Solution

PREBOARD-II

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
(c) a.c. into d.c.
Explanation:
Rectification is the process of conversion of a.c. into d.c.

2. (a) R = R (1 + αt)
t 0

Explanation:
resistances are related as R t
= R0 (1 + αt)

3.
(c) 30o
Explanation:

In △AQR
∠ A + ∠ Q + ∠ R = 180o
30° + 90 - r + 90 = 180o
r = 30o
δ = 90o - 30o - r
δ = 90o - 30o - 30o
δ = 30o
so angle of deviation is 30 degree.

4.
(b) m and M

Explanation:
M = m(2l)
M' = ml
M
M' = 2

M
So, pole strength will be m and 2
.

5.
(c) 6 μF
Explanation:
If C is the capacitance of three capacitors C1, C2 and C3,
then, 1

C
=
1

C1
+
1

C2
+
1

C3
=
1

According to the given question ,

If C3 is removed, the equivalent capacitance becomes C’.
1 1 1 1
′
= + =
C C1 C2 3

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 Therefore, 1

C3
=
1

C
−
1

′
=
1

2
−
1

3
=
1

6
C

The capacitance of the capacitor which is removed C 3 = 6μF

6.
(c) zero
Explanation:
Lorentz force is given by F = Bqv sin θ
When the proton enters the magnetic field parallel to the direction of the lines of force, θ = 0 .
Therefore, F = 0

7. (a) 1 H
Explanation:
N = 100, I = 4A, ϕ = 4 × 10 −3
Wb

ϕN = LI
ϕN
∴ L=
I
−3
4× 10 ×1000
=
4
H =1H
→
8. (a) ∮ B⃗ . ds = 0
Explanation:
Since magnetic monopoles do not exist, flux entering the closed surface is equal to flux leaving the surface. Hence net
magnetic flux through a closed surface is zero.
9.
λ
(c) Δx = ( 2π
) Δϕ

Explanation:
2π
Phase difference = λ
× Path difference
2π
Δϕ = × Δx
λ

or Δx = ( λ

2π
) Δϕ

10.
⃗

(c) F

Explanation:
→
2P 1
The electric field at a distance r from the dipole is E = K
3
, so E ∝ 3
r r

Force on charge q is F = qE also F ∝

1

r3
F
If distance r is doubled, then force will F ′
=
8

11.
(c) C and A
Explanation:
In both figures (A) and (C), p-side is at higher potential than the n-side.

12. (a) A + δ = 2i m

Explanation:
For refraction through prism,
i1 + i2 = δ + A and r1 + r2 = A
For minimum deviation,
i1 = i2 = i and r1 = r2 = r
(A+ δm )
So, i = 2

∴ A+δ m = 2i

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13.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false.
Explanation:
Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false.

14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
As there is no electric field inside the conductor, and so no energy inside it.
15. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
Explanation:
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
At resonance,
XL = XC

or 2πf rL =
1

2π fr C

or f r =
1

2π √LC

∴ Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Section B
17. Here qA = 5 × 10-8 C; qB = -3 × 10-8 C ; r = 16 cm = 0.16 m
Let O be the point, where the electric potential is zero due to the two charges as shown in figure given below.

Suppose that the distance AO = x. Then

BO = r - x = 0.16 - x
Electric potential at point O due to qA,
1 qA
VA =
4πε0 AO
−8
9 5×10 450
= 9 × 10 × =
x x

Electric potential at point O due to qB,

1 qB
VB =
4πε0 BO
−8
(−3× 10 )
9
= 9 × 10 ×
0⋅16−x
270
= −
0.16−x

Since the electric potential at point O is zero, we have

VA + VB = 0

or 450

x
+ (−
270

0⋅16−x
) = 0

or 450

x
=
270

0⋅16−x

or x = 0·1 m = 10 cm (from charge of 5 × 10-8 C)

18.

