Solution

SET A PAPER

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
(c) 2. 26 × 10 5
Nm /C
2

Explanation:
−6 2
105 Nm
q
ϕ =
∈0
=
2×10

−12
= 2.26 × / C
8.85×10

2.
E
(d) − 2

Explanation:
Electric field of -2Q at the location of charge Q,
(−2Q)
κ
2
=E
r

Electric field of Q at the location of -2Q,

Q
E' = κ 2
= −
E

2
r

–
3. (a) √2 qa along the line joining the points (x = 0, y = 0, z = 0) and (x = a, y = a, z = 0)
Explanation:
The given charge assembly is equivalent to two dipoles. One dipole of charges -q and +q has dipole moment p ⃗ along +ve X-
1

→
direction and other dipole of charges -q and +q has dipole moment p along +ve Y-direction. The resultant dipole moment
2

p ⃗ has magnitude,
−−−−−−
−−−−−−−− − –
p = √p 2
1
+ p
2
2
2 2 2 2
= √q a + q a = √2qa

−
−→
p⃗ is directed along OP, where P is (a, a, 0).

4.
(b) decreases because the charge moves along the electric field.
Explanation:
An equipotential surface is always perpendicular to the direction of the electric field. Positive charge experiences the force in
the direction of the electric field. When a positive charge is released from rest in the uniform electric field, its velocity increases
in the direction of the electric field. So K.E. increases, and the P.E. decreases due to the law of conservation of energy.
So P.E. of the positively charged particle decreases because the speed of charged particle moves in the direction of the field due
to force qE¯

When a particle is released it moves (in the uniform field). It moves along the electric field from higher potential to the lower
potential. Hence, energy decreases.

5.
(d) -10-9
Explanation:
Surface charge density of the earth = -10-9 Cm-2

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 6.

(b)

Explanation:

Current in the circuit, I = ε

R+r

Potential difference across R,

V = IR = ( ε

R+r
)R

V= ε
r
1+
R

When R = 0, V = 0
R = ∞, V = ε

7.
(c) conservation of charge, conservation of energy
Explanation:
conservation of charge, conservation of energy

8.
(d) 1.47
Explanation:
the refractive index of liquid must be equal to refractive index of glass=1.47

9.
(c) 25
Explanation:
actual depth = H
U= 4

Apparent depth = actual depth/U

= H/4/3 = 3H/4
shift = actual depth- apparent depth
3H
=H- 4
H
= 4

= h * 100/4/4 = 25%

10.
(b) 3 cm
Explanation:
Apparent depth = (Real depth) / (refractive index)
Now, Height raised = real depth - apparent depth

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 apparent depth
= real depth(1 - real depth
)
= real depth(1 - 1

ref ractive index

)

= d(1 − 1

μ
) = 12 (1 −
1

4
) = 12 (1 −
3

4
) =
12

4
= 3cm

11.
2Dλ
(c) a

Explanation:
Linear width of central maximum
= D × Angular width = D × = 2λ

a
2Dλ

12.
(b) 6.86 ×10 ms 5 −1

Explanation:
Given that, λ = 6563 ∘
A and Δλ = 15 ∘
A

Let the velocity of the star with which it is receding away from the earth be v.
−Δλ
v = c
λ
−10
−15×10 8 5 −1
= × 3 × 10 = −6.86 × 10 ms
−10
6563×10

Therefore, the speed with which the star is receding away from the Earth is 6.86 × 105 m/s.

13.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
When high energy X-ray beam falls on the ball, the metal will emit photo-electrons, thus, leaving the positive charge on the
ball. As a result of this, the ball is deflected in the direction of the electric field.

14. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
15.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
When the circuit is closed, the electrons move from the negative electrode towards the positive electrode in the external circuit
and the positive charge move from the positive electrode to the negative electrode inside the cell. Due to which the potential
difference across the electrodes becomes less than the e.m.f. of the cell. This shows that there is a net electrostatic field inside
the cell, from the negative to the positive electrode.

16.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A lens of large aperture and at the same time free from lens aberrations cannot be manufactured. Therefore the lens used in
telescope cannot be of very large aperture. Thus, light gathering power of such a telescope will be very low and hence it will
not enable us to see faint stars. The spherical aberrations can be eliminated by making use of parabolic mirror in case of large
mirror. Since mirror of large apertures can be easily designed, reflecting type telescope will have large light gathering power.
Because of these reasons reflected type of telescopes are preferred.

