Upbringing of the Holy Prophet pbuh

Notes
1. Background 2. Halima Sadia 3. Age 2
● Abdullah – Aminah ● Bedouin women ● Brought back to Aminah
● 571 A.D ● Banu Saad ● Epidemic in Makkah
● ‘Muhammad’ – Abdul ● ‘My Mother’ ● Sent back to Halima
Mutalib - Reference ● Arabic dialect – Ref
(“I have named
him Muhammad, so that
his name be praised in
the heavens and the
earth”) (“Verily I am the best Arab
amongst you; my descent is
from Quraish and my tongue is
the tongue of Banu Saad”)
4. Age 5 5. Age 6 6. Age 8
● Angel Jibrael opened ● Went back to Aminah ● Abdul Mutalib died
Holy Prophet’s pbuh ● Abdullah’s grave ● Custody of Abu Talib –
chest and washed it ● Aminah died at Abwa Uncle
with Zam Zam ● Umm e Aiman Brought ● Affectionate – Loved
the Prophet pbuh to him like his own son
Abdul Mutalib ● Reference

(“Did He not find you an orphan

and give you shelter”) (93:6)
7. Age 9 8. Age 12 9. Age 15
● Peaceful nature ● Trade to Syria ● Harb ul Fijar
● Signs of intelligence ● Bahira – Signs of ● Sacrilegious war
● No playful activities Prophethood – Brought between the tribes of
● Youth – Shepherd the prophet back to Quraish and Hawazin
● Disliked polytheism Makkah ● Holy Prophet pbuh did
● Took care of the widows not take part
and orphans (Bahira said, “This is the chief of ● Collected arrows for his
the universe; this is the uncles
messenger of the universe.”
Some people of the Quraish ● Developed a dislike for
asked him how he knew this and war
he replied, “When you came ● Military experience
over the hill not a tree or a
stone failed to prostrate itself in
reverence, and they prostate
themselves only before a
Prophet”) (Tirmizi)
10. Half ul Fazul 11. Al Sadiq – Al Amin 12. Age 25
● Leaders formed a league ● Trade – honest dealings ● Marriage to Khadija R.A
of peace ● Title was given ● Daughter of Khuwalid –
● Reference Banu Naufal
 ● Assembled in the house (Hazrat Saad said, “I was a ● Widowed twice –
of Abdullah bin Juban partner of Muhammad in wealthy – 2 sons 1
● Holy Prophet pbuh was business. I always found him daughter from previous
impressed very honest in his dealings; he marriages
never picked quarrels, not made
● ‘Tahira’ – the pious one
(“I witnessed in the house of any false statements” ● Holy Prophet’s honesty-
Abdullah bin Juban a covenant merchandise to Syria –
which I would not exchange for
Slave Maisara
any number of camels; and if I
were asked to take part in it ● Impressed by dealings –
during Islam I would do so.” (Ibn sent proposal of
Hashim) marriage – accepted by
Abu Talib
● Age 25 and age 40
● 2 sons 4 daughters
(Ruqqaiya, Kulthom,
Zainab, Fatima) – sons
died in infancy, only
Fatima survived the
Holy Prophet pbuh
● Died at the age of 65 –
10th year of
Prophethood – buried
in Makkah

13. Age 35 (Fixing of the black

stone)
● Valley of Faran was
flooded
● All the leading families
decided to rebuild
● Time came to place the
stone – dispute among
them
● Proposal was given that
whoever would come
first in the morning will
place the stone -
accepted
● Holy Prophet pbuh
entered first – sheet of
cloth – situation
resolved
 Call to Prophethood
Notes
1. Background 2. Cave of Hira 3. Angel Jibrael
● Conditions of Arabia ● Meditation ● Sky
● Corrupt society ● Rations ● Form of man
● Polytheistic ideas ● Approached age 40 ● Filling the whole horizon
● God of his forefathers ● Ramazan - 610 A.D ● Reference (p#45)
● No method of worship ● Angel Jibrael - Squeezed
● Surah Iqra [“O Muhammad pbuh, you are
the messenger of Allah and I am
● Reference (p#45)
Jibrael.”]
[“Proclaim in the name of Thy ● Angel disappeared
Lord and Cherisher……”]
(96:1-5)
● Shaken by the
experience
● Ran out of the cave

4. Experience 5. Hazrat Khadija R.A 6. Warqa bin Naufal

● Shaken – confused ● Told the experience to ● Cousin of Khadija R.A
● Selection for the great his wife ● Christian scholar
mission ● Comforted him ● Confirmed Prophethood
● Ran home to his wife ● Reference ● Same angel

[“Allah will not disgrace you as [“By Him in Whose hands my

you keep good relations with soul rests, you are the prophet
your kith and kin, speak the of this nation, and the one who
truth, help the poorand the visited you in none other than
destitute, serve your guest the chief of angels who visited
generously and assist the Moses. Verily your people shall
deserving, calamity- afflicted call you a liar, abuse you, expel
ones”] (Sahih Bukhari) you and wage war against
you.”] (Sahih Bukhari)
 Secret and Open Preaching by the Holy Prophet pbuh Islamiat
Notes Grade 9C
1. Introduction 2. Experience of 2nd revelation
 Revelations stopped for some time  Angel Jibrael seated on a chair in the sky
 Restlessness – anxiety – disturbed  Frightened – rushed home
 Fear of Allah’s displeasure  Khadija R.A – cover him up
 Received the 2nd revelation
 Reference Surah Mudassir
[“O you enveloped in your cloak! Arise, and warn, and
magnify the glory of your Lord, and purify your robes,
and shun uncleanness (74:1-5)
3. Secret preaching 4. Open preaching/Call to Safa
 Started preaching to friends and relatives  Received another revelation
 Tauhid – consequences  Reference
st
 Hazrat Khadija R.A – 1 person “Then declare what you are commanded and turn away
 Hazrat Ali R.A – Youngest from the polytheists.” (15:94)
 Hazrat Zaid bin Haris R.A – freed slave  Assembled people at mount Safa
 Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A – close friend  Large army
 Usman, Talha, Zubair, Abdur Rehman, Sa’ad,  Reference (p#46)
Abdullah “O Quraish, if I were to tell you that a large army has
 3 years of secret preaching – 40 early converts collected on the other side of this mountain and is ready
 Gentle and honest person could not mislead the to attack you. Will you believe me”
people  Everyone said that they would believe him as he
 Another revelation is Al Sadiq and Al Amin
 Reference  Preached the message of Allah – tauhid –
[“And admonish thy nearest kinsmen”] (26:214) Prophethood -they all became angry – called him
 Invited relatives to his house mad
 Reference  Abu Lahab cursed
[“Allah has ordered me to call you to Him, so who  Reference
amongst you will help me in this affair and be my friend, [May God destroy you. Did you assemble us for this?”]
my advisor and my Deputy? ….”]  All Disbursed
 Only Hazrat Ali R.A responded – Reference  Prophet pbuh started preaching in public and
[“O Prophet of Allah! I shall be your helper. I will fight private gatherings
him who fights you.”]  People started embracing Islam
 Elders laughed and disbursed

Opposition and Persecution by the Quraish Islamiat

 Notes Grade 9C
Background
 Call to Safa
 Reference “Then declare what you are commanded and turn away from the polytheists.” (15:94)
 Assembled people at mount Safa - Large army - Became angry – called him mad - Abu Lahab cursed –
Disbursed
 People were asked to change their lifestyle – social, economic, political change – worshiped idols –
rebuked – Hostile behavior
 Poor and slaves were intrigued by the just preaching of Islam
Faced by the Holy Prophet pbuh Faced by the Early converts of Islam

1. Mental torture 1. Scorching sand of desert

 Divorce to daughters (Ruqqaiyah and Kalsoom) 2. Worship idols or death –
 Madman – magician refused and died of torture
 Al abtar 3. Hazrat Bilal R.A – tied down
 Offered marriage to the fairest girl and a stone was placed on
 Bribery his back – freed by Hazrat
 Worship their gods Abu Bakr R.A
 Reference [“You have your religion, and I have my religion.”] (Al 4. Rich and influential not
Kafirun 109:6) spared –Talha, Zubair,
 Poets wrote poems Saeed bin Zaid, Usman, Abu
 Abu Talib’s protection Bakr, Abdullah bin Masud.
 Reference
[“O Uncle! Even if they place the sun on my right hand and the moon on
my left to force me to renounce my mission, I will not stop until God fulfils
my mission or destroy me in the process” Hearing that Abu Talib said to
him, “Go and preach what you please for by God I Will not forsake you.”]
(Ibn-Hisham)

2. Physical torture
 Strangled
 Offering prayers - Intestine – camel
 Garbage
 Thorns – Abu Lahab’s wife
 Stopped trade
Reasons for Opposition
 Used to idol worship that the Holy Prophet pbuh openly condemned
 Insult to their religion – ways of their forefathers
 Ka’abah as a source of Income
 Used to all evil practices which Islam condemned.
 Banu Umayyah – Quran should have been sent down to some influential person – Reference “And they
said, "Why was this Qur'an not sent down upon a great man from [one of] the two cities?" (43:31)
 Didn’t accept the supremacy of the Holy Prophet pbuh – no wealth – no sons – no worldly power –
Reference “And when they see you, [O Muhammad], they take you not except in ridicule, [saying], “Is
this the one whom Allah has sent as a messenger?(25:41)

Migration to Abyssinia Islamiat

Notes Grade 9C
1. Background 2. Holy Prophet pbuh 3. 1st group
 Hardship and advised to migrate to  The first group consisted of 11 men and 4
torture intensified Abyssinia women as they left secretly so that the Quraish
as more people  5th year of will not follow them.
accepted Islam Prophethood  This group was led by Hazrat Usman and his
 Quraish feared  615 A.D wife Ruqqaiya (daughter of the Holy Prophet
change, they didn’t  till conditions pbuh)
want equality improved  A rumor spread after their departure that
among people  another reason Makkans had embraced Islam, so most
was to spread the Muslims came back to Makkah
message of Islam  Rumour was False, so some of them returned
to Abyssinia and some stayed behind under
the protection of influential people and their
relatives
4. 2nd group
 After the Quraish got news of the migration of the first group they intensified their hostilities towards the
remaining Muslims of Makkah.
 A second group consisting of 79 men and 7 women including Hazrat Jaffar son of Abu Talib departed
 This time Quraish followed as they were already guarded after the 1st group of people but by the time they
got news the 2nd group was gone beyond their reach
 Quraish sent a delegation (Amr bin Aas and Abdullah bin Abi Rabiya) to Najashi – Christian King of Abyssinia
and requested to expel the Muslims on the grounds that they were bad people who have left the religion
of their forefathers and started following a Magician and a madman.
 Najashi was kind and a just man
 He called the Muslims to his court and heard both sides
 Hazrat Jaffar gave an impressive speech
 Reference
“O King! We were ignorant people, we worshipped idols, ate carrion and committed all sorts of injustice; brother
wronged his brother, the strong exploited the weak. In the middle of this, a man was born amongst us whose
nobility and virtue were already known to us. He called us to Islam, taught us to renounce idol worshipping, be
truthful, abstain from bloodshed, honor our promise, be helpful to our relations, be good to our neighbor, avoid
fornication, not to appropriate orphans’ property or falsely accuse a married woman. He ordered us not to
associate partners with Allah, offer prayers, observe fasts and pay Zakat. We abandoned polytheism and idol
worship and renounced all evils. For this we were deemed guilty, and our own people became our enemies.”
5. Najashi’s reaction 6. Significance/Importance
 Refused to send the Muslims back  Political move – showed strength and loyalty
 Asked to recite some ayats from Quran to Islam
 Hazrat Jafar – Surah Maryam  Important outcome – a place to take shelter
 Overcome with emotions – reference  Unity among Muslims
“By God this and the Gospel are the lights of one  Carried the message of Allah out of Arabia
candle”  Established a community of Islamic teachings
 Returned gifts – mission failed – Quraish  Came back and joined the conquest of Khyber
disappointed – equal share of the spoils of war – Jihad
 Idea of greater migration
 Boycott of Banu Hashim Islamiat
Notes Grade 9C
th
1. Background 2. 7 year of prophethood 3. Shibabi Talib
 Negus gave justified  3-year agreement  Property of Abu Talib
respect to Muslims  Social and economic  Muslims were forced
 Hamza & Umar accepted boycott to live in Shib Abi Talib
Islam  The agreement was
 Quraish was enraged & hung in Kaaba
feared for their standing  Abu Lahab was the only
 They demanded from the member of the tribe
Banu Hashim tribe to who remained in
hand over the Prophet Makkah as he was the
pbuh to pagans enemy of Muslims
 Abu Talib being the
leader of the tribe
refused
4. Social 5. Economic 6. Suffering
 No Inter marriage  Stopped trade  Test of Allah
 Communication stopped  Roads blocked  Resources extinct
 No relations will be made  Allowed Hajj once a year  Hunger was at its peak
 Started eating Leaves
and branches of trees
 Relatives from other
tribes took pity and
started to sneak food
 This boycott
continued for 3 years
7. Dream 8. Quraish Challenged 9. Significance of the
 Prophet pbuh saw in a Prophet’s pbuh claim boycott
Divine dream that the  They sent a man to see if  Strengthened the
agreement that was hung the Prophjet pbuh was belief of Muslims
in Kaabah is eaten by telling the truth  Cruel tactics failed
termites and the Word  Found the Prophet pbuh again
“ALLAH” is only left on it. truthful but they still  Islam spread among
 Abu Talib went to the didn’t want to lift ban, the non-Muslims of
Quraish and told this and but the elderly people the tribe
gave news of the took pity of the Banu  Resulted in disunity
revelation of the wicked Hashim tribe and lifted among Quraish
parchment the ban

Year of grief & Visit to Taif Islamiat

Notes Grade 9C
1. 10th year of prophethood
  In the 10th year of Prophethood, Khadija R.A and Abu Talib died.
 Khadija R.A being the wife, a source of comfort and moral support, Abu Talib being a constant
protector and loving Uncle. Holy Prophet pbuh was deeply grieved by their death. That is why
this year was called “The year of grief”, Am ul-Hazn
 The Banu Hashim tribe came under the leadership of the worst enemy of Islam, i.e the uncle
of the Prophet pbuh Abu Lahab. Prophet pbuh had now lost the protection of his uncle and so
the persecution increased by the Quraish
 By the command of Allah, Prophet pbuh married Sawdah, a widow of a companion who
emigrated to Abyssinia but had returned to Makkah after her husband’s death.
 Prophet pbuh also married Aisha R.A, daughter of his close friend Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A but the
marriage was solemnized in Madinah.
2. Journey to Taif
 As the Prophet was facing difficulty in preaching Islam in Makkah so he decided to explore
new areas
 Accompanied by his adopted son Zaid bin Haris, he started the journey to Taif in the hopes
that he will get a positive response
 Taif was sixty miles away from Makkah
3. Response
 One of the biggest tribes of Arabia was Banu Saqeef.
 Prophet pbuh was full of hope as he approached chiefs of the tribe, the 3 brothers
 The brothers gave a harsh response and ridiculed the Prophet pbuh and his religion
 They sent teenagers to abuse the Prophet pbuh – threw stones – shoes filled with blood
 Zaib bin Haris tries hard to protect the Prophet pbuh but he was badly wounded
4. Refuge
 Both stopped at an orchard owned by two brothers Utbah and Shaybah who took pity on
them
 They sent their slave Addas to bring a bunch of grapes. After inquiring about the message of
Allah, Addas was really impressed and started kissing the hands of the Prophet pbuh.
 When the owners saw this, they got angry and asked the Prophet pbuh to leave
5. Mercy for Taif
 Prophet pbuh was deeply grieved after this incident
 Allah sent an Angel Jibrael who asked the Prophet pbuh to give the order and the whole of the
tribe would be crushed between the two mountains.
[“If you like I would overturn the mountains from either side upon these people.”]
 Holy Prophet pbuh refused and instead prayed for their guidance and right path
 Reference
[Why should I Pray for the destruction of these people? I hope that their posterity will certainly be
among the believers in one Allah.]
 The Prophet pbuh returned to Makkah
 In 9 A.H, whole Taif embraced Islam.

Isra and Miraj Islamiat

Notes Grade 9C
1. Background 2. Isra
 10th year of  Isra – journey by the night - 27th Rajab
 prophethood  Prophet pbuh asleep – angel Jibrael came on a ride of a heavenly creature
 Khadija R.A and Abu resembling a horse with another similar creature named ‘Buraaq. The
Talib died angel then took him to Kaabah (Masjid al Haram)
 Khadija R.A - source of  Reference
comfort and moral [“Holy is He Who carried His servant by night from the Holy Mosque (in Makkah)
support to the farther Mosque (in Jerusalem) whose surroundings We have blessed that
 Holy Prophet pbuh We might show him some of Our Signs.] (Al-Isra 17:1)
deeply grieved  Angel Jibraiel opened the chest of the Prophet pbuh and washed his heart
 Am ul-Hazn - Year of with Zam Zam and filled it with wisdom and belief
grief  Reference
 Leadership – Abu [He then took out my Heart. Then a gold tray of belief was brought to me and my
Lahab heart was washed and was filled (with belief) and then returned to its original
 Lost the protection of place.”] (Sahih Bukhari)
his uncle  Angel Jibrael then took him to Masjid e Aqsa in Jerusalem.
 Persecution increased  The Prophet pbuh offered 2 Rakat
by the Quraish  Jibrael brought 2 vessels – one was filled with wine and the other with milk
 Journey to Taif a great – Prophet pbuh chose milk
disappointment  Reference
[“Jibrael brought me a vessel of wine, and a vessel of milk, and I chose the milk.
Jibrael said: ‘You have chosen the Fitrah (natural instinct).”](Muslim)
3. Miraj
 Miraj – ascension – moving upwards
 Prophet pbuh rode Buraq again and they reached the lowest heaven. The guardian angel inquired Jibrael that
who was with him. The angel informed of the identity of the Prophet pbuh. The guardians replied:
[“Welcome, his coming is good.”]
 Prophet pbuh saw a man sitting with a large group. He observed that the person smiled when he saw the people
on his right and became sad when he saw the people on his left. It was Hazrat Adam A.S who smiled for the
inhabitants of Paradise and became sad for the inhabitants of Hell.
 Taken to all seven heavens – met Isa, Yahya, Yousaf, Idrees, Haroon, Musa, Ibrahim
 Taken to Sidra–tul Muntaha – Lute tree – Angel Jibrael could not go forward
 Prophet pbuh went in the presence of Allah – spoke directly
 Rewarded with 3 gifts
1. Last verses of Surah Al Baqara
2. Major sins of the Muslims will be forgiven except shirk
3. Five prayers
 Reference
[“He was given five prayers, he was given the concluding verses of Surah Al Baqarah, and remission of serious sins
for those among his Ummah who did not associate anything with Allah.”] (Muslim)
 50 prayers a day were made obligatory at first. On his return the Prophet pbuh informed Musa A.S who told him
to ask for reduction as his followers will not be able to comply. He went back to Allah and asked for 15 - went
again and asked for 10 then again asked for 5. at last the Holy Prophet pbuh refused Musa A.S saying:
 Reference [“I have asked my Lord till I am ashamed to face Him.”] (Sahih Bukhari)
 The Prophet pbuh was shown the River Kausar, Paradise and Hell
 He led the Prophets to the Dome of Rock. They all prayed behind the Prophet pbuh Imamat. It is called Salah Al -
Quds
 Migration to Yasrib (Madina) Islamiat
Notes Grade 9C
1. Introduction
 After the 2nd pledge, the persecution increased by the Quraish of Makkah. Mutim, the Protector of the
Prophet pbuh, also passed away
 Order of Allah came to the Prophet pbuh to migrate to Madina. The Prophet pbuh allowed Muslims to
migrate to Madina in large numbers. They travelled in secret to avoid the Quraish
 At the place Dar un Nadwa a meeting was held by Quraish to address the issue of the Prophet pbuh and his
religion. They appointed one person from each tribe to assassinate the Prophet pbuh

2. Prophet pbuh leaves home

 Allah informs the Prophet pbuh of the plan made by the Quraish to assassinate him. “And remember,(O
Prophet), when the disbelievers conspired to capture, kill, or exile you. They planned, but Allah also
planned. And Allah is the best of planners.”(8:30)
 Prophet pbuh asked Hazrat Ali R.A to wear his cloak and sleep on his bed to return the belongings of various
people
 Prophet’s pbuh house was surrounded by enemies. He recited Surah Yaseen “And we have enshrouded them,
so that they see not” and sprinkled sand on their faces, with the miracle of Allah they lost their vision for a
while. Prophet pbuh went to Abu Bakr’s house.
 Quraish were furious to find Hazrat Ali in the place of Holy Prophet pbuh.

