Musical Theatre History Notes

●​ Why Musical Theatre?

-​ Life is drama. We relate to drama and music
-​ Romance presents life as it should be
-​ Romance: Spiritual, eternal, selfless
-​ Realism: Dark but harmonious
-​ Songs raise listeners' ears and souls
-​ Music: Total theatre - Emotional connection to us and others
-​ Moral Theatre: Message. What can I take away from this? Is life worth it? Not always a
happy ending.
-​ Popular Theatre: Entertained but morally perturbed
-​ Cycle Play: 25 days, but based on the Bible
-​ Musical Theatre is presentational
-​ “Great art should express what we experience but fail to express ourselves.”
-​ Black Crook: Melodrama. Musical 1866 used to be a straight play. 475 productions.
Theatre as an Industry. 51/2 hours. 100 French ballet dancers were added to the Black
Crook
-​ Steady of Historical Narratives - Histography
-​ Neblow’s Garden was where the Black Crook was first performed. William Wheatley
was the manager. $55,000. Fairytale-like scenery.
●​ Chapter 2: Continental Operetta (1840 - 1900) in France. First modern musical in Paris.
Offenbach (1819 - 1880) wanted to create a new musical entertainment. Created the
Offenbach Bounce/ Can Can Dance.
-​ Late 1800s in Europe. Die Fledermaus by Johann Strauss.
-​ Opera: Fully sung. Operetta: Has spoken dialogue.
●​ Chapter 3: Music Halls and Minstrel Shows
-​ Tony Pastor’s Music Hall was a leading variety theater that paved the way for vaudeville.
Beginning in the 20th Century, Victor Herbert and George M. Cohan were leading figures
in musical theatre.
-​ Jerome Kern recognized The Princess Theatre Musicals, intimate, well-constructed
musicals housed in the Princess Theatre.
-​ 1920s, George and Ira Gershwin
-​ Oscar Hammerstein II
-​ Verncient Youmans
-​ Rodgers and Hart
-​ Cole Porter
-​ Showboat, an adult libretto, is a profound turning point in musical theatre.
●​ 1930s Year of Experimentation
-​ Folk Opera Porgy and Bess
-​ On Your Toes was the first to have ballet sequences. Slaughter on 5th Avenue is similar.
-​ Proper mood, character, and advancing the plot
●​ 1940s
-​ Oklahoma's first collaborative work with Rodgers and Hammerstein
-​ In 1948, TV appeared in houses, and people were no longer going to the theater
●​ 50s and 60s, director, librettist, and director-choreographer emergence
-​ George Balanchine
-​ Agnus De Mille
-​ The first modern choreographers to
-​ Choreographers:
-​ Jerome Robbins (West Side Story)
-​ Michael Kidd
-​ Bob Fosse
-​ Gower Champion (Showboat)
-​ Joe Layton
-​ Ron Field
-​ Michael Bennet (Chorus Line)
-​ Emergence Producer Director
-​ Harold Prince
●​ 70s and 80s
-​ Concept Musicals
-​ Rent
-​ Not the plot, but the concept of the play
●​ 90s
-​ London Invasion
-​ Phantom of the Opera
-​ Les Mis
-​ Cats
●​ 2000s
-​ Walt Disney Era
-​ Beauty and the Beast
-​ Peter Pan
-​ Lion King
-​ Little Mermaid
●​ Chapter 1: Ancient Times to 1800
-​ Ancient Greece's first dramas were integrated storytelling tools (Ancient—1800s). They
were outdoors, honoring the Gods and Dianiasis, but the chorus chanted.
-​ Dithyrambs
-​ Grand Operas
-​ Comic
-​ Thespus/Thesbian, writer, performer, and first soloist to step out of a chorus. Inventor of
acting.
-​ Tragedy emerges
-​ Day-long Festivals. Tragedy - Greek Mythology. Comedy - HEA.
-​ Satire
-​ The front row was reserved for dignitaries
-​ Orchestra seating
-​ Acoustic marbles
-​ Skene, tent, and cottage were used to change costumes and store props. They represent
buildings in the play.
-​ Actors wore masks. Allowed actors to play multiple roles
-​ The chorus commented on the play and a part of the action
-​ Songs advance the plot and develop the characters
●​ Roman Empire
-​ Festivals, but the government is not involved
-​ Copied a bunch from the Greeks
-​ No chorus in Roman plays
-​ The interplay between actor and audience
-​ Steps are more audible, with metal chips and sabilla on their shoes.
-​ All men, no women allo.wed
-​ Colors to clarify age or status. Black - Young White - Old Red - Slave Yellow - Woman
Yellow Tassel - God
-​ Female Slaves played female roles
-​ The Catholic Chruch condemned the Roman theater
●​ Middle Ages
-​ Saints and the Clowns
-​ Minstrels and Clowns in Europe, Pantomime Slapstick, in exchange for lodging or money
●​ 12th and 13th Century
-​ Religious music dramas
-​ Couldn’t read
-​ Bible stories are more accessible
-​ Cycle Plays
-​ Mystery Plays dramatize the Bible
-​ Miracle Plays reflect the saints' lives
-​ Morality Plays, 7 Deadly Sins
-​ Folk Plays, myths of the day (Robin Hood)
●​ 14th Century
-​ Commedia Dell Art
-​ Italy for 4 Centuries
-​ Improv
-​ Stalk Characters to enact scenarios
-​ Comic stage battles
●​ 1715 - 1789
-​ Comic and Ballad Operas
-​ England, Germany, Austria, France
-​ Offenbach
-​ Genre Operas
-​ Beggars Opera
-​ John Gay created the Beggar's Opera, which was designed to attack the government of
London.
-​ Inspiration of the Three-Penny Opera (1923)
●​ Continental Operetta (1840 - 1900)
-​ The birth of operetta is in Paris, France
-​ In 1833, a 14-year-old Jewish boy from Germany arrived in Paris to study the cello.
Develop a reputation as a solo composer. Converts to catholicism. Changed his name
from Jacob to Jach Offenbach. (1819 - 1880)
-​ Operetta - A verbal form of musical to dramatize a story about vocal pyrotechnics
-​ Infectious melodies. Napoleon 3 First World Fair. Offenbach leased a 100-person theater
and performed his works.
-​ Musical Halls and Minstrels
-​ Queen Victoria, born in 1837 at the age of 16, reigned for 64 years, and her name became
associated with the era.
-​ Industrial Revoltuion
-​ 1840 Musical Halls in London.
-​ London’s Canterbury Arms is the first music theater.
-​ Working class for musical halls
-​ The bar was a central feature in music halls
-​ Lower to middle classes for workers, and acts represented these classes
-​ Circus acts were welcomed
-​ Sexual content was never allowed
-​ The audience heckled performers
-​ Paris Musical Halls. Follies of Berger, 1869.
-​ 1888 Olympia
-​ 1889 Moulin Rouge
-​ 1990s women appeared naked
-​ The British were comfortable with wit that contained sexual innuendos
-​ The French were comfortable with nakedness
-​ Americans were comfortable with racism, and that led to the minstrel shows
-​ Thomas Dartmouth Rice became popular with a song and dance act that characterized
enslaved Black people. Jump Jim Crow was his most popular song. Performed for
London and the President. Considered the father of minstrelsy and wrote extravaganzas.
-​ 10 years later, 10 more companies of minstrels were made
-​ Sand dances were popular.
-​ In 1843, a troop of 4 white blackface performers, the Virginia Minstrels, was formed.
Sitting in a semi-circle with various instruments, including playing the bones,
tambourine, and banjo. The first indigenous genre of theatre.
-​ Chrisy Minstrels Ethiopian Serenaders opened on Broadway for 9 years and 11 months.
-​ Their version of CTS in the show
-​ Variety Show
-​ Fantasia, solo work
-​ Burlesque
-​ Minstrel Line - Opening number, entire ensemble on stage, comic play between
performers
-​ Olio, variety shows
-​ Afterpiece, one-act plays with songs. It ended with a cakewalk.
-​ Cakewalk is a dance performed on stage in a competition that mimics the attitudes and
manners of white men.
-​ The last couple left in the competition got a cake. Where did we get the saying, “Take the
cake”
-​ Walk around or sing a solo or ensemble number. Concluded the first act of the minstrel
show.
-​ Purely American
-​ Stephen Foster (1826-1864) popularized "Oh Susanna" and was the first person to earn a
living from his craft.
-​ Dan Emmett, an abolitionist and the father of the minstrel show, as well as an original
Virginia minstrel, penned the songs "Jimmy Crack Corn" and "Dixie."
-​ Civil War (1861 - 1865)
-​ Minstrel brought the barbershop quartet.
-​ Once Jim Crow laws were adjusted, all black and women troops emerged.
-​ Madame Rentz was the first all-female troupe to perform.
-​ The 1920s saw a decline in the number of minstrel troops.
-​ There are two types: the Southern Plantation Hand, who is happy-go-lucky, and the
White Dandy, who is middle-class and imitates the upper class.
-​ Charles Hicks was the creator of the first successful all-black company and was a part of
the Georgia Minstrels.
-​ Variety became Vaudeville
-​ Specialties became Revue
-​ Burlesque became Webber and Fields
-​ Abbot and Castello are an example of a vaudeville skit
●​ Chapter 4: American Explorations (American Variety 1624 - 1890)
-​ In the 1800s, salon owners provided entertainment to keep customers drinking
-​ Watergirls earn their commission based on how many drinks they sell and if they can
hook customers up with prostitutes
-​ P.T. Barnum (1810 - 1891) refined the approach to oddities. He called his show "Moral
Lectures" and attracted families who wouldn’t go to variety shows. Over a decade of
popularity.
●​ Chapter 5: Object All Sublime: Gilbert and Sullivan (1880-1900s) Vaudeville and Revue
-​ Book Musical - Aims at a story through song and dance, spoken scenes, which came after
vaudeville.
-​ Broadway performances rarely went longer than a week. 1850 The Elves 50
performances
-​ Laura Keene was the first successful actress and manager. The musical burletta and 253
performances of The Seven Sisters ran for eight months. Toured with comedies Our
American Cousin and The Assassination of Abe Lincoln. \
-​ George M. Cohan: Composer, Writer, Lyricist, Singer, and Dancer. The Four Cohans:
Mom, Dad, Son, and Daughter.
-​ Vaudeville toured in circuits.
-​ Burlesque, meaning to make fun of something, was the 20th-century counterpart to
vaudeville. Sexual innuendo and strippers. Gypsy Rose Lee was widespread, and the
show Gypsy is based on her.
-​ Lydia Thompson (1838-1908) was a London performer and Burlesque entertainer who
founded the British Blondes in 1868.
-​ Burlesque has a formula like
-​ Edward Rice, producer and director (1849-1924), was inspired by Lydia Thompson and
offered a twist on gender roles by playing the roles of the opposite sex. Evangeline
(1879) ran 15 performances. The most significant contribution was his scores.
-​ Musical Comedy: Ned Harrigan, Tony Hart, and composer David Braham established
musical comedy as a genre. Mulligan Guard was popular in New York City. Its colorful
characters and genuine humanity focus on real-world problems. It didn't offend anyone,
so that it could be family-oriented. In 1855, they ended their partnership because of
financial issues.
