The life and importance of the

Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)

Ali Jan S. Damani
 Pre-Islamic Conditions: Socioeconomic Context
• Patriarchal Society
1. No limit on men to marry women
2. Father’s wives are son’s wives except his mother
3. Sexual objects
4. Female infants were buried alive
5. Females sex slaves were sold and purchased
6. Females used to sale sex for their living
7. Works that were looked down upon were given to women
8. No role in politics
 Pre-Islamic Conditions: Socioeconomic Context

• Drug Usage:
1. Alcohol was common—Drinking
2. Gambling
• Economy:
1. Jews were the business class dominating the Hejaz area (Makkah and
Medina)
2. Idols were a source of income for the locals
3. Slavery was an economic institution
4. Exploitative interest rates by the capitalists
5. Caravan culture
 Pre-Islamic Conditions: Political Context
• With exception of Yemen, no government structure was there.
• Tribe chief was the head (shaikh)—but more of a moral rather than political.
• The only law of the land was lawlessness
• No justice: Individual is the justice
• Tribalism was more important than ethics
• Wars were common—Ramadan was an exception?
 Pre-Islamic Conditions: Religious Context
• Idolatory was common (360 idols in Kabah)
• Atheistis (materiality was God)
• Zindiqs (Persian doctrine of dualism)
• Sabines (stars are Gods)
• Jews
• Christians
• Monotheists
 Pre-Islamic Conditions: Cultural Context

• Master in poetry (Jahili Poetry)

• Bedouin culture

• Raised the male infants very carefully

• Had fairs occasionally

Quran about age of Ignorance:
• For the unbelievers had planted in their hearts a zealotry, the
zealotry of lawlessness (48:26)
• Settle in your homes, and do not display yourselves as women did in
the days of pre-Islamic ignorance (33:33)
• Then, following misery, He sent down upon you a feeling of security,
a slumber overcoming a party among you, while another party cared
only for themselves, thinking false thoughts about God, thoughts fit
for the Age of Idolatry. (3:154)
• Do they truly desire the law of paganism? But who is fairer than
God in judgment for a people firm of faith? (5:50)
Hadith about age of Ignorance:
• Abu Malik al-Ash’ari reported: The Prophet, peace and blessings be
upon him, said, “Four traits in my nation are among the affairs of
ignorance that they have not abandoned: boasting over status,
disparaging over lineage, seeking rain by the stars, and wailing over
the dead.” (Sahih Muslim: 934)
• Abu Hurairah (ra) reported: The Prophet (>‫( ص>>لىهللا>>> عليه> وسلم‬said:
Allah, Most High, has removed from you the pride of the pre-Islamic
period and its boasting in ancestors. One is only a pious believer or a
miserable sinner. You are sons of Adam, and Adam came from dust.
Let the people cease to boast about their ancestors. They are merely
fuel in Jahannam; or they will certainly be of less account with Allah
than the beetle which rolls dung with its nose. (Abi Daud)
Birth of Prophet Muhammad
• Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn
Hashim
• Birth in year of elephant/’Aam al-Fil (what was it?)
• 12th, Rabiula-Awwal, 571 A.D is a common date suggested
• His father died 6 months before his death; Mother was Amna b.
Wahab from Yathrib
• What are the earliest sources on Prophet Muhammad?
 Miracles on Birth of Prophet Muhammad
1. A Divine Light: Amna was aware of this light since pregnancy.
No pain to Aminah. Aminah seeing light.
2. Persian Fire Extinguished.
3. Taq-e-Kisra collapsed.
4. Fourteen balconies collapsed.
5. Lake Sa’wah went dry (near Iraq, Qum)
6. Idols got flat
7. Devils were attacked with shooting stars.
Prophet Muhammad in the hands of Halima
• Babies were sent to wet nurses to get “cultured”.
• Muhammad was given to him when he was 8 days old.
• Halima Sadia was from Banu Sa’ad tribe.
• Many miracles:
1. She-camel started milking.
2. Donkey gained its speed.
3. Land got fertile.
4. Beasts returned to them.
Question: What does all these symbols indicate?
• 2 years: proposal of returning but keeping for some more time
• Angel Gabriel: removing the clot of Satan
Prophet Muhammad in the hands of Amna and Mutalib

• It was now time to give Muhammad back to her mother. Or was she
scared of the Gabriel event?

• Amna decided to visit Muhammad’s father’s grave along with his boy,
servant (Umme-Aiman) and Mutalib.

• On their way back, she died in Abwa .

• Then, his grandfather took care of him, gave him special place to play
in Kaba, who also died after two years [Muhammad’s age?]
Prophet Muhammad in the hands of Abu Talib
• He took great care of Muhammad as of his other children.
• Did He not find you as an orphan then sheltered you? (93:6)—Surah
Duha
• The event of Bahira:
Muhammad was taken to a trade journey to Syria.
At Basra, a monk was met by them who recognized the signs of
prophethood.
He asked Abu Talib to send him back as Jews were a threat
He was sent back to Makkah.
Harb al-fijar and Half al-Fuzul
• Fight between tribes (Quraihs vs. Taif? Hawazain?)
• Continued to 4 to 5 years.
• Muhammad was 15 and collected arrows.
• Why are they called sac-religious wars?

• Peace treaties and prophet Muhammad was there.

• He later said: “I witnessed a treaty in the abode of Abdullah ibn Jadan
which was more appealing than herds of animals..I would be happy to
attend such a treat even in the age of Islam.
 Introducing Khadija
• Father: Khuwailad

• Mother: Fatima; Sisters: Umm-e-Habib and Hala

• Titles: Ameerat-e-Quraish, Khadija-e-Qubra, Tahira etc

• She was a successful businesswomen

• She already had married? (Banu Tamim, Banu Makhzum)—Atik, Malik

 Khadija becomes Muhammad’s 1st Wife
• Khadija asked Muhammad to go to for a business trip to Syria with her
with Maysara [prophet’s age was 25]

• Maysara described prophet’s attitude on their return

• She sent a marriage proposal which was accepted.

• Children: Qasim, Zainab, Ruqqaya, Umm-e-Kulsum, Fatima, Abdullah

Fixing of Black Stone
• Prophet was 35 when rebuilding of Kabah began

• Dispute at the time of fixing the black stone

• Abudllah Ibn. Mughira’s (Zad ar-Rakib) suggestion

• Prophet’s wisdom.
Life in Mecca
CALL TO PROPHETHOOD
 Early Preaching
• Gabriel brough the second revelation:

“O you enveloped in your cloak. Arise, and warn. And magnify the
glory of your Lord” [74: 1-3]

• Following conversions were made in the early secret preaching:

1. Khadija
2. Ali
3. Zaid bin Haris (adopted son of Prophet)
4. Abu Bakr (led to the conversion of most of the 10 blessed
companions)
Allah’s next order…

• “And warn your nearest relatives” [Shua’ara; 26:114]

• After receiving this command, prophet arranged a feast in his house and invited his kinsfolk.

• Around 40-50 people gathered at prophet’s house.

• Prophet asked Hazrat Ali to feed them using a single plate/bowl. People laughed by looking at the
quantity of the food.

• This was a miracle shown by prophet through Allah’s will that all people fed but food still persisted
in the bowl/plate. [Ibn Sa’ad]

• Abu Lahab called it a magic.

Allah’s next order… (continued)
• Then, prophet Muhammad invited all the people to Islam.

• Abu Lahab stood and insulted him and people started going to their home.

• Hazrat Ali, however, made the following speech: “I am the youngest of

you, my feet may not be strong, but I will be your supporter, O’
Muhammad!. Whoever will oppose you, I shall fight with him as a mortal
enemy.”

• This event is mentioned in Hadith of warning [Yaum al-Inzar]. According

to some sources, this feast repeated for three nights and same things
happened.
Allah asks for open call after 3 years…
• “Proclaim openly what you have been commanded [to say] and ignore the
idolaters.” [Hijr; 15:94].

• On receiving this, prophet decided to go to Mount Safa and make an open

call.

• Prophet Said: “As-Sabahah”

• Prophet said: “Would you believe me if I tell you that there is an enemy
behind the mountain coming to attack you?”

• The Quraish said: “We have not heard a lie from you throughout your life”
Allah asks for open call after 3 years…
• Then, the prophet said: “O people of the Quraysh! I warn you to fear God's
punishment. Save yourself from the fire. My position is the same as that of
the sentry who sees the enemy from afar and warns his people of the
danger of their enemies. Does such a person ever lie to his people?

• Lahab said interrupted prophet and said: “Shall we give oath to you? Have
you called us for this useless thing” May you perish forever”.

• Allah then revealed Surah Masad.

Surah Masad (111)

• May the hands of Abu Lahab perish, and he himself perish!

• Neither his wealth nor worldly gains will benefit him.

• He will burn in a flaming Fire,

• and ˹so will˺ his wife, the carrier of thorny kindling,

• around her neck will be a rope of palm-fibre.

 Why did Meccans oppose Islam?
Religious Factors
• They did not want to leave the religion of their ancestors. The 360 idols were
a religion of their ancestors. We have heard nothing like this in the time of
our forebears of old: Surah Mu’amineen (23:24)—Anthropomorphism.

• Angels as Allah’s daughters. Who gave Allah this universe?

• Islam and Christianity were similar, and they did not like Christianity. [Why?
Because of Abraha who attacked the Ka’ba]

• Their “Illa” was similar and different from “Allah”

 Why did Meccans oppose Islam?
Social and Moral Factors
• Class consciousness was at height. No equality for slaves.

• Women in Islam. Marriage.

• Islamic practices and customs.

• Adultery
 Why did Meccans oppose Islam?
Political Factors
• No one ruling tribe.

• They were not ready for a power shift in the hands of Muhammad.

• Islam would imply a law into a society governed with lawlessness.

 Why did Meccans oppose Islam?
Economic Factors
• Their accustomed security [in] the caravan of winter and summer:
Surah Quraish (106:1-2)

• No idols means no gifts and donations.

• Slavery couldn’t be used as an economic institution.

• No interest/No capitalism.

• Arab was a transit land between Byzantium/Persian and Asia.