3. The Journey to Yasrib

 Abu Bakr prepared two camels and provisions for journey. They took the opposite route, the son Abdullah
and the freed slave ‘Amir ibn Fuhairah’of Abu bakr followed them with a flock of sheep to cover up their
tracks
 They hid in the cave of Saur for 3 days and nights. Abu Bakr entered the cave first to ensure safety. He filled all
holes for any danger but missed one. As Holy Prophet pbuh was sleeping and his head was in the lap of Hazrat
Abu Bukar R.A, he saw the missed hole and paced his foot on it. A snake bit him. Afraid of waking up the
Prophet pbuh, he remained still until from the unbearing pain, a tear drop fell on the face of the Prophet pbuh
and he woke up. The Prophet then placed his saliva on the foot of Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A and cured it.
 For the 3 days and nights the son of Hazrat Abu Bakr brought news of the plans of Quraish and his daughter
Asma brought food.
 Quraish offered bounty of 100 camels on the Prophet pbuh either dead or alive.
 A group of pagans, searching for them reached the cave. When they came close to the cave, Abu Bakr feared
but he was assured by the Prophet pbuh. “O Abu Bakr! How can you fear for the two menwhose constant
companion is Allah Himself?” This incident is also mentioned in the Quran in Surah Taubah verse 40.
 By the grace of Allah 3 miracles happened to protect them. The branches of trees covered the face of the
cave, 2 pigeons made a nest and a spider made cobwebs, these signs indicated for the Quraish that cave was
empty s they retreated.
 The son of Hazrat Abu Bakr came to the cave later with his sister, the freed slave and a guide to make way to
Yasrib. Hazrat Abu Bakr offered the she Camel to Prophet pbuh named Qaswa to make the journey.

4. Quba
 They stopped for a while at Quba, where they were joined by Hazrat Ali R.A and other emigrants.
 Laid the foundations of the first Masjid of Islam named Masjid e Quba
 It was the 13th year of Prophethood , 12th Rabi ul Awal, 5th day in Quba, the Prophet pbuh offered first Friday
prayer and delivered the first sermon in Masjid e Quba, then he resumed journey to Madina
5. Yasrib (Madina)
 Warm reception received – greeted with joy – jews eagerly waiting
 All chiefs offered hospitality – refused – camel stopped at an empty plot – paid the price – built a mosque –
Masjid e Nabwi – 2 rooms left for his abode
 meanwhile stayed in the house of Abu Ayub Ansari for 7 months until the building of the mosque and the
apartment was completed
6. Significance
 Greatest event in the history of Islam
  Turning point in the life of the Prophet pbuh
 Staring of the Islamic calendar
 In Makkah, the progress was at a standstill
 This migration established and the cause of Islam
 In Madina, Islam thrived as a complete code of life and complete religion.
 People were free to practice Islam
 Gave the opportunity to establish an Islamic state
 Changed the entire course of Islam
 Prophet pbuh gained a distinctive position
 Altered the condition of Arabia
 Brotherhood

Rightly Guided Caliphs

Hazrat Abu Bakar R.A
Notes
1. Life before Khilafat
 Belonged to the tribe of Quraish
 Born to Usman (Abu Quhafa) and Salma (Umm e Khair)
 2 years and 3 months younger than the Holy Prophet pbuh
 He used to spend a lot of time in Ka’abah so he was named Abdul Ka’abah
 He was fond of playing with young ones of camels, so named Abu Bakr (The father of the foul of
camel)
 Closest friend of Holy Prophet pbuh – one of the first to accept Islam
 Participated in Badr, Uhud, Hunain, Ditch, Treaty of Hudaibiya (appointed Ameer e Hajj to lead
the delegation of 300 Muslims
 Appointed as Imam
 Chose the Holy Prophet’s pbuh burial site
 He was given the good news of Paradise in his life by the Holy Prophet pbuh
2. Election as Khalifa
 After the death of the Prophet pbuh– arose the demand of a leader
 Ansar held a meeting at Saqifa e Banu Saiqa to choose a leader – insisted that the new leader
will be from Ansar – Almost selected Saad ibn Ubaibah from tribe Khazraj
 Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A, Hazrat Umer R.A and Abu Ubaidah R.A interrupted the meeting – Quraish
insisted that the new leader should be from the Prophet’s pbuh own tribe – Abu Bakr agreed
 Proposal of two leaders was given by Khubab ibn Mundhar – Hazrat Umer R.A insisted on one
“Ameer”
 Hazrat Bashir bin Nauman Ansari said: “Ansar were the helpers before and we would prefer to
remain helpers of Allah and His Prophet pbuh”
 Hazrat Abu Ubaidah was asked to take the leadership but he refused
 Hazrat Umer R.A then took the hand of Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A and swore allegiance to him –
Ansar and Muhajirin followed the act
 Abu Bakr R.A was then selected the first caliph of Islam after the death of the Prophet pbuh.
 Prophet pbuh always took Abu Bakr R.A in highest esteem – He was his friend, brother and
counselor – one of the first to accept Islam – accompanied him in migration to Yasrib - ref
(p#182) (“If I were to take anyone as my best friend, I would take Abu Bakr, but he is my
brother and successor”)
 After the election Abu Bakr addressed the Muslims – ref (p#182) (“I have been elected your
Ameer, although I am not better than you. Help me if I am in the right; set me right if I am
in the wrong; obey me as long as I obey Allah and His Prophet ;when I disobey Him and His
Prophet, then obey me not. ”) – Gave the example of a democratic government – set the rule of
following the laws of shariat – be responsible to the people for all his actions.
3. Expedition to Syria
 Continuing with the policy of the Holy Prophst pbuh, Abu Bakr R.A dispatched forces to Syria
under the command of Usama bin Zaid (son of Zaid bin Haris)
 Abu Bakr was advised to delay the dispatch due to the problems arising by the false prophets
and the people losing their belief in Islam but Abu Bakr R.A refused and said: “Who am I to
with hold the army that the Holy Prophet Pbuh had ordered to proceed? Come what may,
let Madina stand or fall; the Khilafat live or perish, the command of the Holy Prophet pbuh
shall be carried out.”
 Gave some instructions to Usama and his army: “Do not kill children, women or old men. Do
not cut down any trees wherein there is food for men and beasts. Do not molest the monks
in the churches.”
 June 632A.D - Army left in 3 weeks after the death of the Propht pbuh – after 10 days march
they attacked the border tribes – the Byzantine forces were defeated and Muslims gained
victory – Usama with his army returned to Madina.
 Significance: expedition proved to be a great success – secured the safety of the frontier –
made the hostile tribes fearful of the Muslims
4. Problems faced by Abu Bakr after becoming the Khalifa
i. People refused to pay Zakat
ii. Apostasy Movement – the curse of abandonment of Islam
iii. False Prophets
5. Refusal to pay Zakat
 Allegiance based on diplomacy than faith to the Prophet pbuh
 Banu Asad, Banu Ghatfan, Banu Abbas, Banu Murrah – considered the allegiance finished with
the Prophet pbuh
 They proposed a new agreement with new terms - refused to pay Zakat for Bait-ul-Mal
 Abu Bakr R.A called an Advisory council (Majlis e Shura) – they advice not to take action at this
crucial time when even the Muslim army was away fighting the war in Syria – Abu Bakr R.A
rejected the advice on the basis that Zakat is one of the fundamental principle of Islam – ref
(p#183) “If with reference to Zakat, you withhold even as much as a string to tie a camel,
as the Khalifa of the Holy Prophet pbuh, it will be my duty to fight for it, whatever the
consequences.”
 Tribes rejected Hazrat Abu Bakr’s decision and decided to forgo Islam rather than accept the
command of their leader.
 632 A.D - Revolting tribes decided to attack Madina while the army was away in Syria –
advanced to attack the Muslims – Abu Bakr R.A was ready – took them by surprise – many
revolts died and many fled
 This was the first significant event in the Khilafat of Abu Bakr R.A - new tribes approached
Madina to accept Islam – many offered allegiance – paid Zakat
6. Apostasy Movement
 Ridda wars – People rejected Islam
 Abu Bakr R.A gathered his troops – appointed 11 battalions at 11 different places – announced
Jihad on false prophets and their helpers
 Each time before every war an invitation to Islam was given, than an attack was made
 Within one year Hazrat Abu Bakr regained control over his people.
7. False Prophets
In the last years of the Prophet Pbuh, false prophets arose – Holy Prophet’s pbuh death increased
their confidence.
i. Aswad Ansi
First one to arise as a false prophet in Yemen – Ansi means ‘the veiled prophet’ as he kept his
face veiled to hide his ugliness – leader of Ansi tribe - openly revolted against Islam –
defeated and killed by Muslims
ii. Tulaiha
Second false prophet - Banu Asad tribe from Northern Arabia - wealthy chief and a great
warrior – arose during the life of the Prophet pbuh – Prophet pbuh died before he could take
an action – Khalid bin Walid was sent - Both armies met at Buzaka – they were defeated by
Muslim – Many surrendered and accepted Islam.
iii. Musailma
 Beloned to the tribe Banu Hanifa in Arabia – very dangerous false prophet – met the
prophet pbuh and enjoyed his company for sometime – on his return from Madina he
claimed his false divine mission – reduced the number of prayers – relieved his people
from fasting and Zakat – legalized drinking and adultery – composed false revelations and
claimed them to be sent to him by Allah.
 Sent a letter to Prophet pbuh to divide Arabia among him and the Prophet pbuh – Prophet
pbuh addressed him as ‘Musailma’ ‘The Liar’ and said: “All land belonged to Allah and He
gave its control to such person as He willed.”
 After the death of Prophet pbuh he gained strength – many hostile tribes joined him.
 Hazrat Abu Bakr sent Ikramah (son of Abu Jahl) - instructed Shurahbhil bin Hasnah to
advance and assist Ikrima – issued the order to attack only when the two armies met –
Ikrima reached first in the valley of Yamama and attacked without waiting for the 2nd army
– Ikrama was defeated with losses – Shurabhil reached next and attacked but he too was
defeated and suffered losses
 Abu Bakr R.A sent Khalid bin Walid – Muslims won – Musailma was killed – this battle is
also known as ‘the Battle of the Garden of Death’
iv. Sajjah
Christian woman – rose in Arabia as a result of Apostasy movement – Banu Tamin – large
following from the tribe of her mother – invited by Musailma to visit Yamama and join forces -
married Musailma to make an alliance – after 3 days went back to Iraq – became a Muslim
when Iraq was conquered.
 Articles of Faith (Tauhid)
Notes
1. Introduction 4. Shirk
 Definition (P-223)  Associating partners or ascribing Divine
 Imaan e Mufasal – Reference (p – 223) attributes to others beside Allah
2. Tauhid  Opposite of Tauhid
 Oneness of Allah “Shirk is the greatest of all sins”
“Allah is the creator of all things and He is the guardian 5. Three aspects of Shirk
and disposer of all affairs, to him belong the keys of the i) Shirk in the existence of Alllah
Heavens and the Earth” “Say He is Allah, the one and only”
 No one shares His ownership (Surah Ikhlas)
 Perfect – free from wants and needs ii) Shirk in attributes
 Power and authority “Lord of the worlds” Surah Fatiha
3. Three Aspects of Tauhid “God… the ever living, the self subsisting; no slumber
i) Oneness in existence can seize Him nor sleep”
This means that there is only one God. It is base of iii) Shirk in worship
all divine religions. He has no family ties. Allah is alone worthy of worship
“He begets not, nor is He begotten”
“Your lord has decreed, that you worship none but
ii) Oneness in the Lordship and worship of Allah
Him” (Surah al Isra) (17:23)
Allah is the only one worthy of worship
“That is Allah your Lord! There is no god but He, the
Creator of all things; then worship Him and He has the
power to dispose of all affairs” (Surah al Anam)( 6:102)
iii) Oneness of the names and attributes of Allah
We must not name or qualify Allah except what He
and His messenger has named him
“Praise to be Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the
worlds” (Surah Fatiha)
 Articles of Faith (Angels)
Notes
1. Introduction
 Definition (P-223)
 Imaan e Mufasal – Ref (P#223)
2. Angels
 Belief in angels is the fundamental article of faith
 Angels are innocent and created from Divine light
 Creatures of wings – ref “Praise be to God, Who created Heavens and Earth, Who made angels with
wings” – Prophet pbuh saw angel Jibrael with two wings when he got the first revelation
 Servants of Allah – obedient – always glorify Allah – do not have free will – ref “They fear their
Sustainer above them and do what they are commanded” (16:50)
 Non-believers said them to be the daughters of Allah
 Allah’s agents who only worship and serve Him – ref (p#225) “Allah send down His angels….”
 Do not sleep nor get tired
 Messenger of Divine revelations
 Unlike Men and Jinn
 Allah told them to bow before Adam – ref “And behold We said to them! Bow down to Adam and
they bowed down” (2:34) – all angels send blessings to the Prophet pbuh – pray for the forgiveness
of mankind
 Sent down to protect men – Administer Allah’s punishments for humans – bring messages –
guardians of hell and fire – records man’s words and actions - various duties – brought message to
HazratZakariya A.S, Hazrat Maryam A.S, Hazrat Ibrahim A.S, HazratLut A.S
 Also appeared in human form
 Tawaf around Kaabah – once in their life time
 There are innumerable angels; Some prominent angels are:
1. Jibrael – chief of Angels – brought revelations
2. Mikail– looks after the affairs of the universe e.g rainfall, stars, planets, food for people etc
3. Izrail– takes away the soul of the dying
4. Israfael – blow the trumpet
5. MunkirNakir– question us in the grave
6. KaramulQatibeen– records our actions and deeds ref (p#226) “But verily over you…”
7. Rizwan – Incharge of Paradise
8. Malik – Incharge of Hell
 Significance:
This belief inspires angels to obey Allah and spend the worldly life according to the commands of
Allah – keeps Muslims alert from committing sins (KaramulQatibeen) – urges us to praise Allah and
send blessings upon the Prophet pbuh
 Articles of Faith (Revealed Books)
Notes
1. Introduction
 Definition (P-223)
 Imaan e Mufasal – Ref (P#223)
2. Revealed Books:
 Human beings are the servants of Allah and need guidance to carry out their various duties and
responsibilities.
 This guidance is mentioned in Books revealed to various Prophets.
 So for this guidance Muslims are required to believe in the Books.
 Allah says in the Holy Book:
 "Those who believe in the revelation sent down to you (Mohammad) and in what was sent before
you…" [2:4]
 There were several revealed books but only four out of them are famous"
 The Holy Quran, revealed to the Holy Prophet (pbuh).
 Injil or the Gospels was revealed to Isa. The Christians failed to act upon it; they distorted it and
introduced the doctrine (policy) of trinity and redemption through crucification; although Isa clearly
told his followers that Allah was his and their Lord. According to the Quran Injil confirms the Torah.
 Zubur or Psalms, revealed to David.
 Torah was revealed to Moses for the guidance of Bani Israel. It contained Allah’s command, warning
and mercy. The original book was changed. Its followers distorted the words of Allah. Allah says,
‘’they change the words from their (right) places and forget a good part of the message that was
sent.’’(5:13)
 The Qur’an also mentions the Suhuf of Ibrahim.
 Books were also revealed to other messengers, who were sent at different times among different
nations having different languages.
 Their teachings were in the language they spoke and they were for the guidance of that particular
community.
 The teachings contained were, the Uniqueness and Oneness of Allah, the concept of reward and
punishment for one's deeds in the life after death.
 All the heavenly books were from Allah and whatever Allah said in them is to be believed in.
However due to changes and alternations, their originality and purity has been brought into
question.
 The preservation of the Holy Scriptures was the duty of their respective followers.
 The basic purpose of these books was the acknowledgment of the Oneness of Allah.
 These books made it clear to the people that they should believe in the prophets of their times.
 If anyone failed to do so, their faith in Allah would not merit any rewards.
 These books also testified that all the Prophets were truthful and they should not differentiate
among them.
  Each Prophet (pbuh), after all, was sent by Allah with guidance, and the primary message of each
was the same.
 These books also reformed the wrong beliefs of people concerning Allah’s Essence, His Messengers,
books, and the life after death and acts of worship.
 Instead of preserving the scriptures in their memories and on tablets, they distorted them. The
outcome is that these scriptures cannot be relied upon to be the same as when they were sent
down.
 Since Islam is based on the Quran, and the Qur’an is Allah’s last book, Allah took the responsibility of
preserving whatever is contained in it.
 The following holy verse testifies this, “We have sent down the Quran Ourself and We Ourself will
guard it…” (15:9)
 It is the living miracle of the Quran that no one ever produced even a verse like that of the Quran.
 The Qur’an, unlike the other divine books which were meant for a particular community, is a guide
book for all communities for all times to come.
 The Qur’an is a universal book, sent to the entire mankind for all ages.


Significance:
This belief inspires angels to obey Allah and spend the worldly life according to the commands of
Allah – keeps Muslims alert from committing sins (KaramulQatibeen) – urges us to praise Allah and
send blessings upon the Prophet pbuh
Pillars of Islam (Shahadah – Declaration of Faith)
 Notes
1. Introduction 4. Second component is ‘Finality of
 Declaration of faith is the fundamental Muhammadpbuh”
pillar of Islam and the rest of the pillars are  Perfect Model
standing on it “You have indeed in the messenger of
 When a person proclaims, Goda beautiful pattern of conduct”
"I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, and I (33:21)
bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of  Perfect qualities
Allah." he becomes a Muslim which he has to “God set me to perfect qualities of
demonstrate by various acts and words. character and to complete good deeds”
 Perfect religion
2. First component is ‘Tauhid’ “This day I have perfected for you your
 Strong belief in absolute Oneness and religion, and completed my blessing
Uniqueness of Allah upon you, and approved for you your
 Rejection of Shirk religion (Islam)
“Say! He is Allah, the one and only, the Eternal, the  Completion of Prophethood
Absolute” (Surah Ikhlas) “Muhammad is not the father of any of
 No one shares His ownership your men, but he is the messenger of
 Power and authority Allah and the seal of the prophets.”
3. Unity of Allah means (Surah Al Ahzab) (33:40)
iv) Unique in Person
Allah is one and only 5. Three aspects of Shirk
iv) Shirk in the existence of Alllah
“Take not (for worship) two gods: for He is just one “There is no god but He, the One and
God” (16:51) Only”
v) Unique in attributes (Surah Ikhlas)
No other being can be equal to Allah’s v) Shirk in attributes
attributes. We must not name or qualify Allah “Lord of the worlds” Surah Fatiha
except what He and His messenger has named “God… the ever living, the self subsisting; no
him slumber can seize Him nor sleep”
“Praise to be Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of vi) Shirk in worship
the worlds” (Surah Fatiha) Allah is alone worthy of worship
vi) Unique in action
No one can do the works which Allah has done “Your lord has decreed, that you worship
none but Him” (Surah al Isra) (17:23)
“If there were in the heavens And the earth other
gods beside Allah, there would have been
confusion in both … “ (21:22)
 Quranic Passages 1-5 Islamiat
Topic: Allah in Himself Grade 9C
Passage 1: Ayat ul Kursi
Theme A: Theme B:
This verse is known as the verse of throne, the This Surah emphasizes on Tauhid so Muslims should not
word Kursi (throne) is mentioned in it, which do shirk as, “shirk is the greatest of all sins”. We should
denotes the sovereignty and unlimited power of have complete faith in Allah as He is the only one who is
Allah and His control over the Heavens and the the master of all. We should always seek help from Allah.
Earth. This verse is about Allah’s attributes of He is the only one worthy of worship. Muslims should be
being Unique, Authoritative and Eternal. In this careful about their actions and deeds. Allah knows what is
passage power of Allah is also signified. The hidden and open. We recite Ayat tul Kursi for protection
basic principle of faith and the pillar of Islam is from all evil. Holy Prophet pbuh said, “If we recite Ayat
Tauhid. As in surah Ikhlas “Say He is Allah, the ul Kursi after every farz Salah, then there will be no
One and Only.” Allah is free of human hindrance between us and the Heavens”
weakness, sleep, slumber and tiredness. Allah
shares some of His knowledge with His chosen
people. Allah has the knowledge of everything.
“He knows what is in front”. Allah’s authority
extends to the entire universe.

