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j k"Vªh; eq
ÙkQfo| ky ; h f' k{kk l a
LFkku
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uks,Mk & üúû ýúù ( mÙkj çns'k)
oscl kbV%www.nios.ac.in fuew
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Dr fo| ky; h f' k{kk l a
LFkku National Institute of Open Schooling

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Ldj.k2021 First Edition 2021 ( Copies)
ISBN (Book 1)

ISBN (Book 2)

lfpo] jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku] ,&24&25] laLFkkxr {ks=k] lsDVj& 62 uks,Mk & 201 309
(mÙkj çns'k) }kjk izdkf'krA --------------------------- }kjk eqfnzrA

i
 mPprj ekè;fed Lrj
Hkkjrh; n'kZu (347)
l y kgd kj l fefr
i zks- l j kst ' kekZ MkW- j kt ho oqQekj fl a
g
v è; {k funs'kd ( ' kS f{kd )
jk"Vªh; eq ÙkQfo| ky; h f' k{kk l a
LFkku jk"Vªh; eq ÙkQfo| ky; h f' k{kk l a
LFkku
uks,Mk] ( mÙkj çns'k) &201309 uks,Mk] ( mÙkj çns'k) &201309

i kB~
; Øe fuekZ
. k l fefr
Lokeh v kRefi z;kuUn J h foosd d eZ d kj
l fefr v è; {k l gk; d i zkè; ki d ( l a
LÑr v è; ; u foHkkx)
oqQyi fr] jkeÑ".k fe' ku foosd kua
n fo' ofo| ky; LdkWfV' k ppZegkfo| ky;
csy q
j eB] gkoM+ k&711202 ( i - caxky) dksy dkrk&700006 ( i - ca xky)

MkW- ukxj kt HkV~ V J h i y k' k ?kksMbZ

l fefr mi kè; {k l gk; d i zkè; ki d ( l a
LÑr foHkkx)
l gk; d i zkè; ki d ( l a
LÑr v è; ; u foHkkx) jkt k ujsUnzyky [ kku efgyk egkfo| ky;
jkeÑ".k fe' ku foosd kua n fo' ofo| ky; e.My&i f' pe esfnuhi q j e&721102 ( i - ca
xky)
csy q
j eB] gkoM+ k&711202 ( i - caxky)
Lokeh osnr ÙokuUn
MkW- j keukFk >k i zkpk; Z
v kpk; Z]laLÑr , oai zkP; fo| k osQ
Unz jkeÑ".k eB foosd kua
n osn fo| ky;
t okgjyky usg: fo' ofo| ky; ] ubZfnYyh csy qj eB] e.My&gkoM+k&711202 ( i - ca
xky)

MkW- osa
d Vj e. k HkV~V MkW- j ke ukj k; . k eh. kk
l gk; d i zkè; ki d ( l a
LÑr v è; ; u foHkkx) l gk; d funs'kd ( ' kSf{kd)
jkeÑ".k fe' ku foosd kua n fo' ofo| ky; jk"Vªh; eqÙkQfo| ky; h f' k{kk&l a
LFkku
csy q
j eB] gkoM+ k&711202 ( i - caxky) uks,Mk] ( mÙkj çns'k) &201309

i kB~
; Øe l eUo; d
MkW- j ke ukj k; . k eh. kk
l gk; d funs'kd ( ' kSf{kd)
jk"Vªh; eqÙkQfo| ky; h f' k{kk l a
LFkku
uks,Mk] ( mÙkj çns'k) &201309

