PROGRAM LIST

S.No. Program Name Submission Grade Signature

Date
Practical 1: Write a shell script to determine the Area and Perimeter of a
Rectangle.
STEP 1: Create a file named - nano calculate_rectangle

STEP 2: Write the code and then, Press CTRL + X, then Y, and hit Enter to save and exit.

STEP 3: To execute the file type - chmod +x calculate_rectangle

STEP 4: For output type - ./calculate_rectangle Script:

#!/bin/bash calculate_rectangle(){ echo "Enter the length of

the rectangle:" read length echo "Enter the width of the

rectangle:" read width area=$((length * width))

perimeter=$(((2 * length) + (2 * width))) echo "The area of

the rectangle is: $area" echo "The perimeter of the rectangle

is: $perimeter"

calculate_rectangle
#!/bin/bash
calculate_rectangle(){
echo "Enter the length of the rectangle:"
read length echo "Enter the width of the
rectangle:" read width area=$((length *
width)) perimeter=$(((2 * length) + (2 *
width))) echo "The area of the rectangle
is: $area"
echo "The perimeter of the rectangle is: $perimeter"
}
calculate_rectangle

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter the length of the rectangle:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 6
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter the width of the rectangle:
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 2
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ The area of the rectangle is: 12
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ The perimeter of the rectangle is: 16
Practical 2: Write a shell script to count the words, characters, and lines in the
file.
STEP 1: Create a file named - nano count

STEP 2: Write the code and then, Press CTRL + X, then Y, and hit Enter to save and exit.

STEP 3: To execute the file type - chmod +x count

STEP 4: For output type - ./count filename.txt

Script:
#!/bin/bash

if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then echo

"Usage: $0 <filename>"

exit 1 fi if [ ! -f "$1" ]; then echo "Error: File '$1' not

found!"

exit 1 fi

words=$(wc -w < "$1") characters=$(wc -m < "$1") lines=$

(wc -l < "$1") echo "File: $1" echo "Words:
$words" echo "Characters:
$characters" echo "Lines: $lines"

#!/bin/bash

if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then echo

"Usage: $0 <filename>" exit
1
fi
if [ ! -f "$1" ]; then echo
"Error: File '$1' not found!" exit
1
fi

words=$(wc -w < "$1") characters=$(wc

-m < "$1") lines=$(wc -l < "$1")

echo "File: $1" echo "Words:

$words" echo "Characters:
$characters" echo "Lines:
$lines"

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ File: filename.txt

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Words: 24
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Characters: 145
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Lines: 5

Practical 3: Write a shell script that calculates the sum and average of an array
of numbers
STEP 1: Create a file named - nano array.sh

STEP 2: Write the code and then, Press CTRL + X, then Y, and hit Enter to save and exit.

STEP 3: To execute the file type - chmod +x array.sh

STEP 4: For output type - ./array.sh

Script:
#!/bin/bash sum=0 count= echo "enter

numbers for array(using space): " read -a

numbers for num in "${numbers[@]}"; do

sum=$((sum + num)) count=$((count +1))

done if [ $count -ne 0 ]; then average=$(echo

"scale=2; $sum / $count" | bc) else average=0

fi

echo "Sum: $sum" echo "Average:

$average"

#!/bin/bash

sum=0
count=0

echo "enter numbers for array(using space): "

read -a numbers

for num in "${numbers[@]}"; do

sum=$((sum + num)) count=$
((count +1))
done

if [ $count -ne 0 ]; then

average=$(echo "scale=2; $sum / $count"
| bc) else average=0 fi

echo "Sum: $sum" echo

"Average: $average"

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ enter numbers for array(using space):

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 10 20 30 40 50
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Sum: 150 NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Average: 30.00

Practical 4: Write a shell script to calculate the Fibonacci sequence.

STEP 1: Create a file named - nano fib.sh

STEP 2: Write the code and then, Press CTRL + X, then Y, and hit Enter to save and exit.
STEP 3: To execute the file type - chmod +x fib.sh STEP
4: For output type - ./fib.sh Script:
#!/bin/bash fibonacci() { n=$1 a=0
b=1 echo "Fibonacci sequence up to $n
terms:" for (( i=0; i<n; i++ )) do
echo -n "$a " fn=$((a + b)) a=$b
b=$fn done echo ""
}
echo -n "Enter the number of terms: " read num
if [[ $num =~ ^[0-9]+$ && $num -gt 0 ]]; then
fibonacci $num else echo "Please enter a
valid positive integer."
Fi