Figure (a) shows the lines of force of a bar magnet. While figure (b) shows the lines of force of a straight solenoid. The two
patterns have a striking resemblance. So a solenoid behaves like a bar magnet. The two ends of both have north and south polarity.

3 / 12
19. In a solid-state material, the concept of an energy band gap refers to the energy difference between the valence band and the

conduction band.

20. The Rydberg formula is

4

hc/λn =
me

2 2
(
1

2
−
1

2
) where R is the Rydberg constant.
8εo h n n
f i

The wavelengths of the first four lines in the Lyman series correspond to transitions from ni = 2, 3, 4, 5 to nf = 1. We know that

= 13.6 eV = 21.76 × 10–19 J

4
me

2 2
8εo h

Therefore,
hc
λn =
−19 1 1
21.76× 10 ( − )
1 n2
i
−34 8 2 2
6.625× 10 ×3× 10 × n 0.9134n
i i −7
= m= × 10 m
−19 2 2
21.76× 10 ×(n −1) (n −1)
i i
∘

= 913.4n 2
i
/ (n
2
i
− 1) A
∘

Substituting ni = 2, 3, 4, 5, we get λ 21 = 1218 A

∘ ∘ ∘

λ 31 = 1028A , λ 41 = 974.3 A ,and λ 51 = 951.4 A .

21. A = 5cm × 12cm = 60 × 10-4m2

τ
max = NIBA
= 600 × 10-5 × 0.10 × 60 × 10-4
= 3.6 × 10-6Nm.
OR
The velocity v of the particle is along the x-axis, while B, the magnetic field is along the y-axis, so v × B is along the z-axis
(screw rule or right-hand thumb rule). So, depending upon the charge force is given by:
a. for electron it will be along –z axis.
b. for a positive charge (proton) the force is along +z axis.
Section C
22. As no current flows in arm BE so the potential difference across R1​will be zero.
Now applying Kirchhoff's law for loop AFEBA, 6 + 1 + 3 = 2i + 3i or i = 2A
The potential difference across A and D along AFD, VA - 2i + 1 - 3i = VD​
or VA - VD = 5i - 1 = 5(2) - 1 = 9V

23. When intrinsic semiconductors are used for developing semiconductor devices, they have many limitations as discussed below:
i. Intrinsic semiconductors have low intrinsic charge carrier concentration (of hole and electrons) ≈ 106 m-3. So they have low
electrical conductivity.

4 / 12
 ii. As intrinsic charge carriers are always thermally generated, so flexibility is not available to control their number.
iii. For intrinsic semiconductors, ne = nh. They cannot have a predominant hole or electron conduction. This puts a limit on the
usefulness of such materials.
24. Einstein's photoelectric equation is
eV0 = Kmax = hν - ϕ 0

Important features of this equation are

i. Photoemission occurs when frequency of incident radiation is more than the threshold frequency,
ϕ
νo = h
0

ii. Energy of emitted photoelectron is proportional to energy of incident photon.

Three salient features observed in photoelectric effect and their explanation on the basis of Einstein's photoelectric equation is
given as below:
i. Threshold frequency: For KEmax ≥ 0,
⇒ν ≥ ν0

i.e. the phenomenon of photoelectric effect takes place when incident frequency is greater or equal to a minimum frequency
(threshold frequency) ν 0 fixed for given metal.
ii. KEmax of photoelectron: When incident frequency is greater than threshold frequency, then KEmax of photo-electron is
directly proportional to (ν - ν 0) as
KEmax = h(ν - ν 0)
⇒ KEmax ∝ (ν - ν 0)
iii. Effect of intensity of incident light: The number of photons incident per unit time per unit area increases with the increase of
intensity of incident light. More number of photons facilitates ejection of more number of photo-electrons from metal surface
leads to further increase of photocurrent till its saturation value is reached.