 Verbal Opposition
• Why Muhammad and not any other man/leader?
• Why not angels?
• Mohammad is mad and possessed by Jinns.
• Mohammad is a magician and Quran is a spell book.
• Meccans closed their ears at Quran’s recitation.
• He was also called “Abtar”. [Surah Kauthar]
• He was no more “Sadiq” and “Amin”.
• They said why the revelations had stopped. [Surah Duha]
• Backbiting (104:1)—” Woe to every scorner and mocker”
1st Delegation to Abu Talib
• "Spare me and yourself and put not burden on me that I can’t
bear".
• "O my uncle! By God if they put the sun in my right hand and
the moon in my left on condition that I abandon this course,
until God has made me victorious, or I perish therein, I would
not abandon it." 
• "Go and preach what you please, for by God I will never
forsake you.". Abu Talib then recited two lines of verse with
meanings of full support to Muhammad.
 2nd Delegation to Abu Talib
• Ammarah ibn Walid (son of Walid ibn Mughira) said:

O Abu Talib! we have brought you a smart boy still in the bloom of his
youth, to make use of his mind and strength and take him as your son
in exchange for your nephew, who has run counter to your religion,
brought about social discord, found fault with your way of life, so that
we kill him and rid you of his endless troubles; just man for man.

• Abu Talib replied:

It is really an unfair bargain. You give me your son to bring him up

and I give you my son to kill him! By God, it is something incredible
 3rd Delegation to Abu Talib
• Quraish said:

Your nephew has insulted our gods, called our great men as insane and
reckoned our fathers to be deviated ones. Therefore, you surrender him
to us or else, there shall occur a war between us

• Abu Talib replied:

May your mouths be shut forever. I swear by Allah that I shall never
surrender him to you.

Think if a mother camel can leave her baby?

 Physical Persecutions: Muhammad’s
Case
• Arwaa bint-e-Harb--Umm-e-Jamil (sister of Abu Sufyan and wife of
Lahab):

1. She used to place thorns for Prophet at night.

2. She went to Kaba and produced a poem against Muhammad when
she heard that prophet is reciting Surah Masad. Quran reads:
“And when you recite the Qur’an, We place between you and those who
do not believe in the hereafter a hidden barrier” [17:45, Isra]

• Old Woman used to throw garbage

 Physical Persecutions: Muhammad’s
Case
• Uqba ibn Abi Mu’ayt: He placed camel intestines on prophet’s back when he was praying near Kaba.
Also at Prophet’s doorstep. (Some other neighbours also did this)

Narrated 'Amr bin Maimuin: 'Abdullah bin Mas'ud said,

"While Allah's Apostle was praying beside the Ka'ba, there were some Quraish people sitting in a
gathering. One of them said, 'Don't you see this (who does deeds just to show off)? Who amongst you
can go and bring the dung, blood and the abdominal contents (intestines, etc). of the slaughtered
camels of the family of so and so and then wait till he prostrates and put that in between his shoulders?'
The most unfortunate amongst them ('Uqba bin Abi Mu'ait) went (and brought them) and when Allah's
Apostle prostrated, he put them between his shoulders. The Prophet remained in prostration and they
laughed so much so that they fell on each other. A passerby went to Fatima, who was a young girl in
those days. She came running and the Prophet was still in prostration. She removed them and cursed
upon the Quraish on their faces. When Allah's Apostle completed his prayer, he said, 'O Allah! Take
revenge on Quraish.' He said so thrice and added, 'O Allah! take revenge on 'Amr bin Hisham, 'Utba bin
Rabia, Shaiba bin Rabi'a, Al-Walid bin'Utba, Umaiya bin Khalaf, 'Uqba bin Abi Mu'ait and 'Umar a bin
Al-Walid." Abdullah added, "By Allah! I saw all of them dead in the battle field on the day of Badr and
they were dragged and thrown in the Qalib (a well) at Badr: Allah's Apostle then said, 'Allah's curse has
descended upon the people of the Qalib (well).
 Physical Persecutions: Muhammad’s
Case
• Uqba ibn Abi Mu’ayt spitted on prophet Muhammad’s face on the suggestion of
his friend, Ubay bin Khalf.

• Once, he tried to suffocate prophet Muhammad, but Abu Bakr came and pushed
him away.

• Abu Jahl once threatened prophet Muhammad while he was praying; Prophet
replied to him, and he abused prophet. Allah says: “Let him call upon his council
(of helpers)” [96:17]. He also used to throw stones and often prophet’s head
would bleed.

• Abu Lahab’s son (Utaibah bin Abu Lahab) once tore prophet’s shirt and tried to
spit on him.
 Physical Persecutions: Muhammad’s
Case
• Utaybah bin Abu Lahab:
1. Divorced Umm-e-Kulthum and Ruqaiyya
2. He said he disbelieved verse 1 and 8 of Surah Najam (53:1)
3. Prophet said: “Set one of your dogs on him”
4. He died in Zarqa when a lion devoured him.
 Physical Persecutions: Usman’s Case

• He was tortured by his uncle:

1. Beaten up
2. Rolled in a mat
3. Closed in a room
4. Was given smoke for suffocation
 Physical Persecutions: Khabbab ibn Arat Case

• He was from Yaman region. He was a young (20 years) blacksmith.

1. Coals
2. Twisted neck
 Physical Persecutions: other slaves

• Suhaib bin. Sinan was a slave from the Greek lands. The Quraish beat
him brutally. He remained firm on faith.
• Abu Fukaiha: He was the slave of Safwan bin.Umayya. Same treatment
as that of Bilal.

1. Coals
2. Twisted neck
 Physical Persecutions: Harith ibn Abi Hala

• He defended prophet when he was attacked by a crowd of infidels.

• He was killed in front of Ka’ba
• He is regarded as the first martyr of Islam
• Very little is known about him for historical purpose.
Physical Persecutions: Yasir b. Amir, Summayah and Ammar

• All of them were early converts to Islam.

• All of them were made wear mail-coats and were asked to stand in the Sun.

• When prophet used to pass by them, he would say: “O Family of Yasir, have
patience! We will meet in Paradise” and “O Fire cool down as you did at the time
of Ibrahim”

• Abu Jahl killed Summayah—first martyr of Islam

• Ammar was beaten badly. Later, in Badr Abu Jahl was killed and prophet said to
him: “Allah has perished the killer of your mother”.
Physical Persecutions: Yasir b. Amir, Summayah and Ammar

• Do people think once they say, “We believe,” that they will be left without being
put to the test? We certainly tested those before them. And ˹in this way˺ Allah will
clearly distinguish between those who are truthful and those who are liars. [29:1-2
—Ankabut]

• Whoever disbelieves in [i.e., denies] Allāh after his belief… except for one who is
forced [to renounce his religion] while his heart is secure in faith. But those who
[willingly] open their breasts to disbelief, upon them is wrath from Allāh, and for
them is a great punishment. [16:106—Nahl]
 Physical Persecutions: Zunaira al-Rumiya

• She was a concubine of Banu Makhzum. Abu Jahl used to beat her.

• Abu Bakr freed her. After her manumission, she lost her sight.

• The Quraish said: “Lat and Uzza have taken her sight”. She said: “They can do
nothing. This is Allah’s wish.”

• Later, she regained her sight to which Quraish said “Muhammad’s magic”
 Physical Persecutions: Lubaynah

• She was beaten up by Umar.

• Umar used to only stop when he got tired. He used to say: “I have stopped only
because I am tired”.

• She used to say: “Allah will look after you”.

• Abu Bakr freed her.

 Physical Persecutions: Talha

• He was beaten up and said bad words by her own mother.

• “Tied ones”—Qareenan
 Physical Persecutions: Sa’ad b. Abi Waqas

• Her mother tortured him emotionally. She used to say: “What religion have you accepted? What has
caused you to deny the religion of your mother and father Either you forsake your new religion or I would
not eat or drink until I die”

• [31: 14:15—Surah Luqman]: “We  enjoined upon man to be dutiful to his parents. His mother bore
22

him in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning lasted two years.  (We, therefore, enjoined
23

upon him): “Give thanks to Me and to your parents. To Me is your ultimate return. (31:15) But if
they press you to associate others with Me in My Divinity, (to associate) those regarding whom
you have no knowledge  (that they are My associates), do not obey them. And yet treat them
24

well in this world, and follow the way of him who turns to Me in devotion. Eventually it is to Me
that all of you shall return,  and I shall then tell you all that you did.”
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 Abdullah ibn. Masud
Surah Rehman
In the name of Allah, the Compassionate Merciful. It is the Merciful who has taught the Qur’an
 Physical Persecutions: Others

• Abdur Rehman b. Auf—threat to his mercantile work.

• Shoaib, who was the Roman slave—beaten up badly.

• Musab ib. Umair—he was chained by his mother.

• Nahdiyya and Umm-e-Unays: Two slave girls, beaten up by their masters. Abu
Bakr freed them.

• Abu Dhir Ghafari.

 MIGRATION TO ABBYSINIA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sp_7t7y_3Q
Migration to Abyssinia (5th year of prophethood)
• When: 5th Y.O.P in the month of Rajab.

• Where: Abyssinia

• Why: Persecutions had crossed all limits

• Any Primary source: (Ishaq’s Sira notes:)

When the apostle saw the affliction of his companions, [...] he said to them: "If you were to go to
Abyssinia (it would be better for you), for the king will not tolerate injustice and it is a friendly
country, until such time as Allah shall relieve you from your distress." Thereupon his companions
went to Abyssinia, being afraid of apostasy and fleeing to God with their religion. This was the
first hijra in Islam.
Migration to Abyssinia (5th year of prophethood)

• Quran instructed about this migration in the following verses of

Surah Nahl:

• “Those who migrate for the sake of Allah after having been wron
ged, We will surely settle them in a good place in the world, and t
he rewards of the Hereafter is surely greater, had they known. Th
ose who are patient and put their trust in their Lord.” (16:41-42)
Migration to Abyssinia (5th year of prophethood)
• Another verse of Quran reads:

• “Good is for those who do good in this world, and Allah’s earth is spacious;
only those who are patient receive the reward fully, without reckoning.”
(39:10)
• Prophet also prayed:
• “Oh Allah, accept my companions and do not let them return back to their
previous state.”
Migration to Abyssinia (5th year of prophethood)
• First batch consisted of 11 men and 4 women. Important companions included the following:

1. Usman ibn Mazoon (he was chosen was leader of this group)

2. Usman bin Affan and his wife Ruqqaiyah

3. Zubair bin Awwam

4. Musab bin Umair

5. Abdul Rehman bin Auf

6. Umm-e-Salama

7. Laila

Prophet’s saying about these people: “This is the first couple to migrate in the way of Allah after Ibrahim
(AS) and his wife”.
Migration to Abyssinia (5th year of prophethood)

• Soon, the Muslims reached the port of Shu’aibh. There they a

found a ship which was ready to cross the sea. Half
dinar/head was paid and they crossed the river. The Meccans
tried to chase them but got late.