#!/bin/bash

fibonacci() { n=$1 a=0 b=1 echo

"Fibonacci sequence up to $n terms:" for
(( i=0; i<n; i++ )) do
echo -n "$a " fn=$
((a + b)) a=$b
b=$fn
done echo ""
}

echo -n "Enter the number of terms: " read num

if [[ $num =~ ^[0-9]+$ && $num -gt 0 ]]; then fibonacci

$num else
echo "Please enter a valid positive integer." fi

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter the number of terms: 7 NoorainWakil@linux:~$

Fibonacci sequence up to 7 terms:
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 0 1 1 2 3 5 8

Practical 5: Write a shell script that finds prime numbers inside a user-specified
range.

STEP 1: Create a file named - nano find_prime.sh

STEP 2: Write the code and then, Press CTRL + X, then Y, and hit Enter to save and exit.
STEP 3: To execute the file type - chmod +x find_prime.sh STEP
4: For output type - ./find_prime.sh Script:
#!/bin/bash
is_prime() { num=$1
if [ $num -
lt 2 ]; then return
1
fi
for ((i=2; i<=num/2; i++)); do if
[ $((num % i)) -eq 0 ]; then
return 1
fi
done return
0
}
echo "Enter the range (start and end):" read start
end
echo "Prime numbers between $start and $end are:"
for ((num=$start; num<=$end; num++)); do
is_prime $num
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
echo $num fi
done

#!/bin/bash

is_prime() {
num=$1
if [ $num -lt 2 ]; then
return 1
fi
for ((i=2; i<=num/2; i++)); do
if [ $((num % i)) -eq 0 ]; then
return 1
fi
done
return 0
}

echo "Enter the range (start and end):" read start

end

echo "Prime numbers between $start and $end are:"

for ((num=$start; num<=$end; num++)); do is_prime
$num
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
echo $num
fi
done

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter the range (start and end):

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 10 50
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Prime numbers between 10 and 50 are:
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 11
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 13
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 17
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 19
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 23
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 29
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 31
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 37
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 41
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 43
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 47

Practical 6: Write a shell script to determine whether a given string is

palindrome.

STEP 1: Create a file named - nano palindrome.sh

STEP 2: Write the code and then, Press CTRL + X, then Y, and hit Enter to save and exit.
STEP 3: To execute the file type - chmod +x palindrome.sh STEP
4: For output type - ./palindrome.sh Script:
#!/bin/bash echo "Enter a string:" read str

reversed_str=$(echo "$str" | rev) if [ "$str" ==

"$reversed_str" ]; then echo "$str is a palindrome."

else echo "$str is not a palindrome."

Fi

#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter a string:" read str

reversed_str=$(echo "$str" | rev)

if [ "$str" == "$reversed_str" ]; then

echo "$str is a palindrome." else
echo "$str is not a palindrome." fi

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter a string:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ madam
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ madam is a palindrome.

Practical 7: Write shell script that allows users to create, delete, and list files in
a directory.

STEP 1: Create a file named - nano file_operations.sh

STEP 2: Write the code and then, Press CTRL + X, then Y, and hit Enter to save and exit.
STEP 3: To execute the file type - chmod +x file_operations.sh STEP
4: For output type - ./file_operations.sh Script:
#!/bin/bash echo "Choose
an operation:" echo "1.
Create a file" echo "2. Delete
a file" echo "3. List files" read
choice case $choice in
1) echo "Enter the name of the file to
create:" read filename touch
"$filename" echo
"File '$filename' created."
;;
2)
echo "Enter the name of the file to delete:"
read filename
if [ -f "$filename" ]; then rm
"$filename" echo "File
'$filename' deleted." else
echo "File '$filename' not found."
fi ;;
3)
echo "Files in the current directory:"

ls
;;
*)
echo "Invalid option."
;;
esac
#!/bin/bash
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List files" read

choice
case $choice in
1)
echo "Enter
the name of the
file to create:"
read filename
touch "$filename"
echo
"File '$filename'
created."
;;
2)
echo "Enter
the name of the
file to delete:"
read filename

if [ -f
"$file
nam
e" ];
then
rm
"$file
nam
e"
echo
"File
'$file
nam
e'
delet
ed."
else
echo
"File
'$filename'
not found."
fi ;;
3)
echo
"Files in the
current
directory:"
ls ;;
*)
echo "Invalid
option."
;;
esac

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Choose an operation:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 3
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Files in the current directory:
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ file_operations.sh test.txt

Practical 8: Write a shell script that Count Lines in Each File in a Directory.