Section B
ε0 A
17. Original capacitance, C = d
A
The new arrangement is equivalent to three capacitors connected in parallel. Each such capacitor has plate area 3
and plate
separation d. The new capacitance is

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 C' = C1 + C2 + C3
A A A
κ1 ε0 ( ) κ2 ε0 ( ) κ3 ε0 ( )
3 3 3
= + +
d d d
ε0 A
= (κ1 + κ2 + κ3 )
3d
C
or, C r
=
3
(κ1 + κ2 + κ3 )

m
18. Resistivity ρ = 2
ne τ

The thermal speed of electrons increases as the temperature increases. Free electrons collide more frequently with the positive
metal ions. The relaxation time τ decreases. Consequently, the resistivity ρ of the metal increases.
The relaxation time τ does not change with temperature in semiconductor. But the number density (n) of free electrons increases
exponentially with temperature. As a result, the resistivity of semiconductor decreases exponentially with the increase in
temperature.
19. Here u = -30 cm and f = 10 cm
Hence using mirror formula,
1 1 1
+ =
v −30 −10

1 1 1
= −
v 30 10

v = -15
Therefore lens-mirror combination forms a real image Q at a distance of 15 cm from the mirror.

20. The central maximum is due to the constructive interference of wavelets from all parts of the slit. With the increase in the value of
n, the wavelets from lesser and lesser parts of the slit produce constructive interference to form a secondary maximum. Hence the
intensity of secondary maximum decreases with the increase in the value of n.
21. Let a and a' be the slit widths in the two cases. Then
pλ
θ=
λ

a
and qθ = ′
a
′ pλ/qθ p
a
∴ = =
a λ/θ q

Yes, the ratio of the half angular widths of the first secondary maxima in the two cases will be equal to q because,
3 pλ

a′ q
required ratio = =
2 a
= p × = p × = q
3 λ ′ p
a
2 a

Section C
22.

i. If we place the third charge 2q between A and B the direction of the force on 2q due to A and B on C will be same.
So the net force cannot be zero, so the charge q cannot be placed between A and B.
ii. If 2q is placed the right side of A then rAC > rBC as qA < qB. So FCA < FCB always as the direction of FCA is towards right and
FCB is left so, FCA + FCB ≠ 0 we can not obtain required condition.
iii. Now consider 2q at the C to left of q at distance x from q.
Force on 2q at C (left of q) is in opposite direction so net force will be zero if magnitude is equal. So,
⇒ FCA + FCB = 0 or FCA = - FCB

KqC qA −KqC qB
⇒ =
2 2
r CA r CB

2qq −2q(−3q)
⇒ =
2 2
x (x+d)
2 2
2q 6q 1 3
⇒ = ⇒ =
2 2 2 2
x (x+d) x (x+d)

⇒ 3x2 = x2 + d2 + 2xd
⇒ 2x2 - 2xd - d2 = 0

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 2 2
+2d± √(−2d) −4.2⋅(− d )

⇒ x =
2.2

2 2
+2d± √4d +8d
2d±2d√3
⇒ x = =
4 4

d(1± √3)
⇒ x =
2
–
So, x = d

2
(1 + √3) m to the left of q, it will not experience any force
23. Let A is the area of the two plates of the parallel plate capacitor and d is the separation between them. A dielectric slab of
thickness t < d and area A is kept between the two plates. The total electric field inside the dielectric slab will be,
E0
E= K
= E0 - E',
Where E is the opposite field developed inside the slab due to polarisation of slab. Total potential difference between the plates,
V = E0(d - t) + Et
= σ

ϵ0
(d − t) +
kϵ0
σ

= σ

ϵ0
[(d − t) +
t

k
]

q
V== Aε0
[(d − t) +
t

k
]

where q is the charge on each plate.

q
Since, C = V
q
or, C = = q t
[(d−t)+ ]
Aε0 k

Aε0
or, C = = t
.
[(d−t)+ ]
k

24. On the inner and outer sphere's surface charges of −0.1μC and +0.1μC are induced respectively. The potential of the sphere
relative to earth is determined solely by the outer surface charge q.
1 q
∴ V =
4πε0 r

where r is the radius of the sphere

−6

Now, V = 9 × 10
9
×
0.1×10

0.2
= 4500 V
a. The potential of the sphere is momentarily reduced to zero when it is earthed. The positive charge on the outer surface
disappears but the induced negative charge inside remains. Therefore, the potential of the sphere is zero.

b. The induced negative charge is neutralized when the metal touches the sphere and no charge remains on the metal or sphere.
Both are at the same potential i.e. zero potential.

