Depression Constant or Cryoscopic Constant. The unit of K, is K kg mol ', Values of K, for some common solvents are listed in Table 1 Ifw, gram of the solute having molar mass as M,, present in w, gram of solvent, produces the depression in freezing point AT, of the solvent then molality of the solute is given by the equation (1.31). } ® 31 my 1/1000 G2). Substituting this value of molality in equation (1.34 ) we get: : 5 /My AT = 571000 ar, = KX * 1000 aa (1.36) M, = ‘Thus for determining the molar mass of the solute we should know the quantities w,, w,, 47, along with the molal freezing point depression constant. The values of K, and K,, which depend upon the nature of the solvent, can be ascertained from the following relations. K = (1.37) | 1000 x A, #7 FRM, x TE R = jo0owacy (1.38) Here the symbols Rand ™M, stand for the gas constant and molar mass of the solvent, respectively and T; and 7; denote the freezing point and the boiling point of the pure solvent respectively in kelvin. Further. A,.H and 4,,,H represent the enthalpies for the fusion and vapourisation of the solvent, respectively. ‘Table 2.3: Molal Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression Constants for Some Solvents Water 273.0 1.86 Ethanol 155.7 1.99 Cyclohexane 279.55 20.00 Benzene 278.6 5.12 Chloroform 209.6 4.79 Carbon tetrachtoride 250.5 31.8 hon disulphide 164.2 3.83 ethyl ether 156.9 1.79 Acetic: aciel 290.0 8.90 gab, Solutionsatest £3 8 of ethylene glycol (C,H,0,) is mixed with 600 g of water. Calculate (a) the freezing point depression and (b) the freezing point of the Solution, Depression in freezing point is related to the molality, therefore, the ‘molali moles of ethylene glyco} of the solution with respect to ethylene glycol = mass of water in kilogram Moles of ethylene glycol = .73 mol Mass of water in kg = 3 mol ol Hence molality of ethylene glycol = 0.60 kg = 1-2 mol kg” ‘Therefore freezing point depression, Ar, -86 K kg mol” x 1.2 mol kg” Freezing point of the aqueous solution = 273.15 K - 2.2 K= 270.95 kK 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in freezing point of benzene by 0. 50 g of benzene lowered the of benzene is 5.12 K kg mol 40 K. The freezing point depression constant - Find the molar mass of the solute. Substituting the values of various terms involved in equation (2.36) we get, 5.12 K kg mol” x 1.00 gx 1000 g kg? | AY Ss) weer = 256 g mol! Thus, molar mass of the solute = 256 g mol 1.6.4 Osmosis and = There are many Osmotic Pressure renner! Phenomena which we observe in nature or at homt For example, raw mangoes shrivel when pickled in brine (salt watet wilted flowers revive when placed in fresh water, blood cells collaps when suspended in saline water, etc. If we look into these Processes find one thing common ina that is, all these substance are bound by membrane: ‘These membranes can be‘ Solvent ich as Sotution ‘These membranes appear! be continuous sheets ° films, yet they contain network of submicrosco? holes or pores. Semipermeable membranesess Nevin, Tika keh Of properties are known as Assume that only solvent aikecwles cari pass Cini ier sexe Permeable membranes. If this membenie ia phuced ber solution as kr ene — The flow will continue ill Use ecjusiitrtisen te attained The fen of Cie solvent from Its side to solution side wcrone » seqnipermentie euersioraee can be stopped if some extra pressure is applied on thie semuticn The Pressure that just stops the flow uf solvent is called oemetic Pressure of the solution. The flow of solvent from dilute seAution to the concentrated solution across a semipermeable metibrane ts dee te osmosis. The Important polit to be kept in mind ts that solve molec The osmotic pressure of » solution te the excess pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent ommonis, Le. to stop the passage of solvent molecules through # semipermeable membrane into the solution Tite fs Mustrated in Fig 1.10, Osmotic preneure ie « colligative property as it depends on the nusiber of solute molecules and not on their identity For dilute solutions, it has been found experimentally thet osmotic pressure is proporti: to the molarity, C of the : solution at a given temperature T Thus Solution Solvent Mecrt ae Aig. 1.20: The excess pressure equal 1 the Here {Lig the osmotic pressure and be the ‘osmotic pressure must be applied on the solution side to prevent osmosis, #4 constant. N= (n, MRT 149) Here Vis volume of a solution in litres containing n., moles of sobute If'w, grams of solute, of molar mass, M, is present in the solution. then n, = w, / M, and we can write, 44 (1.42) Thus, knowing the quantities w,. 7, [and V we can calculate the molar mass of the solute. Measurement of osmotic pressure provides another method of determining molar masses of solutes, This method is widely used to determine molar masses of proteins, polymers and other fig Solutions- Ce ee ae eure method has the advantage over urement around (he room nis used Instead of molality. temperature and the molarity of the sutton 8 184 ee saree ‘As compared to other colligattve proper'ie™ Le tr even for very dilute sohutions. ‘The teehnidne determina’ ss 8 seful for rmination of molar mass of solutes 18 F Vy : biomolecules as they are generally ot le at hig! i s cules 2 are generé macromolecules. The osmotic pr other methods as pressure : solubility 1 and polymeis have poor solubi ressure at a given Two solutions having same osmotic Lahn oie témperature are called isotonic solutions when puch. sallvions are separated by semipermeable membrane te aa, E between them. For example. and itis safe to inject intravenously. Qu the othér hand a solution is calle I the (WigG@mass /volume) In this nd Ghiey 200 crn’ of an aqueotis solution of a protein contains 1.26 g of the F i protein. The be 2.57 x 10 motic pressure of such a solution at 300 K is found to ar. Calculate the molar mass of the protein, Salution The various quantities known (o us are as follows: IT = 2. V= 200 em’ = 0.200 litre 7 x 10 bar, T= 300K R= 0.083 L bar mol' K! Substituting these values in equation (1.42) we get 1,26 gx 0.083 L bar K ! mol ! x 800 K 2.57x10*bar x 0.2001 61,022 ¢ mol! The phenometia mentioned ini the beginning of this section can be explained on ts basis of osmosis. A raw mango placed in concentrated ion loses water via osmosis and shrive ickle. Wilte flowers revive when placed in fresh water erottnat ts eae Imp because of water loss into the alrosphere can'be placed tnto the water making it firm once again. Water will move into its vells ine ch osmosis, Whesi placed in water containing less than 0.9% tase! volume) salt, blood cells swell due 10 Mow of water in the poate. People taking a Jot of salt or salt 4 tissue cells and interellitar Tin them by osmosi xperience water retention i! + anise of osmosis, ‘The resulting foodnt from soil into ant is partly and of fruits by ne process 7 candid fruit loses water, r than the now the ressure large side. That is. erse osmosis and is of in desalination of sea wn in Fig. 1.11 osmotic pressure is cezed out of the sea abrane. A variety of re available for this red for the reverse osmosis Wee se days many countries use to meet their potable water i g of urea ar pressure the vapc o much sucrose is to D,) to be dissolved in 3.9K kg mol: Jution prepared 50 mL of water ved in water dissociate into apie, if we dissolve one mole of KCI (74:5 g) c I tons to be released in i be two moles of particles in attractions, one mole of KCI in to increase the boiling point by 4K. Ni © did not know about the degree of | iin Setot.000_