Passage 2: Surah Anam

Theme A: Theme B:
1. This passage deals with Allah in Himself. 1. The believers should not do shirk as, “shirk is the
2. Attributes and qualities of Allah i.e Unique, greatest of all sins”.
Authoritative, Creator, Sovereignity. 2. We should not set partners to Allah and should not set
3. Allah is the Creator of the entire universe. equals with Him.
“To Him belongs all that is in the Heavens 3. He is aware of all that we hide so we should not do
and in Earth” any evil deeds.
4. Allah is free from all family ties. Blood 4. Allah is the only one who can solve all of our
relations, as in surah Ikhlas, “He does nit problems so we should ask for help only from Him in
beget, nor is He begotten” the time of need. “and He is with you wherever you
5. His knowledge is above all. “He knows what are” (57:4)
is before or after or behind Him” 5. Our actions, words and thoughts are not hidden from
6. He is Majestic, Limitless and beyond human Him.
comprehension.
7. He has the authority and power to solve all
problems.

Passage 3: Surah Fassilat (invitation to truth, prostration)

Theme A: Theme B:
1. Tauhid is emphasized. 1. As all the celestial bodies are created by Allah so
2. Allah’s authority and Omnipotence is emphasized the believers should only worship Him. Sun,
over the cycle of day and night moon, day and night should not be worshipped.
3. Only Allah is the one worthy of worship as He is 2. This develops a strong belief in Tauheed and
the sole creator of all things. faith in Allah.
4. Allah is the creator of day, night, sun and moon. 3. We must mold our life as per the instruction of
“Behold! In the creation of heavens and the Allah.
earth and the alternation of night and day are 4. We should worship the creator, not His creation.
the signs for the intelligent.” No one should hold His creation worthy of
worship. “To Him belongs all that is in the
Heavens and in Earth”
Passage 4: Surah Shura
Theme A: Theme B:
1. Tauhid – Oneness of Allah 1. Muslims need to understand the doctrine of Tauhid in
2. Whole universe belongs to Allah. terms of Allah’s nature and power
3. Exclusive Master, no one has any share in 2. We should only submit to Him as we are His servants.
His kingdom – unshared authority. “His are 3. Angels are praying for our forgiveness as Allah is
all the things in the Heavens and the Earth” always ready to forgive and shows kindness towards
(2:255). His servants. “And He is with you wherever you are”
4. We are rewarded according to our actions (57:4)
and deeds. 4. We should not do shirk
5. Countless angels busy in prayers, 5. Humans repeatedly do mistakes and sins. Allah
glorification of Allah and asking pardon for always forgives us. We can always repent for our sins
humans. “It is man that wrongs his own in front of Allah.
soul” (10:44)
6. Emphasizes Allah’s qualities of being
Merciful, Forgiving and Kind.

Passage 5: Surah Al Ikhlas

Theme A: Theme B:
1. Declaration of Allah’s absolute oneness. 1. Muslims should only give importance to the belief in
2. This passage highlights the main theme of one God i.e Allah
Tauhid 2. This surah gives inspirations to the Muslims who get
3. Allah’s nature is unlike human beings who to know that their God is perfect and grant them
have parents and children. anything they need.
4. Negates the concept of polytheism. “And 3. Do not do shirk by associating partners with Allah.
your God is one God” (2:163) 4. We should always turn towards Allah as He is the one
5. Allah is eternal and immortal, not limited by who can solve all our problems. “That is Allah your
time, place or circumstances. Lord! There is no god but He the Creator of all
things” (6:102).
5. This passage is a source of spiritual strength for
believers.
 History and Importance of Quran
Notes (pg1)
1. Background
 Sacred Book of the Muslims – foundation of Islam – last Divine scripture – revealed to Holy Prophet pbuh
over a period of 23 years through angel Jibrael – revealed in portions
 Quran is derived from the word ‘Qara’ which means ‘read’ or ‘recite’ and the word for revelation is
‘Wahi’ derived from the word ‘awha’ which means to inform secretly
 Other names of Quran: Al Kitab (The Book), Al Nur (The Light), Al Huq (The Truth)
2. Characteristics
 Guides humanity to straight path – complete code of life - Guarded by Allah Himself
 Quran gives reasons, argument and evidence to support its teachings “This day have I perfected your
religion for you, completed My favor upon you and have chosen for you Islam as your religion.” (5:3)
3. Makki and Madni Surahs
 Commands are given according to the general conditions and situations
 Makki Surahs:13 years (610-623) – 85 surahs – verses are brief and short – topics(Tauhid, consequences
leading to Hell and Heaven, Day of Judgment – moral character – previous prophets and messengers are
mentioned) – Sajda(Maki surahs) – starts with “O people or O Mankind” – strong language and words are
used“And messengers indeed were rejected before thee”
 Madni Surahs:10 years (623-642) – 29 surahs – verses are long – topics (duties, rights and obligations,
liabilities, laws of Islam, Jihad, social, economic, political and financial concerns, Jews are invited to Islam,
hypocrites are condemned and exposed, pillars of Islam – starts with “O believers or O people of the
Book” – soft language and words are used.
4. Revelations between 610AD to 632AD
 Quran is the Book of Allah that contains guidance for all spheres of life
 Allah revealed Quran in 3 stages
i. Loh e Mahfoz ii. Bait ul Izna iii. Imprinted on the heart
“Nay! This is a Glorious Quran, inscribed in a Preserved Tablet” [Quran 85:21-22]
 610 AD - Event of first revelation – ref (Surah Alaq)
 Quran was revealed according to the situation and conditions
 2nd revelation – appreciation of Allah – ref (O you wrapped up in mantle….)
 Secret preaching (warn thy nearest kinsmen…)
 Open preaching (expound openly…)
 Death of second son – al Abtar - Surah Kausar (Indeed! We have given you in Abundance…Indeed! it is
thy insulter who is without posterity.)
 Black magic – Surah Nas (Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind…)
 Migration to Madina – Surah Anfal
 Last verses – Surah Maida (… this day have I perfected…)
 Revelations came in different ways:
i) Ringing of bells – perspired in cold – became heavy that the animal he was riding on and the
companion could feel the weight – Hazrat Aisha said, “I saw revelation coming down upon him in
the severest cold and when that condition was over , perspiration ran down his forehead”
ii) Through angel Jibrael –came in the form of man or angel
iii) Dreams – Boycott – agreement eaten by termites
iv) Imprinted on the mind of the Prophet pbuh – Surah Alaq
 Scribes compiled the verses and surahs during the life of the Prophet pbuh “Write this verse in the
chapter where such and such verses occur”
 Last Ramadan before his death – recited twice for correction or errors
 No change has occurred since then – protected by Allah Himself
 History and Importance of Quran Islamiat
Notes Grade 9C

Compilation of the Quran under the Rightly Guided Caliphs

 At the time of the death of Holy Prophet pbuh – no official copy existed –
incident of False prophets arising with strength – Abu Bakr R.A waged war –
Battle of Yamamah – many Hufaz died
 Hazrat Umer R.A suggested to compile the Quran do that everyone can take
have easy access to it - Abu Bakr R.A refused “I would not do the work undone
by Prophet pbuh” – Hazrat Umer argued about the necessity of the compilation
“Umer went on persuading me to accept his suggestion till I was convinced
that he was right so I accepted his suggestion”
 Abu Bakr R.A assigned Zaid bin Sabith(chief of scribes) under the assistance of
20-25 Hufaz – Zaid bin Sabith was reluctant “It is more easier for me to carry a
mountain on my shoulder than this responsibility” – finally he agreed – traced
out and collected the chapters written on plain leaves, leather, camel bones, stone
tablets, pieces of wood and people who committed it to memory – called Hufaz
to verify them than added them to the manuscript
 Script was kept with the 1st caliph Abu Bakr R.A – after his death it went in the
custody of the 2nd Caliph Hazrat Umer – Islam spread to many places – after the
death of Hazrat Umer, the script was transferred to Hazrat Hafsa (widow of the
Holy Prophet pbuh) which came to be known as Mashaf- al- Hafsa
 During the time of the 3rd caliph Hazrat Usman R.A – wrong dialect in the
recitation of Quran in Armenia and Azerbaijan as they were non Arabic people -
Hazrat Huzaifa and Hazrat Anas reported to the caliph about this – Hazrat
Usman ordered for the comparison between the master copy and the other
scriptures - dialect of Quraish; Arabic was declared standard for the Quran.
 Zaid bin Sabith was appointed again along with 3 knowledgeable scribes to
make copies of the Quran -read outloud in Masjid e Nabwi so that no shadow of
doubt remained – copies were dispatched to the capitals of every province –
hazrat usman known as Jami ul Quran
 Hazrat Usman ordered for the unofficial scripts to be destroyed by fire – the
arrangement of Quran is same till now – nothing has been added or deleted from
it – the Mashafs placed in Museums today are the examples as we can compare
any copy of Quran with them with no change even after all these years.
“Indeed, it is We who sent down the Qur'an and indeed, We will be its
guardian.” (15:9)
 Ahadis 1-5
Notes
Hadis # 1: “Religion is sincerity…common people”
Theme A: Theme B:
1. Sincerity is the core of Islam 1. Muslims should observe the five pillars of Islam “And
2. Belief in the basic teachings of Tauhid, establish regular prayer and pay the charity tax”
finality of the Prophet pbuh, the Quran as 2. Belief in the articles makes a Muslim believe in
the last Divine book. Muslim leaders and Tauhid, Quran and the last messenger as it is
the general people mention both in Quran and Sunnah
3. We are required to have strong belief in 3. As for cooperating with the leaders, they must be
Allah’s oneness and powers respected and protected but when rulers deviate
4. This hadistells us that Quran is a complete from the right path, they should be advised. As Abu
code of life – last Divine book Bakr R.A said: “Help me if I am right; set me right if I
5. Cooperating with leaders to maintain am wrong”
peace “And obey God and obey the 4. Similarly sincerity towards fellow beings, their life,
messenger and those charged with honor and dignity should be protected.
authority among you” (4:59)
6. The Prophet Pbuh advices us to take care
of the interest and the welfare of the
community in every possible way
Hadis # 2:“None of you believes…for himself”
Theme A: Theme B:
1. This hadis stresses upon brotherhood 1. Muslims should not be selfish and promote equality
2. Muslims are bonded together with faith and respect for humanity and brotherhood
in Allah ‘None of you believe’ refers to 2. We should develop a sense of collective welfare
imperfect faith and not absence of faith in 3. The Prophet pbuh instructed, “It is more beneficial
Allah for the one to give his land for free to his brother
3. It is ordained by Allah “Believers are but than to charge him with a fixed rental”
a single brotherhood” 4. True believers should not look down on others
4. Cooperative and kind to each other – 5. Muslims are not allowed to have jealousy or break
equality, sharing, behaving, welfare of ties with other Muslim brothers
fellow beings e.gInsar of Madina shared
their belongings with the Muhajirin of
Makkah
Hadis # 3: “Let him who … generous to his guest”
Theme A: Theme B:
1. This hadis addresses Muslims and the 1. Muslims should avoid all indecencies. “To keep quiet
 attributes of a believer is better than telling a bad thing”
2. Be polite or soft spoken – speaking is a 2. We should show generosity and hospitality towards
blessing of Allah – must be used with care neighbors and guests“He is not a true believer who
3. Holy Prophet pbuh said,The one who eats to his fill but his neighbor sleeps hungry”
remains silent, succeeds” 3. Guests are a blessing of Allah so we should not be
4. Several evils originate from the misuse of offended by their arrival – the Prophet pbuh has set
tongue several examples of honoring a guest and sharing his
5. Similarly faith is linked with acts of household with them.
worship e.g rights of neighbors and
guests “Treat your neighbors kindly; then
you are of those who believe”
Hadis # 4: “A man asked the Messenger … He said: Yes.”
Theme A: Theme B:
1. This hadis brings out the importance of 1. Muslims must perform all obligatory duties, pray 5
the five pillars of Islam times, fast and abide by the things that are made
2. Performing obligatory duties, five daily lawful by Allah and the Prophet pbuh“Avoid what I
prayers, fasting in the month of Ramadan have forbidden you to do and do your utmost in
and abstaining from all unlawful acts what I have instructed you to do”
3. Prayer is the first act of worship “And 2. Muslims surely will be blessed in both worlds by
establish regular prayer and pay the performing his duties and avoiding all unlawful acts.
charity tax” This leads to peace and harmony in society.
th
4. Fasting is the 4 pillar of Islam. It
develops patience and self-control in a
person“O you who believe! Fasting has
been prescribed to you – so that you may
learn self-control” (2:183)
5. All unlawful acts e.g. lying, cheating,
smuggling etc are all obstacles to the
success in the hereafter.
Hadis # 5:“Every person’s every … the road is a charity”
Theme A: Theme B:
1. The criteria of faith of a believer are that 1. Islam teaches Muslims to take care of every
he must do well to his fellow beings. individual in a society
2. The Holy Prophet pbuh has ordered us to 2. A true Muslim is always giving, he is never selfish,
do good deeds and actions which benefit greedy or materialistic
others and these are all considered acts 3. The Prophet pbuh was asked about someone who
of charity “Every good act is a Sadaqah” has no money to give charity – ref (p#150) He
3. This Hadis describes some very simple replied: “He should work with his hands and profit
ways of charity which does not involve himself … this is charity on his part”
money i.e. settling disputes among 4. Meeting with a fellow being with cheerfulness is
people, helping someone , removing charity. It is regarded as worship in Islam.
hindrance from road, going for prayers.
The Quran says, “For those who believe
and work deeds of righteousness is a
reward that will never fail” (41:8)
 History and Importance of Haith
Notes (pg1)
1. Introduction:
 The word ‘Hadith’ is derived from ‘Tahdis’ which means ‘to inform’.
 Sunnah means ‘conduct’ of the Holy Prophet pbuh – Ref “O believers! Obey Allah and His
Messenger…” (8:20) - 2nd most important source of guidance – verbal teachings – sometimes repeated 3
times
 3 types of Hadis/Sunnah:
i. Qauli (sayings)
ii. Fe’li (actions or deeds)
iii. Taqreeri(silent approvals/ tacit approvals): The tacitly approved Sunnah consists of the acts
and sayings of the Companions which the Prophet pbuh approved. It may be inferred from his
silence and lack of disapproval, or his explicit approval. An example of such a Sunnah is the
report that two of the Companions went on a journey, and when they failed to find water for
ablution, they both performed the obligatory prayers with tayammum (wiping the hands, face
and feet with clean sand). Later, when they found water, one of them performed the prayers
again whereas the other did not. Upon their return, they related their experience to the Prophet,
who is reported to have approved both courses of action. Hence it became Sunnah Taqririya.
2. Difference between Hadis e Nabwi and Hadis e Qudsi:
Hadis e Nabwi Hadis e Qudsi
 Those words in which the saying or action of  Those words of Allah which are not in Quran
Prophet (pbuh) is mentioned or in which Jibrael did not bring revelation
 Starts with “Prophet says” and was directly revealed on the Prophet
 Many in numbers – over 100,000 (pbuh)
“Paradise lies under the feet of mother”  Starts with “Allah says”
“Modesty produces nothing but good”  Fewer in number – over 1000
Prophet said, “Allah says, Verily my mercy
outstrips my wrath”

History and Importance of Hadith

Notes (pg2)
3. Components /Structure of Hadith:
 ISNAD (Sequence of Reporters) – This is the chain of narrators through which the Hadith has spread.
 TARAF (Introductory Text) – This is the beginning of the text which refers to the actions or characteristics
of the Holy Prophet pbuh.
 MATN (Content) – This is the main text of the Hadith, or the actual speech of the Prophet pbuhwhich
proves that there is no mistake in the content of the Hadith.
4. Types of Hadis:
The following are the five basic categorizations of Hadith:
a) According to Reference to a Particular Authority
b) According to the Number of Reporters
 c) According to Authenticity of Correspondents

a) According to Reference to a Particular Authority

i. Qudsi: meaning “Divine”. These were sent directly from Allah to the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, who then passed it
on to his companions
ii. Marfu`: meaning “Elevated”. These were directly heard from the Prophet pbuh by his companions.
iii. Mauquf: meaning “Stopped”. It is a kind of command which was directly given by Prophet pbuh to
his companions who forwarded it.
iv. Maqtu`: meaning “Severed”. It is a form of Instruction which cannot be traced back to the Prophet
pbuh, but to one of his companions, who explained it in their own words e.g the successors of the
Prophet pbuh like Abu Bkr R.A, Umer R.A

b) According to the Number of Reporters

i. Mutawatir: meaning “Consecutive”. Hadith being reported by such a large number of rightful
companions that it is agreed upon as authentic. There is only one Mutawatir hadis, it has a minimum
of seventy-four narrators. "[Muhammad said:] Whoever intentionally attributes a lie against me,
should prepare his seat in the Fire."
ii. Ahad: meaning “Isolated”. Hadith which has been narrated by a countable number of people. Ahad
has been further categorized into three sub-types:
 Mash’hur: meaning “Famous”. Hadith which is related by more than two individuals from each
generation.
 Aziz: meaning “Rare yet Strong”. Hadith having only two reporters in its Isnad (Sequence of
Reporters).
 Gharib: meaning “Strange”. Saying of Holy Prophet pbuh with only one narrator in its Isnad
(Sequence of Reporters).

c) According to Authenticity of Correspondents

i. Sahih: meaning “Sound”. Hadith reported by a trustworthy reporter known for his truthfulness,
knowledge, correct way of narrations etc.
ii. Hasan: meaning “Good”. Hadith whose reporters are known and have solid character but weak
memory.
iii. Da`if: meaning “Weak”. Hadith ranking under Hasan (good) because of a shortcoming in the Isnad
(Sequence of Reporters).
iv. Maudu`: meaning “Fabricated”. Hadith having wording opposite to the confirmed Prophetic
traditions.
 Life in Madina (622-632)A.D
2nd Year of Hijrat (Notes pg1)
1. Zakat:
Zakat became obligatory “And spend of your substance in the cause of Allah and make not your own hands
contribute to your destruction but do good; for Allah loves those who do good” (2:195)
2. Fasting:
Fasting also became obligatory in the same year “O believers! Fasting has been prescribed for you as it was
prescribed for those before you so that you may guard against sins”
3. Change of Qiblah:
Muslims used to pray with their faces turned to the Holy Temple at Jerusalem – order of Allah came to face the
Kaabah “We see the turning of your face to the heavens; now shall We turn you to the Qiblah that shall please
you. Turn then your face in the direction of the Sacred Mosque; wherever you are turn your faces in that direction”
4. Jihad:
Permission was given to fight the enemies “Permission is given against those whom war is made because they are
wronged, verily Allah is able to help them.” (22:39)
5. Battle of Badr:
Causes:
i. First 13 years in Makkah – one enemy – Quraish of Makkah
ii. In Madina faced with three enemies, i.e Quraish, Jews and Hypocrites
iii. Permission was granted by Allah to wage a Holy war against the invaders – Muslims were allowed to defend
themselves against any kind of invasion “Fight in the way of Allah who fight against you; but do not
transgress, for God does not love the transgressors.” (2:190)
iv. Abu Sufyan – trade caravan – travelling to Syria through the route of Madina – sent a messenger to Makkah
to escort him and provide protection as he feared that the Muslims would raid his caravan – Abu Jahal got
ready with 1000 troop army (700 camels and 200 horsemen) – Abu Sufyan change his route and reached
Makkah – told Quraish that he didn’t need the protection anymore – Abu Jahl refused to back down and
marched towards Madina.
v. Holy Prophet pbuh heard the news – made preparations
Events of the Battle:
 Safar 2 A.H – permission to fight was already granted by Allah
 17th Ramadan – start of 624 A.D
 Decision was made to fight the Quraish outside of Madina – 313 men – best warriors – 2 to 3 horses and 70
camels – ill equipped – 60 person army arrow troop
 Quraish reached Badr (130km from Madina) and camped there and took custody of all the resources and left
one water well for the Muslims
 Muslims reached Badr – ground was sandy – Prophet pbuh prayed to Allah for help – ref (p#63) “Remember
you…” heavenly rain – made the ground smooth
 Individual combat – sent some from ansar and some from Muhajirin – Quraish refused and said Ansar are not up
to their level Holy Prophet pbuh selected 3 Muhajirins (Hazrat Ali R.A, Hazrat Hamza R.A, Hazrat Ubaida R.A)
who fought with 3 pagans (Utba, Shyaba, Walid)
Muslims were victorious
 Both armies started to fight – Prophet pbuh prayed to Allah as they were low in number – ref (p#63) “O Allah! If
this band of Muslims is perished, there will be no one on earth to worship you.”(Sahih Bukhari) – Prayer
granted – help of angels came - ref (p#64) “There has already…” (3:13)
 Prophet pbuh threw a hand full of dust at the army – Quraish got scared, Muslims faith got stronger – ref “It is
not you who slew them, it was Allah. When you thrust, it was not your act but Allah’s…” (8:17)
 Abu Jahal killed by Abdullah Ibn Masud – 70 killed – 70 captured – victory to Muslims – ref (p#64) “Allah had…”
(3:123)
 Youm ul Furgan “Day of Distinction” – ref “On the day of distinction…”
 Kind treatment to captives – released on soft terms
Old and Children were released, rich must pay jizya for their freedom, poor can teach 10 Muslim kids for a
specific period of time

