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The project 'Object Detection System Using Ultrasonic Sensors' aims to develop a system that uses an ultrasonic sensor and servo motor to detect and measure distances to nearby objects, applicable in various fields such as robotics and automation. It integrates hardware components like the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, Arduino microcontroller, and servo motor, along with software for real-time data processing and display. The system demonstrated reliable performance in detecting objects and measuring distances, with potential for future enhancements in multi-directional measurement and display capabilities.

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10 views8 pages

Embedded

The project 'Object Detection System Using Ultrasonic Sensors' aims to develop a system that uses an ultrasonic sensor and servo motor to detect and measure distances to nearby objects, applicable in various fields such as robotics and automation. It integrates hardware components like the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, Arduino microcontroller, and servo motor, along with software for real-time data processing and display. The system demonstrated reliable performance in detecting objects and measuring distances, with potential for future enhancements in multi-directional measurement and display capabilities.

Uploaded by

opsathya2020
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SIMATS ENGINEERING

SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND


TECHNICAL SCIENCES

OBJECT DETECTION SYSTEM USING ULTRASONIC


SENSORS

ECA1431

Embedded Systems for Automotive Applications

Submitted by:

S Bhaskar S(192210523)

P Jagadeesh kumar(192210348)

To

Course Faculty
Sathiya M J
Aim: The aim of the project "Object Detection System Using Ultrasonic
Sensors" is to design and develop a system that utilizes an ultrasonic
sensor in conjunction with a servo motor to detect, measure, and display
distances to nearby objects. This system has wide-ranging applications,
including obstacle detection, robotics, and automated monitoring systems.

Introduction:Object detection and distance measurement are integral to


many automation and control systems, spanning robotics, industrial
automation, and security applications. The "Object Detection System
Using Ultrasonic Sensors" project focuses on developing an interactive
system that combines a servo motor, ultrasonic sensor, and
microcontroller to detect objects and measure their distances in real-time.

The ultrasonic sensor operates by emitting sound waves and measuring


the time taken for the reflected waves to return. By integrating a servo
motor, the system can rotate the sensor to scan the surrounding area,
providing distance measurements in multiple directions. The
microcontroller processes this data, which is then displayed for user
interpretation.

This project is particularly valuable in applications such as obstacle


detection in autonomous vehicles, home automation, and security systems.
It demonstrates the integration of sensor technology and actuation for
precise and automated environmental mapping, paving the way for more
advanced implementations.

Literature Review: The "Object Detection System Using Ultrasonic


Sensors" integrates concepts from various domains, including object
detection, distance measurement, and sensor-actuator systems. Key
insights from relevant studies are summarized below:

1. Object Detection and Distance Measurement:

- Ultrasonic sensors are reliable and cost-effective tools for object


detection and distance measurement. Using the time-of-flight (ToF)
principle, they calculate the distance by measuring the time taken for
emitted sound waves to hit an object and return.

2. Ultrasonic Sensors:

- The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor is commonly used for detecting


objects within a range of 2 cm to 400 cm, with high accuracy. Limitations
include sensitivity to temperature and angle of incidence, which can
affect measurement reliability.

3. Servo Motor Applications:

- Servo motors provide precise rotational motion, making them suitable


for scanning systems and environmental mapping. Coupling a servo
motor with an ultrasonic sensor enhances the ability to detect objects in
various directions.

4. Microcontroller Integration:

- Microcontrollers like Arduino are efficient for interfacing sensors and


actuators. Their real-time processing capabilities facilitate distance
calculations, motor control, and data output.

5. Environmental Mapping and Obstacle Detection:

- Combining ultrasonic sensors with servo motors enables dynamic


scanning for environmental mapping. This method is widely used in
robotics and navigation systems for collision avoidance and obstacle
detection.

6. Challenges and Solutions:

- Practical challenges, such as signal interference and false positives,


can be mitigated through signal filtering and optimized circuit design,
improving system accuracy and reliability.

