GRADE X
SCIENCE
Chapter 6
LIFE PROCESSES
Topics Covered
Life Processes
Introduction – What are Life Processes
Nutrition
* Modes of nutrition
* Nutrition in Plants
* Nutrition in Unicellular organisms
* Nutrition in human beings
Respiration
* In Plants
* In Animals
Transportation
* In Plants
* In Animals
Excretion
* In Plants
* In Animals
LIFE PROCESSES –
• Living and Non – Living
• Definition – Basic functions performed by living organisms to
maintain their life are called Life Processes.
Nutrition
Control and Coordination Respiration
Reproduction Life Processes Transportation
Movement Excretion
Growth
Nutrition
N
Growth - G C - Control and Coordination
Reproduction - R Life Processes E - Excretion
Movement - M R - Respiration
T
Transportation
NUTRITION –
•Introduction
•Types of Nutrition
•Autotrophic and Heterotrophic nutrition
•Nutrition in Plants
•Nutrition in Animals
•Nutrition in Humans
•Human Digestive System
•Processes involved in Digestion in Humans
NUTRITION –
• Process of taking in food and its utilization
•Nutrients – substances used as a source of energy
Modes of Nutrition
Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition
( Organisms making their own ( Organisms obtain their own
food ) food from other organisms )
Eg : Plants, Some Bacteria Eg : Humans
Photosynthetic
Use light energy Eg : Plants
Chemosynthetic
Use chemical energy Eg : S Bacteria, Nitrosomonas
Saprotrophic
Derive nutrition from dead and decaying matter
Eg : Fungi
Parasitic
Derive nutrition from other living organisms
Eg : Cuscuta, Tapeworm
Holozoic
Take in solid food and digest inside the body
Eg : Humans
NUTRITION IN PLANTS –
•Photosynthesis
sunlight
6 CO 2 + 12 H2O C6H12O 6 + 6 O 2 + 6 H2O
chlorophyll
STEPS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS –
Absorption of sunlight by chlorophyll
Conversion of solar energy to chemical energy
Splitting of water molecule
Reduction of CO2 to glucose
STRUCTURE OF STOMATA –
OPENING AND CLOSING OF STOMATA -
HOLOZOIC NUTRITION –
Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores
NUTRITION IN AMOEBA
Ingestion By pseudopodia
Through phagocytosis
Digestion Intracellular
With the help of enzymes
Egestion Through cell membrane
NUTRITION IN AMOEBA -
NUTRITION IN PARAMOECIUM -
NUTRITION IN PARAMOECIUM
By cilia
Ingestion Through oral groove
Digestion Intracellular
With the help of lysosomes
Egestion Through anal pore
NUTRITION IN HUMANS-
HOLOZOIC NUTRITION
Nutrition involves following steps
–
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Assimilation
Egestion
NUTRITION IN HUMANS -
HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ALIMENTARY CANAL
ASSOCIATED GLANDS
ALIMENTARY CANAL -
9 metre long extending from mouth to
anus
Mouth
Buccal Cavity
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
ALIMENTARY CANAL -
Mouth
Intake of food ( Ingestion)
Buccal Cavity
Teeth ( Break food into smaller pieces )
Saliva ( Moistens food, contains salivary amylase )
Tongue ( Mixes saliva with food )
Physical Digestion –
Teeth help in cutting, chewing and grinding
Chemical digestion –
Saliva contains salivary amylase
Converts starch to sugar
ALIMENTARY CANAL -
PHARYNX –
Common passage for food and air
Connects to food pipe and wind
pipe
No digestion happens here
OESOPHAGUS –
Food pipe
Peristalsis pushes food downward
No digestion happens here
SWALLOWING AND PERISTALSIS -
ALIMENTARY CANAL -
STOMACH –
Muscular walls
Expands as food enters
Contains gastric glands which secrete –
Kills microbes
HCl
Makes medium acidic
Pepsin – Digestion of proteins
Mucus – Prevents excess deposition of HCl
Gastric enzymes help in digestion
STOMACH -
STOMACH -
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM –
ALIMENTARY CANAL DIGESTIVE GLANDS
* Mouth * Help in chemical digestion
* Buccal Cavity * Salivary glands
* Oesophagus * Liver
* Stomach * Pancreas
* Small Intestine
* Large Intestine
LIVER-
Largest gland
Secretes bile juice
Bile temporarily in gall bladder
Makes medium alkaline
Activates action of pancreatic /
intestinal enzymes
PANCREAS-
Second largest gland
Secretes pancreatic juices
Trypsin – Digests proteins
Pancreatic amylase – Digests
starch
Pancreatic lipase – Digests fats
SMALL INTESTINE-
6.5 metre long, highly coiled tube
Food reaches from stomach through
sphincter muscle
Has 3 parts –
Duodenum – ( C shaped ) Common bile
and pancreatic duct open here
Jejunum – Narrower
Ileum – Lower
Complete digestion happens here in
duodenum
Length varies from animal to animal
SMALL INTESTINE-
ABSORPTION-
The process in which the digested
food passes through the intestinal walls
into the blood stream.