Aftereffects/ Importance/ Significance

  1st battle – distinction
 Turning point
 Gained confidence
 Quraish was discouraged- ref (p#64) “Not only…”
 Future success
 Effect on non-believers

6. Banu Qunaiqa:
 First Jew tribe to break the treaty - fight
 Prophet pbuh laid siege for 15 days
 Jews finally surrendered
 Expelled from Madina

Life in Madina (622-632)A.D

5th Year of Hijrat
1. Battle of Trench (627 A.D):
Causes:
 Abu Sufyan challenged to fight in Badr again in the Battle of Uhud – so Prophet pbuh led an army of
1500 men at Badr – waited for 8 days for the Quiraish – Quraish got provoked – victory in Uhud
 Growing power of Muslims - threat
 Jews wanted to take revenge – asked the tribe of Banu Ghatfan and Bani Salaiym to join Quraish –
Banu Nadir promised to give the one year harvest of Khayber to them
 Quraish tribes helped – marched towards Madina
 Many tribes aligned together to fight the Muslims – name Battle of Ahzab or Confederate (groups
united in an alliance) Battle of Allies

Events of the Battle:

 Quraish under the command of Abu Sufyan – army of 10000 men (4000 well armed foot soldiers,
3000 horsemen, 1500 camels loaded with resources – ref “When they came against you, from above
you and from below you, and when your eyes swerved and your hearts reached your throats and
you thought thoughts about Allah; there it was that the believers were tried, and shaken most
mightily” (33:10-11)
 Prophet pbuh received news of the preparation of Quraish – consulted his companions – Salman Farsi
gave the suggestion to dig a trench in the unsafe area – suggestion accepted – dug a trench of 5 yards
deep and 5 yards braod for 8 days – Prophet pbuh participated in the digging - no man or horse could
cross it
 Muslim army – 3000 companions
 Quraish and the allies reached – disappointed to see the trench as they could not attack Madina from
any side
 Both armies remained on the opposing sides of the trench watching each other – Makkans tries to
cross the trench but the Muslims fought and pushed them back – Muslims threw stones and arrows
 Ikrima with some other troops crossed the trench – repulsed by Hazrat Ali, Saad bin Masud and
others.
 Banu Quraiza – broke the treaty – conspired with the Quraish to attack from the rear Prophet pbuh
dispatched a small army to keep an eye on their movements – siege lasted a month – winter (hunger
and cold) – camels and horses died of hunger – Muslims faced attack from all sides– ref (p#69)
“Behold! they came…”
 Miracles happened – little food and water – Jabr invited the Prophet pbuh to eat after slaughtering a
sheep – Prophet pbuh fed the whole army with it – wind blew – uprooted the tents of Quraish –
upturned their cooking pots and killed their cattle – ref (P#69) “O you who believe…” (33:9)
 Hypocrites – showed cowardice – asked to retreat – ref (P#69) “Behold! A party among …”
 Prophet pbuh used strategic skills to create mistrust between the alliances, sending Nuaym bin Masud
 to sow the seeds of mistrust between the allies
 Quraish got tired and gave up – all attempts failed – went back – ref “And Allah sent back those that
were unbelievers in their rage and they attained no good. Allah spared the believers of fighting.
Surely Allah is Strong, Mighty.” (33:25)

Aftereffects / Importance:
 Superior strategy – Quraish plans failed
 Distrust among the Quraish allies
 Prophet’s pbuh position strengthened – undisputed ruler of the Muslims
 Turning point for Muslims – more people accepted Islam
 Quraish trade with Syria ended
 Banu Quraiza punished by their own laws

Life in Madina (622-632)A.D

6th Year of Hijrat
1. Treaty of Hudaybiyya (628 A.D):
 6 A.H – 628 A.D – end of the month of Shawal – Prophet pbuh saw a dream of his visit to the sacred
mosque – head shaved - doing Tawaf around the Ka’abah – ref (p#70) “Allah indeed showed His
Messenger the true vision, one fully in accord with reality. If Allah so wills you shall certainly enter
the sacred mosque, in full security, you will shave your heads and cut your hair short, and do so
without fear ” Al Fath 48:27)
 True dream – next morning – called his companions – decided for lesser pilgrimage (Umrah) – 1400
companions – Ihram – unarmed – 70 camels for sacrifice – set off for pilgrimage in the month of Zil
Qada – accompanied by wife Umm e Salmah
 Quraish already prepared – did not want to let the Muslims enter Makkah – sent a cavalry of Khalid
bin Walid and Ikrima bin Jahal
 Prophet pbuh heard the intent of the Makkans – unarmed so didn’t want to fight – changed the main
route and camped at a place called Hudaybiyya – 10 km from Makkah
 Camped outside of Makkah – sent messenger to negotiate – did not return
 Prophet pbuh then sent Hazrat Usman bin Affan R.A as he was from a powerful background in
Makkah – did not return either – rumour spread that he was killed
 Quraish sent Budayl bin Waraqa and Urwa bin Masud to give the message of war
 Prophet pbuh took an oath (pledge of allegiance) from his followers under an acacia tree – Bait e
Rizwan – ref (p#70) “Allah’s good pleasure…”
 Hazrat Usman R.A returned – Quraish sent a delegation including Sohail bin Amr for negotiation –
Prophet pbuh asked Hazrat Ali to write the terms of the treaty – started with the words “In the name
of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate…. the Prophet pbuh was the messenger of Allah…” –
Sohail objected and asked to remove this – Hazrat Ali R.A refused to cut the name of Allah and the
Prophet pbuh so Prophet pbuh did that himself
 Terms of the treaty:
 For 10 years
 Go back to Madina this year and come back for Umrah next year for 3 days
 Should come unarmed
 Any one from Makkah who flees would be returned but if anyone from Madina flees to
Makkah than he would not be returned
 Muslims unhappy with the terms as they were not fair – Hazrat Umer R.A objected but the Prophet
pbuh and Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A reassured him that it was the order of Allah – ref (p#71) “Verily we
have….”
 Abu Jundal asked for refuge – the Prophet pbuh denied as he was obligated to do so under the terms
of the treaty – prayed for him.
 Stayed there to sacrifice their animals – cut their hairs – went back
 Performed Umrah next year
Significance:
 Wisdom of the Prophet pbuh
 Proved beneficial for the cause of Islam
 Large number of people accepted Islam
 Power equal to Quraish
 Turning point for the Muslims
 Resulted in bloodless conquest of Makkah
 Life in Madina (622-632) A.D
8th Year of Hijrat
1. Battle of Mutah (629 A.D):
Causes
 8 A.H – six small expeditions after Khayber (Hawazin, Ghatfan)– major expedition was battle of Mutah –
Prophet pbuh sent messengers to the Bedouin tribes of Syria – one was killed
 Prophet pbuh sent letters to non-Muslim rulers - sent envoy to Caeser/Heraclius who did not accept Islam
but sent gifts after inquiring from Abu Sufyan
 Sent Hazrat Haris bin Umair to the Romans Tribe Ghassan – Shurabhil bin Amr killed the messenger who was
coming back from Basra – violation of tradition of the rule of protection of messengers

Events:
 Prophet pbuh prepared an army of 3000 – command given to Hazrat Zaid bin Haris R.A – instructions were
given that if Zaid fell that the command should be given to Hazrat Jaffar bin Abu Talib R.A then Abdullah bin
Rawahah R.A (Ansari) – if all fell then men should choose their commander – gave instructions ref “Fight the
unbelievers in the name of God, neither plunder nor conceal the spoils of war, kill no children or women,
nor an aging man or a hermit be killed; moreover, neither tress should be cut down nor homes
demolished.”
 Sent the army with supplication of victory
 The Byzantines were already prepared – 1 lac army – met at Mutah – assisted by the Byzantines
 September, 629 AD - Battle started – Zaid bin Haris fought bravely and martyred
 Hazrat Jaffar lost his one hand first than he took the sword in his 2nd hand to fight – lost both hands – he
continued holding the banner till he was also martyred at the age of 33 – endured 90 wounds on his front
body – title given “Jafar Tayyar” (Jafar with two wings) – ref “Allah will provide Jaffar with wings and he will
be able to fly in Paradise”
 Abdullah bin Rawaha took command – martyred - all commanders of the Muslims fell
 Khalid bin Walid who had accepted Islam and joined the Muslim army were selected through IJMA as the
next commander – expert in military strategy – broke his 9 swords while fighting –divided the army in parts –
one half came from behind – gave the impression to the enemy that the Prophet pbuh has sent
reinforcements – reshuffled the army ranks by moving the men on the right side to the left and the left on
the right side – created confusion – retreated while fighting – enemy stopped the pursuit of Muslims – Khalid
bin Walid brought back the Muslim army rescued and rallied the men around him - returned to Madina –
Prophet pbuh gave title “Sword of Allah” to him – Muslims lost 12 troops
 People of Madina objected that it was a time to fight and die – Revelation came ref “And whoever does so
on such an occasion—unless it is a maneuver or to join their own troops—will earn the displeasure of Allah,
and their home will be Hell. What an evil destination” (Surah al Anfal:16)

Aftereffects:
 Muslims impression became strong that they can join the battle with small army to boldly face huge forces
 Violation of rules will not be ignored “There is no blame on those who enforce justice after being wronged”
(AlShura:41)
 Laid foundation for future victories
 Fast coming up force that cannot be ignored
2. Conquest of Makkah (630 A.D)

Causes:
 Growth of Islam after the Treaty of Hudaybiyya
 Banu Bakar allied with Quraish – Banu Khuza allied with the Muslims
 After 2 years of the treaty - Banu Bakar attacked Banu Khuza – Quraish provided Banu Bakar with weapons -
Banu Khuza asked the Prophet pbuh for justice – Prophet pbuh gave 3 alternatives to Banu Bakar:
1. Pay blood money to the families of the murdered men of Banu Khuza
2. Dissolve their alliance with Banu Bakr
3. Dissolve the Treaty of Hudaybiyya
 Quraish choose to dissolve the Treaty – realized that it was not in their favour – sent Abu Sufyan to settle the
issue – Abu Sufyan went to Umm e Habiba first – she refused – then he went to Abu Bakr R.A then Umer R.A,
Usman R.A and Ali R.A – no one helped than he went to Masjid e Nabwi and announced that the Quraish
would guarantee protection and peace to all – Prophet pbuh rejected – to do Jihad

Events:
 Prophet pbuh prepared an army of 10000 men - 10th Ramadan – 630 A.D – 8 A.H – divided the army in 4
groups – each had a separate commander - himself, Abu Ubaida, Khalid bin Walid, Saad bin Ubada (he
planned to slay anyone who came to attack so Prophet pbuh replaced him with his son) marched towards
Makkah – encamped outside at the place Marr-al-Zahran.
 Prophet pbuh ordered to lit torches – clever tactic (usual strategy was to light one torch for 10 people but
this time they lit one torch for one person – Makkans got scared – lost hope – Abu Sufyan came to spy –
captured – accepted Islam
 Before entering Makkah the Prophet pbuh gave instructions to defend only and do not attack first
 General pardon was given to all that whosoever remained in his own house, stayed in Kaabah, or entered the
house of Abu Sufyan, would be safe
 Khalid bin Walid and his army was attacked with arrows by Banu Bakr – 2 Muslims and 10-13 Makkans were
killed
 Rest of the Muslims entered Makkah peacefully – Prophet pbuh did Tawaf – destroyed 360 idols assisted by
Hazrat Ali R.A while reciting – ref “and say the truth has come and falsehood has banished. Surely falsehood
has bound to perish” (Al Isra 17:81)
 Came out and addressed the Quraish – ref “O people of Quraish! God has abolished the haughtiness of the
Jahilliya and its veneration of ancestors. People all sprang from Adam and Adam came from dust”
 Treatment of Quraish – ref (P#76) “You are a noble…” “There shall be…”
 Only 4 bitterest enemies of the Muslims were executed on the grounds of religion violation – whole Makkah
submitted – including Ikrima, Wahshi and Hinda.
 Purified Kaabah – Bilal R.A proclaimed Azaan - Prayed Zuhar – gave the key of Ka’abah to Usman bin Talha
and gave the tidings that it will remain in your family till the end of times
 Prophet pbuh stayed in Makkah for 15 days – appointed a governor for Makkah and left for Madina

Aftereffects:
 Spread of Islam in the whole of Arabia
 Enemies became allies – helped in the spread of Islam
 ref “The Arabs delayed their conversion to Islam till the conquest. They used to say ‘Leave him and his
people Quraish, if he overpowers them then he is a true Prophet. So, when Makkah was conquered, then
every tribe rushed to embrace Islam.” (Sahih Bukhari)
 Strengthened the political power of the Prophet pbuh
3. Battle of Hunain:
Causes:
 8A.H – 630A.D
 Taif prepared to attack the Muslims – angered by the conquest of Makkah – Prophet pbuh broke their idols
(Uzah) in Kaabah
 Strong nomad tribes Hawazin (chief Malik bin Awf al Nasri) and Banu Saqif – didn’t want to accept Islam –
instigated by the peacefull fall of Makkah - decided to attack Madina.
Events
 Prophet pbuh prepared for war – 12000 men (10000 Madina – 2000 Makkah) – included Abu Sufyan of Banu
Umayya – Sufwan bin Umayya a former enemy of islam gave the aid of 100 armors and money.Hazrat Abu
Bakr said, This time we are more numerous than the enemy, we shall not be defeated this time for
smallness of our numbers”
 Enemy knew the route – 20000 men to attack Muslims - posted archers on both sides of the valley near
Hunain - waited for the Muslim army
 Muslims came – 3 days march – entered the valley - attacked by arrow and stones from both sides of the
valley – Muslims started to retreat
 Prophet pbuh left alone for some time – companions made a protective circle around him – Hazrat Usman
called everyone again. Prophet pbuh advanced again while calling out – ref “Come on, people! I am the
Messenger of Allah. I am Muhammad. The son of Abdullah.”
 Muslims rejoined forces – defeat changed to victory – ref “Indeed Allah has given you ˹believers˺ victory on
many battlefields, even at the Battle of Ḥunain1 when you took pride in your great numbers, but they
proved of no advantage to you. The earth, despite its vastness, seemed to close in on you, then you turned
back in retreat. Then Allah sent down His reassurance1 upon His Messenger and the believers, and sent
down forces2 you could not see, and punished those who disbelieved. Such was the reward of the
disbelievers.” (Al Tauba 9:25-26)
 Enemy’s leader Malik bin Auf brought families and their belongings with them – Muslims got huge spoils of
war – 6000 prisoners – 24000 camels – 40000 goats – Hazrat Sheema (foster sister daughter of Halima Sadia)
captured – requested the Prophet pbuh to free the prisoners – Prophet replied that if you have only sent a
message, I would have freed them.
Significance:
 Prophet pbuh showed strength as a leader
 Hawazin tribe – a big threat defeated
 Turning point
 Established power of Muslims all over Arabia
4. Siege of Taif:
 630AD
 After the defeat of Hawazin tribe at the battle of Hunain – led the army of 12000 to Taif (Banu Saqeef ) – 60
miles from Makkah
 Taif had abundance of provisions to last a year – resisted all war tactics – siege for a month – fierce skirmishes
– Abu Sufyan lost one eye - nowhere near victory – offered freedom to slaves -
 Abu Bakr advised the Prophet pbuh to go back to Madina – he agreed – Muslims begged the Prophet pbuh to
curse them but he prayed for them “O Allah! Guide the Taif and bring them to use.”
 Stopped at Jirana – offered Zuhr prayer – Prophet pbuh released his share of the Hawazin captives –
most followed his example – few who differed – offered exchange of 6 camel for 1 captive
 Hawazin chief Malik and his followers were so impressed – he and many of his people accepted
Islam – Malik assisted the Propht pbuh – took the task of renewed siege of Taif – cut of his trade
routes – gave the option to make peace with Prophet pbuh
 Propht pbuh started distributing camels – gave a herd of 100 camels to the least trusted new allies
Banu Ghatfan and the Quraish – Ansar felt neglected – Prophet pbuh assured “Are you not satisfied
that the other men take away flocks and herds while you take away the Prophet of Allah with you
to Madina?” – prayed for Ansar and their furure generations
  In 9 AH Banu Saqif embraced Islam.

Life in Madina (622-632)A.D

9th Year of Hijrat
1. Tabuk Expedition (631AD):
 Arab – Romans(Byzantines) hostility has started after Mutah wanted to defeat the Muslims before thay could
grow further in number
 9A.H – Month of Rajab – Heraclius – prepared to attack Madina - The tribes of Juzam, Lahm, Amila, Ghassan
and others decided to join the army of Heraclius
 Nabateans (an Arab tribe) brought news of a big and powerful army
 Muslims gave donation – famine – intense heat – army was away for battle – hypocrites under the command of
Abdullah bin Ubey evaded charity – ref “˹There are˺ those who slander ˹some of˺ the believers for donating
liberally and mock others for giving only the little they can afford. Allah will throw their mockery back at
them, and they will suffer a painful punishment.” (al Tauba 9:79)
 Usman R.A gave 1000 gold dinars and 300 camels – Umer R.A gave half of his belongings – Muslim ladies
gave all their ornaments - Abu Bakr R.A gave everything – The Prophet said, “O Abu Bakr! What did you
leave to your family?” He said, “I left God and His Messenger to them. Ali R.A stayed back to take care of his
family
 Muslims left Madina with 30000 men – encamped at Tabuk – difficult journey – lesser resources – stayed at
tabuk but the army did not arrive –the Romans abandoned the idea of fighting with the Muslims.– dispersed
without fighting
 Prophet pbuh stayed in Tabuk for 20 days – some tribes on the border made treaties with the Prophet pbuh –
some embraced Islam – returned to Madina
 Muslims reputation guarded by Allah – remained same of being a powerful source – many delegations came to
visit Madina - The expedition raised the morale of the Muslims who became confident for future conflicts.