• The Meccans reached Abyssinia and heard a rumor that

Quraish had accepted Islam (Gharaniq).
Migration to Abyssinia (5th year of prophethood)
• 53:19-20 (Surah Najm): “Now, have you considered ˹the idols of˺ Lât and ’Uzza, and
the third Manat”

• Prophet was about to reply: “Yes that are beautiful”. But Shaitan failed as Allah
cursed him again.

• Surah Haj 22:52: “Whenever We sent a messenger or a prophet before you ˹O Prophet˺
and he recited ˹Our revelations˺, Satan would influence ˹people’s understanding of˺ his
recitation. But ˹eventually˺ Allah would eliminate Satan’s influence. Then Allah would
˹firmly˺ establish His revelations. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.”
Migration to Abyssinia (5th year of prophethood)
• Muslims were pleased and started returning. Upon their return, the
found the situation to be the opposite of what they had heard. After
this, some Muslims remained in Mecca (under some protection) while
others went back to Abyssinia. This was the 1st migration.

• Second batch included 82 men and 18 women was commanded by

prophet to migrate. This time Muslims had to remain more active.
Migration to Abyssinia (5th year of prophethood)
• Quraish (Abu Sufyan) appointed Amr bin Aas and Abdullah ibn. Rabiah/Ammarah ibn
Walid and sent gifts. Meccan deputation reached the court of Negus, bowed, and made a
speech against Muslims:

• “O king! A few foolish lads of our community have renounced their ancestral faith, and
have joined new religion which is opposed to our as well as your religion.They have come
to your country. Their own parents kith and kiln have asked us to brought them back to
their country.”

• Negus (As’hama) set an enquiry and called the Muslims to court. Muslims greeted with
Salam but did not bow. Jaffar explained that the Muslims don’t bow in front of anyone
except Allah.
Migration to Abyssinia (5th year of prophethood)
• Negus then asked about what miracles did Muhammad had? Jafar said it was Quran.
He said

• “O King! We were in state of ignorance and immorality, worshipping stones and idols,
eating dead animals, committing all sorts of Injustice breaking, treating guests badly
and the strong among us exploited the weak. Then Allah sent us a Prophet (saw) whose
truthfulness was well known to us, he called us to worship Allah alone and ordered us
to get away from all these sinister acts. He commanded us to hold prayers, to fast, to
pay charity, we believed in him and in what he brought to us from Allah. Thereupon,
our people attacked us, treated us harshly and made our lives intolerable in Makkah.
We came to your country to seek protection and to and to live in Justice and Peace”.
Migration to Abyssinia (5th year of prophethood)
• King asked for Quranic recitation. Thus, he recited Surah Maryam (16-
21). Negus and priests broke into tears. Negus said that: “Verily Quran
and bible are the light of the same lamp”

• Amr bin. Aas then labelled Muslims as heretics and accused them of
abusing Isa. They were again called into court. Jafar said: ““Our
jugement of Hazrat Essa (AS) is the same as that of Allah and His
Messenger, Jesus is Allah’s servant, His Prophet, His spirit, and His
command given unto Mary, the innocent virgin.”
Migration to Abyssinia (5th year of prophethood)
• Negus said: ““Jesus is just what you have stated him to be, and is
nothing more than that”.

• Negus then said: “Go and live freely. If someone ill-treats you, he will
pay heavily”
Migration to Abyssinia (5th year of prophethood)

• Safety and Security.

• Close relations between two communities.

• Gave idea and confidence for a greater migration.

• Negus later accepted Islam which increased number of Muslims.

 Quraish’s Bribe

• Utba said:

“0 son of my brother, you are distinguished by your qualities; yet you have
sown discord among our people and cast dissension in our families; you
denounced our gods and goddesses and you charge our ancestors with impiety.
Now we have come to make a proposition to you, and I ask you to think well
before you reject it."
 Quraish’s Bribe

• Utba proceeded to describe the bribes. "If it is money you want, we are
prepared to combine our properties and make you the richest one among us.
If it is honor that you wish, we will make you our chief with complete and
absolute power. If it is leadership, we will make you our leader and if the
Spirit you see comes to you and you cannot rid yourself of it, then we will
find a physician to cure you."
 Quraish’s Bribe

• In the Name of Allah, the Merciful, the Most Merciful. Ha Meem. A sending
down from the Merciful, the Most Merciful. A Book, the verses of which are
distinguished, an Arabic Koran for a nation who know. It bears glad tidings
and a warning, yet most of them turn away and do not listen. They say: 'Our
hearts are veiled from that to which you call us, and in our ears there is
heaviness. And between us and you is a veil. So work (as you will) and we
are working.’" [41:1-5—Fusilat]
 Conversion of Hamza to Islam (5th YOP)

• He was coming back from a hunting expedition to Mecca.

• Her slave girl informed that in his absence Abu Jahl had insulted the Prophet
immensely while the latter was sitting near Safa.

• He went to Abu Jahl who was in the Ka’bah. He struck Jahl on his head with his
hunting equipment and asked if I have converted to Islam then too would you
insult my nephew?

• Jahl’s relative from Banu Makhzoom tried to help him out but in vain. Abu Jahl
said to his fellows: “Leave him! I have insulted his nephew today as never before”.
 Conversion of Hamza to Islam (5th YOP)

• Now, Hamza having stated the dialogue in front of Jahl could not sleep that
night.

• Next day, Hamza went to the house of Al-Arqam. He conversed with

prophet Muhammad about the incident and learnt about Islam.

• He accepted Islam in the house of Al-Arqam.

• Story of Gabriel and Hamza

• He was later made brother in faith of Zaid b. Harith

 Conversion of Umar to Islam (6th YOP)

• Umar was a young man (25 years old) at that time. He used to drink.

• One night he had craving. Thus, he went where all his friends used to drink.
He did not find them. Then, he went to another house to find the same
situation.

• Then he went to do Tawaaf of Kaba to get rid of the craving.

• He found that prophet was reciting Quran. He thought that it is the time to
kill him and get rid of him.
 Conversion of Umar to Islam (6th YOP)

• He approached prophet and stood behind him. Prophet was reciting Surah
Haaq. Its recitation and rhythm mesmerized Umar (it is reported in Musnad
bin Ahmad)

• Umar: “Where is this coming from? It must be a work of a great poet”;

Prophet: “It is not the prose of a poet as you claim, yet you hardly have any
faith. (69:41)

• Umar: “It must be a sorcerer”; Prophet: “Nor is it the mumbling of a

fortune-teller, yet you are hardly mindful.” (69:42)
 Conversion of Umar to Islam (6th YOP)

• Umar: “Where is it then from?”; Prophet: “It is a revelation from the Lord
of all worlds” (69:43)

• Umar: “What if he is inventing it? Prophet: “Had the Messenger made up

something in Our Name. We would have certainly seized him by his jugular
vein, (69:44-45)

• This shocked Umar and he narrates that it was the first time Islam entered
his heart. He did not accept yet. But left silently without doing any harm to
the prophet.
 Conversion of Umar to Islam (6th YOP)

• One day, the Quraish were sitting. Abu Jahl was cursing Muhammad. He
said: “He has insulted our gods and forefathers. Who will get us free from
this man? I will give him 100 camels (red and black) and 100 Uqiya
(pouches of silver).”

• Hearing this Umar got greedy. He went to his home and took his sword
with the intention of killing prophet.

• A number of divine forces were at play with his mind. For example, he
heard Arabic verses and voice asking him to stop.
 Conversion of Umar to Islam (6th YOP)

• Then, on his way, he met his friend Nua'im bin Abdullah, who
had accepted Islam but not informed Umar yet.

• Nua’im asked warned him that Muhammad’s tribe will not leave
him if he kills Muhammad. He then told him to look after his own
house.

• He went to their house to find that Saeed b. Zaid and his wife
(Fatima, who was Umar’s sister) were reciting verses from Surah
 Conversion of Umar to Islam (6th YOP)
• Umar started quarrelling with Saaed; Umar punched him.

• Fatima came to rescue Saeed and also joined the debate.

• Umar slapped her sister tightly and she started bleeding after falling.

• Umar felt guilty and asked for the pages.

• Fatima refused as Umar was unclean. She asked him to get himself clean.

• He did so and was given the pages on which “Indeed, I am Allah . There is no deity except
Me, so worship Me and establish prayer for My remembrance” [20:14] was written.

• Umar broke into tears and decided to accept Islam.

 Conversion of Umar to Islam (6th YOP)

• He went to the prophet who was in Dar ul-Arqam, a place where the early
Muslims used to do their religious activities.

• He knocked the door. One of the Sahaba stood and saw that it was Umar. Panic
started.

• Hamza’s dialogue: “For if Allah wants good he will accept Islam; if Allah wants
otherwise, the very sword which he is holding will become his end”

• Two companions opened the door and holding his hands. He sat in front of
Prophet who drew him closer from his collar and said: “You will perish on this
path if you don’t give up”
 Conversion of Umar to Islam (6th YOP)
• Umar accepted Islam and took the Bait. Prophet said Allah o Akbar loudly.

• On hearing this, Khabbab came from inside and told about Muhammad’s prayer about
Umar/Jahl.

• Marhaba Marhaba was the call everywhere.

• After this, Muslims prayed openly, as Abdullah ibn. Masud recalls:

“Umar's embracing Islam was our victory, his migration to Medina was our success, and his reign a blessing from Allah. We didn't
offer prayers in Al-Haram Mosque until Umar had accepted Islam. When he accepted Islam, the Quraysh were compelled to let us pray

in the Mosque”
 The Boycott of Banu Hashim
• Abu Talib was pressurized again and again by the Quraish as soon as
Hamza and Umar converted to Islam. He was asked to lift his help to
Muhammad.