-​ 1890s: Tin Pan Alley
●​ Weber and Fields in London. Dutch Vaudeville acted as German immigrants with strong
accents and garish clothes—Weber, known as Mike, and Fields, known as Meyer.
-​ Lilian Russell, an Operetta star (1861-1922), reached the height of her career thanks to
Weber and Fields.
-​ Vaudeville goes corporate. Entertainment became localized. Booking managers and
agents were used.
-​ Abraham Lincoln, Erlanger, and Marcus Klaw were businesspeople and made enemies.
-​ Charles Frohman was a top-producing person in the syndicate.
-​ Black Musicals: Creole Show (1890), a minstrel troupe that featured a female. A Trip to
Chinatown by Bob Cole. A Trip to Coon Town. The first full-length musical was
performed by blacks and toured across the country.
-​ Gilbert and Sullivan. W. S. Gilbert English dramastist, librettist, poet, and illustrator.
Arthur Sullivan, English
-​ Richard D’Oyly Carte, known as “The Oily Carte,” watched Thespis, a show that
involved leggy chow girls and burlesque, by Gilbert and Sullivan, and found promise in
the pair.
-​ Trial by Jury (131 performances) premiered at the Royal Theatre and lasted 5 minutes.
Sung through the piece in the works. Themes like topsyturvydom, realistic settings and
costumes, unqualified people in public office, true love in often surprising directions, and
an appalling disdain for women over 40, along with lyrics that creatively use rhyme.
-​ The leased opera comique is where Gilbert and Sullivan launched “The Sorcerer” in
1877. International acclaim led to HMS Pinafore, with 571 performances, similar to The
Pirates of Penzance. The cast took pay cuts over the summer to keep the show going.
-​ Collaboration between the two started when Sullivan, who had read the completed
libretto, and they revised their works.
-​ The Mikado popular in Britain and U.S. (1900s)
-​ Sullivan received knighthood (1983)
-​ Gilbert and Sullivan disagreed because the carpet in the lobby needed to be replaced, and
they argued over the price.
-​ (1900) Sullivan died of Bronchitis
-​ Harrigan and Hart
●​ Chapter 6: Vaudeville and Burlesque
-​ Tony Pastor was the first successful person to establish and popularize the concept of
modern vaudeville in the United States.
-​ Alcohol and tobacco were banned in his theater to allow families.
-​ Benjamin Keith and Edward Albee named this period Vaudeville: Voice of the Town.”
-​ A show with 8-10 acts lasted 2 1/2 hours. Vaudeville has a 42-week season and costs
$3,100 a year.
-​ The booking agency controlled the circuits and could blacklist performers.
-​ Albee took complete control and ruled vaudeville with an “Iron Hand.”
-​ Performers tried to unionize.
-​ Act 1: Nonverbal. Act 2: Singing, the Gumm Sisters were very popular. Act 3: A
specialty act, acrobats, or comedy acts. Act 4: Rising or falling star, novelty act, or sword
swallowers. Intermission. Act 5: Choir or Orchestra. Act 6: Novelty act, animal,
comedian, juggler. Act 7: Headliner of star status. Act 8: Short film or annoying live act
to get people to leave.
-​ Lilian Russell, Buster Keaton, Mae West, Jack Benny, Milton Berle, George Burns,
Gracie Allen, Fred and Adele Astaire, the Marx Brothers, Nora Bayes, Will Rogers,
Harry Houdini, Ray Bolger (Scarecrow in Wizard of Oz), the Nicholas Brothers, Judy
Garland, Sophie Tucker were all very popular in this time.
●​ Chapter 7: The Merry Widow: Refusing to Say “I Love You”
-​ Johann Straus II created a waltz in Vienna with a ¾ time signature. Vienna was busy in
the late 1800s and early 1900s
-​ Franz Lehar and Leo Stein were prominent.
●​ Chapter 8: A New Century - Herbert, Cohan, and Berlin (1900-13)
-​ We watched Yankee Doodle Dandy, and that’s it.
●​ Chapter 9: Florenz Ziegfield: The Follies and Beyond
-​ Born in 1866 and died in 1932. A most prominent producer of our time. He was a
showman with flair and outrageous publicity, but extremely shy. Very consistent with
detail, and was a workaholic. Suffered from fatigue. No qualms about spending money.
He has many beautiful women, and his shows are extravagant. The sets, costumes,
lighting effects, and cast are elaborate. He was a husband and had affairs. He had a weird
thing about avoiding watches and clocks because he didn’t like the idea of time passing.
Rarely laughed but discovered plenty of comedians: countless acquaintances but few
close friends. Eugen Sandow was a strongman whom Ziegfeld discovered because he
noticed that women were drawn to Sandow, including Anna Held, Ziegfeld's wife.
Ziegfield went to Europe to find a star and met Anna. He had no money to woo, court,
and marry Anna. Ziegfeld Follies were modeled after Parisian follies. He was known for
his spectacular revues and published 23 revues.
-​ Intimate Revue - Difference of tone and attitude. Rejected big things for comedy, white,
and satire.
-​ His formula was glamor, pace, decency, and spectacle. He would employ talented,
famous writers, composers, and lyricists, and wanted the best. Performers abandoned
Ziegfeld in 1925 -1926 for films.
-​ Abe Erlanger, a theater producer and owner, hired Ziegfeld to put on a show for him.
Revue, which comes from the French word, is a spectacle that provides satirical
entertainment. It wasn't a book show with a clear beginning, middle, and end. Revue
brings unity to variety—program development that has a cumulative effect—and is the
precursor to book and concept musicals.
-​ The New York theater, called the Hippodrome, seated 5,200 and accommodated 600
performers. It opened in 1905 and was converted from a theater to a basketball court to a
movie theater area, but it has now been torn down—a symbol of a bygone spectacle
extravaganza.
-​ Showboat’s budget was $13,000. Twenty years later, in 1927, Ziegfeld’s budget was
$29,000.
-​ In 1932, Ziegfeld died, and Revue died with him. His philosophy was, “There is nothing
which the American, especially the American girl, is incapable of accomplishing.”
-​ The Ziegfeld girls were known for their beauty and for wearing massive headdresses.
Focus on movement in the legs and hips. Barbara Stanwyck came to stardom because of
being in the Follies.
-​ W.C. Fields, known for his billiards pool routine; Will Rogers, known for his comedy
roping skills; Eddie Cantor, and Fanny Brice, a comedy star, were all popular.
-​ Hired black performer Burt Williams in 1910 for Ziegfeld Follies. Whites threatened to
walk out.
-​ Affair with Lillian Lerain and humiliated Anna Herd
-​ Billie Burke is 17 years younger than Ziegfeld. In 1914, they married. In 1916, they had a
daughter
-​ The Shubert Brothers were competitors.
-​ In 1991, The Will Rogers Follies tried to mimic and create a popular formula with a
touch of flair.
-​ Extravaganza - Elaborate theater piece based on European models.
-​ 1925, Garrick Gaieties. Composed by Richard Rodgers and lyrics by Lorenz Hart.
Manhattan became a hit song.
●​ Chapter 10: Jerome Kern and American Ascendance (1914-19)
-​ Jerome Kern was born in 1885 in NYC and died in 1945 at age 60—Jewish German
family at the NYC College of Music, Piano and Harmony. At eighteen, he traveled to
Europe to study music theory and composition. Met Eva in London, and they married in
1910. How would you like to spoon with me? It was his first hit song. Plugging is a term
that means plugging songs and sheet music from pluggers. Music will have commentary
on the plot and developed characters. Worked as a song plugger in Tin Pan Alley and was
hired by Max Dreyfuss. He was a rehearsal pianist, and much of his work incorporated
American music, such as La Belle Paree, featuring Al Jolson, in 1911. In 1915, Jerome
Kern was a part of the Princess Musicals. Guy Bolton, the lyricist, and Jerome Kern, the
composer, along with PG (Pelham) Wodehouse, worked on Princess Musicals because
they were realistic, comic, yet believable, uncluttered by chorus girls, intimate, and
smaller. The cast was limited to 30, the orchestra had 11 members, and each production
used only two sets. Sally and Sunny were musicals. Kern met Otto Harbach and Oscar
Hammerstein II for the show Sunny, which turned into Showboat. Showboat was based
on a novel, just like Oklahoma was. Edna Ferber was the inspiration for Showboat.
Florenz Ziegfeld wanted to make Showboat but couldn’t. In 1927, it finally made the
most significant advance in ticket sales. The 1930s saw the move to California, and they
started producing talkie films. Kern's popular songs were The Way You Look Tonight,
and Smoke Gets in Your Eyes. He returned to Broadway and died of a heart attack.
●​ Chapter 11: Career in Profile: Al Jolson
●​ Chapter 12: The 1920s Part 1;
 ●​ Chapter 13: The 1920s Part 2: Showboat
●​ Chapter 14: Depression Era Miracles (1930-39)
●​ Hammerstein's first musical, Always You (1921), co-written with Rose Marie and Sunny,
and with Jerome Kern and Rudolf Friml as composers, laid the groundwork for Showboat
(1927). Lead to Carousel, South Pacific, The Sound of Music, The King and I, Flower
Drum Song, Cinderella, and State Fair. The final song he wrote was Edelweiss. Agnes de
Mille choreographed the Oklahoma Dream Ballet—triple Threat = A singer, dancer, and
actor.
●​ Allen J Leaner and Loewe, who worked on famous shows such as Paint Your Wagon, My
Fair Lady, and Camelot. Allen Learner, educated at Harvard in 1943, teamed up and
remained until 1960. Oscar won for An American in Paris (1951). Seven years later, the
Academy Award for Gigi.
●​ George Abbott (On Your Toes, Hal Joey, On The Town, Once Upon a Mattress) and
Jerome Robbins (Known as Atila the Hitler and Damn Yankees, Fancy Free, and Peter
Pan were some of his shows). Bob Fosse (Chicago, Pippin) married Gwen Verdon. He
had a daughter, a cigarette in his mouth for rehearsals, and plenty of affairs.
●​ John Kander (1927) studied at Columbia University and created the dances from Gypsy.
Met Fred Ebb in 1962.
●​ Flora the Red Menace gave Liza Minnelli her first leading role. Cabaret (1966) was with
Harold Prince, Fred Ebb, and John Kander. Gower Champion and Bob Fosse were
successful with Ebb and Kander. Chorus Line (1975) was the longest-running Broadway
show until Cats.

DRM 363
Music Theatre History Final Terms
A.​ Operetta
a.​ Continental Operetta (1840 - 1900) birth in Paris, France. A verbal form of
musical to dramatize a story about vocal pyrotechnics with spoken dialouge.
B.​ Agnes de Mille
a.​ Agnes de Mille choreographed the Oklahoma Dream Ballet—Triple Threat = A
singer, dancer, and actor.
C.​ Kiss Me Kate
a.​ Kiss Me, Kate is a musical with music and lyrics by Cole Porter and a book by
Bella and Samuel Spewack. The story involves the production of a musical
version of William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew and the conflict on
and off-stage between Fred Graham, the show's director, producer, and star, and
his leading lady, his ex-wife Lilli Vanessi. A secondary romance concerns Lois
Lane, the actress playing Bianca, and her gambler boyfriend, Bill, who runs afoul
of some gangsters. The original production starred Alfred Drake, Patricia
Morison, Lisa Kirk and Harold Lang.
b.​ Kiss Me, Kate was Porter's response to Rodgers and Hammerstein's Oklahoma!
and other integrated musicals; it was the first show he wrote in which the music
and lyrics were firmly connected to the script. The musical premiered in 1948 and
proved to be Porter's only show to run for more than 1,000 performances on
Broadway. In 1949, it won the first Tony Award for Best Musical.