Life in Madina (622-632)A.D Islamiat

10th Year of Hijrat Grade 9

1. The Farewell Pilgrimage

In the tenth year of Hijrah, the Prophet (p.b.u.h.) declared his intention to go for pilgrimage and and he
ordered the Muslims to prepare for the journey. When the news of pilgrimage spread outside Madinah,
 people from all over Arabia came to join the Prophet (p.b.u.h.), thousands joined him on his way to Makkah. It
is reported that hundred and fourteen thousand followers accompanied him in the farewell pilgrimage.
Prophet (p.b.u.h.) left Madinah on Saturday, 25 Dhu'l-Qadah before the prayer he gave a sermon and
explained the requisites of Ihram, and the requirement and rites of the pilgrimage. As he departed, he recited
the Talbiyah, "At Your service, O Allah! At Your service! You have no partner. At Your service Praise and
Blessing are Yours and the Kingdom. You have no associate." The crowd recited the Talbiyah along with him
on their journey towards Makkah. They reached Makkah on the 4th of Dhul Haj after a journey of
nineteen days and immediately went to the Masjid al-laram and performed Tawaf of the Ka'hah
and the sa'ey between Safa and Marwa. They stayed in Makkah for four days, and on Ath Dht
Haj, they went to Mina, where they offered their prayers and spen the night.
At sunrise on 9th Dhul-Haj, they left Mina for Arafat. It was Friday. At Arafat, the Prophet (p.b.u.h)
delivered a sermon to the people while seated on his camel. He said, "O Peoplel Listen to mu
words I do not know whether, after this year, I shall be amongst you again. Therefore
listen to what l am saying to you carefully and take these words to those who could not be
present here today."
Protection of life property and honour: "O Peoplel Just as you regard this month,.
this day, this city as Sacred, so regard the lifo and property of every Muslim as a sacred
trust. Return the goods entrusted to you to their rightful owners. ""Hurt no one so that no
one may hurt you. Remember that you will indeed meet your Lord, and that He will indeed
reckon your deeds."
Usury Prohibited: "Allah has forbidden you to take usury (Interest) thẹrefore all interest
obligatons shall henceforth be waived... "
Beware of Satan, "For the safety of your religion. He has lost all hope that he will ever be
abļe to lead you astray in big things, so beware of following him in small things."
Rights'of Women: "O Peoplel It is true that you have certain rights with regard to your
women,;bụt they aļso have right over you. If they abide by your right then to them belongs
the right to be fed'and clothed in kindness. Do treat your women wel! and be kind to
them for they are your partners and committed helpers. And it is your right that they do
not make friends with anyone of whom you do not approve, as well as never to commit
adultery."
Performance of Pillar of Islam: "0 People! Listen to me in eảrnest, worship Allah, say
your five daily prayers (Salah), fast during the month of Ramadan, and give your wealth in
Zakat. Perform Hajj if yOu can afford to."
Brotherhood & Equality: "You know thatevery Muslim is the brother of ano ther Muslim.
You are all equal. Nobody has superiority over other except by piety and good action."
Rights of Slave, "And your slaves see that you feed them such food as you eat and cloth
them with what you wear; and if they commit a fault which you are not inclined to forgive,
then part from them and do not treat them harshly."
Day of Judgment: "Remenber, one day you will appear before Allah and answer for
your deeds. So beware, do not astray from the path of righteousness after I an gone.
iality of the Prophet: "O Peoplel No prophet or apostle will come after me and no new faith
Will be born. Reason well, therefore, O People! Understand my words, I convey to you.
Adherence to the Quran & Sunnah: leave behind mne two things, the Qur'an and my
example, the Sunnah and if vou follow these you will never go astray.
message to Be Conveyed: «A| those who listen to me shall pass on my words to
Rers and those to others again: and nnay the last ones understand my words beter
man th0se who listen to me directy ABe my wifness O Allah! that I bave conveyed yout
message to your people.
 Abu Bakara reported, " the Prophet was riding his camel and a man was holding its rein.
The Prophet asked, "What is the day today?" We kept quiet, thinking that he might give
that day another name. He said, "Isn't it the day of Nahr (slaughtering of the animals of
sacrifice)" We replied, "Yes. " He further asked, "Which month is this ?" We again kept
quiet, thinking thathe might give it another name. Then he said, "Isn't it the month of Dhul-
Hija?" We replied, "Yes". He said, "Verilyl Your blood, property, and honour are sacred to
one another (i.e. Muslims) like the sanctity of this day of yours, in this month of yours and
in this city of yours. It is incumbent upon those who are present to inform those who are
absent because those who are absent might comprehend (what I have said) better than.
the present audience. " (Sahih Bukhari).
When the serrnon was over, The Prophet (p.b.u.h.) said his Dhuhr and Asr prayers combined.
While he was stil in Arafat the last revelation came "This day I have day perfected your
religlon for you, completed my favour upon you and have chosen for.you Islam as your.
religion."(A-Maidah 5:3).
!
 Rightly Guided Caliphs Islamiat
Hazrat Umer R.A Grade 9
Notes
1. Life before Khilafat
 His full name is Umar ibn Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl ibn Abdul- Uzza
 Belonged to the tribe of Quraish (Banu Adi)
 Born in 583AC to Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl and Hantamah.
 He was literate, a Skilled warrior, played sports, enjoyed poetry, a successful businessman
 5th year of Prophethood – conversion to Islam (migration to Abyssinia) – angry – set on killing the Prophet pbuh –
met Nuaim bin Abdullah(secretly converted Muslim at that time) on his way - told to get his own house in order
first – ref “By God, you have deceived yourself, O Umar! Do you think that Banu Abd al-Manaf would let you
run around alive once you had killed their son Muhammad? Why don't you return to your own house and at
least set it straight?" - found his sister reciting the Qur’an – inspired by the words of Surah Taha
 Accepted Islam at the hand of Holy Prophet pbuh at the age of 39.
 After his conversion Muslims could pray openly
 Fought in all the battles - gave half his wealth for the campaign of Tabuk - one of the ten promised paradise -
witness for the Treaty of Hudaybiyah, although he was initially not satisfied with the terms.
 On the Prophet’s death he said he would kill anyone who said that the Prophet had died.
2. Election/ Nomination as the 2nd Caliph:
 Abu Bakr on this death bed, after consultation with the leading companions, nominated Hazrat Umer R.A as the
2nd caliph - Some people worried that the strict nature of Hazrat Umer R.A will be a hindrance but Hazrat Abu
Bakr - ref “His (Umar's) strictness was there because of my softness when the weight of Caliphate will be
over his shoulders he will remain no longer strict. If I will be asked by God to whom I have appointed my
successor, I will tell him that I have appointed the best man among your men”
 All companions took allegiance to him – assumed the title of ‘Ameer ul Mominin’.
 Upon assuming the role of Caliphate – acknowledged the contribution of Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A - Unified the
Muslims as one Ummah
 After taking charge he addressed the Muslims of Madina – ref “O people you have some rights on me which you
can always claim. One of your rights is that if any one of you comes to me with a claim, he should leave
satisfied. ………. you can demand that I take nothing unjustly….…. Do not put you in danger…..….look after
your families in your absence…….. Forgive my faults and help me………advice me regarding the
obligations…
3. Conquest of Persia:
 Raids into Persian –controlled Mesopotamia(Iraq) had begun in the last year of Abu Bakr R.A
 The Byzantines and Persians fought each other from 603 to 628 – in Umer’s R.A caliphate Muslims took over
with the calls of justice and social harmony in accordance with the message of Islam
4. Battle of Namrak:
 634AD –Persians were furious at the fall of Hira (conquered in the caliphate of Abu Bakr R.A by Khalid bin
Walid) - sent a large army under Rustum
 Musanna bin Haris asked the caliph for reinforcements – Umer R.A sent 1000 to 2000 army under the command
of Abu Ubaidah saqifi
 Musana bin Haris led the Muslim army against the Persians – defeated them – Abu Ubaida proceeded to Kaskar
to defeat the Persian army
5. Battle of the Bridge /Harb al Jasr (Marwa) 634AD:
 Rustum assembled a huge army of 10000 under the command of Bahman at the bank of the Euphrates
 6000 - 9000 men under the command of Abu Ubaida ibn Saqaiq in 634 - Abu Ubaida encountered the main
Iranian army near what is now Kufa - Persians asked who will cross the river – despite the advice given by the
fellow companions Abu Ubaida ibn Saqaiq decided to cross the bridge
 A bridge of boats was built – battle of bridge
 Fierce fighting broke out – Persians had Elephants – Arabian horses got frightened – Abu Ubaida ordered to fight
on foot – Abu Ubaida along with several Muslim companions were trampled by the elephants - Abu Ubaida was
martyred - After Abu Ubaida, the command was taken by al-Hakam and Jabr, his brother and son, respectively -
Muslims were in chaos.
  Musana took charge - Someone cut the bridge to encourage them to fight but it had the opposite effect- some
Muslims tried to swim and cross the river but 3000 men drowned –– ordered to reconstruct the bridge – remained
there to fight so that the bridge could be repaired – lost 4000 men - brought the rest of the army back
 The Muslims lost the battle - lost the city of Hira - only major Persian victory against Muslims
Rightly Guided Caliphs Islamiat
Hazrat Umer R.A Grade 9
Notes
6. Battle of Buwaib 635AD:
 After the Battle of Jasr, Hazrat Umer R.A was determined to avenge the defeat - called everyone (Muslims and
Christians) for Jihad
 Persians sent a strong force of 12000 men under the command of Mehran (Skilled warrior) – marched to
Euphrates River
 Hazrat Musanna was given the charge again to command the Muslim army – seriously injured in the battle of Jasr
– gave orders from his sick bed – inspired his army
 Both armies met at Buwaib – armies standing on either side of Euphrates river – Persians crossed the river
 Persians were more in number – Muslims fought bravely – a young man from tribe Taghlib killed Mehran
demoralizing the Persians
 Persians began to flee but the Muslims blocked the access to bridge – thousands drowned – died in large numbers
– southern Iraq conquered
7. Battle of Qadisiya:
 The battle was fought in 636.
 The Persian King Yazdgard rose against the Muslims to recapture the territories lost in the battle of Buwaib –
organized a large army under the command of Rustam
 Hazrat Umer R.A declared Jihad - Sa’ad ibn Abi Waqqas commanded the Muslim army of 30,000 men
 The three options were put before the Persian emperor before the start of hostilities; accept Islam; pay jizya or
wage war, he chose the third option
 a stand-off lasting 3 months took place with skirmishes against border settlements in which the Muslims were
successful – Persians deserted the war
 Rustam was asked again to conclude a treaty – he refused
 Hazrat Saad was unwell – directed from his sick bed
 A fierce battle lasting 3 days resulting in the death of Rustum as he tried to swim to safety
 Persians fled – Hazrat Saad chased them to Babal - they sought refuge and then after a 2 month campaign
Muslims captured Madain the Persian capital - emperor and his family and nobles fled.
 2/3 of the Persian army was killed – Muslims lost 1/5th troops
 Decisive battle in the history of Islam – shattered the strength of the Persian Empire - many people of the
conquered areas accepted Islam
8. Capture of Madain:
 Victory of Qadisiya opened the persion capital ‘Madain’
 After a few months Hazrat Saad took permisiion from the caliph to march against Madain
 Chased the Persians and captured Babul, Bahrasher and Madain (capital of Persia).
 Whole territory between the Euphrates and Tigris came under the rule of the Muslims.
 Hazrat Saad founded the two military distriscts, Kufa and Basra in Iraq.

9. Battle of Jalula 637AD:

 After the fall of Madain – Persian king took refuge in Hulwan – ordered to raise a new army in Jalula (Fortress in
the eastern part of Iraq) – Farukhzad, the brother of Rustam started preparing to attack – a deep ditch was dig
around the city with thorny bushes – provisions in large quantity were stored in the forts – prepared for a long
siege
 Hazrat Sadd in formed the Caliph – sent reinforcements of 12000 troops under the command of Utba, Qaka,
Mashar bin Malik and Hashim – laid siege for 7 months – occasional skirmishes led to nowhere
 Finally Persians decided to come out and attack will full force of their 10000 army – this was suitable of Muslims
– Muslim commander pulled back so the whole army would come out of the forts – fierce fighting began – late in
afternoon – severe storm started blowing in to the Persians faces – Persians retreated – fell in the ditch – Muslims
rushed forward – covered the main gate of the fortress – Qaka made several advances and pushed the Persians
back – panic among the Persians and they dispersed in all directions
 Persians killed in large number – Muslims got huge spoils of war – surrendered on the terms to pay Jizya
 Persian King left Hulwan after the news of defeat – Saad bin Abi Waqas sent Qaka to Hulwan – Hulwan also
came under the rule of Muslims – Last conquest of Iraq
10. Battle of Nihawand 642AD / 19AH:
 After the battle of Jalula, peace was concluded with the Persians - no fighting for a few months
 In his determination to bring back the rich plains of Mesopotamia (Iraq) under his control, Yezdegird rallied
support and gathered troops at Nihawand to fight the Muslims.
 On finding out about Yezdegird’s intent ‘Umar sent letters to Kufa and Basra ordering the armies to be
assembled. The Muslim armies then marched on to Nihawand. One force was stationed on the border between the
province of Fars and Isfahan to prevent Persian reinforcements from coming through from the south. The Muslim
army of 30 000 under the command of Al Nauman bin Maqran, was much smaller in size than the 5 -6 times
larger Persian army under the command of Piruz Khusrow and Mardan Shah.
 Muslim army included Saad bin Abi Waqas and Tulayha. Both sides however had volunteers in their ranks who
had missed the Battle of Qadissiya and were keen to prove themselves in battle.
 The Persians had located themselves by a ravine and fortified themselves behind trenches. The Muslims in
several attempts were unable to lure them out and they only came out from behind their fortified positions when it
suited them.
 The Muslims devised a plan on how to lure the Persians out from behind their trenches. It was decided that the
Muslim cavalry would advance and attack the trenches and then withdraw to lure the Persians out.
 The Muslim commander Nau’man ibn Muqarrin kept the main army in check until almost the end of the day and
motivated his men by saying that they were fighting for their honour and their faith and when they finally
attacked the enemy, victory came swiftly.
 Most of the army fought on foot with swords; the cavalry began to slip on the blood-soaked ground and the
Muslim commander Nau’man was thrown off his horse and killed as well. Tulayha too, was killed.
 Despite the adverse conditions the Muslims continued to advance, and the Persians retreated. In the dark, and
panicking, many Persians lost their way and fell into the ravine. The surrender of the towns quickly followed the
military victory. This was called the victory of victories.
 Caliph ordered the invasion of the Persian provinces and by the next year Isfahan, Khurasan, Rayy, Fars and the
outline region had been conquered.
 Yazdgard, fled to Isfahan then to Kirman and from there to Balkh where he was killed during the Caliphate of
Hazrat Usman R.A. this was a great battle fought between the Persians and Muslims.
11. Wars with the Byzantines:
 Eastern Roman Empire consisting of Syria, Jerusalem and Egypt was called the Byzantine Empire.
 Cordial relationship of Muslims and Byzantines – Prophte pbuh sent envoys (Heraclius) – they were received
with honor at first – relationship deteriorated resulting in battle of Mutah and Expedition to Syria.
 During the caliphate of Abu Bakr – Khalid bin Walid captured Himms and Qinnasirrin – laid siege to Damascus
but stopped at the death of the caliph Abu Bakr – continued to conquer Damascus during the caliphate of Umer
(635AD)
12. Battle of Yurmuk (636AD):
 When the reports of the fall of Damascus, and defeat at Fihl and Hims were given to Heraclius he was determined
to recover Palestine for Christian rule.
 He issued orders to mobilize troops from all corners of his empire and it is believed that the Roman emperor sent
an army of 260,000 men against the Muslims
 Khalid ibn al-Walid began to group his forces along the River Yarmuk
 Negotiations between the two armies were held in which the Romans tried to convince the Muslims and even
offered Muslims large amounts of money if they left Syria and returned to Arabia.
 The offer was turned down and the usual 3 options were given to the Romans; Islam, jizya or war. They chose the
third.
 The war strategies of the Muslim commanders paid off and the battle lasted 6 days. By the afternoon of the 6th
day only one third of the Byzantine army remained, the rest had either been killed or had fled. The Muslim loss of
life was 3000 men besides those who were grievously wounded.
 The battle of Yarmuk was a great victory for the Muslims. The power of Byzantine was completely crushed and
Syria fell in the hands of the Muslims. Heraclius moved his capital to Constantinople.
 The city of Jerusalem, which was besieged by Amr ibn al A’s since the Yarmuk conflict and had withstood
surrender, with the arrival of Abu ‘Ubaydah realised the futility of their position and agreed to surrender but only
to the caliph.
 Rightly Guided Caliphs Islamiat
Hazrat Umer R.A Grade 9
Notes
13. Seige and Conquest of Jerusalem (637AD):
 Muslims had been successful in securing all of Syria, the city of Jerusalem, besieged by Hazrat 'Amr ibn al-'Aas
since the Yarmuk conflict, had withstood surrender. 'Amr's army was reinforced by Hazrat Abu 'Ubaydah and
Hazrat Khalid's forces, that the inhabitants of Jerusalem realized their weakness and agreed to a surrender, but on
the condition that the Caliph would himself come to sign the treaty.
 Jerusalem was more symbolic than of military importance and hence Hazrat 'Umar agreed to personally be
present at the surrender of Jerusalem in 637. Umer R.A set off with one slave and a camel between them. They
would take turns to ride the camel. On arriving, it was the slaves turn to ride the camel. Patriarch Sophronius, an
Arab Christian who had risen to become one of the leading figures of the Greek Church in Jerusalem, witnessed
the simplicity and humility of the Caliph, he is reported to have said: 'Verily Islam has exceeded all other
religions.'
 He gave the key of the city to Umer R.A. While visiting the Church of Resurrection, it was time for daily prayer,
Sophronius asked the caliph to offer prayer inside the church but he refused by saying that he does not want to set
an example of forcible conversion of churches into mosques he offered the prayer at the place where Hazrat Daud
A.S used to say his prayer (East of the entrance of the Church). Later Umer built a mosque here.
 A treaty signed with the leaders of Jerusalem with similar terms to others put in place throughout Syria. What was
unique about the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem was that the new governors allowed Jews, who were banned from
the city by the Byzantines, to come here to worship for the first time in over 500 years. The Qur'an holds
Christian and Jewish religions in special esteem calling Jews and Christians 'The People of the Book' (Ahl-ul-
Kitab).
 While acknowledging the right of Christians and Jews of Jerusalem, Hazrat 'Umar was keen to send the message
that this city also belonged to the Muslims. Jerusalem was the city to which the Prophet pbuh had travelled from
Makkah during M'airaj, and where he led the prophets of the past in prayer, before ascending to Heaven.
 There could be no minimizing the importance of Jerusalem in the Islamic Mount, which the Romans and then
Byzantines had let fall into disuse. Upon the tradition, and with this in mind Hazrat 'Umar set about cleaning the
Temple Mount, he erected the first version of the al-Aqsa Mosque, the third holiest site in Islam.

14. Conquest of Egypt, 640-641 AD

 Muslims had gained control of all the Roman states in the Middle East by 640 AD except for Egypt. Because of
the fertile soils of river Nile Egypt had been an agriculturally vibrant country. Therefore, it first served as granary
(grain store) for the Romans, and then the Arab Muslims.
 Egypt was a strong naval base of the Romans, and they could attack Arabia and Syria through the Suez Canal
(that connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea).
 Death of hundreds of Muslims in Syria due to the plague of Amwas had weakened Muslim grip on it, and this
could be exploited by the Egyptian Romans. Moreover, the agricultural produce of Egypt could feed a growing
population of the Hejaz (Makkah, Madinah and Taif).
 So, Hazrat 'Amr bin al-'As persuaded the Caliph, for invading Egypt. He was familiar with the geopolitical
conditions of Egypt as he had visited it many times as a trader. He also knew the oppressed Coptic Christians
would support the Arabs against the tyrant Roman Christians.
 Hazrat Umar gave 'Amr bin al-'As troops in December 639 to attack Egypt. Amr proceeded via al Arish towards
Egypt, and captured the border fortress of al-Farma/Elysium in January 640.Marching to the upper Egypt, he
conquered another town Belbeis.
 In April 640, he reached the capital city Misr/Memphis that was guarded by the Fort of Babylon. Cyrus, the
Egyptian governor rushed from Alexandria to Babylon with an army that numbered more than 20000. Amr
continued his victorious march towards the fort of Babylon, and conquered Helipolis (Ain al-Shams) in July 640
on the way.
  Amr laid siege to the fort of Babylon, and received a reinforcement of 10,000 from Madinah that included Hazrat
Zubair bin al-Awwam, Ubada bin al-Samit and Miqdad bin al-Aswad. The siege lasted for eight months, and in
April 641, Muslims conquered it.
 A peace treaty was signed between Cyrus and 'Hazrat Amr bin al-'As.Eastern and Upper Egypt was now under
the Muslim rule.' Amr also founded the city of Fustat in a plain area near Cairo. It was previously an agricultural
land near the fort, and so was suitable for a garrison town. The Copts also decided to support the Arabs.