ii
 i kB~
; Øe fuekZ
. k l fefr
la
i knd e. My
MkW- ukxj kt HkV~ V Lokeh osnr ÙokuUn
l gk; d i zkè; ki d ( l a
LÑr v è; ; u foHkkx) i zkpk; Z
jkeÑ".k fe' ku foosd kua n fo' ofo| ky; jkeÑ".k eB foosd kua
n osn fo| ky;
csy q
j eB] gkoM+ k&711202 ( i - caxky) csy qj eB] e.My&gkoM+k&711202 ( i - ca
xky)
i kB y s[kd
( i kB 14] 15] 16] 27) ( i kB 11] 14] 24] 26)
J h i y k' k ?kksMbZ J h foosd d eZ d kj
l gk; d i zkè; ki d ( l a
LÑr foHkkx) l gk; d i zkè; ki d ( l a
LÑr v è; ; u foHkkx)
jkt k ujsUnzyky [ kku efgyk egkfo| ky; LdkW fV' k ppZegkfo| ky;
e.My&i f' pe esfnuhi jqe&721102 ( i - ca
xky) dksy dkrk&700006 ( i - ca xky)
( i kB 5] 8] 21] 23) ( i kB 17] 18)
Lokeh osnr ÙokuUn MkW - J hft r Vh-ft
i zkpk; Z l gk; d i zkè; ki d ( l aLÑr foHkkx)
jkeÑ".k eB foosd kua
n osn fo| ky; osQ -, l -Mh-ch- egkfo| ky; ] i =kky;
csy qj eB] e.My&gkoM+k&711202 ( i - ca
xky) ' kkLrkad ksV~
Vk] e.My&dksYye~ &690520 ( osQ
jy)
( i kB 9] 10) ( i kB 19] 20)
MkW- uhj t d q ekj HkkxZ o MkW- ukxj kt HkV~ V
l gk; d i zkè; ki d ( l a
LÑr v è; ; u foHkkx) l gk; d i zkè; ki d ( l a
LÑr v è; ; u foHkkx)
jkeÑ".k fe' ku foosd kua n fo' ofo| ky; jkeÑ".k fe' ku foosd kua n fo' ofo| ky;
csy qj eB] gkoM+ k&711202 ( i - caxky) csy qj eB] gkoM+ k&711202 ( i - caxky)
v uq
oknd e. My
MkW- ; ksxs'k ' kekZ J h fo' kky xkS re
l gk; d i zksisQ
l j (l a
LÑr) ofj"B v è; ki d ( l a LÑr)
laLÑr] n' kZ u v kS
j oS
fnd v è; ; u foHkkx ' kkjnk ea
fnj fo| ky;
cuLFkyh fo| ki hB] Vkd sa &304022 ( jkt LFkku) cuLFkyh fo| ki hB] Vksad &304022 ( jkt LFkku)
MkW- j ke ukj k; . k eh. kk J hi q uhr f=ki kBh
l gk; d funs'kd ( ' kSf{kd) ofj"B dk; Z d kjh v f/ dkjh ( ' kS
f{kd)
jk"Vªh; eq ÙkQfo| ky; h f' k{kk l a
LFkku jk"Vªh; eqÙkQfo| ky; h f' k{kk l a
LFkku
uks,Mk] ( mÙkj çns'k) &201309 uks,Mk] ( mÙkj çns'k) &201309
j s[kkfp=kkÄ~
d u v kS
j eq
[ ki `"B fp=k. k
Lokeh gj : i kuUn J hj kgq
y dq y d . khZ
jkeÑ".kfe' ku vkpk; Z
csy q
j eB jkeÑ".k eB foosd kuUn osn fo| ky;
e.My&gkoM+ k& 711202 ( i - ca
xky) csy q
j eB] gkoM+k& 711202 ( i - ca
xky)