25. 2
1
H +
3
1
H ⟶
4
2
He +
1
0
n

mass defect = m( H) + m( H) - m( He) - m( n)

2
1
3
1
4
2
1
0

△m = (2.014102 + 3.016049 - 4.002603 - 1.008665) u

= (0.018883) u
According to Einstein mass-energy equivalence
E = △mc2
1u = 931.5 M ev/c2
E = △m
energy released = 0.018883u × c2
931.5Mev
= 0.018883 × × c
2
2

= 17.5895145 M ev
= 17.6 M ev
26. Energy E = -3.4eV
2
ke
a. r = 2E
as PE = 2 × E
9 −19 2
9× 10 × (1.6× 10 )
r =
−19
2×3.4×1.6×10

r = 2.11 × 10-10 m
nh
b. L = 2π
13.6
E = −
2
n
−13.6
−3.4 =
2
n

n=2
−34
2×6.63×10
L=
2×π

L = 2.11 × 10-34 js
c. KE = -E = 3.4 eV
PE = 2 × E = -2 × 3.4
= -6.8 eV

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27. Given,
Refractive index of the glass plate, ng = 1.5

Wavelength of light in vacuum, λ = 750 × 10-9 m

v

Velocity of light in vacuum, c = 3 × 108 ms-1

Frequency of light in vacuum,
v= c

λv

8 −1
3×10 ms
=
−9
750× 10 m

=4× 1014
Hz
For the light refracted in glass, frequency v remains unchanged but, wavelength and speed changes.

i. Frequency of light in glass = Frequency of light in vacuum = 4 × 1014 Hz

= 2 × 108 ms-1
8 −1 8 −1

ii. Velocity of light in glass, vg = ng

c
=
3× 10 m s

1.5
=2 c

ng
=
3× 10 m s

1.5

λv
iii. Wavelength of light in glass, λ g =
ng
=
750nm

1.5
= 500 nm
28. Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic
field.
i. When the magnet is stationary there is no deflection in the galvanometer. The pointer read zero. [Fig. (a)]
ii. when the magnet with the north pole facing the solenoid is moved towards the solenoid, the galvanometer shows a deflection
towards the right showing that a current flows in the solenoid in the direction as shown in [Fig (b)]
iii. As the motion of the magnet stops, the pointer of the galvanometer comes to the zero position [Fig (c)]. This shows that the
current in the solenoid flows as long as the magnet is moving.
iv. If the magnet is moved away from the solenoid, the current again flows in the solenoid, but now in a direction opposite to that
shown in [Fig. (b)] and therefore the pointer of the galvanometer deflects towards the left[ Fig. (d)].
v. If the magnet is moved away rapidly i.e. with more velocity, the extent of deflection in the galvanometer increases although
the direction of deflection remains the same. It shows that more current flows now.
vi. If the polarity of the magnet is reversed and then the magnet is brought towards the solenoid, the current in the solenoid flows
in the direction opposite to that shown in Fig (b) and so the pointer of the galvanometer deflects towards the left [Fig. (e)].

OR

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 AC generator:

Construction:
A coil of n turns called armature rotates between the magnetic poles by the means of an external agent. The ends of the coils are
connected to an external circuit through the means of carbon brushes and slip rings.
Principle of working:
AC generator works on the principle of Faraday's Laws of electromagnetic induction. According to it, when there is change of
magnetic flux through a conducting loop, an emf is induced across the ends of the loop.
dϕB
ε= −
dt

Working:
The strong magnetic field is created between the poles. The coil ABCD is rotated by external means in this field. As the coil
rotates, the angle between the magnetic field and the coil changes which induces an alternating emf. The ends of the coil is
connected to an external circuit by the means of carbon brushes (B1 & B2) and slip rings (R1 & R2). When the external circuit is
closed, an alternating current flows through the coil.
Expression for emf produced:
B = The magnetic field produced by the magnet The coil is placed such that at t = 0, the angle between the surface area vector of
the coil and the magnetic field is . π