STEP 1: Create a file named - nano count_lines.sh

STEP 2: Write the code and then, Press CTRL + X, then Y, and hit Enter to save and exit.
STEP 3: To execute the file type - chmod +x count_lines.sh STEP
4: For output type - ./count_lines.sh Script:

#!/bin/bash echo "Files in the current directory with line

count:" for file in *; do if [ -f "$file" ]; then line_count=$

(wc -l < "$file") echo "$file: $line_count lines"

fi

done
#!/bin/bash

echo "Files in the current directory with line count:" for file in *; do if [ -f "$file" ]; then
line_count=$(wc -l < "$file") echo "$file: $line_count lines" fi done

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Files in the current directory with line count:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ file_operations.sh: 20 lines
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ test.txt: 5 lines
Practical 9: Write a shell script that find and Replace Text in Files.
STEP 1: Create a file named - nano find_replace.sh
STEP 2: Write the code and then, Press CTRL + X, then Y, and hit Enter to save and exit.
STEP 3: To execute the file type - chmod +x find_replace.sh STEP
4: For output type - ./find_replace.sh Script:
#!/bin/bash echo "Enter the

file name:" read filename if [

! -f

"$filename" ]; then echo

"File not found!"

exit 1 fi

echo "Enter the text to find:" read find_tex echo "Enter the text
to replace it with:" read replace_text sed -i
"s/$find_text/$replace_text/g" "$filename" echo "Replaced
'$find_text' with '$replace_text' in $filename."
#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter the file name:" read filename
if [ ! -f "$filename" ]; then
echo "File not found!" exit
1 fi
echo "Enter the text to find:" read find_text echo "Enter the
text to replace it with:" read replace_text sed -i
"s/$find_text/$replace_text/g" "$filename" echo "Replaced
'$find_text' with '$replace_text' in $filename."

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter the file name:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ test.txt
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter the text to find:
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ oldtext
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter the text to replace it with:
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ newtext
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Replaced 'oldtext' with 'newtext' in test.txt.
Practical 10: Write a shell script that find Files Modified in the Last N Days.

STEP 1: Create a file named - nano modified_files.sh

STEP 2: Write the code and then, Press CTRL + X, then Y, and hit Enter to save and exit.
STEP 3: To execute the file type - chmod +x modified_files.sh
STEP 4: For output type - ./modified_files.sh Script:

#!/bin/bas echo "Enter the number of

days:" read days echo "Files modified
in the last $days:" find . -type f -mtime
-$days
#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter the number of days:" read days

echo "Files modified in the last $days days:"

find . -type f -mtime -$days

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter the number of days:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 7
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Files modified in the last 7 days:
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ ./test.txt
Practical 11: Write a shell script to list contents of a directory.

STEP 1: Create a file named - nano list_dir.sh

STEP 2: Write the code and then, Press CTRL + X, then Y, and hit Enter to save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x list_dir.sh
STEP 4: Run with - ./list_dir.sh
Script:
#!/bin/bash echo "Enter the

directory path:" read dir if [ -d

"$dir" ]; then echo "Contents of

$dir:" ls -l "$dir" else

echo

"Directory does not exist."

Fi
#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter the directory path:" read dir

if [ -d "$dir" ]; then echo

"Contents of $dir:"
ls -l "$dir" else
echo "Directory does not exist." fi

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter the directory path:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ /home/NoorainWakil/Documents
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Contents of /home/NoorainWakil/Documents:
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 NoorainWakil NoorainWakil 100 Apr 16 file.txt

Practical 12: Write a shell script to change directory (cd) based on user input.
STEP 1: Create - nano change_dir.sh STEP 2:
Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x change_dir.sh
STEP 4: Run - ./change_dir.sh
Script:

#!/bin/bash echo "Enter the path to change directory:" read

path if [ -d "$path" ]; then cd "$path" echo "Now in

directory: $(pwd)" else echo "Directory not found."

fi
#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter the path to change directory:" read path

if [ -d "$path" ]; then
cd "$path"
echo "Now in directory: $(pwd)"
else echo "Directory not found." fi

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter the path to change directory:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ /etc
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Now in directory: /etc
Practical 13: Write a shell script to navigate to the directory that contains a
specific file.