D.​ 1950’s
a.​ 50s and 60s, director, librettist, and director-choreographer emergence.
b.​ In the 1950s, theatre, particularly Broadway, was a vibrant force in American
popular culture, serving as a source of entertainment, reflection of social issues,
and a platform for emerging talent. Musicals became a major force, while
non-musical theater explored new themes and styles, contributing to a "golden
age" of American drama. The expansion of Off-Broadway and regional theater
also enriched the theatrical landscape.
c.​ Here's a more detailed look at the importance of theatre in the 1950s:
d.​ Popular Entertainment:
e.​ Broadway musicals were hugely popular, with songs from new shows regularly
topping the charts, according to Musicals101.com.
f.​ Reflection of Society:
g.​ Plays and musicals reflected and sometimes challenged societal norms, exploring
themes of love, war, social issues, and the changing role of women, according to
DPLA and Cambridge University Press & Assessment.
h.​ Emergence of New Voices:
i.​ American playwrights like Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams gained
international recognition, introducing new acting styles and approaches to drama,
Britannica says.
j.​ Experimental and Diverse:
k.​ The 1950s saw a rise in experimentation, with plays exploring themes like nudity,
drug use, and even going in reverse chronological order, WordPress.com notes.
l.​ Growth of Off-Broadway and Regional Theatre:
 m.​ The popularity of Broadway also led to the development of alternative venues like
Off-Broadway and regional theatres, providing a space for experimentation and
new voices.
n.​ The "Method" Acting:
o.​ The Actors Studio, founded in the 1940s, popularized the "Method" acting
technique, which influenced acting styles in the 1950s and beyond.
p.​ Golden Age of Musicals:
q.​ The 1950s are often considered a "golden age" for musical theatre, with iconic
shows like The Music Man, Guys and Dolls, and West Side Story captivating
audiences.
E.​ Houdini
a.​ Harry Houdini's impact on theater is significant, primarily due to his pioneering
work as a vaudeville performer and his lasting influence on the art of illusion and
escape acts. His theatrical performances captivated audiences, and his legacy
continues to inspire magicians and performers today.
b.​ Vaudeville Star: Houdini was a prominent figure in vaudeville, a popular form of
entertainment in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He rose to stardom with
his escape acts, captivating audiences with his ability to break free from
handcuffs, straitjackets, and other restraints, even underwater.
c.​ Pioneer of Escape Acts: Houdini's stage performances were not merely tricks;
they were theatrical productions that involved suspense, drama, and a sense of
danger, according to an article on Michiganology.org. He was known for
prolonging the escapes, creating a sense of anticipation and excitement among the
audience.
d.​ Influence on Illusion: Houdini's work significantly influenced the development of
magic and illusion. His ability to create seemingly impossible escapes set a high
standard for future illusionists, and his techniques continue to be studied and
imitated.
e.​ Cultural Impact: Houdini's popularity extended beyond the theater, influencing
popular culture and the way audiences perceived magic. He became a symbol of
freedom and defiance, inspiring audiences to see beyond the confines of the
ordinary.
f.​ Continued Inspiration: Houdini's legacy continues to inspire contemporary artists,
including magicians, escape artists, and performers, notes a post on The Lodge
Luxury Suites. His performances and techniques continue to be studied and
adapted, ensuring that his impact on the world of magic remains relevant.
F.​ Rodger’s and Hammerstein II
a.​ 1940s - Oklahoma's first collaborative work with Rodgers and Hammerstein
b.​ Kern met Otto Harbach and Oscar Hammerstein II for the show Sunny, which
turned into Showboat.
 c.​ Hammerstein's first musical, Always You (1921), co-written with Rose Marie and
Sunny, and with Jerome Kern and Rudolf Friml as composers, laid the
groundwork for Showboat (1927). Lead to Carousel, South Pacific, The Sound of
Music, The King and I, Flower Drum Song, Cinderella, and State Fair. The final
song he wrote was Edelweiss.
d.​ Rodgers and Hammerstein are considered a pinnacle of musical theatre, their
work defining a golden age and influencing generations of creators. Their impact
stems from their ability to integrate music, lyrics, and story, creating unforgettable
shows like "Oklahoma!", "Carousel," and "The Sound of Music". They also
pioneered the "musical play" format, moving beyond mere musical comedies to
create richer narratives.
e.​ Integrated Storytelling: They seamlessly blended music and narrative, using songs
to advance the plot, reveal character emotions, and convey themes, marking a
shift from purely song-and-dance musicals.
f.​ Memorable Melodies: Their music, featuring memorable melodies and catchy
tunes, became iconic and continues to resonate with audiences.
g.​ The "Musical Play" Format: Rodgers and Hammerstein established a new model
for musical theatre, integrating music and story to create more cohesive and
compelling narratives.
h.​ Raising Social Consciousness: Their works explored themes of social injustice
and challenging societal norms, influencing the direction of musical theatre and
raising awareness about important issues.
i.​ Iconic Shows: Their musicals, including "Oklahoma!", "South Pacific," and "The
Sound of Music," remain popular today and have been revived countless times,
showcasing their enduring legacy.
j.​ Influence on Future Creators: Their work has inspired countless other composers,
lyricists, and librettists, shaping the landscape of musical theatre.
k.​ Business Savvy: Their success extended to business, as they purchased the rights
to their shows and produced the film adaptations, further solidifying their
influence on the entertainment industry.
G.​ Irving Berlin
a.​ Irving Berlin's importance to theatre stems from his prolific and enduring
contribution to the golden age of Broadway and film musicals. He wrote
seventeen complete scores for Broadway musicals and revues, including iconic
shows like Annie Get Your Gun and Holiday Inn, and his music has continued to
inspire and be used in many revivals. Beyond his Broadway work, Berlin's impact
on film musicals solidified his legacy, with scores for films like Top Hat and
Holiday Inn, and songs like "White Christmas" becoming enduring classics.
 b.​ Broadway Dominance: Berlin's scores for Broadway musicals like The
Cocoanuts, As Thousands Cheer, Louisiana Purchase, and This Is The Army
established him as a major force in the musical theatre world.
c.​ Film Musical Pioneer: Berlin's transition to film musicals was seamless, with
scores for Top Hat, Holiday Inn, and White Christmas, showcasing his ability to
adapt to the cinematic medium.
d.​ Iconic Songs: Berlin's catalog boasts many beloved songs, including "Blue Skies,"
"Cheek to Cheek," "White Christmas," "Easter Parade," and "There's No Business
Like Show Business," which continue to be performed and enjoyed today.
e.​ Enduring Influence: His music has been used in countless revivals and
adaptations, demonstrating its continued relevance and popularity.
f.​ American Musical Theatre: Berlin is considered a cornerstone of the American
musical theatre, alongside other giants like George Gershwin and Richard
Rodgers.
g.​ Beyond the Stage: Berlin's patriotic songs like "God Bless America" have
transcended the theatrical world, becoming part of the American cultural
landscape.
h.​ Impact on Musical Development: Berlin's work helped shape the evolution of the
popular song, influencing generations of composers and songwriters.
H.​ Liza Minnelli
a.​ Flora the Red Menace gave Liza Minnelli her first leading role.
b.​ Liza Minnelli's importance to theatre lies in her enduring career, iconic roles, and
significant impact on the Broadway stage. As a young actress, she garnered
critical acclaim and awards, including multiple Tony Awards, and continued to
captivate audiences for decades. Her work in films, particularly "Cabaret," further
solidified her status as a theatrical icon.
c.​ Early Success and Tony Awards: Minnelli began her Broadway career at a young
age, winning a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance in
"Flora, the Red Menace" at 19, making her the youngest woman to achieve that
distinction. She later won another Tony for "The Act" and a special Tony Award
for "Liza at the Winter Garden".
d.​ Continued Broadway Presence: Beyond her early success, Minnelli continued to
appear on Broadway throughout her career, including replacements in productions
like "Chicago" and starring in musicals like "The Rink".
e.​ Film and Cabaret: While known for her stage work, Minnelli's film career,
particularly her Oscar-winning performance in "Cabaret," further cemented her as
a multifaceted performer. She also made significant contributions to the world of
cabaret.
f.​ Iconic Roles: Minnelli's portrayals of characters like Flora, Roxie Hart, and Sally
Bowles became iconic and are still remembered and admired by audiences today.
 g.​ Influence on the Stage: Her career demonstrated the power of combining singing,
dancing, and acting to create unforgettable theatrical experiences, influencing
subsequent generations of performers.
h.​ Mentorship and Collaboration: Minnelli's career benefited from her relationships
with influential figures like Bob Fosse, John Kander, and Fred Ebb, who played a
significant role in shaping her artistic path.
i.​ EGOT Status: As an EGOT winner (Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony Award
winner), Minnelli's career represents a pinnacle of achievement in the performing
arts.
I.​ Hippodrome
a.​ The New York theater, called the Hippodrome, seated 5,200 and accommodated
600 performers. It opened in 1905 and was converted from a theater to a
basketball court to a movie theater area, but it has now been torn down—a symbol
of a bygone spectacle extravaganza.
J.​ Harold Prince
a.​ Emergence Producer Director
b.​ Cabaret (1966) was with Harold Prince, Fred Ebb, and John Kander.
c.​ Harold Prince was a hugely influential figure in American musical theatre,
recognized for his innovative staging, groundbreaking collaborations, and the
enduring legacy of his productions. He produced and directed numerous landmark
musicals, including West Side Story, Fiddler on the Roof, Cabaret, Sweeney
Todd, and Phantom of the Opera. Prince's work pushed the boundaries of musical
theatre, exploring serious themes and challenging audiences while also
maintaining a high level of entertainment.
d.​ Here's a more detailed look at his contributions:
e.​ 1. Groundbreaking Productions: Prince's productions often tackled complex and
thought-provoking themes, moving beyond the traditional "happy ending" of
many musicals. He collaborated with writers like Stephen Sondheim to create
shows like Cabaret (which explored the rise of Nazism) and Company (which
examined the complexities of modern relationships).
f.​ 2. Visual Innovation: Prince was known for his innovative staging and use of
visual spectacle. He worked closely with designers to create immersive theatrical
experiences that enhanced the storytelling. For example, in Fiddler on the Roof,
he used stage placement and character groupings to visually represent the
changing world of the Jewish community.
g.​ 3. Collaborative Genius: Prince was a master collaborator, working closely with
writers, composers, and choreographers to bring his vision to life. His
collaborations with Stephen Sondheim were particularly fruitful, leading to some
of the most innovative and influential musicals of the 20th century.
 h.​ 4. Pioneering the "Concept Musical": In collaboration with Sondheim, Prince was
instrumental in developing the "concept musical," which focused on a theme or
idea rather than a traditional plot. Company and Follies are prime examples of this
innovative approach.
i.​ 5. Enduring Legacy: Prince's productions continue to be performed and studied
today, showcasing the enduring power of his work. His shows have had a lasting
impact on musical theatre, inspiring subsequent generations of artists.
j.​ In essence, Harold Prince's impact on theatre is multifaceted: He was a visionary
who pushed boundaries, a master collaborator, and a driving force in shaping the
modern musical theatre landscape. His legacy continues to inspire and challenge
audiences, making him one of the most important figures in American theatre
history.
