exe) e'% celcelote e LolabilPby product’) vas rn Oona whe ee oF ae 1 Spite fo Ww Hon) ane ne > cata doy Espe CR ton meens £2 lability Mex: soalant ly was ph aqueous to , t pare mae Tete aslasility 2 cas be ae ep (HITED Tree <3 Ie soinafe te it = ae RAUF KS ol bere dame (alee water ie [25 970% Jmol onq Our sf the density De wader + Caleatote i at fann per F9 n qe pram @ neat I 3 ate G pat coma in dry tek Poe Melati S 4 mn len Ae What do you understand by antifreeze solution? | Ans: Water is used in radiators of vehicles. If the vehicle is to be used! place where the temperature is less than zero than water would freeze in| radiators. To avoid this problem certain substances are used in radiaton| that water does not freeze at low temperature in radiators. These are ed antifreeze solutions. Ethylene glycol in water is commonly used antifr| " solution. oa @. Which substance is most commonly used to clear snow on the 10 im cold countries during winter? Ans. Common salt (NaCl) or Calcium chloride (CaCl) is used to clea snow on the roads. This is becatise they depress the freezing pointof wal such extent that water cannot freeze to form ice. Hence it melts off eas #.Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure:. Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure:- Osmosis: The phenomenon of osmosis was studied for the first time by! Nollet in 1748. The phenomenon of the flow of solvent thro semipermeable membrane from pure Solvent to the solution is osm sey or Solvent \ catobion 60 Scanned with CamScannera nt concentration Osmosis can also take place between the solution of differe In such cases, the solvent molecules move from the solution of low concentration to the solution of higher concentration. Bele Heer Solotion setviies Jiforence between Osmosis and Diffusion Osmosis Diffusion The process of osmosis Vo semipermeable membrane is take place through a| needed for the diffusion process semi-permeable membrane .2( The osmosis involves the Tn diffusion both the solute and movement of the solvent solvent molecules can move. molecules only. Tn osmosis, molecules of| In diffusion, molecules moves solvent move from a| from a region of higher region of low concentration to low concentration to high| . concentration. concentration region of solution . "g-} Tt is imited to solutions] Tt is common in gases as well as only in liquids. Aa. Tn can be stopped or It cannot be stopped or reversed. reversed by applying addition pressure on high concentration side. Demonstration of osmosis: First Demonstratio: Let us consider an aqueous solution of sugar placed in an inverted thistle funnel having 4 semipermeable membrane (SPM) such as animal bladder or 61 Scanned with CamScannerEee parchment paper, attached to its bottom. ‘The thistle funnel is lowered in beaker containing water. st Daten (Leone: sts) Te compariien te coger sctulion, There will -be movement of water moleculés from pure solvent into soluti Asa result, water passes’ into the thistle funnel and level of solution in thistle funnel rises gradually. This process is called osmosis. Second Demonstration:- Take two eggs Remove the outer hard shell of the eggs by dissolving in di . HCl. Place one egg in distilled water and another egg in a saturated sodi chloride solution. After a few minutes, it will be observed that the egg ple in water swells whereas the other placed in sodium chloride solut| shrinks, The skiri of the egg acts /es @ semipermeable membrane. In i case, pure water will enter into egg material due to osmosis. Therefore, egg swells. On the other hand, the water comes out of egg material w placed in saturated solution of sodium chloride. Therefore, egg shrinks. 4 ‘Waker Coucena) ene essels connected by # permeable membrane. These two compartments are fitted with water“ is because of osmosis. — Osmotic pressure: Let us consider an apparatus. It consists of two v. frictionless pistons. Let us take a solution in one compartment and solvent in another compartment. Due to osmosis, there will be 1" solvent into solution compartment through semi-permeable membrane result, the piston on the solution side will tend to move outwards. 