TESTING THE
TENSILE
STRENGTH OF
STEEL BARS
• Tensile strength is the ability of a material to
WHAT IS withstand a pulling (tensile) force. It is
customarily measured in units of force per
TENSILE cross-sectional area. This is an important
STRENGTH? concept in engineering, especially in the fields
of material science, mechanical engineering
and structural engineering.
• The primary use of these test methods is to
ASTM A370 determine the specified mechanical properties
STANDARD of steel, stainless steel, and related alloy
products for the evaluation of conformance of
TEST FOR such products to a material specification under
the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 and
TENSILE its subcommittees as designated by a purchaser
STRENGTHO in a purchase order or contract.
• The tensile strength of a structural steel bar is
F STEEL BAR 400Mpa and 841Mpa for carbon steel.
FIVE
1. PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
STAGES
OF TENSILE 2. ELASTIC LIMIT
STRENGTH 3. YIELD STRENGTH
4. ULTIMATE STRENGTH
5. BREAKING STRENGTH
PROPORTIONAL • Proportional limit is point on the curve up to
LIMIT which the value of stress and strain remains
proportional.
• The stress up to this point can be also be
known as proportional limit stress.
PROPORTIONAL
LIMIT
ELASTIC • Elastic limit is the limiting value of stress up to
LIMIT which the material is perfectly elastic.
• Material will return back to its original
position, If it is unloaded before the crossing
of point elasticity. This is so, because material
is perfectly elastic up to point of elasticity.
ELASTIC
LIMIT
• The stress a material can withstand without
permanent deformation.
YIELD • It is the stress value that the steel can take
while still showing elastic behavior. Any stress
STRENGTH applied to steel above this value will take it
into the plastic zone.
• The value of yield strength depends on grade
of steel. Mild steel (MS) has yield strength of
approx 250 MPa in tension; Fe415 grade has
yield strength of 415 MPa.
FE 415
MILD STEEL
YIELD
STRENGTH
ULTIMATE • The maximum strength a material can
TENSILE withstand while being stretched or pulled
before failing or breaking.
STRENGTH • Materials that break very sharply are said to
undergo a ‘brittle failure’.
ULTIMATE
TENSILE
STRENGTH
BREAKING • Also known as the Fracture Strength.
STRENGTH • The maximum amount of tensile stress that the
material can withstand before failure, such
as fractures, breaking or permanent
deformation.
BREAKING
STRENGTH
TOOLS AND
EQUIPMENTS 1. UNIVERSAL TESTING
MACHINE
FOR TESTING
THE TENSILE 2. EXTENSOMETER
STRENGTH OF 3. STEEL BARS
STEEL
UNIVERSAL • A universal testing machine is used to test the
TESTING tensile stress and compressive strength of
materials.
MACHINE • It is named after the fact that it can perform
many standard tensile and compression tests
on materials, components, and structures.
UNIVERSAL
TESTING
MACHINE
EXTENSO- • An extensometer is an instrument that
METER measures the elongation of a material under
stress.
• The elongation of the material is a physical
deformation of the sample and is a type of
strain associated with tensile measurements.
EXTENSO-
METER
1. CONTACT
2 CLASSES OF
EXTENSOMETERS
EXTENSO-
2. NON-CONTACT
METER
EXTENSOMETERS
• Contact extensometers test the deformation by
CONTACT directly placing a physical object onto the
sample such as a knife-edge.
EXTENSO- • Contact extensometers include clip-on
METER extensometers and digital sensor arm
extensometers. These types of extensometers
are capable of detecting small displacements.
CLIP-ON
EXTENSO-
METER
NON • Non-contact extensometers use cameras and
CONTACT light to determine the deformational
parameters without physically touching the
EXTENSO- sample.
METER • Non-contact extensometers include laser and
video extensometers.
LASER
EXTENSO-
METER
VIDEO
EXTENSO-
METER
STEEL BARS • Steel bars are used as a tension device
in reinforced concrete and
reinforced masonry structures to strengthen
and aid the concrete under tension.
STEEL BARS
TESTING
THE
TENSILE
STRENGTH
OF STEEL
