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Radar Using Ultrasonic Sensor

This document outlines a project for building a simple radar system using an Arduino Uno, an ultrasonic sensor, and a servo motor to detect objects and display results. It details the components, circuit design, code overview, and how the system operates, emphasizing its applications in robotics, security, and education. The project serves as an introductory experience in electronics, programming, and mechanics, with potential for further development into more complex systems.

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6 views6 pages

Radar Using Ultrasonic Sensor

This document outlines a project for building a simple radar system using an Arduino Uno, an ultrasonic sensor, and a servo motor to detect objects and display results. It details the components, circuit design, code overview, and how the system operates, emphasizing its applications in robotics, security, and education. The project serves as an introductory experience in electronics, programming, and mechanics, with potential for further development into more complex systems.

Uploaded by

pranavsp.22.7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Radar Using Ultrasonic Sensor

Introduction:
In this project, you will be building a simple radar system using an Arduino Uno
R3, a 4-pin ultrasonic sensor, and a micro servo motor. The radar will be able
to detect objects within a certain range and display the results on a serial monitor
or a visual display. The ultrasonic sensor will emit sound waves and detect the
time taken for the waves to bounce back from an object, while the servo will
rotate to cover different angles, simulating a scanning radar. This is an excellent
beginner project that blends the basics of electronics, programming, and
mechanics.

Components:
1. Arduino Uno R3:
○ The microcontroller used to process data and control the radar
system.
○ It acts as the brain of the project, receiving inputs from the sensor
and controlling the servo motor.
2. 4-Pin Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04):
○ Works by emitting sound waves and detecting the reflected wave,
calculating the distance between the sensor and an object.
○ Pins:
■ VCC: Power input (5V from the Arduino).
■ Trig: Trigger input (to send ultrasonic pulses).
■ Echo: Output (returns the signal after hitting an object).
■ GND: Ground.
3. Micro Servo Motor:
○ Responsible for rotating the ultrasonic sensor in small increments to
cover different angles.
○ It allows the radar to sweep a range (e.g., 0° to 180°), giving a wider
detection field.
4. Breadboard:
○ Used for creating temporary circuits without soldering.
○ This allows easy connections between the Arduino, sensor, and
servo.
5. Jumper Wires:
○ Connect the components to the breadboard and Arduino, enabling
communication between the devices.

Circuit Design:

1. Connect the Ultrasonic Sensor:


○ VCC to Arduino 5V.
○ Trig to Arduino digital pin (e.g., pin 10).
○ Echo to Arduino digital pin (e.g., pin 11).
○ GND to Arduino GND.
2. Connect the Servo Motor:
○ VCC to Arduino 5V.
○ Signal to Arduino PWM pin (e.g., pin 12).
○ GND to Arduino GND.
3. Power the Circuit:
○ Ensure the Arduino is powered either through a USB connection or
an external power source.

Code Overview:
● Servo Control: The servo motor will be programmed to rotate the
ultrasonic sensor in small steps across a range of angles (e.g., 0° to 180°).
● Ultrasonic Measurement: The Arduino will send a trigger pulse, and the
ultrasonic sensor will measure the time it takes for the echo to return,
calculating the distance.
● Output: The distance measurements will be displayed on a serial monitor
or plotted graphically (for instance, using Processing or a custom display).

How It Works:
This radar system operates by using an ultrasonic sensor mounted on a servo
motor, which scans its surroundings by rotating across a specified angle
(typically 0° to 180°). The ultrasonic sensor emits high-frequency sound waves,
and when these waves hit an object, they bounce back (echo). The sensor
measures the time taken for the sound waves to return and uses this information
to calculate the distance between itself and the object.

Here’s how each component works in this project:

1. Servo Motor Movement:


○ The servo motor controls the rotation of the ultrasonic sensor. It is
programmed to rotate in small increments, typically from 0° to 180°,
covering a wide scanning range. After reaching the end of the range,
it reverses direction and continues scanning.

2. Ultrasonic Distance Measurement:


○ The ultrasonic sensor sends out a sound pulse (at a frequency
higher than human hearing) when triggered. It then waits for the
pulse to bounce back from an object and calculates the time taken
for the echo to return.
○ Using the formula Distance = (Time x Speed of Sound) /
2, the sensor calculates the distance between itself and the object.
The division by 2 is necessary because the time measured is for the
pulse to travel to the object and back.
3. Arduino Control:
○ The Arduino is responsible for controlling the servo’s rotation and
processing the data from the ultrasonic sensor.
○ It triggers the sensor to send out a pulse, measures the time for the
echo, and calculates the distance. It then sends the result to a serial
monitor or another output device.
○ By constantly reading data as the servo rotates, the Arduino
generates a map of the object’s location relative to the sensor.

How the System Functions in Steps:


1. The servo motor rotates the ultrasonic sensor from 0° to 180° and back.
2. At each step, the ultrasonic sensor sends out sound pulses and waits for
echoes.
3. The Arduino reads the time taken for the echo to return, calculates the
distance, and records it.
4. The radar scans the area by rotating the sensor, and the data is either
shown on a serial monitor or displayed visually in software.
5. The system continues this loop, providing real-time updates of the object’s
distance and position within the scanning range.

Functions of the Components:


1. Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04):
○ Emits ultrasonic waves and detects echoes to calculate the distance
to an object.
○ Measures distances between 2 cm and 400 cm (with reasonable
accuracy for small projects).
2. Servo Motor:
○ Rotates the sensor to scan a range of angles, allowing the system to
cover a broader area.
○ Provides controlled movement with specific angle positioning.
3. Arduino Uno R3:
○ Acts as the controller for the radar, processing sensor data and
controlling the servo motor.
○ Also handles communication with the user, displaying distance
measurements or plotting a radar-like graph using software.

Uses of the Radar System:


1. Object Detection and Mapping:
○ This radar can be used for detecting objects within a certain range
and plotting their location. It can act as a proximity sensor, useful for
robots to avoid obstacles.
2. Robotics and Automation:
○ The radar system is perfect for integration with robotic systems that
need to detect obstacles or map their environment for autonomous
navigation.
3. Security Systems:
○ This setup can be modified to act as a simple security system by
detecting the presence of objects (e.g., moving objects in a restricted
area) and triggering alarms.
4. Education and Learning:
○ It’s a great educational project for learning the basics of sensors,
servo motors, and microcontrollers like the Arduino.
○ Provides hands-on experience with radar-like systems, which can be
expanded into more complex applications like drones or autonomous
vehicles.

Conclusion:
This Arduino-based radar system provides a simple yet effective way to mimic
real-world radar technology. It demonstrates key concepts of distance
measurement using ultrasonic waves and mechanical control using servo
motors. Whether you aim to develop obstacle-detection systems for robots or
security applications, this project offers a practical starting point. By incorporating
more advanced features, such as graphical displays or integrating with other
sensors, this basic radar project can evolve into a more sophisticated system,
perfect for learning and experimentation.

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