15. Fall of Alexandria:

 Conquest of Alexandria was the last and decisive achievement of the Muslim army during Hazrat Umar's rule. It
was a fierce battle fought between the Arabs led by Hazrat Amr bin al-'As and the Roman governor of
Alexandria. It was a well defended city with heavy fortification.
 Amr's army marched northward along the western bank of the Nile and reached the historic city of Alexandria. It
was very well guarded by 50,000 troops. With a force of 12,000-15,000 Muslims laid a siege and tried to break
the defence repeatedly but got no success.
 Romans had mounted contraptions on the walls that kept Muslims from entering the fort. After a long period,
Hazrat Zubair bin al-Awwam and Hazrat Muslima bin Mukhlid broke into the fort and opened the doors to
Muslim army. After a fierce fight, Cyrus decided to surrender.
 The Treaty of Alexandria was signed in November 641 between Muslims and the Romans. Under the Treaty the
city was to be given to Muslims in September 642.
 Death of the Roman emperor Heraclius in Constantinople during the siege also favored Muslims as his widow
and son had decided to abandon resistance against Muslims.
 With the fall of Alexandria, the conquest of Egypt was almost complete. After this Amr bin al-'As went back to
Babylon and founded the city of Fustat on the eastern bank of the Nile in a plain area near Cairo. It was
previously an agricultural land near the fort, and so was suitable for a garrison town.
 Rightly Guided Caliphs Islamiat
Hazrat Umer R.A Grade 9
Notes
 New Institutions and Reforms

 Umar’s period as caliph is regarded as the golden era in Islamic history. Hazrat Umar R A not only conquered a
vast empire during the 10 years of his Khilafat but also consoled it by an effective system of administration that
made the caliphate prosperous and well run in which the living standard of the citizens improved a lot. This is the
reason his rule is recognized as the golden period in the history of Islam.
 Majlis -e-Shura:
Hazart Umar RA continued the practice of consulting his companions by following Hazart Abu Bakr and
Muhammad pbuh. He established a Majlis e Shura consisting of prominent companions of Muhammad and he used
to consult it on all matter. He also constituted a larger body called the Majlis - e - Aam consisting of
Muhajireen and Ansaar and representatives of various tribes. This was called into session on special occasions
 Army Reforms:
Hazrat Umar maintained a well disciplined army which was divided into cavalry and infantry and he was
particularly concerned about their welfare. But in case of deflect of duty he would inflict severe punishments on
them. He forbade them to live with the settled people in cities and ordered them to live in cantonments.
 Religious and educational reforms:
Hazrat Umar R A also devoted a great deal of his time to religious matters. Teachers were sent to villages to teach
the Holy Quran and the army officers too had to learn the Holy Quran. Female education was given priority.
Schools and Mosque were made to facilitate the people.
 Administrative structure and Judicial system:
Hazrat Umar R A made new rules and regulations in accordance with the Quran and the Sunnah to give the Islamic
state a clean and efficient administration. The state was divided into provinces and each province was placed under
an efficient governor called the Wali or Ameer who was also the military and religious head. The provinces were
further divided into districts and placed under Amils. All the governor and Amils were called to Makkah on the
occasion of Hajj for their accountability. All important appointments were made purely on after consulting with the
Majlis - e - Shura . The appointee was requried to give a written statement and pledge to lead a simple life and
had to submit particulars of his property so that on his retirement, it may be seen whether he had collected wealth
by illegal means. Hazart Umar CRA) kept a very strict watch on the activities of his officers. He used to receive
secret reports from officers specially appointed for this purpose. Hazrat Umar R A entrusted the Qazi with
judiciary to ensure everyone was just and impartial . The Qazi was completely independent of the provincial
government.
 Financial system:
Umar R A established new departments and institutions such as the department of military, education, jail, police
etc. He also established a department of finance under the name of Dewan which was in charge of the revenue of
the Muslim state. The function of this department was to regulate the receipt and distribution of the revenue of the
empire. The main source of the revenue were jizya, Zakat, Kharaj (spoils of war). Besides these , Umar R A
instituted new tax namely Ushr which is one tenth of the produce taken from land owners and a commercial tax
imposed on non Muslim merchants and Zakat on the ownership of the horses . After meeting the expenditure of
the state, the surplus money used to be distributed among the Muslims on the basis of relationship with
Muhammad, priority of conversion to Islam. In this way all Muslim men, women, slaves and children had shares in
the Bait ul Maal of the public treasury. Hazrat Umar took special care of the welfare of the farmers. After the
conquest of Iraq, Iran and Syria, he made it a law that no Arab should acquire land in the conquered territories and
that the actual rulers of the soil should be allowed to retain possession of their land.
 Town Planning:
Hazrat Umar R A also devoted attention to town planning and had several cities for example Kufa and Basra built
according to properly drawn up plans. He paid particular attention to the well-being of non-Muslim subjects. He
made sure the security and protection of their fundamental rights and their religious places as well. He used to
show special kindness and compassion towards them. He introduced the Muslim era of Hijrah, the system of old
age pension and census of population of the Muslim state (the number of people in the country). He also took steps
to check hoarding and profiteering. He appointed officers to check weights and measures. Hazrat Umar (R A) also
fixed a certain amount of money for the people who are jobless, old and for every child born in a Muslim state.
 Umar R A used to walk around at night to see to the welfare of his people. Surely Hazrat Umer'stands unparalleled
 in every aspect of administration in the history of Islam.

Articles of Faith (Prophets)

Notes
1. Introduction
 Definition (P-223)
 Imaan e Mufasal – Ref (P#223)
2. Prophets:
 Belief in Prophets is the fundamental article of faith
 Nabi – one who is very near to Allah
 Rasul - one who receives the divine revelations of Scriptures of Allah
 Allah made arrangements for the spiritual and material needs of humans for the survival of mankind –
sent 124000 Prophets to guide us
 These were the specially chosen people by Allah – human beings – all were male – high order qualities –
best of us – truthful – intelligent – role models – spent lives like common people – ref “Before you (O
Muhammad)! Also the prophets We sent were but men, to whom we granted inspiration… nor did We
give them bodies that, ate no food, nor were they exempt from death” (Al Anbiya 21:7-8)
 Different prophets were sent in different times to different nations – according to the need of the time –
messages were revealed in their local languages – ref “for every nation there is a Messenger” (Al Yunus
10:47)
 All prophets delivered the on and same message of Allah i.e Tauhid – same moral values – difference
between right and wrong – blessings and punishments – warnings – a guide to every nation
 More than one prophet sometime at one time – assistant prophets e.g Musa and Haroon (brothers) – ref
“Verily We bestowed Our favors on Moses and Haron… … … Surely both of them were among Our
believing servants.” (Al Saffat 37:114 -122)
 Apart from Musa A.S who directly spoke with Allah and received revelations directly, all other Prophets
received the Divine revelations through angel Jibrael A.S. ref “There are messengers whose stories We
have told you already and others We have not. And to Moses Allah spoke directly.” (al Nisa 4:164)
 Some prophets were awarded with miracles – birth of Isa A.S who spoke from the cradle, cured
blindness and leprosy, gave life to the dead - Prophet pbuh sprinkled sand at the time of Migration to
Madina - Nuh A.S made a boat for the upcoming flood – Ibrahim A.S not burning in the hot fire –
sacrifice of Ismail A.S – Yusaf A.S interpreted the dreams – Musa A.S and his stick which turned into a
serpent at one time and parted the red sea at another time
 There must be no distinction among the prophets
 Chain of Prophet started from Adam A.S – ended with last Prophet Muhammad pbuh (seal of the
Prophet pbuh) – sent for the whole of mankind – guided us with the perfect religion – Perfect Book the
Holy Quran – a guidance for all ages
 Significance:
This belief inspires us to obey Allah and spend the worldly life according to the commands of Allah –
keeps Muslims alert from committing sins– urges us to praise Allah and send blessings upon the Prophet
pbuh
 Articles of Faith (Life after death) Islamiat (Grade 9)
Notes
1. Introduction
 Definition (P-223)
 Imaan e Mufasal – Ref (P#223)
2. Life after death/ Day of Judgment:
 Belief in the life after death is the fundamental article of faith
 Pertains/ leads to the Day of Judgment, resurrection, heaven and hell, Al Akhira – presented in the court of Allah with the
account of all his deeds
 ‘Barzakh’ after death souls move to a place/ state till the Day of Judgment - state of grave – ref “before them is a
partition(Barzakh) till the day they are raised up” (Al Muminin 23:100)
 Everyone will be held accountable in his grave for his actions – Munkir and Nakeer – those who do not believe in this faith,
Allah says “ those who disbelieve say: the Hour will never come unto us... … for them will be a painful punishment of foul
nature” (Al Saba 34:3-5)
 Dooms Day (Qayamah) – Angel Israfil will blow the trumpet (Sur) 2 times - Life form will perish - mankind and jinn, both in the
material world and in Barzakh - angelic realm as well - Destruction of the universe - Angel Israfil will die - No creature shall
remain, except a handful that will remain alive by God’s will
 Confusion among people - Mothers will forget their children – no forgiveness from Allah – sun will fold – oceans boil over and
burst forth – mountains will be set in motion – all will die - ref “a Day whereon Men will be like Moths scattered about. And
the mountains will be like carded wool” (Al Qariah 101:4-5)
 Resurrection - Allah will bring Israfil back to life to once again blow his trumpet. This time however, the blast of Israfil’s
trumpet will not bring about death; rather it will revive the dead and make them alive once more. “They say: Are we
indeed restored to our former state in our grave?” (79:10)
 Final Judgment – all will gather in the plain of Arafat - Records will be shown – no relations will help – will experience heaven
and hell in the physical form – As Sirat (the bridge) across Hell to Heaven – first Prophet Muhammad pbuh will cross it with
his followers – rest will follow – fall in the pit of hell – ref “So, whoever does an atom's weight of good shall see it; (99:8)
and whoever does an atom's weight of evil shall see it.” (Al Zilzal: 7-8)
3. Significance:
This belief inspires us to obey Allah and spend the worldly life according to the commands of Allah – keeps Muslims alert
from committing sins– urges us to praise Allah and send blessings upon the Prophet pbuh – acknowledge Power and
authority of Allah – strive for a better life in the next world

Articles of Faith (Predestination and Decree)

Notes
1. Introduction
 Definition (P-223)
 Imaan e Mufasal – Ref (P#223)
2. Predestination:
 Belief in the Predestination is the fundamental article of faith – everything is ordained by Allah only
 Faith and destiny is determined by Allah – past, present and future
 Arabic word ‘Qadr’ or ‘Taqdir’ (God’s predestination) – Allah’s utmost power to create, sustain and decide its fate – ref “Verily
all things have we created in proportion and measure” (Al Qamar 54:49)
 Created 4 things for man… growth, completion, measure and guidance
 Everything is the outcome of Allah’s planning and will – infinite wisdom of Allah that we cannot comprehend – definite
purpose – He is our Lord Who has the Supreme power – creates through rational will – ref “BEHOLD, everything have We
created in due measure and proportion.” (Al Qamar 54:49)
 Allah decides the destiny of everyone – ref “And Allah brought you out of the wombs of your mothers while you knew
nothing, and gave you hearing, sight, and intellect so perhaps you would be thankful.” (Al Nahl 16:78) – intellect means free
will which is a gift as well as a test for us – awareness of right from wrong – ref “That man can have nothing but what he
strives for.” (Al Najm 53:39)
 Humans have limitations – cannot be born itself – cannot become prophet on his own – less knowledge – cannot predict
future or tell the past - ref “If anything befalls you, do not say: If only I had done such-and-such; rather, say: Allah has
decreed and whatever He wills, He does. Saying 'if' opens (the door to) the deeds of the devil.” (Sahih Muslim)
3. Significance:
 This belief inspires us to obey Allah and spend the worldly life according to the commands of Allah – keeps Muslims alert from
committing sins– urges us to praise Allah and send blessings upon the Prophet pbuh – acknowledge Power and authority of
Allah – strive for a better life in the next world

History and Importance of Quran

(Four Sources of Islamic Law)
Q. (a) Write an account of how the four sources of Islamic Law are used together. [10]
(b) How useful are Ijma and Qiyas when dealing with modern issues? [4]
or
(b) Why do you think some scholars do not favour the use of qiyas? [4]

Ans.
The Quran and Sunnah of the /Hadith are collectively called the primary sources/Asl of Islamic legal thinking,
whereas, Ijma and Qiyas are called secondary source. As a rule, the Quran and Sunnah cannot contradict each
other. Instead, Sunnah, explains or supplements the Quranic teachings. For example, Quran commands
observance of the pillars of Islam, "And establish regular prayer and pay the Charity Tax." (2:43, al-Baqarah)
However, the Quran is silent about how much of one's wealth (Nisab) is to be paid as the charity tax (Zakat).
Sunnah gives details of the Nisab or the rate of Charity Tax. For example the Prophet said, "No charity tax is due
on property amounting to less than five Uqiya of silver, and no charity tax is due on fewer than five camels,
and there is no charity tax on fewer than five Wasq of dates or grains."
By using these units, Muslim legal experts calculated the Nisab. Quran, similarly, prescribes the punishment of
theft as, "And as for the male thief and the female thief, cut off their right hands as recompense for that which
they committed." (5:38, al-Mai'da) The Prophet elaborated the details of the amount of theft on which this
punishment becomes applicable, "The hand should be cut off for the theft of a quarter of a dinar or more.” The
Quran forbids drinking as, "O Believers! Verily, intoxicants....are all an abomination of Satan's handiwork;
therefore, shun them." (5:90, al-Maidah) The Quran does not give any punishment for drinking. According to a
Hadith reported by Anas bin Malik, "The Prophet beat a drunk with palm-leaf stalks and shoes. And Abu Bakr
whipped him 40 times." (Sahih Bukhari)
Ijma is the third source of Islamic legal thinking, and is used when the primary sources (Quran and
Sunnah/Hadith) do not provide solution/answer to a new situation. Both primary source/Asl approve the use of
Ijma'. The Quran says, "And obey God and obey the Messenger and those charged with authority among you."
(4;59, al-Nis isa) Here, authority means team of scholars/jurists that is responsible for legislation/law-making.
The Prophet allowed it by saying, "My community will never unite in error." Relation between Quran and Ijma
can be understood by this example. The Quran says, "God commands you regarding your children: the share of
the male will be twice that of the female. If you leave two or more females, their share is two-thirds of the
estate. But if there is only one female, her share will be one half...." (4:11, al- Nisa) This long verse does not
mention the case of only one son of the deceased parents. All Muslim jurists reached a consensus that in such a
situation, all the estate will be given to the son. The Prophet had not directed his Companions regarding the
collection of scattered items on which Quranic Surahs and verses were written. After his death, Caliph Abu Bakr
and then Caliph Uthman compiled the Quran by exercising ljma.
Qiyas is the fourth source of legal thinking. It is employed when all other sources are silent about finding a
solution to a new challenging issue. In Islamic Shari'ah, it refers to the ability of an individual legal expert to
reach a decision by comparing a new situation (Far') with the principles contained in the Quran and Sunnah
(Asl). If an 'Illah/similarity between Asl and Far' is found, the Hukm/ verdict is issued. Its use has been approved
by the Quran and Sunnah. The Quran allows Muslims to use Qiyas when it says, "And seek admonition to you
with insight." (59:2, al- Hashar) The Prophet encouraged the use of Qiyas by allowing Hazrat Mu'adh bin Jabal
to use his wisdom when the primary sources did not provide solution to a new problem. He instructed this to
him while dispatching him to Yemen as Governor. There are many examples to show the working out of Qiyas.
For example Quran/Asl permits Tayammum, "And if you find no water, take for yourselves clean sand, and
with it rub your faces and hands." (5:6, al-Mai'dah) It, however, is silent about using the clean sand to remove
filth from a Muslim's body or clothes/Far'. Since clean sand can provide spiritual purity by way of Tayammum,
the Muslim jurists on the basis of this 'Illah allow clean sand as a cleansing agent if no water is available/ Hukm.
Once there was heavy rain in Madinah. The Prophet asked Hazrat Bilal to add these words after the Azan, "Offer
prayer at home." This was done in view of the difficulty of Muslims reaching the Prophet's Mosque. On the
basis of this Asl, Muslims in various countries were allowed to offer daily prayers at home because of the
outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic, Far'. Being a highly contagious disease, it threatened the health and lives of the
people 'Illah. Therefore, such a ruling, Hukm, was issued by the scholars of various Muslim states.

Ans. (b-l)
The two secondary sources are surely useful as both have been validated by the primary sources. Since, with the
passage of time new challenges and issues arise, they have to be tackled by Muslim legal experts in the light of
primary sources. The Prophet guaranteed God's support for Ijma by saying, "Hand of God is on the community."
Similarly, he allowed his Companions to use their wisdom in his absence. For this reason, his successors elected
the first Caliph and compiled the Quran after his death. If a Muslim travels into the space, he will have to decide
about the timing and other preconditions for the Salat and Sawm according to the opinion of a legal expert
because Quran and Sunnah are totally silent about such matters. The secondary sources are an effective tool to
enable Muslim jurists to prove conformity of Islam to all times in all parts of the universe.

Rightly Guided Caliphs

Uthman bin Affan (644-656A.D)

from ameath bed, Hazrat Umar nominated a committee of six persons to hold consultation and select his successor
from among themselves within three days;
Election as caliph
(1) Hazrat All (2) Hazrat Usman (3) Zubair ibri awwam (4) Abdur Rehman bin Auf (5) Talha (6) Sa'ad bin Abi All these persons were
among the most eminent companions of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), who he had given tidings of qualities but he had passed away. The
next choice was Abdur Rehman bin Auf who was not willing to shoulder the paradise in their lifetimes. During his life Hazrat Umar's
choice was fix on Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah for his distinctive great responsibility. Of the remaining nominees, Talha was not present at
Madinah: therefore, the choice was now he might choose the Khalifa out of the remaining four he consulted each one individually as
to his opinion. Sa'ad restricted to the remaining four members. It was decided that as Abdur Rehman bin Auf had retired from the
contest, supported Hazrat Usman. While Zubair mentioned both Hazrat Usman and Hazraet Ali, Hazrat Usman voted for Hazrat Ali and
Hazrat Ali voted for Hazrat Usman. Abdur Rehman asked the opinion of other prominent men as well and arrived at the conclusion
that the majority of the people favoured the succession of Hazrat Usman and, thus, he followed by Hazrat Ali and other companions
and then there was a general Bayyat. Hazrat Usman became the third was declared as the elected Khalifa. Abdur Rehman bin Auf was
the first to take the Bayyat or Pledge and he was Khalifa of Islam on the 4th Muharram 24 A.H./644A-D
Conquests in the East and West
Umar was strong man. But Hazrat Usman who succeeded him, was known for his kind-heartedness. Foreign powers During the Khilafat
of Hazrat Umar, Muslims dominions had expanded considerably in the east and west. Hazrat felt that with Hazrat Usman as the Khalifa
it would be easier for them to wrest those territories from the Muslims that had been conquered during the Khilafat of Hazrat Umar. In
pursuance of this program drive away from Muslims there were uprising in several territories notably in Persia in the East and the
Byzantines in the West. Hazrat Usman proved to be great army commander. He tackled the situation with sagacity and firmness. He
organized military campaigns with great skill. Within the first year, of his Khilafat he was able to crush these revolts. Not only did
Hazrat Usman make his grip over these territories firmer,, it was in his time that Muslims conquered the whole of North Africa. It
included countries now known as Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. This island of Cyprus was conquered
during his Khilafat.
The first seven or eight year of Hazrat Usman's Khilafat were a reminder of the glorious rule of Hazrat Umar. During this time Hazrat
Usman was ruled with a good reputation and he was more beloved by the Quraish than Umar, says Zuhri. Several victorious were won
and Islamic Empire expanded from Morocco to Kabul
Q. What were the causes of the revolt against 'Uthman and what charges were made against
him.
Causes of Revolt against Hazrat Usman
The first half of Usman Caliphate was very peaceful. During that time the Muslims attained
many victories. However the later part of his caliphate was marred by terrible civil conflict,
which ultimately led to the murder of the Caliph himself.
1. Usman (R.A) was very gentle and softhearted person. The people who wanted to create
chaos among the Muslims took advantages of his soft nature. 'Umar's strict nature had kept
away, the non Islamic customs and elements of Persian and Byzantine empires. Usman (R.A)
lacked good leadership qualities; his leniency encouraged the evil elements in Muslim state.
He sometimes overlooked the faults of his governors and other officers in various provinces.
His sympathetic nature also made the provincial governors to ignore his order.
2. Abdullah bin Saba, a Yemenite Jew who outwardly accepted Islam, started a campaign
against Usman and succeeded in creating a rift among the Muslims. He exploited Ali's name
to instigate the people against Usman. Usman (R.A) did not take timely action against him,
he simply expelled him from Basra, Kufa and Syria one after another which increased the
sphere of his influence, later he went to Egypt where he instigated people against Usman
(R.A), and many were influence by his propaganda.
3. There was also rivalry between the Arabs and the non-Arabs of the newly conquered areas
who still resented their defeat. Beside, Usman (R.A) on becoming the Caliph, allowed the
Arabs to acquire lands in the newly conquered areas, and settle in the new provinces, this
also increased hostility between the Arabs and the inhabitants of the newly conquered
areas.
4. To make the matter worse there were always rivalry amongst different tribes of the Quraish
especially between the house of the Hashmite and the Umayyad which weakened the power
of the Caliph. This rivalry had existed much before the advent of Islam, but it was suppressed
during the time of the Prophet (P.B.U.H) and the first two Caliphs. However, this rivalry again
emerged during the time of Usman, the Hashmites could not tolerate the rule of the
Umayyad for long, and Usman could not muster the support of the Quraish because of his
inclinations towards his own kinsmen.