K.​ Musical Theatre
a.​ Life is drama. We relate to drama and music
b.​ Romance presents life as it should be
c.​ Romance: Spiritual, eternal, selfless
d.​ Realism: Dark but harmonious
e.​ Songs raise listeners' ears and souls
f.​ Music: Total theatre - Emotional connection to us and others
g.​ Moral Theatre: Message. What can I take away from this? Is life worth it? Not
always a happy ending.
h.​ Popular Theatre: Entertained but morally perturbed
i.​ Cycle Play: 25 days, but based on the Bible
j.​ Musical Theatre is presentational
k.​ “Great art should express what we experience but fail to express ourselves.”
l.​ Beginning in the 20th Century, Victor Herbert and George M. Cohan were leading
figures in musical theatre.
m.​ Showboat, an adult libretto, is a profound turning point in musical theatre.
L.​ Gypsy Rose Lee
a.​ Gypsy Rose Lee was widespread, and the show Gypsy is based on her.
b.​ John Kander (1927) studied at Columbia University and created the dances from
Gypsy.
c.​ Gypsy Rose Lee was a significant figure in theatre history, primarily known for
her contributions to burlesque and for inspiring the Broadway musical "Gypsy".
She transformed burlesque from a vulgar pastime into a more refined form of
entertainment and is recognized for her witty performances and sophisticated
style. Her memoir, "Gypsy," became a Broadway smash hit and continues to be a
popular and influential musical.
d.​ Here's a more detailed look at her importance:
e.​ Elevated Burlesque:
 f.​ Lee's performances, known for their wit and style, helped elevate burlesque from
a primarily vulgar form of entertainment to a more sophisticated art form. She
was one of the most popular burlesque stars of her time.
g.​ Inspired the Broadway Musical "Gypsy":
h.​ Lee's memoir, "Gypsy," became the basis for the iconic Broadway musical of the
same name, which has been a long-running success and a cornerstone of
American musical theatre.
i.​ Cultural Impact:
j.​ Lee's work and the subsequent musical have had a lasting impact on popular
culture, exploring themes of ambition, motherhood, and the pursuit of fame.
k.​ Character of "Mama Rose":
l.​ The character of Mama Rose, based on Lee's mother, Rose Hovick, has become a
legendary role in musical theatre, with many celebrated actresses playing the part.
m.​ Continued Relevence:
n.​ The musical "Gypsy" continues to be revived and performed, demonstrating its
enduring appeal and its exploration of universal themes.
M.​ The Phantom of the Opera
a.​ 90s London Invasion - Phantom of the Opera
b.​ The Phantom of the Opera is a landmark musical theater production that holds
significant importance due to its lasting impact on the industry, its success, and its
influence on how musical theater is perceived and created. It has become a
classic, a symbol of Broadway, and a standard against which other shows are
often measured.
c.​ 1. Record-Breaking Success and Longevity:
d.​ Longevity: The Phantom of the Opera is one of the longest-running shows on
Broadway, setting records for performances and total gross.
e.​ Record-Breaking Numbers: It has been seen by millions of people worldwide,
surpassing even blockbuster films in terms of financial success.
f.​ Cultural Impact: The show's success has had a significant impact on the industry,
making it a benchmark for blockbuster shows and inspiring other productions.
g.​ 2. Defining the Modern Blockbuster Show:
h.​ Scale and Spectacle: Phantom is known for its impressive scale, special effects,
and live elements, which have become hallmarks of modern blockbuster musicals.
i.​ Inspiring Later Musicals: The show's success and innovative use of technology
have inspired other musicals to embrace a similar level of spectacle and
grandiosity.
j.​ 3. Reinventing Musical Theater:
k.​ Balancing Grandeur and Simplicity: Phantom successfully balances grand,
sweeping elements with more intimate, emotional moments, creating a unique and
compelling experience.
 l.​ Breaking Boundaries: The show helped to redefine what musical theater could be,
moving beyond traditional operatic styles and embracing new approaches to
storytelling and spectacle.
m.​ 4. Timeless Appeal and Legacy:
n.​ Enduring Love Story: The show's romantic and tragic love story has resonated
with audiences for decades, making it a timeless classic.
o.​ Iconic Score: The music, including the iconic "Music of the Night," has become
instantly recognizable and has been celebrated for its beauty and emotional power.
p.​ Continued Relevance: Despite the changing landscape of musical theater,
Phantom continues to captivate audiences and remains a significant part of the
theatrical landscape.
q.​ In conclusion, The Phantom of the Opera's importance stems from its
record-breaking success, its role in shaping the modern blockbuster show, its
innovative approach to musical theater, and its lasting appeal to audiences
worldwide. It has become a symbol of Broadway and a benchmark for all other
musicals.
N.​ Cake Walk
a.​ Afterpiece, one-act plays with songs. It ended with a cakewalk.
b.​ Cakewalk is a dance performed on stage in a competition that mimics the attitudes
and manners of white men.
c.​ The last couple left in the competition got a cake. Where did we get the saying,
“Take the cake”
O.​ Show Boat
a.​ Choreographer - Gower Champion.
b.​ Showboat’s budget was $13,000
c.​ Kern met Otto Harbach and Oscar Hammerstein II for the show Sunny, which
turned into Showboat. Showboat was based on a novel, just like Oklahoma was.
Edna Ferber was the inspiration for Showboat. Florenz Ziegfeld wanted to make
Showboat but couldn’t. In 1927, it finally made the most significant advance in
ticket sales.
P.​ Marvin Hamlisch
a.​ Marvin Hamlisch significantly impacted theater through his compositions,
particularly with A Chorus Line, which revolutionized Broadway and earned him
both a Tony Award and a Pulitzer Prize. His music not only captivated audiences
but also influenced subsequent generations of composers to push boundaries in
theatrical music.
b.​ A Chorus Line: Hamlisch's score for A Chorus Line was groundbreaking, earning
the show a Pulitzer Prize and a Tony Award for Best Score. It's considered a
landmark musical that helped define a new era of Broadway productions.
 c.​ "What I Did for Love": The ballad "What I Did for Love" from A Chorus Line
became a modern standard, showcasing Hamlisch's ability to write emotionally
resonant songs.
d.​ Influence on Other Composers: Hamlisch's work, especially A Chorus Line,
inspired other composers to explore new musical territories and challenge
traditional approaches to musical theatre.
e.​ Beyond Broadway: Hamlisch also made significant contributions to film,
including the Oscar-winning score for The Way We Were and the music for The
Sting, earning him three Academy Awards.
f.​ Commitment to the Performing Arts: Hamlisch was a strong advocate for the arts,
encouraging young people to participate in music, drama, and dance.
g.​ Awards and Recognition: Hamlisch's achievements include numerous awards and
recognition, including a Tony Award, three Oscars, four Grammys, and a Pulitzer
Prize. Wikipedia
h.​ Legacy: Hamlisch's legacy extends beyond his individual achievements. His
music continues to be performed and enjoyed, and his influence can be seen in
contemporary musical theatre.
Q.​ The Princess Theatre
a.​ Jerome Kern recognized The Princess Theatre Musicals, intimate,
well-constructed musicals housed in the Princess Theatre.
b.​ The Princess Theatre in New York significantly influenced the evolution of
musical theatre by focusing on the importance of story and character over
elaborate sets and effects. Its small size forced creators to prioritize a solid plot
and well-defined characters, leading to a more intimate and character-driven style
that foreshadowed the future of sound film. The theatre was also a crucial
incubator for the talents of Jerome Kern, Guy Bolton, and P.G. Wodehouse.
c.​ Focus on Story and Character: The small space of the Princess Theatre made it
difficult to stage large-scale productions with elaborate scenery or spectacle. This
led the writers to concentrate on developing compelling stories and well-defined
characters, which became a hallmark of the "Princess Musicals".
d.​ Intimate Style: The intimate setting of the Princess Theatre created a more
personal connection between the performers and the audience, a style that would
later be seen in sound film, says Musicals101.com.
e.​ Influential Writers: The Princess Theatre was instrumental in the careers of
Jerome Kern, Guy Bolton, and P.G. Wodehouse. Kern's musical compositions,
Bolton's librettos, and Wodehouse's comedic writing style contributed to the
unique character of the "Princess Musicals".
f.​ Legacy: The "Princess Musicals" played a significant role in shaping the direction
of musical theatre, emphasizing story, character, and intimate performances, notes
Broadway Scene.
R.​ On Your Toes
a.​ 1930s Year of Experimentation - On Your Toes was the first to have ballet
sequences.
b.​ George Abbott (On Your Toes, Hal Joey, On The Town, Once Upon a Mattress)
c.​ The importance of "On Your Toes" in theatre, particularly in musicals and dance
productions, lies in its ability to enhance the character's physicality, express
emotions through movement, and create a dynamic and engaging performance for
the audience. By focusing on the details of footwork, posture, and overall
movement, actors and dancers can better embody their characters and bring the
story to life.
d.​ Developing Character Physicality: "On your toes" encourages actors to explore
their character's physicality, understanding how their shoes and footwork might
reflect their personality, social status, or even their emotional state. For example,
an actress playing a flower seller in "My Fair Lady" might walk in a different way
in thick boots than she would in high heels, reflecting her transformation.
e.​ Enhancing Movement and Dance: In musical theatre and dance productions, "on
your toes" becomes a crucial aspect of choreography, allowing for precise
movements, elegant poses, and powerful expressions.
f.​ Emotional Expression Through Movement: Footwork can be used to convey
emotions, whether it's the nervous energy of a character on the edge of a big
decision or the graceful movements of a ballerina in a ballet.
g.​ Connecting with the Audience: A strong sense of "on your toes" can create a more
dynamic and captivating performance, engaging the audience and drawing them
into the story.
h.​ Rehearsal and Preparation: Rehearsing in character's shoes, as emphasized by
Theatre Folk, allows actors to become intimately familiar with the character's
physicality, making a smoother transition to the stage.
S.​ Minstrel Show
a.​ Americans were comfortable with racism, and that led to the minstrel shows
b.​ Dan Emmett, an abolitionist and the father of the minstrel show, as well as an
original Virginia minstrel, penned the songs "Jimmy Crack Corn" and "Dixie."
c.​ Minstrel shows had a complex and significant impact on American theatre. They
were a popular, albeit deeply flawed, form of entertainment that emerged in the
19th century, showcasing both the evolution of musical theatre and the
problematic perpetuation of racial stereotypes. They are considered the forerunner
of vaudeville and musical theatre, influencing later forms of entertainment.