• Abu Talib called a meeting of Banu Quraish and Banu Hashim. He

asked them to support Muhammad through a pledge.

• Abu Lahab refused for pledge; in fact, called himself a bitter enemy of
Islam.
 The Boycott of Banu Hashim
• A meeting was called by Quraish to decide to put a social boycott on
Banu Hashim and Banu Muttalib. [Banu Makhzoom and Banu Abd-
Shams]

• The meeting agreed that document should be designed and hanged

onto Kabah about the social boycott of the Muslims.

• It was put into writing by Baghid bin Amit bin Hashim/Mansoor bin
Ikramah whose hand got paralyzed.
 The Boycott of Banu Hashim
“..no one should marry their women nor give women for
them to marry; and that no one should either buy from
them or sell to them, and when they agreed on that they
wrote it in a deed…" 

[Adapted from Ishaq’s work]

 The Boycott of Banu Hashim
• Abu Talib took Muhammad and early Muslims to Shab Abi Talib. [Boycot
began on 1st Muharram, 7th YOP]

• Difficulties in the valley:

1. No supplies were available for the people.

2. Had to eat leaves and leather.

3. Merchants were told to increase the prices. [Khadija sold her wealth for
water.]

4. Quraish heard babies screaming all the time.

 The Boycott of Banu Hashim
• Reaction and approach of the Muslims:

1. Prophet Muhammad used to teach about Islam. But Abu Lahab was still a
problem. He used to create noises and make fun of prophet.

2. Hakim ibn. Hizam used to bring supplies (flour) as he was Khadija’s cousin.
Abdul Bakhtari once slapped Jahl for his brutality of stopping Hakim.

3. 3 future caliphs tried their level best to send the supplies to the Muslims.

4. Ali used to bring supplies at the age of 16 years. One goatskin cost one gold

5. Hisham ibn. Amr used to bring supplies.

 The Boycott of Banu Hashim
• Slowly and gradually, some of the Meccans got soft-hearted, while some
were broken as Muslims had shown great patience.

• Hisham Makhzumi, Muta’am Adi, Abdul Bakhtari and Zuhair approached the
leaders.

• Zuhair ibn Abi Ummayah (whose mother was prophet’s aunt) said to the
Quraish leaders that:
“O’ People of Mecca! Do you eat and clothe ourself while the Banu Hashim is
perishing? I will not sit down clamly until this unfair document is torn”
 The Boycott of Banu Hashim
• However, in the meantime, Muhammad told Abu Talib that the
treaty would be destroyed.
• Abu Talib went to Kabah and challenged the Quraish that prophet
has a revelation. If this would be true, then they would end the
boycott. If it would be false, he would hand over prophet to them.
• Quraish accepted the challenge.
• Muta’am bin Adi tried to get the parchment, but it was eaten by
termites. “Bimika Allahuma”
• Hence, the boycott came to an end and this was the 10 th YOP—
Amul-Hazn
 Visit to Taif
• Prophet was disheartened by Meccans. Khadija and Abu Talib had died.

• He was only accompanied by Zaid bin. Harith. They went on foot so that people don’t get
suspicious.

• Abd Yalail, Masud and Habib received him in Taif who were leaders in Taif. They greeted
them warmly only till prophet gave the message of Islam.

• Upon receiving Da’wa, they said: “If Allah has sent you as prophet I might break the curtains
of the Kaba’h”, “Did not Allah get someone better than you”, and, “If you are a prophet, then
you are too Holy for me to converse with, and if you are liar then I don’t want to lower my
honour by talking to you.
 Visit to Taif
• Upon receiving Da’wa, they said: “If Allah has sent you as
prophet I might break the curtains of the Kaba’h”

• “Did not Allah get someone better than you”, and,

• “If you are a prophet, then you are too Holy for me to converse
with, and if you are liar then I don’t want to lower my honour
by talking to you.
 Visit to Taif
• Prophet said that even if you disagree, do not tell the Meccans.

• Prophet then preached the local people for a week, especially in the market place.

• Leaders got afraid from this mission of prophet fearing conversion of people.
Thus, they ordered to stone prophet. Both of them were soaked in blood.

• Aiesha reported: “Was there any day worse than Uhad?” Prophet said: “Yes, the
day of stoning (Aqada).

• Prophet then left Taif and needed shelter badly.

 Visit to Taif
• Prophet sat under a tree (in the orchard which belonged to Utba bin Shaibah). He prayed:

“O Allah! I raise unto you my complaint for my weakness, my helplessness, and for the
ridicule to which I have been subjected. O Merciful of all the Mercifuls! You are the Master of
all oppressed people, You are my God! So to whom would You consign me? To the strangers
who would ill-treat me, or to the enemies who have an upper hand over me? If whatever has
befallen me is not because of Your wrath, then I fear not. No doubt, the field of Your security
and care is wide enough for me. I seek refuge in Your light which illuminates darkness and
straightens the affairs of this world and hereafter, that Your displeasure and wrath may not
descend upon me. For the sake of Your pleasure, I remain pleased and resigned to my fate. No
change in this world occurs without Your Will.
 Visit to Taif
• Prophet noticed that a cloud is covering him and in that he saw Gabriel.

• Angel Gabriel said: “Your Lord has heard your cry and what the people has said
to you”—angel of the mountains also appeared and conversed with prophet.

• Utba and Sheba (who were his distant uncles) saw the prophet and sent Addas
(Iraqi Christian) with grapes.

• Addas was moved from Muhammad’s recitation of Tasmiyah. He converts.

• Addas was then mocked by his master later. He was forced to fight at Badr but
did not.
 Visit to Taif
• A night before entering Mecca, he converted Jinns at Nakhla (Surah Ahqaf,
46: 39-43)

• Tradition by Ibn Masood in Muslim and in Mustadrak Al Hakim

• Importance of the conversion of Jinns?

 Visit to Taif
• Prophet sent a message for protection and alliance to difference leaders Suhail
bin Amr and got rejected.

• Muta’im ibn Adi agreed. He sent his four sons along with protection

• Muhammad’s Tawaf

• Abu Sufyan: “Have you accepted Islam”?

• Muta’im: “No, I have only given him protection”

• Prophet remained with him in Mecca for a year and half.

 Mi’raj (27th Rajab, 11 Y.O.P)

• Arabic full name: Al-Isra Wal Mairaj

• Main Sources: Ahadhis, but also Surah Isra and Najm in Quran.

• Anas ibn. Malik and Abbas were two young boys and our main sources of
information.

• Al-Isra means: The Night Journey

• Mi’raj means: Ladder, Rise etc

• It is considered as both a physical (which we will study) and spiritual journey.

 Mi’raj
• Prophet Muhammad was sleeping in his house and Gabriel appeared before him
from the roof side.

• Gabriel took him to Hatim (inner side of Baitu Allah)

• Gabriel brought with himself two bowls: 1) Zam Zam/Iman 2) Noor

• Gabriel cut Muhammad’s chest and filled it with Noor after washing from Zam Zam.

• They came out and Muhammad saw Burraq.

• Burraq was happy/confused and started jumping. Gabriel introduced Muhammad to

Gabriel.
 Mi’raj
• Burraq was so fast that Muhammad said that “The spot on which I used to cast my eyes in
the way forward, its foot landed on it”.

• Burraq started moving and first landed to Madina and then to place of Ibrahim.

• Then they reached near where Musa was preaching. Offered a two rakat and got a fragrance
and then to Bait al-Maqdis.

• Burraq was tied and prophet went to meet all the prophets where the following important
things were declared: 1) Masjid al-Aqsa equal to Bait Allah 2) Muhammad became final
messenger and Imam of all other previous prophets.

• Test of Muhammad (reported by Anas bin. Malik) between vine and milk.
 Mi’raj
• Then Muhammad went onto skies whose gates were closed and the gatekeepers asked Gabriel a question:

1) Adam (Tall/Huge): “Welcome O’ noble son and O’ noble prophet

2) Yahya, Zakariya, Isa

3) Yousuf (welcome O’ noble brother and O’ noble prophet; Yousuf’s half beauty)

4) Idris

5) Haron

6) Moses (Musa crying as his own Ummah will be less in number in heaven)

7) Ibrahim (Sent Salam, Kisses etc)—He was in Baitul-Mamoor (Kabah of the heavens; right above the
worldly Kabah; 70000 angels daily. Why Ibrahim is here?)
 Mi’raj
• Then prophet takes the tour of heavens and earth and their matters.

1. The angel with endless hands and fingers.

2. Sad angel of the hell (Malik).

3. People in the tub of boiling fire (Zinnah committers)

4. Chained people

5. Bounties of heavens
 Mi’raj
• Then they went to Sidrat al-Muntaha (Remotest lote tree), where Gabriel said
it’s my limit. Everchanging tree colors. (53:

• Then Muhammad went to Arsh and all the veils were lifted.

• Then Muhammad went to Arsh and all the veils were lifted.

• 50 prayers were given to Muhammad and reduction therein + last two verses
of Surah Baqrah + Major sins will be forgiven except Shirk
 After Mi’raj

• Prophet returned and this news spread.

• Proofs: Caravan, Jerusalem and Masjid-e-Aqsa

• Title to Abu Bakr

• Event of Abu Zir Ghifari.

 Quran (53: 13-18—Surah Najm)
A second time he saw him (an angel),
By the lote-tree which none may pass
near the Garden of Restfulness
when the tree was covered in nameless (splendor).

His sight never wavered, nor was it too bold.

and he saw some of the greatest signs of his Lord.
 Mi’raj

Glory to Him who made His servant

travel by night from the sacred place of
worship to the furthest place of worship,
whose surroundings We have blessed, to
show him some of Our signs. He alone is
the All Hearing, the All Seeing. [17:1]
Mi’raj—
Importance
 Pledges of Aqabah
• In the 11th YOP, he met 6 men from Khazraj tribe of Yathrib at Aqabah
(Tabari) or Mina (Sa’ad) during Hajj season. [Abu Bakr and Ali were
together]

• In this “meeting”, these 6 men (Jabir b. Abdullah was an important figure)

had a conversation with Holy Prophet. Prophet asked about their identity
and allies. They said that they were allied with the Jews.