Villi on inner surface of Small intestine
ensure absorption
Villi are richly supplied with blood
vessels.
ASSIMILATION-
Blood carries digested food to every
cell where it is assimilated
ABSORPTION-
SMALL INTESTINE-
LARGE INTESTINE -
Wider than Small Intestine
Colon - Inverted “ U” shaped
Rectum – Terminal part of Alimentary
canal
- Absorbs excess water
- Undigested food is excreted
through anus
Egestion happens here
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS-
In text Questions –
Pg. 95
Q1. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multi
cellular organisms like humans?
Ans. The multicellular organisms have complex body structures with
specialised cells and tissues to perform the various functions of the body.
Since these cells are not in direct contact with the surrounding environment,
so simple diffusion cannot meet the oxygen requirements of these cells.
In text Questions –
Pg. 95
Q2. What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?
Ans. Any visible movement like walking is generally used to decide whether an
organism is living or not. However, some living organisms may not show
movements visible to the naked eyes. So presence of life processes is
considered to be a fundamental criterion in deciding whether something is alive.
Q3. What are the outside raw materials used for by an organism?
Ans. i) Food – as a source of energy
ii) Oxygen – for breakdown of food and release energy
iii) Water – for digestion of food and other functions inside the body.
These may vary depending on the complexity of the organism and its env.
In text Questions –
Pg. 95
Q4. What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?
Ans. Life processes such as nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion can
be considered essential for maintaining life processes. ( mention all 8)
Pg. 101
Q2. Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
Ans. Plants need i) CO2 which they take in from the atmosphere through
stomata
ii) Water – which they take in from the soil – roots absorb
and transport it to leaves
iii) Sunlight – is absorbed by chlorophyll in plants
In text Questions –
Pg. 101
Q1. What are the differences between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?
Ans.
Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition
Food is synthesised from Food is obtained directly from
simple organic materials the auutotrophs
Chlorophyll is required Chlorophyll is not required
Food is prepared during the Food can be obtained at any
day time of the day
All green plants and some All animals and fungi show
bacteria possess this type of this type of nutrition
nutrition
In text Questions –
Pg. 101
Q3. What is the role of acid in our stomach?
Ans. It kills microorganisms that might have entered along with the food
It makes the medium acidic for pepsin to act, because it can
function only in acidic medium.
Pg. 101
Q4. What is the function of digestive enzymes?
Ans. Digestive enzymes help in breaking down of complex food into simpler
ones so that they can be easily absorbed into the blood and thus transported to
all the cells.
In text Questions –
Pg. 101
Q5. How is the small intestine designed to absorb the digested food?
Ans. The small intestine has many finger like projections called villi. These villi
increase the surface area for absorption. They are richly supplied with a network
of capillaries which absorb the digested food and pass it on to every cell of then
body.
Exercise Questions
Pg. 113 Q5. How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does that process take
place?
Ans. The small intestine receives secretions from the liver and pancreas. The
bile salts ( from liver ) break down large fat globules into smaller ones so that
the pancreatic enzyme lipase can easily act upon them. This process is called
as emulsification of fats that takes place in the small intestine.
Exercise Questions –
Pg. 113
Q6. What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
Ans. It moistens the food.
It contains salivary amylase that breaks down the starch into sugars.
Pg. 113
Q7. What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its
by- products?
Ans. Autotrophic nutrition takes place through the process of photosynthesis.
CO2, water, chlorophyll and sunlight are necessary conditions required for
photosynthesis. Carbohydrates ( Food ) and O2 are the by products of
photosynthesis.
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