However, their reliance on blackface and stereotypical portrayals of African
Americans left a lasting legacy of racial prejudice.
d.​ Positive Influences:
 e.​ Development of American Musical Theatre: Minstrel shows are often seen as the
birthplace of American musical theatre, introducing elements like ragtime music,
tap dance, and comedy sketches, which later became hallmarks of Broadway
musicals.
f.​ Emergence of Native American Entertainment: They represented one of the first
indigenous forms of American musical theatre, evolving from early theatrical
performances to become a distinct entertainment style.
g.​ Negative Influences:
h.​ Reinforcement of Racist Stereotypes: The use of blackface and caricatured
portrayals of African Americans in minstrel shows fueled negative stereotypes
that persisted for decades, impacting the way African Americans were perceived
and treated.
i.​ Propaganda for Racism: The shows' popularity, particularly in the aftermath of the
Civil War, arguably contributed to the spread of racist ideologies by normalizing
and entertaining racist portrayals of Black people.
j.​ Legacy: Influence on Vaudeville and Musical Theatre: Elements of minstrel
shows, such as the variety format and musical numbers, can be seen in the
development of vaudeville and later in musical theatre productions.
k.​ Ongoing Discussion and Debate: The legacy of minstrel shows continues to be
debated and discussed, prompting critical examination of the intersection of
theatre, race, and representation.
l.​ In conclusion, while minstrel shows played a role in the development of
American musical theatre, their reliance on racist stereotypes and blackface casts
a long shadow on their legacy, highlighting the need for ongoing discussions
about race, representation, and the impact of historical entertainment on
contemporary society.
T.​ “Over There”
a.​ "Over There," by George M. Cohan, was a patriotic song that played a significant
role in bolstering morale during World War I. It was used as a symbol of
American spirit and was even recognized by President Roosevelt with a
Congressional Gold Medal. While the song's popularity might be rooted in the
specific context of that war, its impact on theatre lies in its demonstration of how
music and storytelling can be powerful tools for shaping public opinion and
fostering a sense of unity, particularly during times of national crisis. The song's
legacy continues to inspire and remind us of the power of theatre to connect with
audiences and address important social issues.
b.​ Inspiration during wartime: "Over There" resonated with soldiers and civilians
alike, providing a sense of purpose and hope during a period of conflict,
according to The Great Irish Songbook.
 c.​ Symbol of American spirit: The song's lyrics and music captured the essence of
American patriotism and determination, notes The Great Irish Songbook.
d.​ Power of storytelling: "Over There" exemplified how theatre and music could be
used to tell powerful stories that resonate with audiences and shape their
understanding of complex events, according to The Great Irish Songbook.
e.​ Long-term impact: Even after the war, Cohan's work and the song "Over There"
continued to be celebrated, highlighting the enduring power of theatre to shape
national identity and inspire audiences across generations.
f.​ Cultural significance: The song's inclusion in the film "Yankee Doodle Dandy"
further cemented its place in American cultural history, states The Great Irish
Songbook.
U.​ Bob Fosse
a.​ Bob Fosse (Chicago, Pippin) married Gwen Verdon. He had a daughter, a
cigarette in his mouth for rehearsals, and plenty of affairs
b.​ Gower Champion and Bob Fosse were successful with Ebb and Kander. Chorus
Line (1975) was the longest-running Broadway show until Cats.
c.​ Bob Fosse revolutionized musical theatre through his innovative choreography
and directorial style, which was characterized by angular movements, isolations,
and a blend of vaudeville, burlesque, and jazz influences. His unique approach to
dance and storytelling left an enduring legacy, impacting both Broadway and film.
d.​ 1. Defining a New Dance Style: Fosse's choreography became known as "Fosse"
and is still taught today. He incorporated elements of vaudeville, burlesque, and
jazz into his style, creating a unique and distinctive look. Key characteristics
include turned-in knees, shoulder rolls, splayed "jazz hands," and finger snaps.
e.​ 2. Changing the Role of Musical Ensembles: Fosse made small movements and
facial expressions a focus, giving ensemblists a chance to shine. He
choreographed individual movements for each ensemblist, making them integral
to the overall storytelling. His work emphasized the importance of ensemble
numbers, elevating their significance in musical theatre.
f.​ 3. Impact on Film: Fosse's work in film, like Cabaret and All That Jazz,
revolutionized how dance was presented on screen. He showed the possibilities of
using the camera to capture the energy and emotion of dance. His influence can be
seen in music videos and other dance-heavy films.
g.​ 4. Enduring Influence: Fosse's work continues to inspire contemporary
choreographers and dancers. His musicals, like Chicago and Sweet Charity,
remain popular and are frequently revived. His style is a universal reference point
for choreographers.
h.​ 5. Beyond the Stage: Fosse's influence extends to popular culture, with his style
appearing in various forms of entertainment. His use of props, like hats and
 gloves, became iconic and recognizable. His work continues to be studied and
celebrated for its innovation and impact on the performing arts.
V.​ Pirates of Penzance
a.​ "The Pirates of Penzance," by Gilbert and Sullivan, is significant in theatre history
for several reasons, including its role in transitioning from opera to the modern
musical, its influence on popular culture, and its sustained popularity and impact
on diverse stages. It's also notable for being one of the few Gilbert and Sullivan
operettas to premiere in the United States.
b.​ Transition to Musical Theatre: "Pirates of Penzance" is often cited as a pivotal
work in the evolution of musical theatre, moving from the grand scale of opera
towards a lighter, more comedic and accessible format that is now characteristic
of Broadway musicals.
c.​ Influence on Pop Culture: The show's iconic "I Am the Very Model of a Modern
Major-General" has been parodied, referenced, and adapted countless times in
various media, demonstrating its enduring appeal and influence on popular
culture.
d.​ Continued Popularity: "The Pirates of Penzance" remains one of the most
frequently performed and beloved operettas in the Gilbert and Sullivan canon,
consistently entertaining audiences worldwide.
e.​ American Premiere: The fact that it premiered in New York City, rather than
London, is significant for its historical context and demonstrates the growing
importance of American theatre.
f.​ Satire and Social Commentary: Like other Gilbert and Sullivan works, "Pirates of
Penzance" employs satire to comment on social and political issues of the
Victorian era, such as military bureaucracy and class distinctions.
g.​ Adaptability: Despite its age, the show's humor and themes continue to resonate
with audiences, making it a staple of both amateur and professional productions.
h.​ Diverse Productions: "The Pirates of Penzance" has been adapted and reimagined
in various ways, including gender-bending productions, jazz-infused revivals, and
modern interpretations, demonstrating its ability to adapt and evolve.
i.​ Educational Impact: The show's accessibility and engaging score have made it a
popular choice for high school and university theatre programs, introducing
young audiences to the world of musical theatre.
W.​ Revue
a.​ Intimate Revue - Difference of tone and attitude. Rejected big things for comedy,
white, and satire. Revue, which comes from the French word, is a spectacle that
provides satirical entertainment. It wasn't a book show with a clear beginning,
middle, and end. Revue brings unity to variety—program development that has a
cumulative effect—and is the precursor to book and concept musicals.
X.​ The Sound of Music
 a.​ AI Overview
b.​ Learn more
c.​ The Sound of Music significantly impacts theatre by demonstrating the power of
music to tell stories, build characters, and create emotional connections with
audiences. It showcases how music can enhance character development, advance
the plot, and evoke powerful emotional responses, making the show a timeless
classic.
d.​ 1. Musical Storytelling:
e.​ Plot Development: The music in The Sound of Music not only accompanies the
action but also propels the narrative forward. Songs like "Climb Ev'ry Mountain"
and "Do-Re-Mi" reveal Maria's journey and the family's experiences, driving the
story's themes of hope and resilience.
f.​ Character Development: The songs associated with characters like Maria, the
Captain, and the children help audiences understand their personalities,
motivations, and emotional states.
g.​ Emotional Impact: The score's uplifting melodies and poignant lyrics create a
strong emotional connection with the audience, making the show deeply
engaging.
h.​ 2. Enhancement of Theatrical Elements:
i.​ Underscore and Scene Change Music: The musical score can enliven a play, set
the tone and period, and inspire the actors.
j.​ Incidental Music: Music can accompany spoken drama, foreshadow events,
comment on the action onstage, and create a sense of suspense or joy.
k.​ 3. Timeless Appeal:
l.​ Universal Themes: The show's themes of family, love, and resilience resonate
with audiences across generations, ensuring its continued popularity.
m.​ Musical Legacy: The musical score has become iconic, with songs like "My
Favorite Things" and "The Sound of Music" becoming popular classics.
n.​ Adaptability: The show has been adapted for stage, film, and other formats,
proving its versatility and enduring appeal. In essence, The Sound of Music
demonstrates how music can be a powerful storytelling tool in theatre, creating a
memorable and emotionally resonant experience for audiences. It highlights the
importance of music in shaping character, advancing plot, and evoking strong
emotional responses.
Y.​ Crazy for You
a.​ "Crazy for You" is significant in theatre for its exploration of how the arts,
specifically theatre, can revitalize a town and bring a sense of community and joy.
The show's narrative uses the story of Bobby Child, a banker sent to foreclose on
a theatre, to highlight the power of theatre to uplift and transform. Additionally,
"Crazy for You" showcases the artistry of the Gerschwins' music and dance,
 offering a captivating experience for audiences and inspiring future musical
theatre productions.
b.​ Revitalization of Communities: The show's core message is the potential of
theatre to foster community and bring life back to a struggling town. Bobby
Child's journey from a banker to a theatre advocate demonstrates this
transformative power.
c.​ Artistic Excellence: "Crazy for You" features the iconic music and choreography
of the Gerschwins, showcasing the power of these artistic elements to create a
captivating theatrical experience.
d.​ Inspiration for Future Productions: The show's enduring popularity and innovative
staging have influenced subsequent musicals, demonstrating its lasting impact on
the musical theatre landscape.
e.​ Narrative and Character Development: The story of Bobby Child's love for theatre
and his desire to save the theatre, along with the development of the characters in
Deadrock, provides a compelling narrative that resonates with audiences.
Z.​ Realistic Theatre
a.​ Realist theatre is crucial to the history and evolution of theatre because it
emphasized a truthful depiction of everyday life, focusing on character
development, natural dialogue, and realistic settings. This shift from Romanticism
and melodrama, with its idealized settings and endings, brought a new focus on
social issues and the struggles of ordinary people. Realist theatre also influenced
acting styles, with actors aiming to emulate real human behavior and interactions.
b.​ Emphasis on Realism: Realist theatre aimed to show life as it is, without
romanticized or idealized portrayals. This meant depicting everyday situations,
ordinary people, and natural conversations.
c.​ Focus on Character Development: Realist plays delved into the inner lives and
motivations of characters, exploring their relationships and struggles in a more
complex way.
d.​ Natural Dialogue and Acting: Realist theatre favored natural dialogue and
authentic acting styles, moving away from the exaggerated language and
theatrical poses of previous styles.
e.​ Social Commentary: Many realist plays tackled social issues and problems,
offering a mirror to society and prompting audiences to reflect on their own lives
and the world around them.
f.​ Naturalism and Later Styles: Realism laid the groundwork for naturalism, which
took realism a step further by emphasizing the impact of social and environmental
factors on human behavior. It also influenced other theatrical movements and
continued to be relevant in contemporary theatre, particularly in character-driven
dramas.
 g.​ Impact on Acting Techniques: Stanislavski's method of acting, which focused on
psychological realism and emulating real human behavior, was heavily influenced
by the principles of realism.