• Then, prophet introduced Quran and Islam to them. This reminded them that
they had heard about a prophet in Mecca.
 Pledges of Aqabah
• These people asked for some guidance as they believed that being a prophet,
Muhammad had the ability to resolve the conflict through his precious
guidance.

• These 6 men agreed that they would return for pilgrimage next year and
meanwhile would preach Islam to the people. Note that prophet did not ask
for anything special. It was totally a volunteer effort from Khazraj people.
 Pledges of Aqabah
LIST OF 6 PEOPLE:

1.As‘ad bin Zurarah

2.‘Awf bin Harith
3.Rafi‘ bin Malik
4.Qutbah bin ‘Amir
5.‘Uqbah bin ‘Amir
6.Jabir bin ‘Abdullah bin Ri’ab (will later discuss in Hazrat Uthman
caliphate)
 Pledges of Aqabah
• Next year, 12 people came (10 from Khazraj; 2 from Auws) and met prophet at Aqabah.

• These 12 men included the previous 5 (except Jabir bin Abdullah) and 7 new ones as
follows:

1.Mu‘adh bin Al-Harith Ibn ‘Afra

2.Dhakwan bin ‘Abdul-Qais
3.‘Ubadah bin As-Samit
4.Yazeed bin Tha‘labah
5.Al-‘Abbas bin ‘Ubadah bin Nadlah
6.Abul-Haitham bin At-Taihan (Auws)
7.‘Uwaim bin Sa‘idah (Auws)
 Pledges of Aqabah
• What was the pledge? (To obey Allah and his messenger)
• It was to say a BIG NO to the following sins:
• Stealing
• Shirk
• Burial of daughters alive
• Cursing
• Adultery
• Murder
What can we learn from the nature/contents of this pledge? Why only
religious and spiritual and nothing economical or political? It is called “Bait
al-Nisa”
 Pledges of Aqabah
• Following this pledge, prophet sent Musab bin Umair (Khayr) to Yathrib to
preach Islam and to teach new coverts

• Musab became the first ambassador of Islam, who took refuge in the house
of Asad bin Zurarah.

• Musab’s success can be measured in the following ways:

1. Sad bin Muaaz and Usayd ibn Huzair converted to Islam who were a great
enemy. They were from Aws.
2. Almost all the people in Yathrib became Muslims except a family (later
exception during Trench) that was influenced by Qais bin Aslat (a
poet/magician) and Al-Usairam (conversion at Uhad and died)
 Pledges of Aqabah
• Next year (13th YOP), Total people: 75. 73 men; 2 Females included: Umm-
e-Manee/Asma bin Amar (Ka’ab bin Malik’s report) and Nusaiba bint
Ka’ab.

• Due to their population, they feared that Abu Jahl might attack Prophet.
Thus, they had a meeting with prophet in midnight during the days of
Tashreeq (11-13 Zil Hajj).

• Main terms were as follows: 1) Obey Allah; 2) Obey Prophet; 3) Spend in

Plenty and Shortage; 4) Enjoin Good and forbid evil; 5) protect Holy
Prophet
 Pledges of Aqabah
• Prophet was asked to come to Madina. Prophet did not go at this time, but
appointed 12 deputies. [Abbas b. Abdul Mutalib advise to prophet
Muhammad for safety]

• Al-Abbas b. Ubada asked Prophet Muhammad (s) for permission to attack

polytheists who were performing hajj practices in Mina, but Prophet rejected
it and told them to return to their families and relatives.

• This meeting was called Bait ul-Harb.

• Prophet appointed 12 Naqibs to make sure that their tribes were leading
Islamic lives and that prophet would be protected on his migration.
 Migration to Medina (Back ground)
• Meccans met to decide what to do with Muhammad at Dar al-Nadwa.

• Three proposals came in: 1)Kill 2)Imprisonment 3) Send outside city

• First opinion was opted and 1 leader from all pagan tribes came.

• And [remember, O Muhammad], when those who disbelieved plotted

against you to restrain you or kill you or evict you [from Makkah].
But they plan, and Allah plans. And Allah is the best of planners.
[8:30—Surah Anfal]
Killing plan explained further:
• We, the people of the Haram, were respected by all tribes. However,
Muhammad sowed the seeds of discord and thus posed a great danger
for us. Now we have lost all patience. The only path of safety for us is
that a brave man should be selected from among us, and he should put
an end to his life secretly. And in case Bani Hashim stand up to quarrel
and dispute with us, we may pay the blood-money to them.
Najdi’s response:

• This plan is not at all practicable, because

Bani Hashim will not spare the life of the
murderer of Muhammad and the payment of
blood-money will not satisfy them. Hence,
whoever volunteers to execute this plan
should first part with his own life, and no
such person is found amongst you".
Killing plan explained further:
• The best thing would be to imprison Muhammad and to provide him
food and water through a hole and thus prevent the spreading of his
religion“

Najdi’s response:
his scheme is also not very much different from the first one, because in
that event Bani Hashim will wage war against you to get him released.
And even if they themselves are not successful in achieving this object
they will seek help from other tribes at the time of Haj and will get him
released with their assistance
 Migration to Medina
• Allah informed Muhammad about the plot and asked him to migrate.

• He informed Abu Bakr and Ali. Abu Bakr had 2 camels.

• They left the house in midnight and Muhammad threw a handful of dust
which blinded the Quraish and recited few verses of Yasin. “and we set
barriers before and behind them, blocking their vision: they cannot see” [36:9]

• Next morning, Quraish encountered Ali.

• They started their quest of Muhammad and Abu Bakr.

 Migration to Medina
• The quest was led by Suraka bin Malik. He was Satan in disguise. Event of his
camel trembling.

• Gift of 100 camels was announced.

• This time Muhammad and Bakr were in cave of Thaur (7km from Mecca).

• Abu Bakr’s slave Amir b. Fahira and his son Abdullah both served in whatsoever
capacity they could. They reared goats near the cave and continued supplying fresh
milk. Abdullah also brought news update about the Meccans.

• Another servant Abdullah b. Uraiqit became a guide and took back the camels.
 Migration to Medina

• Abu Bakr also got afraid when some of the finders reached the cave.

• Muhammad told: “Have no fear for Allah is with us”

• “when they were in the cave and he said to his companion, "Do not

grieve; indeed Allah is with us” [9:40]

• 3 days of stay in the cave. Then all of them left for Quba
 Migration to Medina
• Reached Quba on 6th day of Hijrat [8th Rabiul Awal]

• Prophet stayed in the house of Kulsoom bin Hazam and Abu Bakr
with Habib b. Assaf

• Built a mosque, recited Friday prayer and gave sermon and left.
[22th Rabiul Awal]

• Then they reached to Medina and were welcomed.

• Muhammad stayed in the house of Abu Ayub Ansari for 7 months.

Life in Madina
1 A.H
 What is Madina like?
Yathrib was its name before the migration, and according to some sources
before the battle of Trench.

The word Yathrib most probably comes from the word Yitro mentioned in
bible and Christian inscriptions.

Yathrib appears in Quran in Surah Ahzad [33:13].

Taybah or Tabah was its name after Yathrib

Then it has been called Madina and its other derivations.

Inscription of an old name of Medina
 Political structure? The case of Abdullah bin.
Obey.
Jews: Banu Nazir, Banu Quraiza, Banu
Qainuqa
Idol worshippers: Awz and Khazraj
What is Madina
like? Social structure?

Tribal structure?

Religious structure?
 Construction of Masjid-e-Nabwi
• Every one was there in good clothing waiting for
prophet to choose a house.
• Prophet said: “My Camel (Qaswa) is guided by Allah
and wherever it stops that will be my home”
• The camel roamed and finally stopped at point and
lied down. The prophet said: “This will be my home”.
• The land belonged to Sahal and Sohail (two orphans)
and it was previously used for: 1) date trees, 2) graves
of polytheists, 3)resting spot for herds
 Construction of Masjid-e-Nabwi

• Orphans wanted to gift the land, but prophet refused.

• Abu Ayub Ansari paid for the land. 10 Gold coins. OR,
Abu Bakr paid 10 Dinars for the land.
• After this, the actual construction began which took
about 7 months to get completed.
• During this time, Muhammad was with Ayub Ansari.
 Construction of Masjid-e-Nabwi
• Materials Used:

1) Palm leaves for roof and floor supported by trunk

of palm.

2) Unbaked mud bricks to erect the walls.

3) Stones for additional support.

 Construction of Masjid-e-Nabwi
• Structure:
1. Squared form. Approximately 50 yards each side
2. Area of 2500 sq yards.
3. Roof height: 3.6m
4. South gates: mercy gates; West gate: Gabriel; East gate:
Women
5. To the north, a place for people who wished to dedicate
lives for religion.
6. Two apartments for Prophet.
7. Qibla wall facing north towards Jerusalem.
 Construction of Masjid-e-Nabwi
• Structure:
1. Squared form. Approximately 50 yards each side
2. Area of 2500 sq yards.
3. Roof height: 3.6m
4. South gates: mercy gates; West gate: Gabriel; East gate:
Women
5. To the north, a place for people who wished to dedicate
lives for religion.
6. Two apartments for Prophet.
7. Qibla wall facing north towards Jerusalem.
 Construction of Masjid-e-Nabwi
• Additional Details:
1) Prophet took part in construction and used
to say: “I do not want to be different from
my brother Musa (AS). A cottage like the
cottage of Musa (AS) is sufficient for us”.
2) The mosque became a complex space and
was later expanded after the battle of Trench
and in Usman’s time as well.
 Azaan—Call to prayers
• As the number of Muslims rose, it was difficult to gather everyone at a single
time.

• The matter was brought to the attention of Holy Prophet.

• Suggestions were then made:

1) Ring bells like Christians.

2) Blow trumpet like Jews.

3) Lit a big fire like idol-worshippers for signaling.

• Muhammad rejected all of these suggestions. Why?

 Azaan—Call to prayers
• Prophet waited for the guidance from Allah.

• Umar/Abdullah ibn. Zaid/ had a dream (details) about

the wordings of the Azhan.

• Prophet approved them and then asked Bilal to learn

them, who became the first Mu’azin of Islam.
 Establishing brotherhood
• Why was it necessary?
• Those who believed, emigrated, and strived with their
wealth and lives in the cause of Allah, as well as those who
gave them shelter and help—they are truly guardians of one
another. As for those who believed but did not emigrate,
you have no obligations to them until they emigrate. But if
they seek your help ˹against persecution˺ in faith, it is your
obligation to help them, except against people bound with
you in a treaty. Allah is All-Seeing of what you do [8:72]—
Surah Anfal
 Establishing brotherhood
• First, the Ansars proposed agriculture.