ω= Angular speed of the coil

Angle between surface area vector of the coil and the magnetic field after time t is given by:
θ = θ0 + ωt

Magnetic flux through the coil is then:

Or,
ϕB = ∫ B ⋅ dA
ϕ B= BA cos θ
ϕ B= BA cos(θ + ωt) 0

By Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, magnitude of induced emf through a coil of n-turns is given by:
dϕ
B
e= n
dt

Or, e = n d

dt
[BA cos(θ0 + ωt)]

∴ |ε| = nBAω sin(θ0 + ωt)

hence, the expression for the emf produced in the coil is |ε| = nBAω sin(θ 0 + ωt)

Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
In an electromagnetic wave both the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to the direction of propagation, that is why
electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature. Electromagnetic waves carry energy as they travel through space and this energy
is shared equally by the electric and magnetic fields. Energy density of an electromagnetic waves is the energy in unit volume of
the space through which the wave travels.
(i) (c) E⃗ × B⃗
Explanation:
Electromagnetic waves propagate in the direction of E
​ ⃗ × B⃗ .
(ii) (a) photon
Explanation:
Photon is the fundamental particle in an electromagnetic wave.
(iii) (c) polarisation
Explanation:

7 / 12
 Polarisation establishes the wave nature of electromagnetic waves.
OR
(a) frequency
Explanation:
Frequency ν remains unchanged when a wave propagates from one medium to another. Both wavelength and velocity
get changed.
(iv) (c) in phase and perpendicular to each other
Explanation:
The electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave are in phase and perpendicular to each other.
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Coulomb's law states that the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion acting between two stationary point charges is given by
q1 q2
F= 1

4πε0 2
r

where F denotes the force between two charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r in free space, ε is a constant known as the0

permittivity of free space. Free space is a vacuum and may be taken to be air practically. If free space is replaced by a medium,
then ε is replaced by (ε
0 0 k) or (ε
0 εr ) where k is known as dielectric constant or relative permittivity.
(i) (a) Nature of the medium between the two charges
Explanation:
The proportionality constant k depends on the nature of the medium between the two charges.
(ii) (b) [ML-3T4A2]
Explanation:
[ML-3T4A2]
(iii) (d) 9 × 109 N
Explanation:
9 × 109 N
(iv) (c) 2 μC
Explanation:
q q
F= 1

4πε0
1 2

2
d
9 2

(10 × 10-3) × 10 =
(9× 10 )× q

∴
2
(0.6)

or q2 = = 4 × 10-12
−1
10 ×0.36

9
9×10

or q = 2 × 10-6 C = 2 μC
OR
(d) Newton's law of gravitation
Explanation:
Newton's law of gravitation
Section E
31. In case of refraction at convex spherical surface, when object is in rarer medium, the image is formed real.

In △OAC, i = a + γ and in ΔAI C , γ = r + β or r = γ − β

sin i i α+γ
Therefore, By snell's law, we have 1
μ2 =
sin r
≈
r
=
γ−β

8 / 12
 μ α+γ
or 2

μ1
=
γ−β
or μ 2γ − μ2 β = μ1 α + μ1 γ

or (μ − μ ) γ = μ α + μ β ................(i)
2 1 1 2

As α, β and γ are small and P and N lie close to each other.

AN AN
So, α ≈ tan α = NO
≈
PO
AN AN
β ≈ tan β = ≈
NI PI
AN AN
γ ≈ tan γ = ≈
NC PC

On using them in equation (i), we obtain

AN AN AN
(μ2 − μ1 ) = μ1 + μ2
PC PO PI
μ2 − μ1 μ1 μ2
or = +
PI
..........(ii)
PC PO

where, PC = +R, radius of curvature

PO = -u, object distance
PI = +v, image distance
μ2 − μ1 μ1 μ2 μ2 − μ1 μ2 μ1
So, R
=
−u
+
v
or R
=
v
−
u

This gives formula for refraction at spherical surface, when object is in rarer medium.
OR
i. Each point of the wavefront is the source of a secondary disturbance and the wavelets emanating from these points spread out
in all directions with the spread of the wave. Each point of the wavefront is the source of a secondary disturbance and the
wavelets emanating from these points spread out in all directions with the speed of the wave. These wavelets emanating from
the wavefront are usually referred to as secondary wavelets and if we draw a common tangent to all these spheres, we obtain
the new position of the wavefront at a later time.