AA.​ The Wheel
a.​
BB.​ Cole Porter
a.​ Cole Porter's influence on theatre is undeniable, having contributed significantly
to the American musical tradition through his sophisticated and witty lyrics and
melodies. He elevated Broadway musicals with his sophisticated style and
enduring songs, leaving a lasting legacy in the world of theatre.
b.​ Sophisticated Lyrics and Melodies: Porter's songs are known for their wit,
sophistication, and clever wordplay, setting a high standard for musical theatre
lyrics.
c.​ Enduring Songs: Many of his songs, like "Let's Do It," "Night and Day," and
"Anything Goes," have become classics and are still performed and recorded
today.
d.​ Broadway Musicals: He wrote scores for numerous successful Broadway
musicals, including Anything Goes, Jubilee, and Kiss Me, Kate, establishing his
place in theatrical history.
e.​ Composer and Lyricist: Unlike some other Broadway composers, Porter wrote
both the music and lyrics for his songs, adding a layer of artistry to his work.
f.​ Influence on Future Composers: His style and songwriting techniques have
influenced generations of musical theatre composers, solidifying his legacy as a
major figure in the field.
g.​ Induction into Songwriters Hall of Fame: His contributions to music and theatre
were recognized with induction into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970.
CC.​ Annie Get Your Gun
a.​ "Annie Get Your Gun" is important to theatre history for several reasons. It was a
smash hit, showcasing the power of a strong lead role and Irving Berlin's music.
The musical became a landmark production, influencing subsequent Broadway
productions and inspiring revivals. It also highlighted the importance of a good
libretto and a star performer, making it a classic in the repertoire.
b.​ Hit Show: "Annie Get Your Gun" was an immediate success, becoming only the
second Broadway book musical to exceed 1,000 performances.
c.​ Star-Making Role: The role of Annie Oakley helped launch the careers of
multiple actresses, including Ethel Merman, Mary Martin, and Bernadette Peters.
d.​ Influence: The show's success and enduring popularity have influenced
subsequent Broadway productions and revivals.
 e.​ Musical Legacy: Irving Berlin's music, particularly the songs "There's No
Business Like Show Business" and "You Can't Get a Man with a Gun," became
iconic.
f.​ Classic Repertoire: "Annie Get Your Gun" remains a beloved classic, frequently
revived and adapted for different audiences.
g.​ Entertainment Value: The story and music provide a joyful and escapist
experience, appealing to a wide audience.
DD.​ Hair and Jesus Christ Superstar
a.​ The 1967 musical "Hair" revolutionized Broadway and theatre in general by
defying traditional conventions and ushering in a new era of rock music and
social commentary. Its significance lies in breaking ground with a racially
integrated cast, a rock musical format, and a finale where the audience was
invited onstage for a "Be-In". "Hair" also tackled controversial themes like the
Vietnam War, sexual liberation, and drug use, making it a bold and impactful
piece of theatre.
b.​ 1. Breaking Down Traditional Theatre Boundaries:
c.​ Rejecting Conventions: "Hair" rejected the rigid structures of Broadway musicals,
including plot, rhyme, and traditional song endings. Instead, it embraced a loose,
experimental format, allowing for a more raw and authentic expression.
d.​ Rock and Roll on Stage: It was one of the first musicals to incorporate rock and
roll music, making it a significant step towards modern musical theatre.
e.​ Social Commentary: "Hair" openly addressed social issues of the time, including
the Vietnam War, sexual liberation, and drug use, making it a powerful voice of
the counterculture.
f.​ 2. Impact on Musical Theatre:
g.​ Defining the "Rock Musical": "Hair" helped define the genre of rock musical,
paving the way for future shows that embraced rock music and modern themes.
h.​ Reconnecting Broadway with Current Culture: It prevented Broadway from
becoming an outdated art form by connecting it with contemporary issues and
music.
i.​ Inspiration for Future Musicals: "Hair" inspired a new generation of musical
theatre artists and paved the way for more experimental and socially conscious
musicals.
j.​ 3. Significance for Actors and Audiences:
k.​ Inclusive Cast: The racially integrated cast was a significant step towards more
inclusive casting practices in theatre.
l.​ Audience Engagement: The "Be-In" finale invited the audience to participate in
the show, creating a more immersive and interactive experience.
 m.​ Relevance Today: Despite its historical context, "Hair" continues to be relevant
today because its themes of social change, liberation, and rebellion resonate with
audiences of all ages.
n.​ In Conclusion: "Hair" was more than just a musical; it was a cultural revolution
that transformed the landscape of Broadway and theatre as a whole. Its
groundbreaking approach to storytelling, music, and social commentary continue
to influence and inspire artists and audiences today.
EE.​ Vaudeville
a.​ Tony Pastor’s Music Hall was a leading variety theater that paved the way for
vaudeville.
b.​ Vaudeville toured in circuits
c.​ Dutch Vaudeville acted as German immigrants with strong accents and garish
clothes.
d.​ Vaudeville goes corporate. Entertainment became localized. Booking managers
and agents were used.
e.​ Benjamin Keith and Edward Albee named this period Vaudeville: Voice of the
Town.”
f.​ A show with 8-10 acts lasted 2 1/2 hours. Vaudeville has a 42-week season and
costs $3,100 a year.
g.​ The booking agency controlled the circuits and could blacklist performers.
h.​ Albee took complete control and ruled vaudeville with an “Iron Hand.”
FF.​ Kander and Ebb
a.​ John Kander (1927) studied at Columbia University and created the dances from
Gypsy. Met Fred Ebb in 1962.
b.​ Flora the Red Menace gave Liza Minnelli her first leading role. Cabaret (1966)
was with Harold Prince, Fred Ebb, and John Kander. Gower Champion and Bob
Fosse were successful with Ebb and Kander.
GG.​ West Side Story
a.​ Choreographer - Jerome Robbins
b.​ "West Side Story" significantly impacted theater, particularly musical theater, by
integrating dance, music, and story in a seamless way, setting new standards for
performance and narrative. Its sophisticated score, innovative choreography, and
exploration of complex social themes made it a landmark work that continues to
influence productions today.
c.​ 1. Groundbreaking Integration of Art Forms:"West Side Story" moved beyond the
traditional musical comedy format, seamlessly blending dance, song, and dialogue
to tell the story. It highlighted the power of dance as a narrative tool, using it to
convey emotions, build tension, and explore the conflict between the gangs. The
choreography, especially Jerome Robbins's signature moves, became iconic and
influential, expanding the vocabulary of musical theater.
 d.​ 2. Sophisticated and Innovative Music: Leonard Bernstein's score, with its fusion
of jazz, classical, and Latin rhythms, was groundbreaking and established a new
standard for musical theater composition. The music not only set the mood but
also became a character in itself, reflecting the tensions and emotions of the story.
e.​ 3. Exploration of Social Issues: The show tackled themes of racial prejudice,
immigration, and violence, making it relevant to social and political issues of the
time and beyond. By portraying the conflict between the Jets and the Sharks, it
explored the impact of societal division and the dangers of hate.
f.​ 4. Influence on Future Productions: "West Side Story" set a new standard for
staging and presentation, with its seamless flow and integration of all elements. Its
innovative approach to choreography, music, and narrative has influenced
countless subsequent musicals. The show's enduring popularity and its numerous
revivals and adaptations demonstrate its lasting impact on musical theater.
HH.​ Tin Pan Alley
a.​ Tin Pan Alley played a crucial role in shaping the Broadway musical, particularly
in the early 20th century. The area, primarily located on West 28th Street in New
York City, was a hub for music publishing, and its songs became the musical
backbone of many Broadway productions. The rise of vaudeville and the
subsequent growth of theatre, particularly along Broadway, directly influenced
Tin Pan Alley's importance.
b.​ Music for the Stage: Tin Pan Alley composers and lyricists provided the music for
many Broadway shows, including the classics like "I Got Rhythm" and "Ol' Man
River". These songs became synonymous with the golden age of Broadway.
c.​ The Rise of Musical Theatre: The integration of storytelling and music on the
Broadway stage made musical theatre a popular form of entertainment, and Tin
Pan Alley songs played a central role in this evolution.
d.​ Vaudeville's Influence: The vaudeville circuit, with its traveling performers, relied
heavily on Tin Pan Alley for new material. Performers often visited the area to
find fresh songs for their acts.
e.​ Promotion and Marketing: Tin Pan Alley publishers developed innovative
methods of promoting their songs, including "song plugging" where they would
have pianists play the tunes in their stores, according to a report from Experience
NoMad.
f.​ Impact on Popular Music: Tin Pan Alley not only provided music for the theatre
but also shaped the broader landscape of popular music. The songs they produced
became standards and have remained popular for generations.
g.​ Modernism and Cultural Impact: Tin Pan Alley's music reflected the cultural
shifts and influences of the time, incorporating elements from ragtime, blues, and
jazz, as well as white culture.
II.​ Porgy and Bess
 a.​ Folk Opera
b.​ "Porgy and Bess" is significant to theater history for several reasons. It showcased
the immense talent of African American performers, broke barriers for black
artists in the operatic stage, and is considered the first great American opera.
While its portrayal of black culture has been subject to criticism, it also sparked
important conversations about race, representation, and community identity in art.
c.​ Groundbreaking for African American Artists: The opera featured an all-Black
cast in operatic roles, a groundbreaking move at the time. It provided valuable
opportunities for classically trained African-American singers who were often
discriminated against in other leading theaters. The use of black artists helped
break down stereotypes and allowed audiences to see them as they were, rather
than as caricatures.
d.​ A Landmark American Opera: Many consider "Porgy and Bess" to be the first
great American opera, capturing the spirit and diversity of the nation. It
incorporated elements of American musical styles, including jazz and spirituals,
into its score. The opera's themes of love, loss, and resilience resonated with
audiences and have endured over time.
e.​ Controversy and Critical Reception: The opera was criticized for its portrayal of
black culture, with some arguing that it reinforced stereotypes. Others praised it
for its authentic representation of black life and its powerful musical score. The
opera's legacy continues to be debated and discussed, raising important questions
about race, representation, and artistic interpretation.
f.​ Impact on Theater and Opera: "Porgy and Bess" demonstrated the potential of
opera to explore complex social issues and human experiences. Its musical score
has become a source of inspiration for countless artists and has been adapted into
various forms, including concert versions and film. The opera's enduring
popularity and multiple revivals attest to its lasting impact on the theater world. In
essence, "Porgy and Bess" is a landmark achievement in theater history, not only
for its musical brilliance and enduring appeal, but also for its pioneering role in
showcasing the talent of black artists and sparking conversations about race and
representation in American art and culture.
JJ.​ Julliard School of Music
a.​ The Juilliard School's Music Division has a significant impact on the theatre
world, primarily through its emphasis on collaboration, performance
opportunities, and the development of highly skilled musicians who can
contribute to theatrical productions. Juilliard fosters a collaborative environment
where musicians, dancers, and actors work together, enriching their artistic
understanding and skillsets. The school's location in New York City also provides
access to a vibrant theater scene, exposing students to professional productions
and offering them opportunities to perform in major venues.
 b.​ Collaboration: Juilliard encourages interdisciplinary collaboration, allowing
music students to work alongside drama students on various projects, fostering a
more holistic artistic understanding.
c.​ Performance Opportunities: Juilliard offers numerous performance opportunities
for music students, including solo recitals, concerto performances, and
collaborations with other performing arts divisions, providing valuable experience
for theatre productions.
d.​ Skill Development: The Music Division's curriculum emphasizes musical
interpretation, technical proficiency, and the ability to engage with a wide range
of musical styles, preparing students to be versatile and adaptable musicians who
can contribute effectively to theatrical scores and musical theatre productions.
e.​ New York City Location: Juilliard's location within Lincoln Center puts students
at the heart of a thriving arts community, offering access to professional theatre
productions, mentorship opportunities, and a network of experienced
professionals.
f.​ Influential Alumni: Juilliard has a strong history of producing successful alumni
in theatre, music, and other performing arts, who contribute significantly to the
field.
