CAPE PHYSICS UNIT 2 FORMULA SHEET

Module 1 – Electricity And Magnetism

Current, Voltage & Charge Power Drift Velocity

Q – Charge (C) 𝑾 P – Power (W) 𝑰 = 𝒏𝒆𝒗𝑨

𝑸 = 𝑰𝒕 𝑷=
𝒕 W – Work/Energy (J) I – Current (A)
I – Current (A)
𝑾
𝑽= 𝑷 = 𝑰𝑽 t – Time (s) n – Charge Density (m-3)
𝑸 t – Time (s)

V – Voltage (V) 𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 I – Current (A) e – Electron Charge (C)

𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹
W – Work/Energy (J) 𝑽𝟐 V – Voltage (V) v – Drift Velocity (ms-1)
𝑾 = 𝑰𝒕𝑽 𝑷=
R – Resistance (Ω) 𝑹 R – Resistance (Ω) A – Cross – Sectional Area (m2)

E.M.F & Internal Resistance Resistivity Resistance

𝝆𝑳 Series Resistance
𝑬 = 𝑽 + 𝑰𝒓 𝑹 =
𝑨
E – E.M.F. (V) 𝑹𝑻 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑
R – Resistance (Ω)
V – Terminal Voltage (V) ρ – Resistivity (Ωm) Parallel Resistance
I – Current (A) L – length (m) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + +
r – Internal Resistance (Ω) A – Cross – Sectional Area (m2) 𝑹𝑻 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑

Voltage Divider Current Divider

𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝑻 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝑻

Electric Field Strength Coulomb’s Law

F – Force (N)

𝑭 E – Electric Field Strength (NC-1) 𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟐 E – Electric Field Strength (NC-1)

𝑬= 𝑭=
𝑸 F – Force (N) 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒅𝟐 Q – Charge (C)

Q – Charge (C) 𝑸 d – Distance between Charges (m)

𝑽=
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓
𝑽 V – Potential Difference (V) V – Voltage (V)
𝑬= 𝑸
𝒅 d – Distance between plates (m) 𝑬= E – Electric Field Strength (NC-1)
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓 𝟐
r – Distance from Point Charge (m)

𝜀0 – Permittivity of Free Space (Fm-1)

Capacitors
C – Capacitance (F)
𝑸 𝜺 𝜀𝑟 – Relative Permittivity (No Units)
𝑪= Q – Charge (C) 𝜺𝒓 =
𝑽 𝜺𝟎 𝜀 – Permittivity of Material (Fm-1)
V – Voltage (V)
𝜀0 – Permittivity of Free Space (Fm-1)
𝜀 – permittivity of material (Fm-1)
𝜺𝑨 𝑪𝒅 𝐶𝑑 – Capacitance with Dielectric
𝑪= A – Area of Overlap of Plates 𝜺𝒓 =
𝒅 𝑪𝒗 𝐶𝑣 – Capacitance with Vacuum
d – Distance Between Plates (m)
 Series Capacitors Energy Stored in a Capacitor

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑸𝑽 𝑸𝟐 𝑪𝑽𝟐 W – Work/Energy (J)

= + + 𝑾= = =
𝑪𝑻 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟑 𝟐 𝟐𝑪 𝟐 Q – Charge (C)

Parallel Capacitors V – Voltage (V)

Time constant
𝑪𝑻 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟑 C – Capacitance (F)
𝝉 = 𝑹𝑪

Charging of Discharging of Magnetic Feilds

a Capacitor a Capacitor Force of F – Force (N)
−
𝒕 𝒕 Magnetic Field
𝑰= 𝑰𝟎 𝒆 𝑹𝑪 𝑰 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒆− 𝑹𝑪 on Current
B – Magnetic Flux Density (T)

𝒕 𝒕 Carrying I – Current (A)