△ EAC is congruent to △BAC; so <i = <r

ii. Two sources are said to be coherent if the phase difference between them does not change with time.
No, two independent sodium lamps cannot be coherent.
Two independent sodium lamps cannot be coherent as the phase between them does not remain constant with time.
iii. 4β = 5β 2 1

λ D
λD known
4 × = 5 ×
d d
5
⇒ λ = × λ
4 hnoun
5
= × 520
4

= 650 nm
32. a. Parallel plate capacitor consists of two thin conducting plates each of area A held parallel to each other at a suitable distance d.
One of the plates is insulated and other is earthed. Say, there is vacuum or air between the plates. Structure of a parallel plate
capacitor is shown below:

Suppose, the plate X is given a charge of +q coulomb. By induction, -q coulomb of charge is produced on the inner surface of
the plate Y and +q coulomb on the outer surface. Since, the plate Y is connected to the earth, hence the relatively weak charge
+q residing far away i.e. on the outer surface flows to the earth. Thus, the plates X and Y have equal and opposite charges +q
and -q respectively
Suppose, the surface density of charge on each plate is σ , We know that the intensity of electric field at a point between two
σ σ
plane parallel sheets of equal and opposite charges is = 2ϵ0
− (−
2ϵ0
) = σ/ε0 , where ε is the permittivity of free space. The
0

9 / 12
 intensity of electric field between the plates will be given by, E = σ

ε0

The charge on each plate is q and the area of each plate is A. Thus electric field is given by ,
q q
σ = and E =
A
............(i) ε0 A

Now, let the potential difference between the two plates be V volt. Then, the electric field between the plates is given by
V
E =
d
or V = Ed .....(ii)
Substituting the value of E from equation (i) into equation (ii), we get
qd
V =
ε0 A

Now capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor is given by ;

q q ε0 A
C = = =
V qd/ε0 A d

Where, ε = 8.85 × 10 C − Nm is the permittivity of vacuum or air.

0
−12 2 −2

b. Surface charge density of a spherically charged body is given by

q
σ =
2
4πR

After connecting both the conductors, their potentials will become equal, V1 = V2 .Hence,
q1 q2 1 q
⇒
R
=
R2
[For a spherically charged conductor with charge q potential is given by, V =
4πε0 R
]
l
q1 R1
⇒ =
q2 R2

2
σ1 q1 /4π R

Now, σ2
=
1

2
q2 /4π R
2

2 2
q1 R2 R1 R2 R2
= ( ) = × ( ) =
q2 R1 R2 R1 R1

OR
a. Since the work done depends on the final arrangement of the charges, and not on how they are put together, we calculate work
needed for one way of putting the charges at A, B, C and D. Suppose, first the charge +q is brought to A, and then the charges
–q, +q, and -q are brought to B, C, and D, respectively. The total work needed can be calculated in steps:
i. Work needed to bring charge +q to A when no charge is present elsewhere: this is zero.
ii. Work needed to bring –q to B when +q is at A. This is given by (charge at B) × (electrostatic potential at B due to charge
+q at A)
2
q q
= −q × ( 4π ε0 d
) =− 4π ε0 d

iii. Work needed to bring charge +q to C when +q is at A and -q is at B. This is given by (charge at C) × (potential at C due to
charges at A and B
+q −q
= +q ( +
4π ε0 d
)
4π ε0 d√2