iii
 v ki l snksckr sa
---
v è; {kh; l Uns'k
fç; f' k{kkFkhZ ]
^Hkkjrh; Kku i jEi jk* i kB~ ; Øe osQv è; ; u osQfy, v ki dk gkfnZ d Lokxr djrk gw ¡A Hkkjr v fr çkphu v kS j fo' kky
ns'k gSAHkkjr dk oS fnd okÄ~ e; Hkh mruk gh çkphu] ç' ka l uh; v kS j Js"B gS Al f̀"VdrkZHkxoku gh Hkkjrh; ksaosQl Ei w . kZfo| kv ksa
osQçsjd gS a
] , slk fl ¼kUr ' kkL=kksaesaçkIr gksrk gS AHkkjr osQi zfl ¼ fo}ku] l kekU; t uekul rFkk v U; KkuhyksxksaosQchp çkphu
dky esav knku&çnku dk ekè; e l a LÑr Hkk"kk gh Fkh , slk l Hkh dksKkr gS AbrusyEcsdky esaHkkjr osQbfrgkl esat ks' kkL=k
fy• sx, ] t ksfpUru gq , ] t ksHkko çdV gq , osl Hkh l a LÑr Hkk"kk osQl kfgR;: i h Hk.Mkj esafuc¼ gS Abl Hk.Mkj dk v kdkj
a
fdruk gS ] Hkko fdrusxa Hkhj gS
] ew
a Y; fdruk v f/ d gS ] bl dk fu/ kZ j .k djusesadksbZHkh l eFkZughagS Açkphu dky esaHkkjrh;
D; k&D; k i <+ r sFks] og fuEu ' yksd osQekè; e l sçdV gksrk gS&
v Ä~ xkfu osnk' pRokj ks eheka l k U;k; foLr j % Ai q j k. ka/ eZ ' kkL=kap fo| k ásrk' pr q nZ
' kAA ( ok; q iq j k. ke~öû-÷ø)
bl ' yksd esapkS ng çdkj dh fo| k, ¡ crkbZx; h gS Apkj osn ( v kS
a j pkj mi osn) ] N%osnkÄ~ x eheka l k(i w okZ
sÙkjeheka l k) ]
U;k; ( v kUohf{kdh) ] i q j k.k ( v Bkjg eq [; iq j k.k v kS
j mi i qj k.k) ] / eZ ' kkL=k ( Lef̀r ) ; spkS ng fo| k dgykrsgS A
a buosQv ykok
v usd dkO; xza Fk v kSj cgq r gh ' kkL=k gSAbu l Hkh fo| kv ka
a sdk çokg Kku çnku djusokyk] çxfr djusokyk v kS j of̀¼ djus
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v kè; kfRed] euksoS Kkfud] v k; q oZsn] jkt uhfr] n.Muhfr] dkO;] dkO; ' kkL=k v kS j v U; cgq r l s' kkL=kksadk v è; ; u&v è; ki u gksrk
jgk gS A
fo| k osQf' k{k.k osQfy, czã pkjh i fjokj dksNksM+ d j xq #oqQ y esaczã p; kZ J e dks/ kj.k dj t hou fcrkrsFksv kS j bu
fo| kv ksaesai kjaxr gksrsFksAbu fo| kv ksaesav kt Hkh oq Q
N i kja xr yksx gS AçkÑfrd i fjorZ
a uksa
] fons'kh v kØe.kksa ] Lons'k esagksjgh
ÅBk&i Vd bR;kfn v usd dkj.kksal si gyst S l h v è; ; u&v è; ki u dh i jEi jk v c Nw Vrh t k jgh gS Abu i kB~
a ; Øeksadh] i jh{kk]
çek.ki =k bR;kfn v k/ q fud f' k{k.k i ¼fr osQ}kjk oq QN jkT; ksa
@ i zns'kksaesagksrk gS ] i jUrqcgq r l sjkT; ksa @i zns'kksaesaughagksrk gS Av r%
bu çkphu ' kkL=kksaosQv è; ; u] i jh{k.k] v kS j çek.khdj.k dk gksuk v ko' ; d gS Abl sè; ku esaj[ kdj ; g i kB; Øe jk"Vªh; eq ÙkQ
fo| ky; h f' k{kk l a LFkku osQ}kjk çkjEHk fd; k x; k gS AyksxksaosQdY; k.k osQfy, ft ruk Kku v ko' ; d gSoS l k Kku bu ' kkL=kksa
esafufgr gSv kS j euq "; osQl keusçdV gks] , slk y{; gS Aft l osQ}kjk l Hkh ; gk¡ i j l q • h gka s] l Hkh fujksxh gk]sa l Hkh dY; k.k
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esaj[ kdj ^Hkkjrh; Kku i jEi jk* bl uke l sbl i kB; Øe dk fuek.k fd; k x; k gS AfoKku ' kjhjkjksX; dk fpUru djrk gS Adyk
fo"k; euksfoKku rFkk v kè; kfRed foKku dk i ks"k.k djrk gS AfoKku l k/ u Lo: i v kS j lq • ksiHkksx l kè; gS Av r%fu% l Unsg : i
l sdgk t k l drk gSfd dyk fo"k; ' kk• k foKku l sHkh Js"B gS Adyk dksNksM+ d j foKku l sl q • çkIr dj ughafd; k t k
l drk gScfYd foKku dksNksM+ d j dyk l sl q • dksv o' ; çkIr dj l drsgS A
a
; g Hkkjrh; n' kZ u dk i kBÔØe Nk=kkuq dwy ] Kkuo/ Z d ] y{; l k/ d v kS j iq
#"kkFkZl k/ d gS ] , slk esjk ekuuk gS
a A bl
i kBÔØe osQfuekZ . k esaft u fgrkfHkyk"kh] fo}ku] mi ns"Vk] i kB ys• d] =kq fV l a' kks/d v kS j eq æ.kdrkZbR;kfn usi jks{k ; k v i jks{k
: i l sl gk; rk dh gS A mudsi zfr l a LFkku dh rji Ql seS aÑrKrk Kkfi r djrk gw A jkeÑ".k fe' ku&foosd kuUn fo' ofo| ky;
a
osQoq Qyi fr Jheku~Lokeh v kRefç; kuUn t h dk fo' ks"k : i l s/ U;okn ft udh v uq dwy rk v kS j çsj.kk osQfouk bl dk; Zdh
i fjl ekfIr nq "dj FkhA bl i kB; Øe osQv è; srkv ksadk fo| k l sdY; k.k gks] t hou esal i Q y gks] fo}ku cusa s] ns'kHkÙkQgksv kS j
l ekt l sod gks] , slh gekjh gkfnZ d bPNk gS A
v è; {k
j k"Vªh; eq ÙkQfo| ky ; h f' k{kk l a LFkku