• Sa’ad bin Rabi’s proposal to Abdur Rehman bin Auf.

• Abu Hurairah’s statement about he spending more

time with prophet when Ansars were busy earning
for them.
 Establishing brotherhood

• Abu Dard Ansari—Salman Farsi

• Jafar Abi Talib—Muaz Ibn Jabal

• Talha—Kab Bin Malik

• Umar—Usman ibn Malik

• Usman—Aus bin Sabit

• Ali—Muhammad
 The Treaty of Madina

• Dastur-e-Madina/ Sahifaat-e-Madina/Misaaq-e-Madina

• Signed between Muhammad/Muslims and Jews.

• Why was it signed? What was its importance?

• How do we know about this treaty?

• Ishaq’s work and Kitab al-Amwal are the main sources; clauses vary.
 The Treaty of Madina
• Main Terms:
1) Jews and Muslims are politically one nation.
2) Muhammad is the final judge.
3) Jews cannot give protection to the Quraish.
4) War cost and profit to be equally distributed.
5) No murder or killing in Madina.
6) Freedom of religion.
2 A.H
 FASTING

O believers! Fasting is prescribed

for you—as it was for those
before you—so perhaps you will
become mindful ˹of Allah˺.
[2:183]
 ZAKAT
• Spend in the cause of Allah and do not let
your own hands throw you into destruction
˹by withholding˺. And do good, for Allah
certainly loves the good-doers. [2:195]
 Other compulsions
• Sadaqat al-Fitr
• Congregational Eid prayer
• Sacrifice
 Change in Qibla
• Verily, We have seen the turning of your face
towards the heaven (waiting for the Divine
Decree). Surely, We shall turn you to a Qiblah
(prayer direction) that shall please you; so turn
your face in the direction of the Inviolable
Sanctuary (Al-Masjid Al-Harâm in Makka), and
wherever you may be, turn your faces towards it.
Those to whom the Book was given know this to
be the truth from their Lord. And Allah is not
Unaware of what they do. [2:144]
Battle of Badr
 Causes of the battle
1. People of Madina denied Quraish’s request to drive
Muslims out of Madina.
2. Prophet sent a group of 7/8 people under Abdullah bin Jash
to South of Mecca. Why? The group reached Nakhla and
Abdullah read Prophet’s letter. What was in the letter? This
group encountered a group led by Amr bin. Hazrami whose
death increased political tensions.
3. Fight in the way of Allah against those who fight against
you; but do not transgress, for Allah does not love
transgressors (2:190)
 Background

• Abu Sufyan was coming back to Mecca with his trade Caravan.
• Sufyan’s spikes told him that Muhammad was preparing a force/had
dispatched it.
• Sufyan sent Al-Hakam ibn Amr al-Ghifari (Damdam)
• He arrived at Ka’bah and injured his camel, tore off his clothes, and
said: “O Quraish! Your merchandise! It is with Abu Sufyan. The
caravan is being intercepted by Muhammad and his companions. I
cannot say what would have happened to them. Help! Help!”

NOTE: Abu Sufyan had rerouted his caravan toward the Red Sea and
escaped the Muslim threat by Damdam's arrival at Mecca.
 Reaction in Mecca

• Abu Jahl gathered a army of about 1300 men, 100/200

horses, 700 camels.

• A few days later, Sufyan returned safely to Mecca and asked

a messenger to inform about this to Jahl.

• At the valley of Al-Juffah, Abu Jahl was informed about

caravan’s safety. But he was more interested in fighting.
 Reaction in Mecca

• Abu Jahl insisted all to remain there for fight and then have a
feast and party.

• Al-Akhnas ibn Shurayq and Banu Zuhra did not join Jahl as
the caravan was save.

• Abu Jahl is also reported to have insulted Ummaya bin.

Khalf.
 Muslims reach Badr

• The first party to reach: 313 men, 2 horses, and 70 camels.

• Prophet prayed from Allah: “If this little group will be killed,
then there will be no one to worship you”.

• Positioning was also in favor of Muslims.

• Prophet prayed over night to received rain.

• Muslims appeared to be twice in the sight of Quraish.

 How to fight? Muslim Plan

• Some Muslims were afraid when they saw Quraish. Allah

revealed 8:5-6 (Surah Anfal), which reads:

“Similarly, when your Lord brought you ˹O Prophet˺ out of

your home for a just cause, a group of believers was totally
against it. They disputed with you about the truth after it had
been made clear, as if they were being driven to death with
their eyes wide open.”
 How to fight? Muslim Plan

• Abu Bakr, Umar and Miqdad said:

“O Messenger of Allah! Proceed where Allah directs you to, for we are
with you. We will not say as the Children of Israel said to Musa: "Go you
and your Lord and fight and we will stay here;" rather we shall say: "Go
you and your Lord and fight and we will fight along with you." By Allah!
If you were to take us to Birk al-Ghimad, we will still fight resolutely with
you against its defenders until you gained it.“

What about the Ansars?

 How to fight? Muslim Plan

• Sa’ad ibn Muaz said:

“O Prophet of Allah! We believe in you and we bear witness to what you have brought is the
Truth. We give you our firm pledge of obedience and sacrifice. We will obey you most
willingly in whatever you command us, and by Allah, Who has sent you with the Truth, if you
were to ask us to throw ourselves into the sea, we will do that most readily and not a man of
us will stay behind. We do not deny the idea of encounter with the enemy. We are experienced
in war and we are trustworthy in control. We hope that Allah will show you through our hands
those deeds of bravery which will please your eyes. Kindly lead us to the battlefield in the
Name of Allah
 One-to-One Fighting
• al-Aswad bin 'Abdul-Asad al-Makhzumi tried to get a
well but was killed by Hamza.
• Utba, Shaiba, and Walid came to fight and were
encountered by Ansars. They laughed and told them
to send their peers.
• Then Hamza called for Obadiah bin Harith and Ali.
• Hamza killed Utba, Ali killed Walid, and Ubaidah
killed Shaiba.
 Main Fighting
• Shower of arrows then began.
• Quraish then made the proper attack.
• Fighting continued and the Quraish were at a lost.
Then, the case of Suraqa.
• Prophet Muhammad threw a handful of dust and
Muslims cried “Ya Mansur Amit” and then started
countering Quraish.
• Abu Jahl was killed by Mu’az and Ma’uz.
 Results

• 14 Muslims were martyred

• Quraish: 70 killed, 70 prisoners, 115 camels, 14

horses.
• Treatment of prisoners by Prophet Muhammad.

• Abu Sufyan is now the new Quraish leader.

 Expulsion of Banu Qainuqa

• They did not help Muslims by going against the treaty of Madina.

• They also insulted a Muslim woman in the market/pinned her

clothes.
• A fight broke between a Muslim and a Jew and both killed each
other. The news reached Muhammad who had just come back
from Badr.
 Expulsion of Banu Qainuqa

• Muhammad went to them and said: “O Jews, beware lest God

brings upon you the vengeance that he brought upon Quraysh and become
Muslims. You know that I am a prophet who has been sent - you will find that in
your scriptures and God's covenant with you”

• They replied: “O Muhammad, you seem to think that we are your people. Do not
deceive yourself because you encountered a people with no knowledge of war
and got the better of them; for by God if we fight you, you will find that we are
real men”
 Expulsion of Banu Qainuqa

• Muhammad attacked their fortresses for 15 days.

• At last, they had to surrender and Muhammad wanted

to make them prisoners and punish.
• However, Abudllah bin Obey played his role here and
thus Banu Qainuqa was expelled.
3 A.H
BATTLE OF UHAD
 Causes of the battle

1. To take revenge of Badr.

2. Support from Hypocrites and Jews.

3. Rise of Islam.

4. Poetry done by Meccans.

5. To restore the pride and well being.

 Preparation by the Quraish

• In 625 A.D, Sufyan gathered 3000 men, 200 horses, and 3000
camels.

• They reached and camped near Uhad.

• They brought women with themselves such as Umm-e-Hind who

sang songs in the memory of the deceased ones.

Note: There is also a background event before this preparation.

 Preparation by the Muslims

• Muslims did not know about the Quraish’s preparation.

• A few days before their arrival, Abbas informed Muhammad.

• Muhammad called for the advisory council.

• It was decided in the council that Muslims should fight outside

Madina. But why?

• Muslims: 1000 (300 hypocrites)—3:166-8

 Muslim March to Uhad

• 700 Muslims reached Uhad’s foothills.

• Muhammad appointed 50 archers on the west side of their camp

under the leadership of Abdullah bin. Zubair. This was done to
protect the left flank of Muslim army. Muhammad said:

“If you see us prevail and start to take spoils, do not come to assist
us. And if you see us get vanquished and birds eat from our heads, do
not come to assist us”
 The Duels Round and General Fighting

• Ikarmah (son of Jahl) and Khalid bin. Walid lead the left and right
flank of Quraish army; Amr bin. Aas was the commander of
cavalry.

• Abu Amir initiated the attack and was killed through stones
throwing.

• Talha bin. Abi Talha Abdari (Meccan standard-bearer) came

forward and challenged; he was killed in one shot by Ali.
 The Duels Round and General Fighting

• Talha’s brother (Usman) came forward and was motivated by

songs and tabrets/timbrels. He also met the same fate at the hands
of Hamza. In this manner, entire family of Talha was killed.

• Then began the general fighting.

• Meccans lost hope and started running.

• Seeing this the appointed arches left their places.

 Meccans reattacked the Muslims

• Khalid bin Walid took the opportunity, and killed the remaining
archers. Soon the Muslim army was confused.

• Muslims flag bearer, Musab bin Umair, who also resembled

prophet, was killed, thereby a rumor spread. Thus, further
confusion.

• Prophet was protected by: Abu Bakr, Umar, Ali, Sa’ad bin Abi
Waqas, Talha, Zubair, Harith etc.
 Meccans reattacked the Muslims

• Muhammad asked Ali to fight. Ibn Kathir notes:

“Prophet became the object of the attack of various units of

the army of Quraish from all sides. Ali attacked, in
compliance with Muhammad's orders, every unit that made
an attack upon him and dispersed them or killed some of
them, and this thing took place a number of times in Uhud”
 Meccans reattacked the Muslims

• Ka’ab bin Malik saw prophet and announced the good news.