2
−q
= 4π ε0 d
(1 −
1
)
√2

iv. Work needed to bring -q to D when +q at A, -q at B, and +q at C. This is given by (charge at D) × (potential at D due to
charges at A, B, and C)
+q −q q
= −q ( 4π ε0 d
+ +
4π ε0 d
)
4π ε0 d√2
2
−q
= 4π ε0 d
(2 −
1
)
√2

Add the work done in steps (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv). The total work required is
2
−q
= 4π ε0 d
{(0) + (1) + (1 −
1
) + (2 −
1
)}
√2 √2
2
−q –
= 4π ε0 d
(4 − √2)

The work done depends only on the arrangement of the charges, and not how they are assembled. By definition, this is the
total electrostatic energy of the charges.
b. The extra work necessary to bring a charge q0 to point E when the four charges are at A, B, C, and D is q0 × (electrostatic
potential at E due to the charges at A, B, C, and D). The electrostatic potential at E is clearly zero since potential due to A and
C is cancelled by that due to B and D. Hence, no work is required to bring any charge to point E. Also, it can be said that the
work done over a closed surface is zero. (charges are opposite in corners so work done during one cycle cancel out by another
cycle) hence work done is zero.
33. i. VC + VR = V
2 2 2
vm = vrm + vcm

vrm = imR

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 vcm = im Xc
2 2 2
vm = (im R) + (im Xc )

2 2 2
= im [ R + Xc ]
vm
⇒ im =
2 2
√R + X
c

−−−−−−−
⇒ Impedance Z = √R + X 2 2
c

ii. For direct current (dc), an inductor behaves as a conductor.

As X = ωL = 2πνL
L

For dc = v = 0 ⇒ XL = 0
iii. R = 110

11
= 10Ω
vrms 220
irms = =
2 2 2
√R + X √100+X
L L

220
11 =
2
√100+X
L
−−−−−−−−
2 220
√100 + X = = 20Ω
L 11

Squaring both sides:

2
⇒ 100 + X = 400
L

2 –
⇒ X = 300 ⇒ XL = 10√3Ω
L
–
XL = 2πf L ⇒ 10√3 = 2π × 50 × L

√3
L= H
10π

OR
a. Suppose a resistance R, inductance L and capacitance C are connected to series and an alternating voltage V = V = V0 sinwt

is applied across it.

Since L, C and R are connected in series, current flowing through them is the same. The voltage across R is VR, inductance
across L is VL and across capacitance is VC.

The voltage VR and current i are in the same phase, the voltage VL will lead the current by angle 90o while the voltage VC

will lag behind the current by 90o.

Thus, VR and (VC - VL) are mutually perpendicular and the phase difference between them is 90o. As seen in the fig, we can
say that, as the applied voltage across the circuit is V, the resultant of VR and VC - VL) will also be V.
So,
2 2 2
V = V + (Vc − VL )
R
−−−−−−−−−−−− −
2
⇒ V = √V R
2
+ (Vc − VL )

But, VR = Ri, Vc = Xci and VL = XLi

where, Xc = ωC
1
and XL = ω L
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2
So, V = √(Ri) 2
+ (Xc i − XL i) ,

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 Therefore, impendance of the circuit is given by,
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Z= V

i
= √(R) 2
+ (Xc − XL )
2

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2
1
Z = √R 2
+ (
ωC
− ωL)

This is the impedance of the LCR series circuit.

b. A radio or a TV set has an LC circuit capacitor of variable capacitance C. The circuit remains connected with an aerial coil
through the phenomenon of mutual inductance. Suppose a radio or TV station has transmitted a program at frequency f, then
waves produce an alternating voltage of frequency in area, due to which an emf of the same frequency is induced in LC
circuit. When capacitor C is in circuit is varied then for a particular value of capacitance, C, f =
1
, the resonance occurs
2π √LC

and maximum current flows in the circuit; so the radio or TV gets tuned.

12 / 12