A single floodlight uses the two-thirds rule of thumb for vertical aiming. The fixture is aimed two-
thirds of the distance across the area to be lighted and at least 30° below horizontal.
For example:
If the area to be lighted is 40 feet across, the recommended aiming point is 27 feet.
Aiming point = 2/3 across distance to be lighted = 2/3 (40 ft.) = 27 ft. aiming point
• Additionally, to minimize glare, the recommended aiming point distance should never exceed
twice the mounting height. If a pole is 20 feet high, the vertical aiming point should not exceed 40
feet out.
So, The vertical aiming point = 2 (20 ft. mtg. ht.) = 40 ft.

2- Horizontal Aiming

• When an additional floodlight is added to a single pole, horizontal aiming also must be
considered.
• First, each floodlight should be vertically aimed according to the two-thirds rule. As long as the
floodlight has a horizontal NEMA 6 or 7 beam spread, the floodlights can be aimed up to 90° apart.

(2) Method for Interior Lighting Design

First: The Zonal Cavity (Lumen) method
• The zonal cavity, or lumen, method is used to calculate average illuminance.
• It is used when there is uniform lighting with either incandescent, fluorescent, or HID lighting
systems.
• The illuminance at the center of the room can be assumed to be uniform, as indicated by the
average illuminance values derived from the zonal cavity formula.
• The method is based on the assumption that you can divide the room into three cavities as
follows:
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Zonal cavity (Lumen) method calculations by using IES Procedures:

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Ceiling 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.3
Wall 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3
Surface 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
RI uf
0.6 73 46 37 44 36 66 36 42 35 35
0.9 82 57 47 54 46 74 45 51 44 44
1 91 66 56 62 54 80 53 59 52 51
1.25 98 75 65 70 62 85 61 66 60 59
1.5 103 82 73 76 69 89 67 72 66 65
2 109 91 82 84 78 94 75 78 73 72
2.5 114 98 90 90 84 97 81 83 79 77
3 117 103 95 95 90 99 86 87 83 82
4 120 109 100 100 95 101 91 91 88 86
5 122 113 103 103 98 103 93 93 91 89
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RI=(L x W)
mh (L + W)

Where
RI Room Index
L Length ( m)
W Width(m)
mh Mounting Height (m )

Spacing to Mounting Height Ratio

Color Temperature

Lighting function definitions

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• Accent Lighting: Directional lighting to emphasize a particular object or to draw attention to a

part of the field of view.

• Ambient Lighting: Background or fill light in a space.

• Task Lighting: Lighting directed to a specific surface or area that provides illumination for visual
tasks.

Lighting for Shima Section

Shima Machine
No Parameter
Area

1 Room Size - Length, L (m) 11.4 m

2 Room Size - Width, W (m) 14.025 m
3 Room Size - Height (m)
4 Illumination Level, E (Lux) 500 lux
5 Reflectance - Ceiling 0.5
6 Reflectance - Wall 0.5
7 Reflectance - Floor 0.3
8 Light Fitting - Lumen, FL (lm) 2100 lm
9 Light Fitting - No of Lamp, n 2
11 Light Fitting - Mounting Height, MH (m) 2m
12 Maintenance Factor, MF 0.8
13 Room Index (calculation) 3.1
14 Utilisation Factor, UF (From UF Table) 0.95
15 No of Light Fittings Required(MIN) 25.04464286
16 No of Light Fittings Required(Actual) 32
17 Re-calculated Illumination Level (Average) 638.9
18 Lighting Arrangement 8x4