iv
 v ki l snksckr sa
---
funs'kd h; oko~ Q
fç; i kBd]
^Hkkjrh; Kku i jEi jk* i kBÔØe dksi <+ usdhbPNkl smRlkfgr Hkkjrh; Kku i jEi jkosQv uq j kxhv kjSmi kl dksadkgkfnZ d
Lokxr djrk gw ¡A; g v R;f/ d g"kZdk fo"k; gSfd xq #oqQyksaesai <+k; st kusokyki kBÔØe gekjsjk"Vªh; eq ÙkQfo| ky; hf' k{kk
la LFkku osQi kBÔØe esaHkhl fEefyr fd; k x; k gS Av k' kk gSdh yEcsl e; l sgekjhi zkphu l a LÑfr l st ksnw j hFkh og v c
l ekIr gkst k, xhAfgUnq ]tS u v kS
j ckS ¼ / eZosQ/ kfeZ d ] v kè; kfRed v kS j dkO;kfn okÄ~ xe; çk; %l a LÑr esafy• k gq v k gS A
ld SM+ ksa
] djksM+ksaeuq "; ksaosQfç; fo"k; ksadhHkw fedk osQekè; e l sçLrq r ços'k ; ksX; rkosQ}kjkv kS j eu dksçl Uu djusosQfy,
ekè; fed Lrj v kS j mPprj ekè; fed Lrj i j oq QN fo"k; l fEefyr fd; sx, gS At S
a l sv ka
Xy] fga nh] v kfn Hkk"kk Kku osQfcuk
ml Hkk"kk osQfy• sx, ekè; fed Lrjh; xzUFk i <+ usesav kSj l e> esal {ke ughagksl drsgS ] oS
a l sgh; gk¡i j çkjfEHkd l a LÑr
rFkk fgUnh Hkk"kk dksughat kursrks] bl i kB~ ; Øe dkst kuusesal eFkZughagksl drsgS Av r%çkjfEHkd l a
a LÑr rFkk fgUnh osQ
l kekU; Kku osQNk=k ; gk¡ bl i kB~ ; Øe osQv è; ; u osQv f/ dkjh gS ] , slk t kuuk pkfg, A
a
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v kjSX; kjgoharFkk ckjgohad{kk rd Hkkjrh; Kku i jEi jk osQbl i kB~ ; Øe dk fu"Bk l sfu; fer v è; ; u djsa Abl i kB~ ; Øe
l sfo| kFkhZmPp f' k{kk osQfy, ; ksX; gksa xsA
lLaÑr osQfofHkUu ' kkL=kksaesafd; kx; kdfBu i fjJe fo}ku] çkè; ki d] f' k{kd v kS j f' k{kkfon bl i kB~ ; Øe dkçk: i
jpukesa ] fo"k; fu/ kjZ.k osQfy, ] fo"k; i fjek.kfu/ kZ j .kesa
] fo"k; çdV djusdk] Hkk"kkLrj fu.kZ ; esav kS
j fo"k; i kB fy• us
esal ay Xu gS Av r%bl i kBÔØe dk Lrj mUur gS
a A
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i znku djusokyh] / eZ ] v FkZ
] dke] eks{kv kfn i q #"kkFkk±
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a
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l kj esa ] t gk¡ l 'akks/u] i fjorZ u v kS
j i fjo/ Z ul a Ldkj pkgrsgS ] mu l Hkh osQçLrko dk ge Lokxr djrsgS
a Abl i kB~
a ; Øe dks
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l oZ s¿=k l qf• u%l Urql oZ sl Urqfuj ke; k% A
l oZ sHkækf. k i ' ; Urqek d f' pn~nq %• Hkkx~Hkosr~ A
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A
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eu' p HkæaHkt r kn/ ks{kt sv kos'; r kauksefr j I; gS rqd hAA