• Muslims rushed to protect Muhammad.

• The Quraish hit Muhammad on head and he got wounded on face

and teeth. [Prophet did not curse them, however]

• Hamza (master of martyrs) was also killed—the greatest loss.

Other martyred people were also mutilated.
 Meccans reattacked the Muslims
• Sufyan, on the top of the mountain said: “today is in exchange for the day of Badr. Show
your superiority, Hubal", that is, vindicate your religion”.

• Muhammad asked Umar to answer: “God is most high and most glorious. We are not
equal: our dead are in paradise, yours are in hell.”

• Abu Sufyan: “Come up here to me”

• Umar seeking Muhammad’s permission went and was asked: “I assure you we have
killed Muhammad”

• Umar said: “By God, Muhammad is listening to you!

• Battle ended and Sufyan left challenging to meet soon next year.
 Meccans reattacked the Muslims

• Muhammad reached Madina and Muslims were tired.

• But he ordered them to keep a track in case of a surprise attack

again.

• It was reported that the Quraish reached and did not intend to
return the same year.
 Importance of Battle of Uhad

• Important Muslims were killed.

• Many tribes broke treaty with Prophet in fear of Quraish attack.

• Obedience to prophet is important. Quran reads: Make not the calling of the
Messenger (Muhammad >‫ )ص>>لىهللا>>> علي>ه> وسلم‬among you as your calling one of another. Allâh knows those of
you who slip away under shelter (of some excuse without taking the permission to leave, from the
Messenger (>‫)ص>>لىهللا>>> علي>ه> وس>لم‬. And let those who oppose the Messenger’s (Muhammad >‫)ص>>لىهللا>>> علي>ه> وسلم‬
commandment (i.e. his Sunnah - legal ways, orders, acts of worship, statements) (among the sects) beware,
lest some Fitnah (disbelief, trials, afflictions, earthquakes, killing, overpowered by a tyrant) should befall
them or a painful torment be inflicted on them.
4 A.H
 Throwing Banu Nazir out!
• Ka’ab bin Ashraf produced erotic poetry on Muslim women
and insulting verses on male Muslims and prophet. This was
against the charter. But how?
• He produced verses to praise the efforts of the Meccans in
Badr.
• Abu Sufyan asked him as to which religion he supports
more? Muhammad’s or Meccans’? He said that of pagans.
Quran notes: “Have you not seen those who were given a
portion of the Scripture, who believe in superstition and false
objects of worship and say about the disbelievers, "These are
better guided than the believers as to the way“? (4:51)
• Muhammad also said: “He (Ka'b) has openly assumed enmity to us and
speaks evil of us and he has gone over to the polytheists (who were at
war with Muslims) and has made them gather against us for fighting”
• He also used to ask for collateral (what?) for dates and stuff.
• Once prophet went to ask for donation/blood money. They asked
Muhammad to sit beside a huge wall. It is said that everyone agreed
except Huyayy ibn Akhtab.
• Ibn Jahash was asked to throw a stone on him.
• Prophet was informed by Allah through Gabriel about this plan.
• He quietly left the place and later made a siege which threw them out
of Madina.
• They left in arrogance signing and playing drums. Muslims got some
booty (Surah Hashr)
 Prohibition of Alcohol (5:90-91)
• O you who believe! Intoxicants (all kinds of alcoholic drinks), and gambling,
and Al-Ansâb1, and Al-Azlâm (arrows for seeking luck or decision) are an
abomination of Shaitan’s (Satan) handiwork. So avoid (strictly all) that
(abomination) in order that you may be successful
•  Shaitân (Satan) wants only to excite enmity and hatred between you with
intoxicants (alcoholic drinks) and gambling, and hinder you from the
remembrance of Allâh and from As-Salât (the prayer). So, will you not then
abstain?
5 A.H
Battle of Trench
 Preparation by the Quraish! (627 A.D)
• Huyayy ibn Akhtab went to swore oath to Meccans and
other tribes like Banu Sulaiyam and Ghatafan (half
harvest).
• Banu Nazir also motivated other tribes like Banu Asad,
Banu Murra, Banu Shuja etc.
• 4000 well armed foot-soldiers.
• 3000 horse men.
• 1500 camels with provision.
• Leader: Abu Sufyan
• This army was diverse.
 Preparation by the Muslims! (627 A.D)

• Banu Khuza informed Muhammad.

• Muhammad called the war council. There were different

opinions but the opinion of Salman was accepted. [Whose
opinion was accepted at Uhad]

• Why prophet took opinions?

 Digging the Trench! (627 A.D)
• Muslims started trench digging which took 20 days. Some
source say 6! 1500 hundred Muslims including
Muhammad.

• Trench size: 5 yards deep and broad.

• Famine hit Madina during this work; Muslims worked

patiently; sleepless nights with lack of food in winter.

• Muhammad kept his army at mount Sala’

 Ending the battle!
• Amr ibn. Abdul Wud crossed the trench and Ikirmah bin Abu Jahl too.

• Ali fought them and they were badly defeated.

• The enemies lost faith and left. Quran reads:

“Believers, call to mind Allah's favour to you when enemy hosts invaded you.
Then We sent against them a wind and hosts that you did not see
although Allah was observing all that you were then doing.”
 It is time to punish Banu Quraiza
• Leaders from Banu Nazir had motivated Ka’ab bin Asad to work against
Muhammad in the battle of trench; they also tore the agreement.

• Sa’ad ibn Mua’z (lead from Auz tribe) and Sa’ad ibn Ubaidah (lead from
Khazraj tribe) went to inquire about Banu Quraiza.

• Finally, the siege was made which lasted for 25 days.

• Three options were given: accept Islam; Fight; attack on the day of Shabbath.

• Abu Lubaba advised them to surrenders

 It is time to punish Banu Quraiza
• Awz were a bit sympathetic towards Quraiza. Why? So, they asked
Muhammad to keep his hand linient while punishing them.

• Muhammad appointed Sa’ad ibn. Mu’az (Awz) as a judge to decide the

punishment; he did so using testaments.

• He then decreed that "the men should be killed, the property divided, and the
women and children taken as captives". Muhammad approved of the ruling.

• In this manner, the Madina became a Muslim-only state.s

6 A.H
 Treat of Hudaibiya
• Prophet wanted to go for Hajj and Umrah. He was unable hitherto. Why?

• Prophet had a dream in which he was shaving his head; no fixed time,
nothing!

• Ansars also had a wish to go for Umrah/Hajj.

• Prophet announced that all those who want to join him should get ready.

• 1400 Muslims left Madina wearing Ihram with 70 camels for sacrifice. They
did not take any weapons with them but a covered sword for self-defense.
 Treat of Hudaibiya
• The Quran reads:
 Treat of Hudaibiya
• Quraish got to know about this, so they prepared weapons.

• Muslims took alternative route and stayed at Hudaibiya.

• Meccans sent two ambassadors to stop prophet and then Urwah bin. Masood.

• Prophet said to Urwah: “ I did not come to fight. I We came to visit the sacred
house, but if they wished to fight, then we will fight until we die or Allah
decides”.

• Urwah got impressed and went back—what incidence of love impressed

Urwah? What he told the Meccans? Two other ambassadors got same feel.
 Treat of Hudaibiya
• Prophet then send Usman to reassure that they did not want to fight.

• Usman explained the situation to Sufyan and other leaders and was allowed
to perform the visit on individual basis—an offer which he rejected and said
what?

• Usman was detained and this resulted in a rumor which resulted in Bait al-
Rizwan. Who gave Usman’s hand?

• Quran also mentions this in the following words:

 Treat of Hudaibiya

Indeed, Allah was pleased with the believers when they

pledged allegiance to you O Prophet under the tree. He
knew what was in their hearts, so He sent down
serenity upon them and rewarded them with a victory
at hand!
 Treat of Hudaibiya
• Quraish appointed Suhair bin. Amr to negotiate a treaty of peace.

• He met prophet and a 10 year peace treaty was drawn up.

• Let us have a look at its contents:

1) Muslims should return this year without Umrah.

2) May return next year to perform pilgrimage but could not stay more than 3
days.

3) Only one sword in its sheath; otherwise unarmed.

• Contents Continued:

4) Muslims cannot take any Muslim of Mecca nor they will stop any one willing to
stay in Mecca.

5) 10 years without any war.

6) Any tribe can choose between Muhammad and Quraish—for alliance.

7) Mecca to Madinah = safety return; but not the other way around.

Think: Were Muslims satisfied with this situation?

Surely we have given you a clear victory [48:1]

 Conversion of Khalid bin Walid
• He started reflecting on his past life after TOH. He is reported to have
said:

“I fought all those battles against Muhammad (pbuh). Every time I felt that
all my efforts were to no avail. I was certain that Muhammad would
eventually be the winner. When the Prophet came and encamped at Al-
Hudaybiyah, I commanded a detachment of horsemen from among the
idolaters until we met the Prophet and his companions at Asafan. I drew
close to him to provoke him. He and his companions prayed Zuhr in front
of us. We thought of attacking them, but we refrained. He must have
realized what we were thinking of when the next prayer, Asr, was due. He
therefore, led his companions in what is known as “the prayers of fear”.
That affected us profoundly and we realized that he was immune from our
attack. We therefore drew back”
 Conversion of Khalid bin Walid
• He further said:

“When the terms of the peace agreement of Al-Hudaybiyah were

eventually negotiated and the Prophet and his companions went
home, I started thinking about what might come next and what was
in store for us. I thought hard: Where should I go? Should I join
Negus? But then I remembered that he had already become a
follower of Muhammad and that Muhammad’s companions were
safe under his protection. Should I go and join Heraclius? That
would have made me a Christian or a Jewish convert. That prospect
did not appeal to me. Should I emigrate or should I stay where I
was, waiting for something to happen?”
 Conversion of Khalid bin Walid
• Khalid was utterly confused. When Muslims came for Umrah next year, he
did not want to look at Muslims. Thus, he hided himself.