STEP 1: Create - nano goto_file_dir.sh STEP 2:

Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x goto_file_dir.sh STEP
4: Run - ./goto_file_dir.sh Script:

found=$(find / -type f -name "$file" 2>/dev/null | head -n 1)

if [ -n "$found" ]; then dir=$(dirname "$found")

cd "$dir" echo "Changed directory

to: $(pwd)" else echo "File not

found."

fi

#!/bin/bash echo "Enter

filename to search:" read file
found=$(find / -type f -name "$file" 2>/dev/null | head -n 1)
if [ -n "$found" ]; then dir=$(dirname "$found") cd
"$dir" echo "Changed directory to: $(pwd)" else
echo "File not found." fi

Output:
#!/bin/bash echo "Enter filename to search:" read file

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter filename to search:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ myconfig.txt
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Changed directory to: /home/NoorainWakil/Documents/config
Practical 14: Write a shell Script to display running processes and their details.

STEP 1: Create - nano process_list.sh STEP 2:

Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x process_list.sh STEP
4: Run - ./process_list.sh

Script:

#!/bin/bash

echo "Running processes:"

ps aux

#!/bin/bash

echo "Running processes:" ps aux

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Running processes:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME
COMMAND
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ root 1 0.0 0.1 22520 1144 ? Ss 10:00 0:01 /sbin/init
...
Practical 15: Write a shell Script to kill processes based on name or ID.

STEP 1: Create - nano kill_proc.sh STEP 2:

Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x kill_proc.sh
STEP 4: Run - ./kill_proc.sh Script:
#!/bin/bash echo "Enter process name or PID to

kill:" read input if [[ "$input" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then

kill "$input" echo "Killed process with PID

$input" else pkill "$input" echo "Killed

processes named $input"

fi
#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter process name or PID to kill:" read input

if [[ "$input" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then kill

"$input"
echo "Killed process with PID $input"
else pkill "$input" echo "Killed processes
named $input" fi

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter process name or PID to kill:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ firefox
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Killed processes named firefox
Practical 16: Write a shell Script to automatically Restart a Process if it Crashes

STEP 1: Create - nano auto_restart.sh STEP 2:

Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x auto_restart.sh
STEP 4: Run - ./auto_restart.sh Script:
#!/bin/bash process="your_app" while true; do if ! pgrep

"$process" > /dev/null; then echo "$process not running,

starting it..."

./"$process" &

fi

sleep 5

done
#!/bin/bash

process="your_app"

while true; do if ! pgrep "$process" > /dev/null;

then echo "$process not
running, starting it..."
./"$process" & fi
sleep 5 done

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter the number of days:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ 7
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Files modified in the last 7 days:
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ ./test.txt
Practical 17: Write a shell Script to create, modify, and delete user accounts.

STEP 1: Create - nano manage_users.sh STEP 2:

Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x manage_users.sh
STEP 4: Run - sudo ./manage_users.sh
Script:
#!/bin/bash echo "Choose: add | modify | delete"

read action echo

"Enter username:" read user case

$action in add) sudo useradd "$user"

echo "User $user added."

;;

modify) echo "Enter new shell (e.g., /bin/bash):"

read shell sudo usermod -s "$shell" "$user" echo

"User

$user modified."

;;

delete) sudo userdel "$user" echo

"User $user deleted."

;;

*)

echo "Invalid action."

;;

esac

#!/bin/bash

echo "Choose: add | modify | delete" read action

echo "Enter username:" read user

case $action in
add)
 sudo useradd "$user"
echo "User $user added."
;;
modify) echo "Enter new shell (e.g.,
/bin/bash):" read shell sudo usermod
-s "$shell" "$user" echo "User
$user modified."
;;
delete) sudo userdel "$user"
echo "User $user deleted."
;;
*)
echo "Invalid action."
;;
esac

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Choose: add | modify |

delete NoorainWakil@linux:~$ add
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter username:
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ testuser
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ User testuser added.

Practical 18: Write a shell Script to add or remove users from groups.

STEP 1: Create - nano group_manage.sh STEP 2:

Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x group_manage.sh STEP
4: Run - sudo ./group_manage.sh Script:
#!/bin/bash echo "Choose: add | remove"

read action echo "Enter username:" read user

echo "Enter group:" read group case $action in

add) sudo usermod -aG "$group"

"$user" echo "User $user added to group

$group."

;;

remove) sudo gpasswd -d "$user" "$group" echo

"User $user removed from group $group."

;;

*)

echo "Invalid action."