𝑸 = 𝑸𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒆− 𝑹𝑪 ) 𝑸 = 𝑸𝟎 𝒆 −
𝑹𝑪 Conductor:
l – Length of Conductor (m)
𝒕 𝒕
𝑽 = 𝑽𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒆− 𝑹𝑪 ) 𝑽= 𝑽𝟎 𝒆− 𝑹𝑪 𝑭 = 𝑩𝑰𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 θ – Angle Between Current and Field

Magnetic Flux Density Magnetic Flux Density Magnetic Flux Density B – Magnetic Flux Density (T)
at a Distance r from a at the Centre of a Flat at the Centre of a Long
Coil Solenoid μ0 – Permeability of Free
Straight Conductor
Space (Hm-1)
𝝁𝟎 𝑰 𝝁𝟎 𝑵𝑰 𝑩 = 𝝁𝟎 𝒏𝑰
𝑩= 𝑩= I – Current (A)
𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝟐𝒓 n – no. of turns per unit
N – no. of turns in coil r – Distance/Radius (m)
length (m-1)

F – Force (N)
Force on Charged v – speed (ms-1)
For Mutually
Particle Moving B – Magnetic Flux Density (T)
Perpendicular Electric E – Electric Field
Through Magnetic Field
Q – Charge (C) & Magnetic Fields Strength (NC-1)
𝑭 = 𝑩𝑸𝒗 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 v – speed (ms-1) 𝑬 B – Magnetic Flux
𝒗=
θ – Angle Between B and v 𝑩 Density (T)

Electromagnetic Induction

𝝓 = 𝑩𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
ϕ – Magnetic Flux (Wb)
𝚫𝝓 E – Induced E.M.F. (V)
B – Magnetic Flux Density (T) 𝑬 = −𝑵
𝚫𝒕 N – Number of turns of coil
A – Area (m2)
ϕ – Magnetic Flux (Wb)
θ – Angle Between A and B
𝚫𝑩 t – time (s)
𝑬 = −𝑵𝑨
𝚫𝒕
B – Magnetic Flux Density (T)
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝑵𝝓
l – length of conductor (m)
N – Number of turns of coil
𝑬 = 𝑩𝒍𝒗 v – speed (ms-1)
ϕ – Magnetic Flux (Wb)
 Module 2 – A.C. Theory & Electronics

Alternating Current ( I and V are interchangeable )

I – Current (A)
𝑰𝟎 𝟐 𝑹 𝑰𝟎 𝑽𝟎
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹.𝑴.𝑺. 𝑹 = =
𝑰 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 I0 – Peak Current (A) 𝑰𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
𝑰𝑹.𝑴.𝑺. =
ω – Angular Frequency √𝟐 IR.M.S. – Root Mean Square Current (A)
𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇
(rad s-1)
IR.M.S. – Root Mean R – Resistance (Ω)
𝟏 f – Frequency (Hz) Square Current (A)
𝒇= I0 – Peak Current (A)
𝑻
t – Time (s) I0 – Peak Current (A)
V0 – Peak Voltage (V)
T – Period (s)

Transformers Operational Amplifiers

Gain Inverting Gain Non – Inverting Gain
𝑵𝒑 𝑽𝒑 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇
= 𝑨= 𝑨= − 𝑨= 𝟏+
𝑵𝒔 𝑽𝒔 . 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑹 𝑹
Np – No. of turns in Primary Coil A – Gain (No Units) Summing Amplifier
Ns – No. of turns in Secondary Coil Vout – Output Voltage (V) 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = − ( 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽 )
Vp – Voltage in Primary Coil Vin – Input Voltage (V) 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑 𝟑
Vs –Voltage in Secondary Coil R f – Feedback Resistance (Ω) Cascaded Amplifiers
R – Input Resistance (Ω) 𝑨 = 𝑨𝟏 × 𝑨𝟐 × 𝑨𝟑