KK.​ Florenz Ziegfield
a.​ Born in 1866 and died in 1932. A most prominent producer of our time. He was a
showman with flair and outrageous publicity, but extremely shy. Very consistent
with detail, and was a workaholic. Suffered from fatigue. No qualms about
spending money. He has many beautiful women, and his shows are extravagant.
The sets, costumes, lighting effects, and cast are elaborate. He was a husband and
had affairs. He had a weird thing about avoiding watches and clocks because he
didn’t like the idea of time passing. Rarely laughed but discovered plenty of
comedians: countless acquaintances but few close friends. Eugen Sandow was a
strongman whom Ziegfeld discovered because he noticed that women were drawn
to Sandow, including Anna Held, Ziegfeld's wife. Ziegfield went to Europe to find
a star and met Anna. He had no money to woo, court, and marry Anna. Ziegfeld
Follies were modeled after Parisian follies. He was known for his spectacular
revues and published 23 revues.
b.​ Intimate Revue - Difference of tone and attitude. Rejected big things for comedy,
white, and satire.
c.​ His formula was glamor, pace, decency, and spectacle. He would employ talented,
famous writers, composers, and lyricists, and wanted the best. Performers
abandoned Ziegfeld in 1925 -1926 for films.
d.​ Abe Erlanger, a theater producer and owner, hired Ziegfeld to put on a show for
him. Revue, which comes from the French word, is a spectacle that provides
satirical entertainment. It wasn't a book show with a clear beginning, middle, and
 end. Revue brings unity to variety—program development that has a cumulative
effect—and is the precursor to book and concept musicals.
e.​ The New York theater, called the Hippodrome, seated 5,200 and accommodated
600 performers. It opened in 1905 and was converted from a theater to a
basketball court to a movie theater area, but it has now been torn down—a symbol
of a bygone spectacle extravaganza.
f.​ Showboat’s budget was $13,000. Twenty years later, in 1927, Ziegfeld’s budget
was $29,000.
g.​ In 1932, Ziegfeld died, and Revue died with him. His philosophy was, “There is
nothing which the American, especially the American girl, is incapable of
accomplishing.”
h.​ The Ziegfeld girls were known for their beauty and for wearing massive
headdresses. Focus on movement in the legs and hips. Barbara Stanwyck came to
stardom because of being in the Follies.
i.​ W.C. Fields, known for his billiards pool routine; Will Rogers, known for his
comedy roping skills; Eddie Cantor, and Fanny Brice, a comedy star, were all
popular.
j.​ Hired black performer Burt Williams in 1910 for Ziegfeld Follies. Whites
threatened to walk out.
k.​ Affair with Lillian Lerain and humiliated Anna Herd
l.​ Billie Burke is 17 years younger than Ziegfeld. In 1914, they married. In 1916,
they had a daughter
LL.​ Extravaganza
a.​ Elaborate theater piece based on European models.
b.​ Extravaganzas play a significant role in theatre, offering a unique blend of
spectacle, entertainment, and creative freedom. They are elaborate, often
expensive productions that can range from musical theatre to pantomime, and are
characterized by their unconventional structure and style. While not always the
focus of all theatre productions, extravaganzas add a layer of excitement and
visual appeal that can draw audiences and provide a platform for innovative
theatrical techniques.
c.​ 1. Enhanced Spectacle and Entertainment: Extravaganzas are known for their
lavish costumes, impressive sets, and dynamic staging. This emphasis on visual
elements creates a memorable and entertaining experience for the audience. They
can feature elements like elaborate dance numbers, pyrotechnics, and special
effects, adding to the overall spectacle and grandeur. The focus on entertainment
can also make them appealing to a wider audience, including those who may not
be as familiar with traditional theatrical forms.
d.​ 2. Creative Freedom and Innovation: Extravaganzas often embrace a freedom of
style and structure, allowing for experimentation and innovation in theatrical
 techniques. They can incorporate diverse genres and influences, creating a unique
and eclectic mix of theatrical elements. This freedom can also lead to the
development of new performance styles and approaches, pushing the boundaries
of theatrical storytelling.
e.​ 3. Driving Force for Audience Engagement: The immersive nature of live theatre,
especially in the context of an extravaganza, can create a strong connection
between the audience and the performance. The visual spectacle and dynamic
energy of an extravaganza can draw audiences into the story and engage their
emotions, leading to a more memorable and impactful experience. Extravaganzas
can also be a source of community and social interaction, as audiences gather
together to share a unique theatrical event.
f.​ 4. Supporting Diverse Artistic Expressions: Extravaganzas provide a platform for
different types of artistic expression, including music, dance, and visual arts. They
can feature a wide range of performers, from professional actors and dancers to
community members, fostering a sense of inclusivity and participation. The
elaborate productions can also support the work of designers, costume makers,
and other creative professionals, contributing to the overall vibrancy of the
theatrical landscape.
MM.​ Garrick Gaities
a.​ 1925, Garrick Gaieties. Composed by Richard Rodgers and lyrics by Lorenz Hart.
Manhattan became a hit song.
b.​ The Garrick Gaieties's significance to theatre lies in its role as the debut of the
Rodgers and Hart songwriting team, solidifying their status and paving the way
for their future musical theatre successes. This revue introduced their hit song
"Manhattan" and showcased their unique style, attracting critical acclaim and
commercial success.
c.​ Rodgers and Hart's Breakthrough: The Garrick Gaieties marked the first major
Broadway success for the songwriting duo Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart.
While they had been collaborating for a decade, this show brought them
widespread recognition and cemented their place in musical theatre history.
d.​ Introduction of "Manhattan": The show's most famous contribution was the song
"Manhattan," which became a popular standard and is still remembered today.
e.​ Critical and Commercial Success: The Garrick Gaieties received positive reviews
and was so successful that two subsequent editions were produced.
f.​ Impact on Musical Theatre: The show's success demonstrated the power of the
Rodgers and Hart team and their ability to create memorable tunes and lyrics. It
paved the way for their future collaborations and the rise of musical theatre as a
popular form of entertainment.
 g.​ Beyond Music: The Garrick Gaieties also parodied current subjects, such as the
New York City Subway system and the Theatre Guild, reflecting the era's social
and political landscape.
NN.​ Thomas Dartmouth Rice
a.​ Thomas Dartmouth Rice became popular with a song and dance act that
characterized enslaved Black people. Jump Jim Crow was his most popular song.
Performed for London and the President. Considered the father of minstrelsy and
wrote extravaganzas.
OO.​ HMS Pinafore
a.​ The leased opera comique is where Gilbert and Sullivan launched “The Sorcerer”
in 1877. International acclaim led to HMS Pinafore, with 571 performances,
similar to The Pirates of Penzance. The cast took pay cuts over the summer to
keep the show going.
PP.​ Music Box Theatre
a.​ The Music Box Theatre in Chicago is important to theatre because it has been a
unique and influential venue for film and live entertainment. Its design, which
prioritized sound and film presentation, set a precedent for future movie theaters.
It has also been a significant location for independent, foreign, cult, and classic
films, fostering a strong connection between the theatre and the Chicago film
community.
b.​ 1. Pioneer in Sound Film Presentation: The Music Box Theatre was one of the
first movie theaters in Chicago specifically designed to present sound films,
including features like an orchestra pit and organ chambers. This design reflected
the growing importance of sound in cinema, even before the widespread adoption
of talkies.
c.​ 2. Venue for Independent and Unique Film: For decades, the Music Box has been
a premier venue for independent, foreign, cult, and classic films. It has hosted
film festivals and special screenings, contributing to a strong connection between
the theatre and the local film community. The theatre's unique atmosphere and
commitment to showcasing diverse films have made it a beloved institution.
d.​ 3. Historic and Iconic Location: The Music Box is a Chicago icon, with a distinct
architectural style and a rich history. It's a symbol of the city's cultural heritage
and a reminder of a time before fluorescent lighting and megaplexes. The theatre's
old-world charm and dedication to preserving its unique character continue to
attract filmgoers and theater enthusiasts.
e.​ 4. Influence on Theatre Design and Technology: The Music Box's design,
particularly its emphasis on sound and film projection, influenced subsequent
movie theater construction. It showcased the evolving capabilities of cinema
technology, including the integration of sound with film presentation.
 f.​ 5. Community Engagement and Accessibility: The Music Box Theatre is
committed to accessibility, providing accommodations for patrons with
disabilities, such as hearing loss and partial vision. It also offers memberships and
other benefits to support the theatre and encourage community engagement. In
conclusion, the Music Box Theatre's historical significance, its role in fostering
independent film, and its commitment to accessibility make it a valuable and
influential part of the Chicago theatre landscape.
QQ.​ Circuit
a.​ Theatre circuits, like touring companies and regional theatres, are crucial to the
vibrancy and accessibility of theatre in the United States. They provide venues for
showcasing talent, developing new works, and offering theatrical experiences to
audiences beyond major urban centers. They also play a vital role in nurturing a
diverse national theatrical landscape.
b.​ Expanding Audience Reach: Theatre circuits extend the reach of professional
theatre beyond the core areas of Broadway and other major cities. This allows
audiences in smaller towns and communities to experience live theatre, fostering a
wider appreciation for the art form.
c.​ Supporting Emerging Talent: Regional theatres and touring companies often serve
as proving grounds for aspiring actors, directors, and other theatre professionals.
They offer opportunities for development and experience, providing a platform
for those who may not yet be able to break into Broadway or other major venues.
d.​ Developing a National Theatre: The growth of regional theatres and the
development of touring circuits have contributed to the establishment of a truly
national theatre in the US, where creative energy and talent flow from various
regions to enrich the theatrical landscape.
e.​ Financial Sustainability: Regional theatres and touring companies can contribute
to the financial viability of the theatre industry by providing a steady stream of
performances and income, even in smaller markets.
f.​ Nurturing New Works: These circuits often provide a space for new plays and
experimental theatre to be developed and presented, allowing for innovation and
exploration within the art form.
g.​ Providing a Foundation for Broadway: Many actors and other theatre
professionals who work on Broadway have honed their skills and gained
experience in regional theatres or touring companies.
h.​ Making Theatre More Accessible: Theatre circuits can make theatre more
accessible to a wider range of people by offering performances in a variety of
locations and often at more affordable prices than in major cities.