;;

Esac

#!/bin/bash

echo "Choose: add | remove" read action

echo "Enter username:" read
user echo "Enter
group:" read group

case $action in
 add)
sudo usermod -aG "$group" "$user"
echo "User $user added to group $group."
;;
remove) sudo gpasswd -d
"$user" "$group" echo "User $user removed
from group $group."
;;
*)
echo "Invalid action."
;;
esac

Output:
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Choose: add | remove
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ add NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter username:
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ testuser NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter group:
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ sudo
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ User testuser added to group sudo.

Practical 19: Write a shell script to file Backup Script with Custom Retention
Policy

STEP 1: Create - nano backup.sh STEP 2:

Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x backup.sh STEP
4: Run - ./backup.sh Script:
#!/bin/bash backup_dir="./backups" mkdir -p

"$backup_dir" filename="backup_$(date
+%Y%m%d%H%M%S).tar.gz" tar -czf

"$backup_dir/$filename" ./important_data

# Retention policy: keep last 3 backups cd

"$backup_dir"

ls -tp | grep -v '/$' | tail -n +4 | xargs -I {} rm -- {} echo "Backup

done: $filename"

#!/bin/bash backup_dir="./backups" mkdir -p

"$backup_dir" filename="backup_$(date
+%Y%m%d%H%M%S).tar.gz" tar -czf
"$backup_dir/$filename" ./important_data
# Retention policy: keep last 3 backups cd
"$backup_dir"
ls -tp | grep -v '/$' | tail -n +4 | xargs -I {} rm -- { echo "Backup done: $filename"

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Backup done: backup_20250416103000.tar.gz

Practical 20: Write a shell script for database Backup and Restore Script.

STEP 1: Create - nano db_backup.sh STEP 2:

Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x db_backup.sh
STEP 4: Run - ./db_backup.sh Script:
#!/bin/bash echo "Choose: backup | restore" read action if

[ "$action" == "backup" ]; then mysqldump -u root -p

your_database > db_backup.sql echo "Backup

completed." elif [ "$action" == "restore" ]; then mysql -u

root -p your_database < db_backup.sql echo "Restore

completed." else echo "Invalid action."

fi
#!/bin/bash
echo "Choose: backup | restore" read action
if [ "$action" == "backup" ]; then
mysqldump -u root -p your_database > db_backup.sql
echo "Backup completed." elif [ "$action" == "restore" ]; then
mysql -u root -p your_database < db_backup.sql
echo "Restore completed." else echo "Invalid
action." fi

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Choose: backup | restore

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ backup NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter password:
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Backup completed.

Practical 21: Write a shell script for Network Configuration Script with Error
Handling

STEP 1: Create - nano env_var.sh STEP 2:

Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x env_var.sh STEP
4: Run - ./env_var.sh
Script:

#!/bin/bash export MY_VAR="HelloWorld" echo

"Environment variable set: MY_VAR=$MY_VAR" echo

"Viewing variable: $MY_VAR"

#!/bin/bash

export MY_VAR="HelloWorld" echo "Environment variable set: MY_VAR=$MY_VAR" echo

"Viewing variable: $MY_VAR"

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Environment variable set: MY_VAR=HelloWorld

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Viewing variable: HelloWorld

Practical 22: Write a shell Script to intercept system calls using strace and log
process ID, system call name, arguments, and return values.

STEP 1: Create - nano positional.sh STEP 2:

Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x positional.sh STEP
4: Run - ./positional.sh arg1 arg2 arg3
Script:

#!/bin/bash echo

"Script name: $0" echo

"First arg: $1" echo

"Second arg: $2" echo

"Third arg: $3"

#!/bin/bash

echo "Script name: $0" echo "First arg: $1" echo "Second arg: $2" echo "Third arg: $3"

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Script name: ./positional.sh

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ First arg: arg1
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Second arg: arg2
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Third arg: arg3

Practical 23: Write a shell Script to intercept library calls using ltrace and
capture similar information.

STEP 1: Create - nano options.sh STEP 2:

Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x options.sh STEP
4: Run - ./options.sh -h Script:
#!/bin/bash case
$1 in

-h|--help) echo "Usage:

./options.sh [option]"

;;

-v|--version)

echo "Version 1.0"

;;

*)

echo "Invalid option"

;;

esac

#!/bin/bash case
$1 in
-h|--help)
echo "Usage: ./options.sh [option]"
;;
-v|--version)
echo "Version 1.0"
;;
*)
echo "Invalid option"
;; esac

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Usage: ./options.sh [option]

Practical 24: Write a shell script to monitor process forks using “ps”

STEP 1: Create - nano auto_update.sh STEP 2:

Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x auto_update.sh
STEP 4: Run - sudo ./auto_update.sh Script:
#!/bin/bash sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -

y echo "System updated

successfully."