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25. In Figure, the network has been redrawn showing the emfs and internal resistances of the cells explicitly.

i. Applying Kirchhoff's first law at junction D, we get

I = I1 + I2 ...(i)
Applying Kirchhoff's second law to loop ADBA, we get
2I + I + 2I1 = 2 -1
or 3I + 2 I1 = l ...(ii)
Applying Kirchhoff's second law to loop DCBD
3I1 + I2 - 2 I1 = 3 - 1
or 4I2 - 2 I1 = 2 ...(iii)
On solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
I = −
1
A, I =
1
A and I = A
13
2
6

13
5

13

P.D. between the points B and D,

2
V1 = I1 ×2 = 13
V

ii. P.D. between the terminals of G (giving current),

V2 = ε − I r = 3 − × 3 = 1.615 V
2
13
6

P.D. between the terminals of H (taking current),

V3 = ε + I r = 1 +
′
× 1 = 1.46 V
2
′ 6

13

26. Current in series circuit is given by

ε1 + ε2 1 + 2 3
Is = = =
r1 + r2 + R 2 + 1 + 2 3 + R

When the two cells are connected in parallel,

ε1 r2 + ε2 r1 1 × 1 + 2×2 5
εeq = = =
r1 + r2 2 + 1 3

r1 r2 1 × 2 2
req = = =
3
r1 + r2 1 + 2

Current in the parallel circuit is given by

5
εeq
3 5
Ip = = =
req +R 2 2+3R
+R
3

As Is = Ip
3 5
∴ =
3 + R 2 + 3R

or 6 + 9R = 15 + 5R
9
or R = 4
= 2.25 Ω
More heat will be generated in series case due to larger resistance.
27. i. The complete ray diagram which shows the image formation of the object in convex mirror is given below:

Figure shows the formation of image A'B' of a finite object AB by a convex mirror. The image is vritual, erect and diminished.
ii. Now, ΔABP ∼ ΔA B P
′ ′

′ ′ ′
A B PB
∴ =
AB PB

Applying the new cartesian sign convention,

A'B' = h2, AB = h1, PB' = v, PB = -u

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 h2 v
∴ =
h1 −u

h2 v
Linear magnification, m = h1
= −
u

28. Given, OP = yn

The distance OP equals one-third of fringe width of the pattern

β
i.e. yn = 3

1 Dλ Dλ
= ( ) (∵ β = )
3 d d

Dλ
=
3d
dyn λ
⇒ =
D 3
dyn λ
Path difference, S2P - S1P = D
=
3

we know that ,
Phase difference = 2π

λ
× Path difference
2π λ
= ×
λ 3

∴ Phase difference = 2π

3
.
Intensity at point P is given by
I = I0 cos2 ϕ

)2
2π
⇒ I = I0 (cos 3

)2 = I0 (−
π 2 I0
= I0 (-cos 3
1

2
) =
4

I0
Hence, the intensity at point P would be 4
.
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
q
The rate of flow of charge through any cross-section of a wire is called electric current flowing through it. Electric current (I) = .
t

Its SI unit is ampere (A). The conventional direction of electric current is the direction of motion of positive charge. The current is
the same for all cross-sections of a conductor of the non-uniform cross-section. Resistance is a measure of the opposition to
current flow in an electrical circuit.

(i) (c) diode

Explanation:
diode
(ii) (c) scalar quantity
Explanation:
scalar quantity
(iii) (a) zero
Explanation:
zero
(iv) (b) conventional current
Explanation:
conventional current
(v) (a) free electron density
Explanation:
free electron density

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30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Diffraction in a hall: A and B went to purchase a ticket of a music programme. But unfortunately only one ticket was left. They
purchased the single ticket and decided that A would be in the hall during the 1st half and B during the 2nd half.
Both of them reached the hall together. A entered the hall and found that the seat was behind a pillar which created an obstacle.
He was disappointed. He thought that he would not be able to hear the programme properly.
B was waiting outside the closed door. The door was not fully closed. There was a little opening. But surprisingly, A could hear
the music programme. This happened due to diffraction of sound.
The fact we hear sounds around corners and around barriers involves both diffraction and reflection of sound.
Diffraction in such cases helps the sound to bend around the obstacles.
In fact, diffraction is more pronounced with longer wavelengths implies that we can hear low frequencies around obstacles better
than high frequencies.
B was outside the door. He could also hear the programme. But he noticed that when the door opening is comparatively less he
could hear the programme even better. This is because when the width of the opening is larger than the wavelength of the wave
passing through the gap then it does not spread out much on the other side. But when the opening is smaller than the wavelength
more diffraction occurs and the waves spread out greatly - with semicircular wavefront. The opening in this case functions as a
localized source of sound.