Module 3 – Atomic & Nuclear Physics

Photoelectric Effect Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment

𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑶𝒊𝒍 𝑫𝒓𝒐𝒑
𝒉𝒄
𝑬 = 𝒉𝒇 = E – Energy (J)
𝝀 𝟒
h – Plank’s Constant
= 𝝅 𝒓𝟑 𝝆 𝒐 𝒈
𝟑 r – Radius of Oil Drop (m)
𝑓 – Frequency (Hz) 𝑼𝒑𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒖𝒔𝒕 ρo – Density of Oil (kg m-3)
𝒄 = 𝒇𝝀
c – Speed of Light 𝟒 ρa – Density of Air (kg m-3)
= 𝝅 𝒓𝟑 𝝆 𝒂 𝒈
λ – Wavelength (m) 𝟑
g – Gravity (ms-2)
𝒉𝒄 ϕ – Work Function (J) 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒈 = 𝟔 𝝅 𝒓 𝜼 𝒗
𝝓 = 𝒉𝒇𝟎 = η – Viscosity of Air
𝝀𝟎 (stokes law)
EKmax – Max Kinetic Energy (J) v – Terminal Velocity (ms-1)
𝑓0 – Threshold Frequency (Hz) 𝟔 𝝅 𝒓 𝜼 (𝒗𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐 )
𝑸= Q – Charge (C)
𝒉𝒇 = 𝝓 + 𝑬𝑲𝒎𝒂𝒙 λ0 – Cut-Off Wavelength (m) 𝑬
E – Electric Field Strength
𝟗𝜼𝒗
𝒓 = √𝟐 (𝝆 −𝝆𝟏 )𝒈 00
𝒐 𝒂
 De Broglie’s Equation Attenuation of X-Rays
I – Intensity at a Distance, X (W m-2)
λ – Wavelength (m)
𝒉 𝑰 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒆−𝝁𝒙 I0 – Initial Intensity
𝝀= h – Planck’s Constant
𝒑
μ – Linear Absorption Coefficient (m-1)
p – Momentum (kg ms-1)
x – Distance Travelled Through Medium (m)

Einstein’s Equation Half - Life Activity

h – Planck’s Constant
𝑬 = 𝒎𝒄𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝟐 𝑨 = −𝝀𝑵
𝑻𝟏⁄ = p – Momentum (kg ms-1)
E – Energy (J) 𝟐 𝝀 A – Activity (Bq) (s-1)
T1⁄ – Half Life (s) λ – Decay Constant (s-1)
m – Mass (kg) 2

c – Speed of Light λ – Decay Constant (s-1) N – Number of Nuclei

Decay Equation

𝑵 = 𝑵𝟎 𝒆−𝝀𝒕 N – No. of Nuclei at a time t t – Time (s)

A – Activity at a time t (s-1)

𝑨 = 𝑨𝟎 𝒆−𝝀𝒕 N0 – Initial no. of Nuclei

λ – Decay Constant (s-1) A0 – Initial Activity (s-1)

Supplemental Formulae for Module 1

( For Motion of Charged Particles )

Centripetal Force Equations of Motion

𝒎𝒗𝟐 F – Force (N) 𝒖+𝒗

𝑭= 𝑺=( )𝒕 S – Displacement (m)
𝒓 𝟐
m – Mass (kg)
Effect of speed on u – Initial Velocity (ms-1)
𝟏
curvature of a particle v – Velocity (ms )
-1 𝑺 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 v – Final Velocity (ms-1)
𝟐
through a magnetic r – Radius of Curvature (m)
𝑽 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕 a – Acceleration (ms-2)
field :
B – Magnetic Flux Density (T)
t – time (s)
𝒎𝒗 𝑽𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔
𝒓= Q – Charge (C)
𝑩𝑸

Horizontal Component
B – Magnetic Flux Density (T)
(of a force / velocity)
Hall Voltage
VH – Hall Voltage (V)
𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
n – Charge Density (m-3)
Vertical Component 𝑽𝑯 𝒏𝒆𝒕
𝑩= e – Electron Charge
(of a force / velocity) 𝑰
t – Width of Conductor (m)
𝑋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (Dimension Perpendicular to
electric Field in Conductor)

I – Current (A)
Compiled By: Govinda Maharaj - 2025