#!/bin/bash

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y echo "System updated successfully."

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ System updated successfully.

Practical 25: Write a shell script to collect packet counts using tools like
tcpdump or tshark.
STEP 1: Create - nano extract_errors.sh STEP 2:
Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x extract_errors.sh STEP
4: Run - ./extract_errors.sh

Script:
#!/bin/bash logfile="/var/log/syslog"
grep -i "error" "$logfile" > error_logs.txt

echo "Errors extracted to error_logs.txt"

#!/bin/bash

logfile="/var/log/syslog" grep -i "error" "$logfile" > error_logs.txt echo "Errors extracted to

error_logs.txt"

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Errors extracted to error_logs.txt

Practical 26: Write a shell script to measure bandwidth usage using iftop or
nload.
STEP 1: Create - nano disk_alert.sh STEP 2:
Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x disk_alert.sh STEP
4: Run - ./disk_alert.sh

Script:
#!/bin/bash threshold=80 usage=$(df / | grep / | awk '{ print

$5 }' | sed 's/%//g') if [ "$usage" -gt "$threshold" ]; then

echo "Disk usage is above $threshold% - Current: $usage%"

else echo "Disk usage is under control: $usage%"

fi

#!/bin/bash

threshold=80

usage=$(df / | grep / | awk '{ print $5 }' | sed 's/%//g')

if [ "$usage" -gt "$threshold" ]; then

echo "Disk usage is above $threshold% - Current: $usage%" else
echo "Disk usage is under control: $usage%" fi

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Disk usage is under control: 42%

Practical 27: Write a shell script to analyze latency using ping or traceroute.
STEP 1: Create - nano compress_logs.sh STEP 2:
Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x compress_logs.sh
STEP 4: Run - ./compress_logs.sh Script:
#!/bin/bash logdir="/var/log" archive="logs_$(date

+%Y%m%d).tar.gz" tar -czf "$archive" $logdir/*.log

echo

"Logs compressed to $archive"

#!/bin/bash

logdir="/var/log" archive="logs_$(date
+%Y%m%d).tar.gz"

tar -czf "$archive" $logdir/*.log echo

"Logs compressed to $archive"

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Logs compressed to logs_20250416.tar.gz

Practical 28: Write a shell script to check connection status using netstat or ss.
STEP 1: Create - nano monitor_resources.sh STEP 2:
Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x monitor_resources.sh STEP
4: Run - ./monitor_resources.sh

Script:
#!/bin/bash echo "CPU and
Memory Usage:" top -b -n1 |

head -n 10

#!/bin/bash

echo "CPU and Memory Usage:" top -b -n1 | head -n 10

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ CPU and Memory Usage:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ top - 10:30:01 up 1 day, 2:10, 1 user, load average: 0.10, 0.20,
0.30
...

Practical 29: Write a shell script to visualize network data using gnuplot or
matplotlib for graphs and charts.
STEP 1: Create - nano install_software.sh STEP 2:
Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x install_software.sh STEP
4: Run - sudo ./install_software.sh

Script:
#!/bin/bash echo "Installing curl..." sudo

apt update sudo apt install curl -y echo

"Installation complete."

#!/bin/bash

echo "Installing curl..." sudo apt update sudo apt install curl -y echo "Installation complete."

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Installing curl...

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Installation complete.

Practical 30: Print Current Date and Time: Write a shell script to Display the
current date and time using date command.
STEP 1: Create - nano weather.sh STEP 2:
Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x weather.sh STEP
4: Run - ./weather.sh

Script:
#!/bin/bash echo
"Enter city name:" read

city curl "wttr.in/$city"

#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter city name:"

read city

curl "wttr.in/$city"

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Enter city name:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Delhi
NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Weather info displays from wttr.in

Practical 31: Generate Random Password: Write a shell script to Use openssl
rand to generate a random password.
STEP 1: Create - nano random_password.sh STEP 2:
Save and exit.
STEP 3: Execute - chmod +x random_password.sh STEP
4: Run - ./random_password.sh

Script:
#!/bin/bash length=12 echo "Generating a random password

of length $length..." password=$(openssl rand base64 48 | cut

-c1-$length) echo "Generated Password:

$password"

#!/bin/bash

length=12

echo "Generating a random password of length $length..." password=$(openssl rand -

base64 48 | cut -c1-$length)

echo "Generated Password: $password"

Output:

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Generating a random password of length 12...

NoorainWakil@linux:~$ Generated Password: hG7tKsA93ZxL