(i) (a) Diffraction

Explanation:
The fact we hear sounds around comers and around barriers involves both diffraction and reflection of sound.
(ii) (c) Longer
Explanation:
In fact, diffraction is more pronounced with longer wavelengths
(iii) (d) 10 kHz
Explanation:
In fact, diffraction is more pronounced with longer wavelengths implies that you can hear low frequencies around
obstacles better than high frequencies.
(iv) (b) sound is diffracted through an opening having width less than the wavelength of the sound.
Explanation:
When the width of opening is comparatively less than the wavelength of sound wave, the sound spread out much
better, i.e., better diffraction occurs.
When the width of the opening is larger than the wavelength, the wave passing through the opening does not spread
out much on the other side.
(v) (d) Localized sound source
Explanation:
Sound spreads out well through a gap whose width is slightly smaller than the wavelength of the sound wave as if it is
a localised source of sound.

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31. As shown in Fig., suppose the charges +q and -q are located at points A and B distance d apart.

Let P be a point such that AP = r1, and BP = r2.

The electric field at P due to charge +q is
1 q
E1 = 4πε0
⋅
2
, along AP produced.
r
1

The electric field at P due to charge -q is

q
E2 = 4πε0
1
⋅ , along PB produced.
2
r
2

Draw PR || AB and PQ, PS ⊥ PR. IF α and β are the angles made by AP and BP with AB, then
Component of E1 along PR = E1 cos α
Component of E1 along PQ = E1 sin α
Component of E2 along PR = E2 cos β
Component of E2 along PS = E2 sin β
The resultant field will be parallel to PR if the components E1 sin α and E2 sin β are equal and opposite or each component is
zero. Hence
i. When E1 sin α = E2 sin β
1 q PS 1 q PS
⋅ = ⋅ ×
4πε0 2 r1 4πε0 2 r2
r r
1 2

or r1 = r2
ii. When E1 sin α = E2 sin β = 0, we have
sin α = sin β = 0
i.e., α = 0o or 180o and β = 0 and 180o
Thus the resultant intensity will be parallel to the line joining A and B if (i) P lies on the perpendicular bisector of AB, or (ii) P
lies on either side of AB i.e., α = 0o and β = 180o.
32. Let I1 and I2 be the currents in two cells with emfs, E1 and E2 and internal resistances, r1 and r2,

So, I = I1 + I2
No, let v be the potential difference between the points, A and B. Since, the first cell is connected between the points A and B.
V = Potential difference across first cell
E1 −V
V = E1 - I1 r1 or I1 = r1

Now, the second cell is also connected between the points, A and B. So,

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 E2 −V
I2 =
r2

Thus, substituting for I1 and I2,

E1 −V E2 −V
I = +
r1 r2

E1 E2
or I = ( r1
+
r2
) − V (
1

r1
+
1

r2
)

E1 r2 + E2 r1 r1 r2
V = (
r1 + r2
) − I (
r1 + r2
) ...(i)
If E is effective emf and r, the effective internal resistance of the parallel combination of the two cells, then
V = E - Ir ...(ii)
Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii). we get
E1 r2 + E2 r1
i. E = r1 + r2

This is equivalent emf of the combination

r1 r2
ii. r = r1 + r2

This is equivalent resistance of the combination.

iii. the potential difference between the points A and B is
V = E - Ir.
33. In case of refraction at convex spherical surface, when object is in rarer medium, the image is formed real.

In △OAC, i = a + γ and in ΔAI C , γ = r + β or r = γ − β

α+γ
Therefore, By snell's law, we have 1
μ2 =
sin i

sin r
≈
i

r
=
γ−β

μ2 α+γ
or μ1
=
γ−β
or μ 2 γ − μ2 β = μ1 α + μ1 γ

or (μ 2
− μ1 ) γ = μ1 α + μ2 β ................(i)
As α, β and γ are small and P and N lie close to each other.
So, α ≈ tan α = ≈
AN

NO
AN

PO
AN AN
β ≈ tan β = ≈
NI PI
AN AN
γ ≈ tan γ = ≈
NC PC

On using them in equation (i), we obtain

AN AN AN
(μ2 − μ1 ) = μ1 + μ2
PC PO PI
μ −μ μ μ
or 2

PC
1
=
PO
1
+
2

PI
..........(ii)
where, PC = +R, radius of curvature
PO = -u, object distance
PI = +v, image distance
μ −μ μ μ μ −μ μ μ
So, 2

R
1
=
−u
1
+
2

v
or 2

R
1
=
v
2
−
u
1

This gives formula for refraction at spherical surface, when object is in rarer medium.

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