6. Bitumens and other waterproofing materials Ing. Peter Hanuliak, PhD.
Constructions in Architecture 2
1. Introduction
1. Waterproofing system
Waterproofing Layer (membrane)>
Is a layer with dominating waterproofing
function made of high quality
waterproofing materials.
Waterproofing System>
Is a system of layers or dedicated
construction providing a complete shield
against water and vapour penetration.
1. Introduction
1. Waterproofing system
1 - system of 3 basic layers
• underlay
• waterproofing
• protection
2-in terms of location
• horizontal
• vertical
• sloped
3 – always from the side of attacking water
4 – building must be protected continuously, without any breaks, Necessary interruptions, e.g.
installation pipes, must be carefully manufactured. .
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1. Waterproofing system
Underlay / Understructure - bearing layer
• Horizontal and sloped construction - reinforced concrete layer - min. 100 mm
• Vertical constructions - load bearing walls –external application
- Requirements – continuous, firm, flat, dry and clean surface
-Edges and corners – minimal radiuses
r= 20mm /paint / sprayed coating
r= 40-50mm / bitumen materials
r= 0/pvc materials
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Protection layer
Horizontal location
• Cement screed - min. 30 mm - low loaded floors
• Concrete layer –30~80 mm, dilated 3x3m - heavy loaded floors
Vertical location
• Protection wall – min 75mm, height < 1,5m
- min 150 mm, height > 1,5m
• Profiled plastic materials
• Extruded polystyrene
• Geotextile
• Special materials
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1. Waterproofing system
Protection walls
In a vertical waterproofing system, the base layer is made depending on the implementation procedure:
From the interior
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1. Waterproofing system limited spatial conditions
Protection walls
In a vertical waterproofing system, the base layer is made depending on the implementation procedure:
From the interior
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1. Waterproofing system comfortable spatial conditions
Protection walls
In a vertical waterproofing system, the base layer is made depending on the implementation procedure:
From the exterior
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1. Waterproofing system
Waterproofing materials:
• Bitumen based membranes
• PVC based membranes
• Paint coatings
• specials
1. Introduction
1. Waterproofing system
Bitumen based materials>
Advantages of Bitumen for Waterproofing:
•Proven performer: Bitumen has a long history of successful use in
waterproofing, It's a reliable material with good water resistance.
•Cost-effective: Bitumen-based waterproofing systems are generally less
expensive than some other options, making them an attractive choice for
budget-conscious projects.
•Durability: When properly installed and protected from UV rays (sunlight),
bitumen membranes can last for many years.
•Flexibility: Modified bitumen membranes offer some flexibility, which
allows them to accommodate slight movements in the structure.
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1. Waterproofing system
Bitumen based materials>
Disadvantages of Bitumen as Main Waterproofing System:
•Susceptible to UV degradation: Straight bitumen can become brittle and crack over time when
exposed to sunlight. This is a major concern for exposed roofs.
•Heat sensitivity: Bitumen can soften or melt at high temperatures, potentially compromising its
waterproofing ability.
•Fire hazards: Torch-applied bitumen membranes require an open flame for installation, which
raises safety concerns.
•Environmental impact: Bitumen production can have environmental drawbacks.
•Limited application: Bitumen membranes might not be suitable for all waterproofing needs,
particularly for complex details or below-grade applications with high water pressure.
1. Introduction
1. Waterproofing system
Bitumen based materials>
Bituminous Sheet Membranes:
These are prefabricated sheets made with bitumen as the main
waterproofing agent. They come in various thicknesses and formulations,
offering different levels of flexibility and strength. Here are some sub-types:
1. Standard bitumen membranes (Oxidized): These are the most
basic and cost-effective option. They offer good waterproofing
properties but are susceptible to UV degradation and require
protection from sunlight (usually by gravel ballast or a top coating).
2. Modified bitumen membranes (APP & SBS): These incorporate
polymers like APP (Atactic Polypropylene) or SBS (Styrene-
Butadiene-Styrene) to improve flexibility and UV resistance. They
are a good choice for roofs and some below-grade applications.
1. Introduction
1. Waterproofing system
Minimum – 2 layers
Bitumen based materials>
Bituminous sheet membranes are like sandwiches:
•Bread: A layer of strong material like polyester or fiberglass acts as
the core.
•Filling: Bitumen, a tar-like substance, provides waterproofing.
•Optional Toppings: Some membranes have a top layer of minerals
(gravel, etc.) for UV protection or a film for self-adhesion
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1. Waterproofing system
Application – torch melting and flame fusing
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Application – melting by hot air
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1. Waterproofing system
Composition of the waterproofing system according to the hydrophysical
load – category I. - against pressurized water:
- reinforced concrete foundation structure,
- protective layer,
- waterproofing layer (coating)
- base layer / understructure.
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1. Waterproofing system
I. category - against aggressive pressurized water:
- reinforced concrete foundation structure,
- protective layer,
- main waterproofing layer,
- protective layer (under the main waterproofing coating),
- secondary waterproofing,
- base layer.
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1. Waterproofing system
II. category - against flowing (gravity) water:
- protective layer,
- waterproofing layer base layer (sloped)
- reinforced concrete ceiling structure.
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1. Waterproofing system
III. category - against ground moisture:
- protective layer
- waterproofing layer
- base layer
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Bitumen based materials> procedures
1.Production of the foundation structures
2.Layer of membrane under the load bearing structures
3.Other constructional works
4.Completion of the waterproofing layer in the area
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1. Waterproofing system
Bitumen based materials> procedures, basement wall
1.Horizontal layer
2.Masonry wall
3.Vertical layer
4.Protective layer
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1. Waterproofing system
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1. Understructure surface
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ground moisture pressurized water
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Thank you for your attention
peter.hanuliak@stuba.sk
„If you are not asking questions – you are not learning“