62 S| Scanned with CamScannerQQ © v in | Hi 0 @ ! In, lo lo lo i p lo | yO a To stop this movement of piston outwards, we have to apply pressure on the ft Solution side. This pressure just sufficient to stop osmosis will be equal to by osmotic pressure. Thus, osmotic pressure may be defined as the excess of || b pressure which must be applied to a solution to prevent the passage of || ) ‘Solvent into it through semi-permeable membrane.” | no Et is generally denoted by = : Osmotic pressure is a Colligative Property:- . | p> ‘Van't Hoff made a thorough study of osmotic pressure of dilute solutions or HD ideal solutions. He concluded that a dilute or ideal solution behaves like an ! ideal gas and different gas laws are applicable to dilute solutions as well hep “HD We know that PV=nRT re Im case of solution in place of pressure P we can take osmotic pressure 1 so D % equation in this case will be 5 mV =nRT ey | q nRT nev We know that = =C where Cis the concentration in molarity. 63 | Scanned with CamScanner. The absorption of water by plants from the soil through the roots até . Plants which grow in marshy lands have more concentrated cell saps“ since osmotic pressure depend upon molar con f solute. Therefore it is a colligative property. centration of sohutign not upon nature 0 Determination of Molar Mass from Osmotic Pressure We know that aV=nRT ‘While solving numerical of osmotic pressure volume should be in litre wi mostly it is given in ml or cm? so first of all change in to litre by divi] by 1000. Temperature should be in K and if pressiire in’ atmosphere t R+0,082L atm moll K+1 and bar then R=0.083L bar mol! K:1 or yo farted then Ro G84 KTS Packs fa mel IK? — Biological significant of osmosi: a ne Sent of weaken movement to different parts of plants is due to process of osmosis. develop an osmotic pressure of the order of twenty five atmosphere 7 the plant may absorb excess of water from the soil which might bursting of root hair. Ultimately the plant decays. The addition of ® may raise the osmotic pressure of the soil water. ; The use of salt and sugar as preservative in pickles and jams has its > preventing growth of fungi and bacteria by osmosi mosis, 64 Scanned with CamScanneroD 7 SSSSSSS SSCS SSSSG oe =” ~\dsotonic solution a sine, The solutio: 7 s having same osmotic pressure are called isotonic solution solu isomotic solutions. s oF Fro) ‘ation w= CRT. it i m the equation x = CRT, it is clear that_if two solutions have same concentrati nitration only then they have same osmotic pressure at the same temp. It is quite interesting to note that a 0.91% mass/volume) solution of NaCl (known as saline'water) is isotonic with fluids inside human red blood cells. in this solution, the corpuscles will neither swells nor shrinks. ‘Therefore, the medicines are mixed with saline water before being injected into the veins. — > Hypertonic solution and hypotonic solution: Hypextente ait » Hypotonie solution: Ifa solution has more osmotic pressure than some other solution, it is called hypertonic solution yk Hypotonic solution:~ ‘A solution having less osmotic pressure than the other solution is called hypotonic solution Cl solution with salt conc less th: 1. A pure Nat an 0.91% is said to be hypotonic on RBC's are placed in this solution, water flows into the cells solution, Wh and they swells or burst. ution with salt concentration mor< a, When RBCs are placed in this solution, water comes 2. A pure NaCl sol Dienlor5 196 iatesiatoyse hypertonic solutio out from the cell and they shrinks. ‘The process of osmosis can be reversed if a pressure vesaure is applied on the solution side. As a result, larger than the osmotic PI ent starts moving from solution towards the pure solvent through the solv eable membrane. ‘This process is known as reverse osmosis. 