Charges/ Allegations against Hazrat Usman

The People, who had once spoken highly of Hazrat Usman, brought several allegations against
him afterwards. One of the main allegations against Hazrat Usman was that he had appointed
his inefficient relatives as governors. This allegation was incorrect.
1. There were twelve provinces in the country. Hazrat Usman appointed his relatives in four
provinces namely Egypt, Syria, Kufa and Basra. He appointed them not because he wanted to
bestow high offices own his family members, but because of the importance these provinces
had. The situation demanded that there should be Governors who were loyal to him and
enjoyed his confidence as a Khalifa.
2. It was also alleged that he was too lenient and did not keep a check on his governors. He,
unlike Umar, gave the governors a free hand in running the provinces and did not interfere in
their day to day affairs.

3. He decided to allocate to his governors the wealth amassed in the campaigns, rather than
divide it between the fighting men themselves, he was accused of favoring his own family
though he may well have been trying to place funds for state purposes with the officials best
able to administer them.

4. He was alleged to make unreasonable expenditure from Baitul Maal. His uncle Hakam bin
Aas was given one Lac dirham from Baitul Maal. Similarly his cousin Marwan bin Hakam was
given 1/5 of the war booty. This charge was false.

5. The daily wages of Hazrat Abdullah bin Masood and Ubbay bin Kaab were cancelled. Some
prominent companions of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) i.e Hazrat Abu Zar Ghaffari, Hazrat Amr
bin Aas etc.

6. It was alleged that Usman demolished the old structure of Holy Prophet's mosque which is
disrespect. But Usman did this to extend the mosque and with the permission of all senior
companions.

7. And when he burnt the false copies of the Quran which had been gathered from the
different parts of the empire, when he circulated the official version prepared by Zaid Ibn
Sabit, (this has been known as the "uthmanic version" ever since), he was condemned for
destroying the Word of Allah, though he may have intended to ensure that only the correct
version should be read.
He gave a convincing reply to each of the charges in the presence of the Prophet's companions
and his explanation was accepted.

Major events of Hazrat Usmans caliphate

First half of Hazrat Usman’s Caliphate

644 → (Syria and Byzantine) revolts and uprising

645 → Kufa 6ooo troops - stopped paying Jizya
647-48 → North Africa (New territory).
649 → 1st Naval force - 500 ships under the command of Ameer Muawiya – conquered islands Cyprus and Crete
650-651 → conquered Afghanistan and central Asia
651 → dialect of the Quran - team of scribes. -7 copies were made – Abdullah bin Zubair, Saed bin Al Aas, Abdur Rehman bin Haris
helped – unofficial copies were burnt and some dipped in vinegar – title Jamai ul Quran
651 onwards → Continued to improve the projects of previous caliphs (public welfare projects) - monthly and yearly support of the poor
and needy, children of the travelers - developed agriculture – wells - spring. Construction of dams to avoid flood- guest houses – Inns
(Kufa and Basra) – construction of Mosque of Al Haram and Masjid e Nabwi for expansion – military headquarters (Cyprus and
Armenia) – increased the salary of soldiers – many slaves accepted Islam from newly conquered lands – organized a council
Kufa Basra military headquarters → Cyprus - Armenia soldier salary increased.
651 → a mishap occurred, the caliph lost the ring of the Prophet pbuh that was handed down by each caliph – slipped in the Arees well
in Madina – never to be found

2nd half
656AD → Muslims of Egypt, Bara, Kufa, Syria uprisings - complaints about corruption of governors -Egyptian demanded to remove the
governor of Egypt appoint M. bin Abu Bakar
Usman R.A accepted.
On their way back they received a letter of assassination stamped by Hazrat Usman’s Ring
M. bin Abu Bakar came to take revenge
They beseiged the house of Usman RA – Ali no food and water
-
40 days
Ali offered assisstance - sons of Aber Bakar and Umer- Usman refused, not bloodshed
2. Muslim
martyred 650 Ap
 History and importance of Hadith

History of Compilation of Hadith

Unlike the compilation of the Quran, the process is spread over three centuries.

1. During the Prophet's life, and during the age of the Companions (upto 100 AH):
i. Companions were keen to preserve Prophet's instructions, approvals, disapprovals etc - During Prophet's life, only
preservation of Hadith - Many companions got devoted to the task of noting down the Hadith - Prophet's own
instructions e.g: "Take the help of your right hand": his advice to a companion who had weak memory.

ii. Many emerged as noted memorizers of Hadith, e.g. four Abdullahs: four companions whose 1st name was
Abdullah and they were sons of: Hazrat Umar, Hazrat Abbas, Hazrat Zubayr & Hazrat Amr Bin al-As, also Hazrat
Abu Hurirah, Hazrat Ayesha and Hazrat Anas bin Malik

iii. The Prophet's letters, treaties, judgments were also part of the earliest Hadith literature. - Oral transmission of
Hadith by thousands of companions settled in the remote, newly conquered territories. His written pledge of
protection given to Suraqa bin Malik during his journey of migration to Madinah in 622 AD - The written set of
instructions for Abu Shah after the conquest of Makkah; after listening to his sermon, he asked the Prophet to give
it in writing for his guidance.

iv. Students/teachers of Hadith had to travel long distance in search of Hadith; some early compilations included:
compilation of Imam Muhammad b Muslim Shihab al- Zuhri (51-124 AH/ 70-742 AD); Sahifa-i- Amr bin
Hazm(dictates of the Prohet to Ubbay bin Ka'b about rules concerning purification, charity, other taxes etc);
Sahifa-i- Sadiqa with 10,000 Hadith, compiled by Abdullah bin 'Amr bin al-'Aas; Sahifa-i-Ali and Sahifa-i-Anas bin
Malik.

v. Companions sprang in several Arab and non-Arab areas along with the Muslim armies: Ibn Abbas in Makkah, Ibn
Mas'ud in Kufa, and Salman al-Farsi in Isfhan established centers of Hadith teaching - Usually the youngest
companions became a reliable source of Hadith collection: Abu Hurairah reported the greatest number of Ahadith,
5,400, though he used to say, "There is no one more knowledgeable of the sayings of the Messenger, than me
except Abdullah bin Amr. I would preserve them in my heart but he would write them down" Abu Hurairah
remained with the Prophet for only three years.

vi. Abdullah bin Umar was just 23 when the Prophet died, reported 2,600 traditions; Anas bin Malik, given by his
mother as a baby to the Prophet, reported 2,300 traditions, Ibn Abbas who was a teenager on the Prophet's
death, reported 1,700 traditions.

vii. Hazrat Ayesha reported 2,210 traditions: all such transmitters are called the Mukiththirun, those who reported
several hundred traditions
viii. These reporters utilized their young age, excellent memory and enthusiasm to learn, in reporting such a great
number of Ahadith. Many companions kept special note books - the Sahifas e.g. "Sahifa-i-Ali", "Sahifa-i- Sadiqa" of
Ibn Amr bin al-'As, Sahifa Sahiha of Hammam bin Munabbih from Abu Hurairah, and Sahifa of Hazrat Ayesha
compiled by Urwa bin Zubair.

2. Age of the Tab'aeen (successors of companions): 2nd Hijra century (100-200 AH/ 720-820 AD)
a. They learned from the companions; recorded the Ahadith reported by their teachers. Kept their Suhuf containing
sayings, deeds and judgements of the Prophet pbuh. Sahifa of Hammam bin Munabbih, contains 138 Ahadith,
received from Abu Hurairah.

b. Gradually, the oral tradition was replaced by the written work; however, the Ahadith had to be heard in order to
avoid any mistake in understanding their meanings as there were no diacritical marks used in those days

c. Imam Shahab al-Zuhri declared the writing down as a precondition for transmitting Hadith. Huge Hadith literature
in circulation and need to start compilation of Hadith: the Umayyed Caliph Umar b Adbul Aziz (717-719AD) wrote
to Abu Bakr bin Hazm (d. 737) in Madinah to collect Hadith; compilation work began and many compilations
appeared together with the growth of the four Sunni schools of thought: the Malikis, Hanbalis, Hanafis and Shafi'i
(after the four Imams Malik, Ahmed b Hanbal, Abu Hanifa and Shafi'i).

d. Two main compilations: (1) al-Muwatta by Imam Malik and (2) Musnad-i-Ahmed by Imam Ahmed b Hanbal.

e. al-Muwatta/divided into chapters (collection of the agreed upon opinion/ tradition of the people of Madinah); a
Musannaf type of Hadith book Hadith (legal thinking); about 2000 Hadith with legal judgments based on the
Quran, Hadith and the agreed opinion of the Madinian people; such a book has chapters on various themes of
Hadith, with the names of the first narrator (a companion); helpful for legal thinking.

f. A little later, there was a shift from Musannaf to Musnad type of Hadith collections. Musnad-i-Ahmed: a Musnad
type of Hadith compilation with Ahdadith listed together under the name of first transmitter (Rawi) of Hadith from
the Prophet; Ahadith reported by various groups of the companions e.g., the four caliphs, the wives of the Prophet
etc. 27,700 Ahadith; one fourth to one third are repeated Ahadith. Such a book is helpful in studying about some
particular narrator. Work completed by his two sons after his death.
3. Age of Taba' Taba'een (successors of Taba'een), 200-300 AH (3rd Hijra century)
0
•
Final phase of Hadith compilation
Hundreds of thousands of Ahadith, a mix of genuine and other types of Hadith; need to segregate genuine/authentic
(Sahih) from other traditions.
Checking the Matn (text) & Isnad (Chain of transmitters of Hadith) to ensure genuinene of each Hadith.
Compilation of al Sahah al Sitta (the six authoritative books of Hadith) by the six major
collectors:
1. Sahih Bukhari
2. Sahih Muslim
3. Jami' of Tirmizi
4. Sunans of Ibn Majah
5. Sunan of Abu Dawud
6. Sunan of al-Nasa'i
TIKHAR ULHA
Golden Age of Hadith Compilation; Imam Bukhari, foremost among the six major compilers; Bukhari spent sixteen years in
shortlisting the reliable Ahadith; 7,397 out of a total of 600,000 Ahadith; wrote his opinion on many legal matters.
His student Imam Muslim also worked extensively; Muslim shortlisted a total of 2,762 Sahih Muslim contains only 54
chapters against 97 of Sahih Bukhari; their collections are called 'Sahihavn/the two Sahih Hadith Books.

•
•
·
·
•
·
Strict criteria to check the authenticity of each Hadith by examining its Matn and Isnad
thoroughly.
Their 4 successors compiled their books; Sunan of Abu Dawud, 4,800 Ahadith, mainly
those of legal thinking.
Jami' al-Tirmidhi; one of Bukhari's disciples, compiled his Jami' that contained 3,950
Ahadith.
Sunan al-Nisa'l; another student of Bukhari compiled two Sunans; the larger one contains some unreliable Ahadith; the
smaller ones known as the Mujtaba contains 5,750 Ahadith, mostly reliable
Sunan of Ibn Maja contains over 4,000 Ahadith, 32 chapters divided into 1,500 sub-
chapters
Sunan Abu Dawud contains 4,800 Ahadith, from a total of 500,000. Most of the Ahadith deal with the matters concerning
legal thinking. His Sunan is considered by most jurists and traditionalists to be next to the Sahihain. He is especially known
for his work on the Mursal Hadith, a tradition in which a companion is omitted and a successor/Taba'ee narrates directly
from the Prophet.
How Matn was checked: language and contents were checked; should contain Arabic language of Prophet's time; must
conform to Quran & other traditions on the same theme; must not belittle or unusually magnify status of the Prophet;
should be easily understandable & appealing to common sense, should not go against the laws of nature: should not
mention future events, unusual rewards for ordinary deeds, should not give details about a particular individual or
tribe;should not mention anything against the Prophet's closest relatives etc.
How Isnad was checked: the whole chain must be continuous and unbroken so that the original text was conveyed from
the Prophet to the companion & then to the narrators in the chain (first transmitter to the last transmitter in absolute
originality); last transmitter must be a companion who directly received Matn from the Prophet; each narrator to be
familiar with the preceeding & the succeeding narrator (the dates of birth and death of each transmitter in succession
should overlap), so that, each one surely received the Matn from the earlier & conveyed the same to the next in chain;
have excellent memory (to retain original text in its originality); each in the chain should have spotless character with the
repute of an established scholar of Quran, Hadith, Fiqh etc. 'Ilm Asma al Rijal (science of the men) greatly helped in this
regard.
Some quotable incidents: 1. Bukhari to convey handsome money from one of his friends to the other (on the other bank of
a river); a person with criminal thoughts planned to get the money illegally; while the boat was in the middle of the river,
he shouted about theft of his money and mentioned all identity marks of the bag of money; sailors stopped to bodily
search each passenger; Bukhari quietly through the money in to the river, decided to pay the friend from own pocket. He
knew even a false charge of theft could disqualify him as a reliable narrator of Hadith. 2. Bukhari travelled long distance to
collect Hadith from a scholar; when reached his home, saw the scholar tempting his horse by showing an empty bag of
fodder; Bukhari returned without contacting the scholar, thinking if a man could cheat his horse, could cheat humans as
well. 3. Memory skills of the six major collectors were repeatedly checked by an audience of thousands; so was their
character, e.g., none of the narrators should have told a lie even as a matter of joke,
By checking Matn & Isnad, Bukhari shortlisted only about 2800 from the original stack of 600,000 traditions.
Quote incidents related to his memory.
ос
BX

The Shi'a Hadith Compilations

•
·
•
Four major Shi'a compilations of Hadith were made during the period of the Buyid dynasty (932-1062) that ruled Iraq and
Persia during the Abbasid caliphate; compiled about a hundred years after the Sunni books.
Shi'a compilers also relied on Matn & Isnad, though in a manner different from that of the Sunni compilers
The chain (Isnad ) mainly consists of the 12 Imams (Prophet's descendents through Fatima and Ali)
Matn also is different; sayings of the Prophet as well as those of the Imams.
Thus the 12 Imams are not only narrators but also source of guidance for Shia's. Four compilations of Shi'a Hadith:
(1) Al Kafi fi 'Ilm al Din (the sufficient in the religion) by Muhammad bin Yaqub al-Kulayni; comprises 15176 traditions;
divided into three sections: Usul al Kafi (about the history, morals and ethics); Furu' al Kafi (about the details of religious
law); Rauadt al Kafi (covers various religious aspects and contains a number of writings of the Imams); a total of 16,000
traditions.
(2) Man al yahdurahu la Faqih (one who has no legal expert present) by Muhammad bin Babuya al-Qummi; contains 9044
traditions.
(3) Tahdhib al Ahkam (Revision Of the Judgments) contains 135
(4) 90 traditions, compiled by Muhammad bin Hassan al-Tusi.
(5) al-Istibsar (the Perspective), also by Tusi, contains 5511 traditions
Q. (a) Write an account of the collection of Hadiths during:
•
the Prophet's lifetime, and
•
the time of the Companions immediately after the Prophet's death.
[10]
 (b) In your opinion what were the main reasons for Hadith collections? Give reasons for your answer.
[4]

Pillars of Islam (Hajj – the annual pilgrimage)

Notes
1. Introduction
 5th Pillar of Islam
 Means “desire to visit
 Obligatory once in a lifetime – can be performed once a year in the month of Zilhajj
 Hajj is obligatory:
i. Adult
ii. free person
iii. sane person
iv. Muslim
v. Healthy / not hindered by any disease/ can easily travel without any danger to
his life
vi. Financially afford the journey while maintaining his family in his absence
“If a person is not hampered by any disease, real necessities or a tyrannical ruler and yet does
not perform Hajj, his death and the death of a Jew or a Christen is same”. (Tirmizi)

2. Performance of Umrah (Minor pilgrimage – Haj e Asghar) and Hajj (the annual
pilgrimage)

Step one: The Ihram and Niyyat:

Ihram
i. First act.
ii. Declaration of niyat (intention) to perform Umra/ Hajj.
iii. Visible indication of renunciation of worldly things in the way of Allah. No restriction
over color, though they should be mild. DO NOT WEAR CLOTH DYED IN FRAGRANCES
OR SAFFRON.
iv. For Men: Two sheets of unsewn cloth, one to cover lower body (navel downwards),
one to be flung lightly over shoulders. Head remains uncovered.
v. For Women: Ordinary clothes. Should cover head, no cloth should touch face.
vi. Before putting on Ihram, take bath and cleanse body.
vii. Offer two Rakat of Nafl prayers.
viii. Recite Talbiah in a loud voice:

"Here I am at Thy service. O Allah! Here I am at Thy service. There is no partner with Thee. Here
I am at Thy service. All praise and all blessings and favors belong to Thee, and all sovereignty is
Thine. Thou hast no partner."

Prohibitions of Ihram:
i. Wearing of sewn clothes (by males).
ii. Wearing of shoes covering raised bones of feet.
 iii. Putting bandage on head or feet.
iv. Covering head or face for men. Covering face for women.
v. Shaving, cutting or trimming of hair. Cutting of nails.
vi. Using any kind of perfume.
vii. Using abusive or foul language.

Makruhat of Ihram:
i. Rubbing body to remove dirt or dust.
ii. Using perfumed soap.
iii. Washing with water is permitted.
iv. Smelling perfumed objects.
v. Combing hair, or passing fingers through hair (so as not to kill lice or cause hair to
fall).
vi. Using a pin or needle for holding sheets of Ihram. Using spices in food.

Permitted acts of Ihram:

i. Use of toothbrush or miswak.
ii. Harmful insects or animals e.g. snakes, may be killed.
iii. Halal animals, but not hunted, may be eaten.
iv. Use of blankets for covering body, but not face or head, is allowed.

Non-observance of these instructions, deliberately or accidentally, is to be compensated

by the prescribed kuffara.

Niyyat:
i. Pray the obligatory prayer if it is time for them. Otherwise, they should make the
niyyat for Umrah by praying two nafal rak'aat,
ii. Niyyat by saying 'Labbaika Allahummah wa 'umrahtan'
iii. Proclaim the talbiyah
iv. Men should say the talbiyah aloud whilst women should say it quietly.
v. The pilgrims should also ask Allah for His pleasure, for heaven, and seek refuge in
Allah's mercy from hellfire. One should recite the talbiyah during 'Umrah as often as
possible, starting from the time one makes the niyyat until the tawaf begins.

Step two: Tawaf:

i. Tawaf means going around the Ka'aba anti-clockwise, seven times. Each circle is
called Shaut
ii. Starts and ends at the corner with the Black Stone i.e. the Hajr-al-Aswad.
iii. The pilgrims must walk
iv. During tawaf do supplication and recite third kalima
v. Upon reaching the Yamani Gate (Rukn al-Yamani), the pilgrim should recite:
'Our Lord! Grant us good in this world and good in the hereafter, and save us from the
chastisement of the fire.' (al-Baqarah, 2:201)
vi. Each time the pilgrim passes the Hajr-e-Aswad, he/she should raise his/her right
hand towards it, if it cannot be touched due to the crowds, and say 'Bismillah Allahu
Akbar.' This is called estalam.
vii. During the tawaf it is necessary for a male pilgrim to do two things:

Types of Tawaf:
i. Tawaf-e-Qudum – Sunnat, performed on entering Masjid-e-Haram
ii. Tawaf-e-Umra - Fard on those performing Umra
iii. Tawaf-e-Nafl – Nafl, no restrictions on how many times it can be performed. Use
 normal procedure of wudhu and niyat.
iv. Tawaf-e-Ziyarat - Fard. Must be performed between dawn of 10th and 12th of Hajj.
v. Tawaf-e-Wida – Wajib, Performed at time of final departure from Makkah.

Step three: Sayi:

i. Seven brisk circuits between hills of Safa and Marwa.
ii. Pilgrim should climb to a height that affords a view of Makkah.
iii. Hazrat Hajra, wife of Hazrat Ibrahim, ran while running between hills of Safa and
Marwa searching for water for her child, Hazrat Ismail. Well named Zam-Zam sprang
under feet of Hazrat Ismail.
iv. Sayi performed in this memory. It is expression of respect for maternal love and
gratitude to Allah who made the well spring beneath Ismail's feet.
v. Safa and Marwa are "signs of Allah" (Quran).

Step four: Stay at Mina from the morning of 8th:

i. Plain of Mina is 4 miles east of Makkah.
ii. Path to plain passes through famous hill of Aqabah, site of the Pledges of Aqabah.
iii. Must reach Mina before noon. Should recite Talbiah, Durud and Kalma Tauhid.
iv. Offer Zuhr, Asr, Maghrib and Isha prayers at Mina. Leave for Arafat after offering Fajr
prayers of 9th. It is desirable to offer Fajr prayers at Arafat.