• His brother left a letter for him: “In the name of God, the Merciful, the
Beneficent. I am infinitely amazed at the fact that you continue to turn away
from Islam when you are as intelligent as I know you to be. No one can be so
blind to the truth of Islam. God’s Messenger asked me about you, and said:
‘Where is Khalid?’ I said to him: ‘God will bring him to us.’ He said: ‘A man
of his caliber cannot remain ignorant of Islam. If he would use his
intelligence and his experience for the Muslims against the idolaters, he
would benefit from it a great deal. We would certainly give him precedence
over others.’ It is high time, brother, for you to make amends for the great
benefits you have missed.
 Conversion of Khalid bin Walid
• Khalid needed a companion. Het met the following:
1)  Safwan ibn Umayyah
2) Ikarmah bin. Abu Jahl
3) Usman ibn Talha
4) Amr bin Aas (His conversion event)

• Khalid and all others were welcomed by Khalid’s brother.

• Prophet met them and had a conversation with them.
7 A.H
Letter of Prophet Muhammad to Roman Emperor

• Sufyan had already conversed with the king.

• Diyah Kalbi went to the king.

• He showed respect but did not convert to Islam.

• He sent gifts for prophet in respect.

• Let us look at the text of the letter.

 Letter of Prophet Muhammad to Roman Emperor
• In the name of God, the Gracious One, the Merciful
From Muhammad, servant of God and His apostle to Heraclius, premier of the Romans:
Peace unto whoever follows the guided path!
Thereafter, verily I call you to the call of Submission [to God] ("Islam"). Submit (i.e., embrace Islam)
and be safe [from perdition. And submit as] God shall compensate your reward two-folds. But if you
turn away, then upon you will be the guilt [of delusion] of the peasantry.
Then "O People of the Scripture, come to a term equitable between us and you that we worship none
but God and associate [as partners in worship] with Him nothing, and we take not one another as Lords
apart from God. [Then God says] But if they turn away, then say: Bear witness that we are Submitters
[to God] ("Muslims").[3:64]
Seal: Muhammad, Apostle of God
Letter of Prophet Muhammad to Persian Emperor
• Abudllah bin Huzaifa went to Khusrow Pervez.

• He tore the letter apart; appointed two people to search for Muhammad as he
considered him to be a slave and how could Muhammad write his name
before King’s?

• Prophet said same will happen with his empire; his son killed him and empire
fell apart later.

• Text is as follows:
Letter of Prophet Muhammad to Persian Emperor
• In the name of God, the Gracious One, the Merciful
From Muhammad, Apostle of God to Khosrow, premier of Persia:
Peace unto whoever follows the guided path, and believes in God and His apostle, and bears witness
that there is no god but the one God with no partner [associated in worship] to Him and that
Muhammad is His servant and His apostle!
And [hence] I call you to the call of God, [for] in fact I am the apostle of God to mankind in its entirety,
"that he may warn whoever is [spiritually] alive and [God's] word is proven against the infidels (i.e.,
those without faith in God)” [36:70]—Ya Sin. So submit [to God] (i.e., embrace Islam) and be safe
[from perdition]. But if you refuse, then verily will the guilt [of delusion] of the Zoroastrians
 ("Magians") be upon you.
Seal: Muhammad, Apostle of God
 Letter of Prophet Muhammad to Negus
• Amr bin Umayyah was sent to Negus

• He took the parchment and showed respect by kissing it and putting it on eyes.

• According to Sahih Muslim, the Prophet [s.a.w.s.] had asked Najashi to send Ja‘far and his
companions, the emigrants to Abyssinia (Ethiopia), back home. They came back to see the
Prophet [s.a.w.s.] in Khaibar

• The Prophet announced his death and observed prayer in absentia for him.

• Another king succeeded Negus to the throne and another letter was sent to him by the
Prophet (s.a.w.s.) but whether or not he embraced Islam is still a question not answered yet.
[Sahih Muslim 2/99]
Letter of Prophet Muhammad to the King of Egypt
• Letter was sent to Maquqa/Maquqas

• He was given Duldul which prophet rode in the battle of Hunain.

• Other presents included Maris whom prophet married?

Letter of Prophet Muhammad to the King of Egypt
• Letter was sent to Maquqa/Maquqas

• He was given Duldul (really?) alongwith Yaafur which prophet rode in the battle of Hunain.

• Other presents included Maris whom prophet married?

• Ali also rode on Duldul at Siffin.

Letter of Prophet Muhammad to Oman and Bahrain
• Amr bin. Aas was sent to the ruler of Oman.

• Ala bin Hadrami was sent to the ruler of Bahrain.

• Both of them accepted Islam.

• Letters are preserved in Oman.

 Letter of Prophet Muhammad to Yeman & Syria
• Salit bin Umar was sent

• He asked for division in property. But prophet rejected.

• Shuja bin Wahab was sent to Harith Ghassani (Syria), who got angry and asked him armies
to attack Muslims, but armies never arrived.
 Khyber Expedition
• Jews were plotting against the Muslims as they thought that Muslims
were weak and thus have signed peace treaty with Quraish.
• Jews asked the tribes like Banu Ghatafan, Banu Fazaara, and Jews of
Fadak to support them.
• Muhammad asked his companions to get ready and they started
marching towards Khyber—most powerful settlement of Jews in
three days.
• They stayed in a valley called al-Raji which was in between Ghatfan
and Khyber.
• Muslim army: 1400 me; Women like Umm-e-Salama also joined, but
why?
 Khyber Expedition
• There were 6 big forts in Khyber. The largest was Qamus
whose warrior was Marhab (stronger than 1000 horsemen)
• There were 20,000 Jews.
• First battle on the fort of Na’im and then other small forts.
• Story of Qamus—Failure for 20 days and then Ali’s
intervention
• Jews were defeated badly; they asked peace and were granted
on the condition that 50% of their produce will be given to
Muslims.
• Many other resources came at disposal of Muslims.
 The due Umrah
• 2000 devotees.

• Abudullah bin. Rawahah was holding Qaswa’s reins.

• Indeed, Allah will fulfil His Messenger’s vision in all truth: Allah willing,
you will surely enter the Sacred Mosque, in security—some with heads
shaved and others with hair shortened—without fear. He knew what you did
not know, so He first granted you the triumph at hand.

• Any lessons here for us?

8 A.H
 Battle of Mu’ata (Background)
• The Byzantines were recapturing the territories following peace treaty with
Sassanians.

• Prophet had sent an ambassador (Haris bin Umair) to Basra [why?]

• This ambassador was executed in Mu’tah by Ghassanid official (Shurabil ibn

Amr)

• News of murder reached the prophet.

• Prophet dispatched an army of 3000 troops under the command of Zaid bin
Haris, Jafar bin Abi Talib, and Abdullah ibn Rawayah (4261)
 Battle of Mu’ata (Details)
• When Muslims learnt about the size of Byzantium army, they were scared.

• A motivating speech was given by?

• Then all commanders died; Sabit ibn. Aqram hold the charge

• Then, Khalid bin. Walid took the charge.

• 4 Muhajirin and 8 Ansars were killed.

• Jafar had 90 wounds; Khalid b. Walid broke 9 swords (4266). (Titles)

• Muslims retreated to Madina (what they had to hear?) but incident of Yala bin
Ummayah
 Conquest of Mecca (Background)
• After TOH, Banu Khuza had joined Muslims, while Banu Bakr had joined the Quraish.

• Quraish motivated and helped Banu Bakr to attack Banu Khuza.

• Attack was made in night in a place named Wateer.

• People of Banu Khuza tried to take refugee in Kabah.

• They were also attacked in Kabas on the orders of Nawfal.

• Banu Khuza tried to approach the Quraish but of no use. Then they wrote to Prophet.

• Quraish also sent a delegation to bribe Prophet and compensate for material loss.
 Conquest of Mecca (Prophet’s reaction)
• Prophet consulted the companions and sent a message to Quraish:

1)Blood-money; 2) Declare that they have nothing to do with Banu Bakr; 3)

TOH should be annulled. Which condition was accepted?

• On 10th Ramazan, 10000 Muslims marched peacefully towards Madina.

• Muslims army was divided into four parts: Abu Ubaidah ibn Jarah, Ali, Khalid
bin. Walid and Zubair [in which column was prophet?]

• Armies reached peacefully accept that of Khalid bin Walid.

 Conquest of Mecca (Prophet’s reaction)
• Muhammads asked to lit fires to create an impact on enemy.

• On the eve of conquest of Mecca, Abu Sufyan accepted Islam. Conversation

between him and prophet.

• Prophet entered Meccan while riding horse and bowing down in humility.

• Meccans were then given three options: 1) Keep doors shut; 2)Kabah; 3)Sufyan’s
house.

• And say, "Truth has come, and falsehood has departed. Indeed, is falsehood, [by
nature], ever bound to depart.“ (17:81)
 Battle of Hunain (Background)
• Areas between Taif and Mecca were inhabited by following:
1) The Hawazin and Banu Thaqeef
• Large and powerful tribe. • Dwelt in SE of Makkah. • Very powerful clan of
Hawazin, Saqif, lived in Taif. • They worshipped a Mother Goddess called al-
Lat. • Traded with Persia.

• Malik b. Auf gathered 20k warriors and started marching toward Mecca.
• Prophet got to know about this and they started marching towards them.
• Muslims encamped at the vally of Hunain—Muslims: 12,000
 Battle of Hunain (Events)
• Some new converts felt proud. Quran reads:

“Indeed Allah has given you ˹believers˺ victory on

many battlefields, even at the Battle of Ḥunain1 when
you took pride in your great numbers, but they proved
of no advantage to you. The earth, despite its
vastness, seemed to close in on you, then you turned
back in retreat. (9:25)”
 Battle of Hunain (Background)
• Malik b. Auf had placed skillful archers in narrow passages in the
valley.
• Muslims got a surprise attack by archers and got confused.
• Seeing this, the enemies came forward to finish the Muslims.
• Prophet and Abbas gathered the remaining army and continued
fighting.
• Prophet threw dust; they began to lose and ran away and shut
themselves in Taif.
• Then, the incident of Taif (for a month) and later they accepted Islam.
• From Taif, prophet did another Umrah, appointed Usayd (Deputy) and
Mu’az ibn Jabal (teacher), and returned to Madina.
9 A.H
Tabuk Expedition