Methodology:

1. System Design and Components: 1.1 Hardware Components:

- Ultrasonic Sensor (e.g., HC-SR04): Measures object distances using


sound waves.
- Servo Motor: Rotates the ultrasonic sensor for directional scanning.
- Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino): Processes sensor data and controls
the servo motor.
- Power Supply: Provides power to the components.
- Display Unit (e.g., LCD or Serial Monitor): Outputs the measured
distances.

1.2 Software Tools:


- Arduino IDE: Used for programming the microcontroller.
- Libraries: Includes servo motor control and distance calculation
utilities.

2. Circuit Design:

- Connect the ultrasonic sensor’s trigger and echo pins to the


microcontroller.
- Interface the servo motor with a PWM pin on the microcontroller.
- Connect the display unit to output measured distances.
- Regulate power supply to meet voltage requirements for all
components.

3. Algorithm and Software Development: 3.1 Control Logic:

- Initialize the ultrasonic sensor and servo motor.


- Trigger the sensor to emit sound waves.
- Measure the time taken for sound waves to return and calculate
distance.

3.2 Rotational Scanning:

- Rotate the servo motor to specified angles (e.g., 0°, 45°, 90°).
- Measure distances at each angle.

3.3 Data Processing and Output:

- Process measured data and display it on an LCD or serial monitor.

4. System Implementation:

- Assemble the hardware components as per the circuit design.


- Upload the control program to the microcontroller using the Arduino
IDE.
- Test the system’s ability to detect objects and measure distances.

5. Evaluation and Iteration:

- Identify issues like sensor inaccuracies or motor lag.


- Modify the code or hardware setup to resolve these issues.
- Repeat testing to ensure system reliability.
Hardware Components:

1. Ultrasonic Sensor:

An ultrasonic sensor is a kind of electronic device that uses ultrasonic


sound waves to detect the distance between two objects and transforms
the reflected sound into an electrical signal. Ultrasonic waves move
quicker than audible sound. The system uses multiple ultrasonic sensors
installed on the front bumper, enabling a wide detection field.

2. Arduino Microcontroller:

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use


hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a
sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an
output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something
online.The controller processes signals from the sensors, identifies
potential obstacles, and triggers appropriate alerts.
- Processes input from the ultrasonic sensor and controls the servo
motor.

3. Servo Motor:

- Provides rotational motion to scan the environment.

4. Breadboard:

- Facilitates the connection of components for prototyping.

Software Components:

- Arduino IDE: Provides an environment for coding and uploading


programs.

Arduino Code:

```cpp
#include <Servo.h>
#include <NewPing.h>

const int ServoPin = 10;


const int TriggerPin = 6;
const int EchoPin = 7;

NewPing sonar(TriggerPin, EchoPin, 100);


Servo servo;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
servo.attach(ServoPin);
}

void loop() {
int cm = sonar.ping_cm();
Serial.println(cm);

int angle = map(cm, 1, 30, 155, 25);


servo.write(angle);

delay(50);
}
```

Results and Discussion:

1. Accuracy and Measurement Range:

- The system accurately detected objects within a range of [X cm to Y


cm]. Minor deviations occurred at the upper range due to environmental
factors.

2. Servo Motor Performance:

- The servo motor’s response was fast and precise, ensuring smooth
operation for real-time scanning.

3. System Reliability:

- Consistent performance was observed across [N] test cycles under


varying environmental conditions.

4. Challenges and Mitigations:

- Sensor Interference: Signal filtering reduced inaccuracies caused by


noise.
- Servo Jitter: Optimized PWM signals ensured stable operation.
Conclusion: The "Object Detection System Using Ultrasonic Sensors"
successfully achieved its objective of detecting and measuring object
distances with high reliability and precision. By integrating an ultrasonic
sensor with a servo motor and microcontroller, the project demonstrated
its applicability in automation, robotics, and obstacle detection.

Future enhancements, such as incorporating multi-directional


measurement and advanced displays, can expand its scope and versatility.
This project stands as a foundational implementation for advanced
environmental mapping and object detection systems.

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