funs'kd ( ' kS f{kd )

j k"Vªh; eq
Dr fo| ky ; h f' k{kk l a
LFkku

v
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fç; ft Kkl q
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fo}kuksadkv fHkçk; v kS j v uq
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a r gS Amuessal sfofo/ dkO;ka
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l sKku çkIr djusesal eFkZgka sxsAbl osQv è; ; u l sNk=k v U; dkO;ksaesaços'k osQ; ksX; gksa xsA; g i kB~ ; l kexzh Hkkjrh; n' kZu
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l Ei w
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u d k l kekU; i fj p;

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u dk v FkkZ
r ~l q
Unjh] uhfr] ' kkL=kkH; kl ] eU=krFkkv kS
"kf/ v kfn osQekè; e l sHkhv kè; kfRed] v kf/ HkkS
frd
rFkk v kf/ nSfod nq %• ksafuof̀r v n' kZ uiwoZ
d rFkk v uS d kfUrd gSAbuosQ}kjk nq %• osQfuokj.k gksus
l kekU; i fj p; i j Hkhi qu%ml nq %• osQmRiUu gksusl sog nq % • v ukfUrd ( ft l dki .wkZv Ur ughagksrk) gSbl fy,
l jyrkl sçkIr gksusokysn`"V mi k; Hkh, dkfUrd rFkkv kR;kfUrd nq %• dhfuof̀Ùkdjusesal {ke
ughagS Abl fy, ; g ft Kkl k ( nq %• fuokj.k ft Kkl k) O;FkZughagS A
v r%l Hkhçdkj osQnq %• ksaoQ
kges'kkosQfouk' kosQfy, ; g ft Kkl kv ko' ; d gSv kjSges'kk
osQfy, nq%
• ksadk uk' k gh bl ' kkL=k dk ç; kst u fl ¼ gksrk gS
A
è; ku nsa
%
i kBxr ç' u 1-1
1- N%Hkkjrh; n' ku
Zksaesav kfLrd n' kZ
u fdrusgS
\
a
2- ; sv kfLrd n' ku
Z fdl fy, gS
\
3- l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u osQçorZ
d dkS
u gS
\
a
( d) xkS
re ( • ) d.kkn ( x) dfi y ( ?k) t S
fefu
4- l ka
[ ; dkfjdk osQys• d dkS
u gS
\
( d) bZ
' ojÑ".k ( • ) okpLi frfeJ ( x) v kl q
jh ( ?k) l nkuUn; ksxh
5- rhu nq
%• dkS
u&dkS
u l sgS
\
a
6- l ka
[ ; ' kkL=k dk ç; kst u D; k gS
\