6s — Reverse osmosis: nnn Scanned with CamScannerreverse osmosis. pri . i f Reverse osmosis: The revel ‘se OS process can te Application © is inking water. ow for desalination of sea water for getting drinking A schematig ® _for desalination of sea water “Ot for the process as shown in figure. {f no pressure were applied to the salt water solution, osmosis yf transfer water into the solution. When a pressure greater ‘than osm Pressure is applied on the salt water side of a semipermeable membrane} Pure water flows from the salt water side to pure water side thro semipermeble membrane. As a result, water s squeezed out of sea water, Numerical Joos cm? Calculate the molar mass of protein(R-0.083 L bar molK-1), [Ans= 61039 g mol] T= cRT Te NRT The 120 %o.0%3% Ma *22L a Mn = 1:26 X 0-083 xi Pre xo 4 Tot 2S THO XO T= We QT = G103% jhe Me OV é 6 “Scanned with CamScanner= write Sclui Ye uae momedicalle os mole ore ystems © Should be Te Lo and mostly ik will be given pow. curd - Oe ik by teen’ toe he. 1.71 g of sugar (Mn=842) aze dissolved in 500em® of a solution at 300K, What will be its osmotic pressure? R puessove’ | juke Lb Siuide .083 L bar Ktmok TeweRT - We RT [ Ans: 0.249 bar] He V Dalisu's (ous sf Recto! Prenwe Q3. Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution obtained by mixing 100ml of 3.4% of solution of urea (Mn=60) & 1GOml- of 1.6% solution of cane sugar (Ms=342) at 298K. R=0.083Lbar Amol! [ Ans= 7.46 bar], Leb mere Sf Sb fon= 1009 tao of Oven = 34g Ju Sack solution Toe determined ‘ey foted volure . Volume of soyer after ui y= 2a (00nd + ond = teow | spec L = otk We = 3.49 4 Y= 200 wf so2b, T=28k Ma = Go 20.083 foe 3 KO-0BB KL : eo Kok T= 6.84 bor Scanned with CamScanner=ortha, = G84 + OTF = FY bow oa ‘A solution of sucrose (Mn=342 g mol ) is prepared by disso} 5 gor litse of solution. What is osmotic pressure at 2991 68.4 g of it per Sa H [Ans= 4.92 atm] ane Te = ge aa oF un fate Fhe onmet'e prrta funa I we OCR Seep ty acnelievig fo 7 ram | 4 mmolat dace (Brom 1 4S mm) Ge ancaye everhed ab eye primer le pees elie Ag mene meme Taree me 2eT T ay v op 3 Se > ug 260 ag 7 Oe 8 te 2g pecor™ ao re ge + [8 ooo” . mort?” yor rer 1947 . eo Oy " a \ear" ase Pall & ~ “ > a 10 g of organic substance, when dissolved in 2 litre of wate! osmotic pressure of 0.59 bar at 7°C, What will he the molecular the substance? | Ans= 196,95 g 1-3] TS O-6% bow T 27347 & 2BOo K Reo.or Wes ie, Mast 68 Scanned with CamScannerey eee luaet i> he QT pe ea et u mor ay i OSI 10g © 0-082 x-a80 j a. | Tier o0ds nese = 19G.9Fy | Dxo-re | “ The osmotic pressure of solution containing 9.2 g of substance (Mn=176) in 302 mi of solution was found to be 4.1 atm at 15.5°C. | Calculate the value of solution constazit? t ! . ete [ Ans= 0.0821 © atm mol? K+] i CRT ne RT i ‘in| wer & i ayn : et t LAME O29" Sey Lah KTR | a. ey “ gi econc wepenf 1h om Lip Done AF doo 36 ao ene ai 4.98 bars f any helen Aw ffs catahig beta Gp the ee a So bara o obi pe Fae Lemp wohat weuld be fhe ene. 2 par 4 CO0CCOCCGOOCO5FS6660655459055- gee perne? gove ko ey since TEE ge ont er Scanned with CamScannereee ae Ar. Calculate osmotic pressure of solution obtaining by mixin E 10g ea( Molar mass=60) and 100ml of 3.42% of of 1.5% solution of uri son Mar gag sugar (Mp=342) at 20°C. R=0.82 liter atm Kt molt [Ans= 4.20 atm] Totad votere oftec midng = lortiee OE eae Tt (urea) ae SS = hy Ko! = 30 ate | 1 rr (pede Aeanoctnem ston | Nant 8 opment a trace iaderacton th fe Ife he, : ore yank. and naectane fate mad nan felon fe G "ae pe tie vali interaction boil] be _tokden deapuaye’ | aan 27 abeve wo since be Gur Suggeet the ror te) Pg and oly 4 wo 4 A are folor molecats it pyefrans land acefont! ; Ge Kewiny oct pend TAM, HAE pn permelecelar Thfrachin a wil) Fe He, bend . . vi Riacloy 4 97 ponte compen : ay ppaciay and ws ' ein and jv Kpetand clig rome in Par delay. oat fer achons forms hes lar 79 cules Ther tae in ; frler oe he infra chiens . i eT itl Dnd acebrtt GING barn ari poler, Trot ©) a dipole aprle Paber acHenn? on folate o ce fonf Inberachona , arrang ¢ mm bun Prased 27 sede hf aeleoln ” 7 en ang rH ela havens Keep tie perp . 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