RR.​ Georgia Minstrels
a.​ Charles Hicks was the creator of the first successful all-black company and was a
part of the Georgia Minstrels.
 b.​ The Georgia Minstrels, a black minstrel troupe formed in 1865, were significant
in theatre history for several reasons. They were the first black minstrel troupe to
gain national recognition, demonstrating that African Americans could also be
successful in the entertainment industry. They also offered a distinct perspective
on plantation life and black culture, challenging the stereotypes popularized by
white minstrel troupes.
c.​ Pioneering Black Performers: The Georgia Minstrels were a groundbreaking
group, proving that African Americans could achieve success in the entertainment
world, even after the Civil War.
d.​ Shifting the Narrative: While minstrel shows often relied on caricatures of black
people, the Georgia Minstrels presented a more authentic portrayal of black
culture, including religious music and plantation life.
e.​ Training Ground for Future Performers: Like other black minstrel troupes, the
Georgia Minstrels provided a crucial training ground for aspiring performers,
writers, and producers, many of whom later went on to have significant careers.
f.​ Blending Tradition and Innovation: The troupe incorporated African American
musical traditions and religious music, while also drawing on European musical
elements, demonstrating a blending of influences.
g.​ Cross-Cultural Appeal: The Georgia Minstrels gained popularity with both white
and black audiences, highlighting their ability to connect with diverse
communities.
h.​ Impact on American Music: The Georgia Minstrels, like other minstrel troupes,
contributed to the development of popular music genres like ragtime and early
jazz, which incorporated syncopated rhythms and performance styles influenced
by minstrel shows.
SS.​ Cabaret
a.​ Cabaret (1966) was with Harold Prince, Fred Ebb, and John Kander.
b.​ Cabaret's importance to theatre lies in its blending of music, dance, and drama in
an intimate setting, fostering a unique connection between performers and
audience. It offers a space for creative freedom, improvisation, and exploring
complex themes, often pushing boundaries and challenging traditional theatrical
norms. Cabaret can also serve as a platform for preserving classic songs and
nurturing new musical talent.
c.​ 1. Intimacy and Connection: Cabaret's intimate format encourages a direct,
emotional connection between the performer and the audience, creating a more
personal and engaging experience.
d.​ 2. Creative Freedom and Innovation: Cabaret provides a platform for artists to
experiment with different styles, genres, and themes, pushing the boundaries of
traditional theatre.
 e.​ 3. Exploring Complex Themes: Cabaret can be a vehicle for exploring serious and
controversial issues, often with a touch of humor and satire.
f.​ 4. Preservation and Nurturing: Cabaret helps preserve classic songs and music,
while also providing a platform for emerging artists to showcase their work.
g.​ 5. Challenging Conventions: Cabaret can challenge the expectations of traditional
theatre, offering a fresh perspective on storytelling and performance.
h.​ 6. Audience Engagement: Cabaret's interactive nature, where audience members
can participate through conversation and laughter, fosters a strong sense of
community and engagement.
i.​ 7. Timeless Relevance: Cabaret's enduring popularity and the way it continues to
be reinterpreted and adapted across different cultures and eras demonstrate its
enduring relevance.
j.​ 8. A Platform for Political Commentary: Cabaret can serve as a space for political
commentary and social critique, often in a way that is both entertaining and
thought-provoking.
k.​ Example: Cabaret the Musical. The musical "Cabaret" is a prime example of how
cabaret can be used to explore complex themes and challenge societal norms. The
show, set in pre-World War II Berlin, explores themes of fascism, antisemitism,
and political apathy, while also featuring a vibrant and entertaining cabaret
setting. The musical's blend of music, dance, and drama, along with its intimate
setting, allows for a powerful and memorable theatrical experience that continues
to resonate with audiences today.
TT.​ Burlesque
a.​ Burlesque, meaning to make fun of something, was the 20th-century counterpart
to vaudeville. Sexual innuendo and strippers.
b.​ Burlesque has a significant impact on theatre by challenging social norms,
promoting self-expression, and offering a platform for diverse female bodies. It's
a form of performance art that celebrates female empowerment and individuality,
inspiring confidence and challenging traditional beauty standards. Burlesque also
plays a role in subverting theatrical conventions, like the use of breeches roles and
the blurring of lines between performance and sexuality.
c.​ 1. Challenging Social Norms and Beauty Standards: Burlesque often subverts
traditional notions of beauty and femininity, showcasing a variety of body types
and identities. It provides a platform for women to feel confident and empowered
in their own bodies, regardless of societal pressures. The performance art
celebrates self-expression and individuality, allowing performers to showcase
their unique stories and personalities.
d.​ 2. Promoting Self-Expression and Empowerment: Burlesque encourages
audiences to embrace their sexuality and sensual sides, fostering a sense of fun
and playfulness. It provides a safe space for individuals to explore their identity
 and express themselves authentically, regardless of societal expectations. The
performance art can be a powerful tool for self-discovery and empowerment,
especially for marginalized groups.
e.​ 3. Subverting Traditional Theatre Conventions: Burlesque has roots in earlier
forms of theatrical performance, but it often subverts traditional rules and
expectations. The use of breeches roles (where women play male roles) and the
exploration of female sexuality are examples of this subversion. This shift allows
viewers to engage with the performance in a different way, often focusing on
entertainment and enjoyment rather than strict morality.
f.​ 4. Inspiring Confidence and Body Positivity: Burlesque inspires women to
embrace their bodies and feel comfortable in their own skin. The diverse range of
performers on stage challenges the narrow ideal of beauty and promotes
inclusivity. Seeing confident women of all sizes on stage can be empowering and
inspiring for audiences. In conclusion, burlesque's impact on theatre extends
beyond entertainment. It serves as a catalyst for social change, promoting
self-expression, empowerment, and challenging traditional norms within the arts
and beyond.
UU.​ Stephen Sondheim
a.​ Stephen Sondheim's impact on theater is profound. He is widely considered one
of the most important figures in 20th-century musical theater, credited with
reinventing the American musical. Sondheim's work expanded the possibilities of
the genre, exploring complex themes and characters while elevating the quality of
lyric and music-writing.
b.​ Elevated the Quality of Music and Lyrics: Sondheim's work, including his
collaborations with Leonard Bernstein and Richard Rodgers, pushed the
boundaries of musical composition and lyric-writing, demonstrating that musical
theater could be both sophisticated and thought-provoking.
c.​ Explored Complex Themes and Characters: Sondheim's musicals tackled
unconventional subjects and explored darker aspects of the human experience,
moving beyond the traditional happy endings of earlier musicals.
d.​ Influenced Future Generations: Sondheim's innovative approach to musical
theater inspired and influenced countless artists, including Lin-Manuel Miranda,
who translated some of Sondheim's lyrics into Spanish.
e.​ Changed the Nature of the Concept Musical: Sondheim's concept musicals, like
"Company," challenged the traditional narrative structure of the musical, allowing
for exploration of complex emotions and relationships.
f.​ Integrated Musical Theater with Other Art Forms: Sondheim's work often
incorporated elements from other art forms, such as Japanese Kabuki theatre in
"Pacific Overtures," demonstrating a broader artistic vision.
 g.​ Showed that Musicals Could Be Literary and Musical: Sondheim's musicals are
considered both literary and musical, showcasing a deep understanding of
character, story, and musical form.
h.​ Pushed for More Nuanced Storytelling: Sondheim's work challenged the notion
that musicals had to be simple and straightforward, demonstrating that they could
explore complex and sometimes contradictory emotion
VV.​ A Chorus Line
a.​ Choreographer - Michael Bennet
b.​ Chorus Line (1975) was the longest-running Broadway show until Cats.
c.​ "A Chorus Line" is significant in theatre history as a groundbreaking musical that
de-glamorized the chorus line and spotlighted the struggles and dreams of its
members. It became a record-breaking, longest-running Broadway show and a
symbol of Broadway's revival. The show's impact extended beyond its success, as
it helped to bring visibility to diverse stories and fostered a deeper appreciation
for the unseen heroes of the theatre world.
d.​ De-glamorizing the chorus line: A Chorus Line dared to show the realities of a
chorus member's life, the grind and the struggle to make it in the business.
e.​ Highlighting individual stories: The show explored the unique backgrounds and
personal journeys of each dancer, giving them a voice and a story to tell.
f.​ Revitalization of Broadway: A Chorus Line's success helped revitalize Broadway
and brought attention to the theater industry.
g.​ Impact on diverse stories: The show's diverse cast and portrayal of ethnic
characters broke ground in Broadway representation.
h.​ Recognition of the unseen heroes: A Chorus Line honored the unsung
contributions of the chorus members, showcasing their dedication and passion.
i.​ Long-running success: The show's remarkable run, holding the record as
Broadway's longest-running musical for a time, solidified its legacy and impact.
j.​ Inspiring future generations: The show continues to inspire and influence new
productions and generations of theatre artists.
WW.​ Yankee Doodle Dandy
a.​ The film and musical, "Yankee Doodle Dandy," holds significant importance in
theatre history as a tribute to George M. Cohan, a pioneer of American musical
theatre. It celebrates his contributions to Broadway and his patriotic spirit,
solidifying his legacy as a key figure in the development of the American musical.
The film also reflects the cultural and historical context of its creation, with its
patriotic themes resonating during World War II.
b.​ 1. Celebrating a Theatre Pioneer:
c.​ George M. Cohan: The film and musical are primarily about George M. Cohan,
who was a vaudevillian, composer, and Broadway luminary. He is known for his
patriotic songs and his contributions to the American musical theatre.
 d.​ Biographical Focus: "Yankee Doodle Dandy" is a biographical film that tells the
story of Cohan's life, highlighting his journey from vaudeville to Broadway
stardom.
e.​ Legacy and Recognition: The film helped solidify Cohan's place in theatre history
and was a source of recognition for his accomplishments.
f.​ 2. Honoring American Musical Theatre:
g.​ Broadway's Golden Age: The film captures the spirit of Broadway's golden age,
with its grand production numbers and catchy music.
h.​ Cohan's Influence: Cohan's work is celebrated, including his songs like "Over
There" and "You're a Grand Old Flag," which became iconic patriotic anthems.
i.​ Impact on Musical Theatre: The film highlighted the evolution of musical theatre
in America, showcasing its patriotic and entertainment elements.
j.​ 3. Reflecting a Historical Context:
k.​ World War II: The film was released during World War II, and its patriotic themes
resonated with the war effort and the nation's spirit.
l.​ Cohan's Patriotic Spirit: The film emphasized Cohan's patriotic songs and his
connection to American identity.
m.​ Historical Significance: The film serves as a historical artifact, offering insights
into the cultural and political climate of the time.
XX.​ Promises, Promises
a.​ The musical "Promises, Promises" explores the theme of broken promises and
their impact, focusing on the consequences of unfulfilled commitments in
personal and professional relationships. The show's humor and memorable music
also contribute to its entertainment value, making it a compelling and engaging
theatrical experience.
b.​ Themes of Broken Promises: The story revolves around the character Chuck
Baxter, a young corporate employee who uses his apartment for his superiors'
affairs, highlighting the casual disregard for commitments and the consequences
that follow.
c.​ Consequences and Impact: The musical explores how broken promises, whether
in professional or romantic relationships, can lead to emotional damage, damage
to trust, and ultimately, a sense of disillusionment.
d.​ Humor and Entertainment: Despite its serious themes, "Promises, Promises" is
known for its comedic elements and upbeat score, providing a lighthearted yet
thought-provoking experience for the audience.
e.​ Memorable Music: The show's songs, particularly "I'll Never Fall in Love Again,"
have become iconic, adding to its enduring appeal and impact.
f.​ Historical Context: The musical was initially produced in 1968 and has been
revived multiple times, demonstrating its continued relevance and entertainment
value.