Step five: Stay at Arafat from Fajr of 9th:

i. Plain of Arafat is 9 miles from Makkah.
ii. Stay at Arafat is Farz. Without this, Hajj is NOT COMPLETE.
iii. Day of stay at Arafat is called Yaum-e-Arafat.
iv. Muhammad (PBUH) delivered Last Sermon in 'Uranah valley of Mount Arafat.
v. Hazrat Adam and Hazrat Hawwa were reunited here after years of wandering.
vi. On Day of Judgement, all of mankind will be gathered here.
vii. There is a mountain in the plain called Jabal-e-Rehmat.
viii. Best form of Wuquf-e-Arafat is to remain standing facing the Qibla while reciting
Talbiah, Kalma Tauhid and Istighfar and praying to Allah.
ix. Zuhr and Asr prayers are offered combined, with congregation at Masjid-e-Namara or
they may be offered with or without Imam at any other place in Arafat.
x. Immediately after sunset, WITHOUT offering Maghrib prayers, leave for Muzdalifah.

Step six: Journey to Muzdalifah on evening of 9th:

i. Muzdalifah is 6 miles from Makkah, between Mina and Arafat.
ii. This place is called the Sacred Monument in the Quran.
iii. One can stay anywhere in Muzdalifah except the Wadi Muhasirin where the Ashab-e-
Fil were annihilated.
iv. Maghrib and Isha prayers are offered combined.
v. 49 pebbles for stoning the devil are picked up here.
vi. After Fajr prayers of 10th, leave for Mina.

Step seven: Stay at Mina from the morning of 10th and Rami of Jamarat-ul-Uqba:
i. Spend three nights (10th, 11th, 12th) stoning the three stone pillars called Jamarat.
ii. Three pillars are lamarat-ul-Laba lamarat-ul-Wusta and lamarat-ul-Sughra.
iii. Satan tried to deceive Hazrat Ibrahim, as he was about to offer Hazrat Ismail for
sacrifice to Allah. It is in memory of this that Rami is performed.
iv. On 10th, cast 7 of the 49 stones at the Jamarat-ul-Uqba only. Stand six to seven feet
from the stone pillar, hold the pebble with thumb and forefinger and recite Bismillah
and after that Allah-u-Akbar after throwing each pebble.
 v. Immediately after Rami on 10th, Talbiah should be stopped.

Step eight: Sacrifice:

i. Returning from Rami, offer sacrifice in memory of Hazrat Ibrahim's willingness to
sacrifice his son in the way of Allah.
ii. After sacrifice, men should shave heads. Women should cut a lock of hair.
iii. Now you can change into normal clothes and restrictions of Ihram are over.
iv. Restrictions of Tawaf are not yet lifted.

Step nine: Tawaf-e-Ziyarat:

i. Second most important item of Hajj. If not performed, Hajj becomes void.
ii. If performed after 12th, sacrifice must be offered.

Step ten: Rami on 11th and 12th:

i. Rami should be performed after sunset.
ii. Order of Rami: I) Jamarat-ul-Sughra. II) Jamarat-ul-Wusta. III) Jamarat-ul-Uqba.

Step eleven:Tawaf-e-Wida:
i. Tawaf performed before departure.
ii. Releases from all Hajj-related restrictions.
iii. Before departure, offer two Rakat prayers at Maqam-e-Ibrahim, kiss Hajr-e-Aswad
and drink water from Zam-zam.
iv. After Hajj, it is the earnest desire of every Muslim to visit Madina, offer Durud and
Salam at the Mausoleum of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and pray for eight consecutive
days at the Masjid-e-Nabwi so as to seek the recommendation of the Holy Prophet
(PBUH) for one's entry into Paradise on the Day of Judgement.
v. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said that he who came with the intention to visit his grave
would be in his neighborhood on the Day of Judgement and he who died in one of the
two sacred places, Allah would resurrect him among those free from every fear on the
Day of Resurrection.
 Jihad (Struggle for Islam)
Notes
ix. Introduction
 In literal terms Jihad means to struggle or exert oneself to achieve a particular goal. In Islamic
terminology, it means to struggle in the way of Allah to achieve and establish righteousness
and shun evil. There are 3 main kinds of Jihad: Spiritual, Mental and Physical Jihad.
3. Forms of Jihad
 Jihad bin Nafs (jihad by the self) (Spiritual Jihad) is the greater jihad in which a Muslim fights
against his own evil desires and struggles to obey Allah and become a better Muslim. It lasts a
lifetime, and affects every aspect of life. Prophet told warriors returning to Madina after a
battle that they had returned from the lesser jihad (of warfare) to the greater jihad of struggle
against one’s own heart, i.e. desires that lead to wrong doings.
 Jihad bil Lisan (jihad of the tongue) (Mental Jihad) is speaking and upholding the truth,
speaking out against what is wrong and immoral, and spreading the word of Allah and the
teachings of Islam. Some scholars also relate it to acquiring knowledge and call it jihad by
knowledge or pen. The Prophet Muhammad said: “The best jihad in the path of Allah is a word
of justice to an oppressive ruler”.
 Jihad bil Yad (jihad by the hand) (Physical Jihad) refers to choosing to do what is right and to
combat injustice and what is wrong with action. It is to stand up for what is right. Prophet said,
“if anyone of you sees an evil action then let him change it with his hand…………
 Jihad bil Mal. (Jihad by maal) (Physical Jihad) is spending wealth in the way of Allah e.g. to
improve the social conditions of people around, to help the weak and needy. Quran says,
“Strive hard in Allah’s way with your person and property.” (Sura As-Saff)
 Jihad bis Saif ( jihad by the sword) (Physical Jihad) referring to qital fi sabilillah (armed
conflict in the way of Allah) is the most common usage- a term that has been exploited and
misused as ‘holy war’. It must be fought only as a last resort when all other options are
explored and exhausted. However when there is injustice, oppression and the very existence
of Islam and Muslims is threatened, and one’s faith is at stake, Jihad becomes obligatory on
Muslims: “And why should you not fight in the cause of Allah and of those who being weak, are
ill-treated men, women and children, whose cry is: ’Our Lord! Rescue us from this town, whose
people are oppressors; and raise for us from us from thee one who will help! (An-Nisa, 4:75)

 According to the Qur’an, if the enemy ceased hostilities and sought peace, Muslims
were to seek peace as well: ‘If your enemy inclines towards peace, then you should seek peace
and trust in Allah’. (8:61) In Sura Baqara (2:216-217) Allah says that even though warfare is
prohibited in the sacred months, yet Muslims may fight if the circumstances require them to
do so. Qital is done to remove hindrances in the propagation of Islam and never impose Islam
on non-believers as Qur’an says, “Let there be no compulsion in Religion”.
 Prophet laid down various rules for Qital e.g. Muslims were instructed to fight in self-
defence and not to be the first ones to initiate fighting. This is limited to the area which is
 involved e.g. Palestine. It is not an excuse for open warfare all around the globe. Therefore,
Jihad must be in the name of Allah and according to His will.

 Jihad

 Definition: - In literal terms Jihad means to struggle or exert oneself to achieve a particular
goal. In Islamic terminology, it means to struggle in the way of Allah Almighty to achieve and
establish righteousness and shun evil. The scope of the terminology is very broad and is not
simply restricted to fighting in the physical sense which is one method of carrying out jihad.

 Broadly Jihad is classified into two types:

 • Greater Jihad. (Jihad Al-Akbar)
 • Lesser Jihad. (Jihad Al- Asghar)

 Jihad can also be divided into following kinds:

 • Jihad bin Nafs. (Greater Jihad, Spiritual)
 • Jihad bil Lisan. (Lesser Jihad, Physical)
 • Jihad bil Yad. (Lesser Jihad, Physical)
 • Jihad bil Mal. (Lesser Jihad, Physical)
 • Jihad bis Saif. (Lesser Jihad, Physical)

 1. Jihad bin Nafs is the greater jihad which is when a muslim makes a special effort to be a pure
muslim, or fights against his or her own selfish desires. This is every Muslims personal
struggle to obey Allah, follow shari’ah and become a better Muslim. It is a tough spiritual
struggle, lasts a lifetime, and affects every aspect of life. The Prophet Muhammad ( ‫صلى الله‬
‫ )عليه و سلم‬told warriors returning to Madina after a battle that they had returned from the
lesser jihad (of warfare) to the greater jihad of struggle against one’s own heart, i.e. desires
that lead to wrong doings. The Prophet Muhammad (‫ )صلى الله عليه و سلم‬said: “The greatest
Jihad is to fight against the evil passions of oneself”.

 2. Jihad bil Lisan (jihad of the tongue) is speaking and upholding the truth, speaking out
against what is wrong and immoral, and spreading the word of Allah and the teachings of
Islam. The Prophet Muhammad (‫ )صلى الله عليه و سلم‬said: “The best jihad in the path of Allah
is a word of justice to an oppressive ruler”.

 3. Jihad bil Yad (jihad by the hand) refers to choosing to do what is right and to combat
injustice and what is wrong with action. It is to stand up for what is right.

 4. Jihad bil Mal. (Lesser Jihad) refers to using your financial resources in the way of Allah eg.
To improve the social conditions of people around you, to help the weak and needy.

 One form of jihad uses all our physical, financial resource is Hajj. Prophet Muhammad ( ‫صلى‬
‫ )الله عليه و سلم‬said: “Hajj is the most excellent form of Jihad”.

 5. Jihad bis Saif ( jihad by the sword) referring to qital fi sabilillah (armed conflict in the way of
Allah) is the most common usage- a term that has been exploited and misused as ‘holy war’. It
must be fought only as a last resort when all other options are explored and exhausted.
However when there is injustice, oppression and the very existence of Islam and Muslims is
threatened, and one’s faith is at stake, Muslims are obliged to intervene even if this requires
armed confrontation to defend Islam.

 “And why should you not fight in the cause of Allah and of those who being weak, are ill-
treated men, women and children, whose cry is:’Our Lord! Rescue us from this town, whose
people are oppressors; and raise for us from us from thee one who will help! (An-Nisa, 4:75)

 Military Jihad is justified if it will bring about freedom from tyranny, restore peace, combat
oppression, or correct injustice. According to the Qur’an, if the enemy ceased hostilities and
sought peace, Muslims were to seek peace as well.

 ‘If your enemy inclines towards peace, then you should seek peace and trust in Allah’. (8:61)

 Qital is done to remove hindrances in the propagation of Islam and never impose Islam on
non-believers. Waging war to convert people to Islam at the point of a sword is not allowed in
Islam. The Qur’an says “Let there be no compulsion in Religion”.

 The Prophet (‫ )صلى الله عليه و سلم‬laid down various rules of engagement in Military Jihad

 • Jihad must be in the name of Allah and according to His will.
 • The Muslims were instructed to fight in self defense and not to be the first ones to initiate
fighting. This is limited to the area which is involved e.g. Palestine. It is not an excuse for open
warfare all around the globe.
 • Jihad should not be undertaken to gratify one’s whims, to extract vengeance, to obtain
wealth and riches, or to conquer territories and rule them.
 • The sick, elderly, women and children should not be harmed.
 • The natural world (trees, animals) must not be damaged
 • Places of worship e.g. Churches, synagogues are not be demolished.
 • Indiscriminate killings should be avoided and the corpses of the enemy will not be
disfigured.
 • The prisoners of war shall not be tortured.
 History and Importance of Quran ISlAMIAT
Ijma Grade 10C
1. Introduction and Definition:
 After the primary sources (Holy Quran and the Sunnah), Ijma is the third source and the secondary source of making
Islamic law. If the legal solution is neither available in the primary sources, then Islam allows Muslims to find a
solution which is agreed upon and accepted by the majority of the Muslims. “And those who strive in our cause, we
will certainly guide them to our paths.”
 The literal meaning of Ijma is, determination, resolution and agreement upon something. The word Ijma is derived
from the word ‘Jama’ which means to unite or add.
 Technical meaning: “the agreement of the mujtahids (jurists) from among community of Muhammad (peace be upon
him) after his death in a certain period of time upon a rule of Islamic law.”

2. Conditions for the validity of Ijma:

 The agreement must take place among the Mujtahids (Islamic Scholar) who has extensive knowledge of Quran and
Hadis, proficient in the Arabic language, have Comprehensive understanding of the principles of Islamic
jurisprudence (Usul al-Fiqh and can derive legal rulings from religious sources. They must be pious, righteous and
must fear Allah
 The agreement must be unanimous. Unity in opinion by relying on evidence from Quran and Sunnah. Even if one
disagrees and brings strong evidence to support his point of view, he can stop the establishment of the ruling.
 It must be done only by the ummah of the Prophet pbuh made on the single determined period by the Mujtahids of
the same period of time
 It must be done after the demise of the Prophet pbuh
“O you who believe! Obey Allah and Obey the Messenger and those charged with authority among you. If you differ in
anything among yourselves, refer it to Allah and His Messenger…” (al-Nisa’(4:59)

3. Who can practice Ijma?

 Companions of the Prophet pbuh,
 Muslim Jurists
 and the general body of the Muslim community:

4. Kinds of Ijma:
Ijma is of two kinds that can be performed by
 The first is the general agreement of Muslims in matters of belief, e.g that the Quran is the last revealed book on the
last Prophet Muhammad pbuh, there are five obligatory prayers….

 The 2nd kind of Ijma is the consensus by a group of Muslims on the decisions of legal matters, on which the Quran and
Sunnah are silent. This kind of ijma is further divided into two types:
Explicit Ijma (ijma’ sarih):
 The one in which the legal opinions of all the mujtahids of one period in relation to a legal issue, and each one of
them states his opinion explicitly (openly). This is realized sometimes by their meeting in one place and examining
an issue in question and finally they express a unanimous opinion. It may also take place when an issue occurs, and
all mujtahids give the same legal opinion. "My community will not agree upon an error"
Implicit/ Silent or tacit ijma’ (ijma’ sukuti):
It takes place when some mujtahid, one or more, give a legal opinion regarding specific rule about a particular legal
issue, then the rest of them are informed of this opinion and they keep silent and they neither acknowledge it nor
object to it, giving a silent approval to the decision.

5. Examples of Ijma:
Below are a few examples of Ijma performed in certain matters:
Prophet's life:
 After the battle of Badr Holy Prophet (pbuh) consulted with his companions about the prisoners of war and it was
decided that they will get their freedom after the payment of ransom.
 During the battle of Uhad, the Prophet PBUH consulted his companions and followed the opinion of the majority and
fought the battle out of the city though he was personally against it.
 During the battle of trench, he had the trench dug around the city of Madinah on the suggestion of Salman Farsi.
 The Holy Prophet PBUH performed Tarawih only three or four times in congregation in his lifetime. In the reign of
Hazrat Umar R.A, the system of congregation of Tarawih was added after the Isha prayer.

Examples after the demise of the Prophet pbuh:

 Compiling the Quran: The compilation and arrangement of the Quranic verses into a single book form were done
during the caliphate of Abu Bakr and later standardized by the third caliph, Uthman. The Muslim community
universally accepts this compilation as Ijma.
 Election of Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A: The first caliph was selected by the Ijma of the companions, the basis of this ijma
was that he had been appointed by the Prophet pbuh as Ameer-e-Hajj and also to lead the prayers during his last days
of illness, showing that he had good leadership qualities.
 Validity of the Friday Prayer (Jumu’ah): There is consensus among Islamic scholars that the Friday congregational
prayer (Jumu’ah) is obligatory for adult, sane and healthy Muslim males who are not travelling. The details of the
Friday prayer, including its timing and prayer format are generally agreed upon within the Muslim community.
 Azaan for Friday Prayer: During the Prophet’s time, there was only one Azan for Friday prayers but during the
caliphate of Hazrat Usman R.A, it was decided through Ijma that two Azans would be given for the Friday prayers as
Madina had become larger as a city and sometimes, because of the noise in the marketplaces, the first call was not
heard by all. The practice of two Azan for Friday prayers is now followed throughout the world.

Present day examples:

 Moon sighting for Ramadan: Muslim communities worldwide often follow the same criteria for sighting the
crescent moon to begin and end Ramadan, demonstrating a consensus on this matter.
 Halal food certification: The global halal food industry follows standardized certification processes, indicating a
consensus on what constitutes permissible food for Muslims.
 Encouragement of vaccination and public health measures: Islamic scholars and organizations have widely
endorsed vaccination and public health measures, demonstrating a consensus on the importance of protecting human
life and preventing harm.
6. Importance of Ijma:
 Ijma is significant in providing a consensus-based understanding of Islamic law situations where the Quran and
Hadith do not explicitly address a particular issue. It helps maintain unity within the Muslim community by
establishing a collective decision-making process.
"Gather together the righteous from among my community and decide the matter by their council and do not
decide it by any man's opinion"
 History and Importance of Quran ISlAMIAT
Qiyas/Analogy Grade 10C
1. Introduction and Definition:
 Qiyas is the fourth source of Islamic Law. The root meaning of the word ‘Qiyas’ is ‘measuring’ and
‘equality’.
 In the legal sense, Qiyas is the process of deduction from the principles laid down in the Quran and
Hadis, is known as Qiyas. (Measure one thing by comparing with another thing similar to it)
 A legal method which uses human reasoning to compare an existing situation for which legislation
already exists.
And We have certainly presented for the people in this Qur’an from every [kind of] example – that they might
remember. (39:27)
2. Method/Rule of Qiyas:
The need for Qiyas developed soon after the death of Muhammad pbuh, when the expanding Islamic state
came in contact with societies and situations and their new problems which were not directly addressed in
Quran and the Sunnah. Qiyas can only be deduced by keeping in view the knowledge of Quran and Sunnah.
Comparing the old example with the new problem.The Prophet PBUH said,
"Judge upon the book of Allah if you do not find in it what you need, upon the Sunnah of the Prophet and
if you don’t find in that also, then use your personal opinion" (Abu Daud, Tirmizi)

A problem can be carried out measurements and equations if it meets the four elements:

1. Original case (Asl)…. Wine

2. Legal ruling of original case (Hukum al Asl) Prohibition as in surah
…. Maida 5:90

3. New or parallel case (Far)…. Drugs

4. Effective cause (Illah)… Intoxication

The Quran declares the use of wine to be haram (illegal) because it is an intoxicant. However, drugs like
cocaine and opium were not known at that time so, no mention has been made of them. However, the Holy
Prophet PBUH said, "every intoxicant is khamr so; every intoxicant is haram (illegal)". Since these drugs are
highly intoxicating, they are declared to be haram. The Quran refers to this in Surah Maida verse 90, “O
believers! Intoxicants, gambling, idols, …… are all evil of Satan’s handiwork. So, shun them so you may be
successful”.

When the Prophet pbuh sent Mu'adh ibn Jabal to Yemen, he (pbuh) asked: How will you judge when the
occasion of deciding a case arises? He replied: I shall judge in accordance with Allah's Book. He (pbuh) asked:
If you do not find any guidance in Allah's Book? He replied: (I shall act) in accordance with the Sunnah of the
Messenger of Allah. He (pbuh) asked: (What will you do) if you do not find any guidance in the Sunnah of the
Messenger of Allah and in Allah's Book? He replied: I shall do my best to form an opinion, and I shall spare
no effort. The Messenger of Allah said: Praise be to Allah Who has helped the delegate of His Prophet to find
something which pleases the Messenger of Allah.

When applying Qiyas, it is essential to consider the authenticity and reliability of the original case and ruling.
The analogy drawn should be based on sound reasoning and a comprehensive understanding of the
principles of Islamic law. Additionally, scholars must be cautious not to extend the ruling beyond its intended
scope or contradict the explicit texts of the Quran and Sunnah. The process of Qiyas requires a deep
knowledge of Islamic jurisprudence and a thorough examination of the circumstances at hand.
 Examples:
 Wuzu is not valid even if the smallest portion of our body which has to be washed remains dry.
According to a tradition reported by Hazrat Ayesha, if the flour dries on nails, wuzu would not be
considered to have taken place, since that portion of the nails remain dry. Applying this in case of nail
polish, wuzu would not take place as the nails remain dry.
 The Holy Quran asks us to pay Zakat. The Holy Prophet PBUH explained that one goat must be given
as Zakat for every forty goats. Giving a goat to a poor man would be of no use to him so after Qiyas it
is permissible to sell the goat and give the cash to the poor man.
 The Quran forbids sales transactions after the call for Friday prayers. By analogy all kinds of
transactions have been forbidden since they, like sales, distract Muslims from prayers.
 In a dialogue with Muaz-bin-Jabal the Holy Prophet PBUH approved of using one's opinion in case the
Quran or the sunnah do not give clear guidance.

Importance of Qiyas:
Qiyas holds immense significance and importance in Islamic law. It allows scholars to derive legal rulings
for new and emerging issues by analogically reasoning from existing cases and principles. Through the
process of Qiyas, Islamic law remains adaptable and relevant in addressing the ever-changing
complexities of the modern world.