1-4) i Pphl r Ro
l ka
[ ; n' kZu esai Pphl çdkj osQrRo Lohdkj fd, x; sgS AoksgS
a a( 1) i q
#"k] ( 2) çÑfr]
( 3) egÙo] ( 4) v gÄ~ d kj] ( 5) eu] ( 6) p{kq ] ( 7) dku] ( 8) ukfl dk] ( 9) ft Þok] ( 10)
Ropk ; si kap KkusfUæ;k, ¡gS a rFkk ( 11) eq • ( 12) gkFk] ( 13) i S j ] ( 14) xqásfUæ] ( 15) f' k' u
; si ka
p deZ sfUæ;k, ¡gS
] ( 16) ' kCn] ( 17) Li ' kZ
a ] ( 18) : i ] ( 19) jl ] ( 20) xU/ ; si ka p rUek=kk, a
dght krhgSrFkk( 21) v kdk' k] ( 22) ok; q ] ( 23) v fXu] ( 24) t y] ( 25) i F̀oh; si kp a egkHkw r
gksrsgSa; gkai j rRo ' Cn dk v FkZi nkFkZgS Abl fy, l ka [ ; ' kkL=k esai Pphl i nkFkZekusx; sgS A
a

1-5) r Roksad k pkj çd kj l sfoHkkx

bu rRoksadk fi Q j dk; Zdkj.kkfn Hksn l spkj çdkj dk foHkkx fd; k x; k gSoksgS ] osQ
oy
foÑfr] rFkkvuq Hko : i A; gkaçÑfr i n l sminku dkj.k] foÑfr i n l sdk; Zdksck/s djukpkfg, A
bl h çdkj l soq QN i nkFkZmi knku dkj.k : i ] oqQ
N i nkFkZdk; Z
: i gS Av r%l ka[ ; dkfjdk esadgk
x; kgSµ
ewy çÑfr j foÑfr eZ gnk| k%çÑfr foÑr ; %l Ir A
"kksM' kd Lr qfod kj ksu çÑfr %u foÑfr %i q #"k%AA¹ l ka
[ ; dkfjdk&ýº

4 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u d k l kekU; i fj p; i kB&1
1-6) osQ
oy çÑfr l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u dk
l cl sç/ ku osQ
oy çÑfr gS ] og gh l cdk dkj.k gSysfdu ml dk dksbZdkj.k ughagS A l kekU; i fj p;
bl fy, og çÑfr dkj.k ek=k dght krhgSrFkk ogh ew y çÑfr gS A; gk¡i j çÑfr bl ç/ ku i n
l sewy çÑfr dkst kuuk pkfg; sA; g fdl hdhHkhfoÑfr ughagSbl fy, bl sv foÑfr dgkt krk
gSAç/ ku l segRo dh mRifÙk gksrh gSv kSj egRo dk mRiknu dkj.k osQ oy çÑfr gS AO;qRifÙk osQ
v uql kj t ksv PNh çdkj l sdk; Zdjrh gSrFkk mRiknu djrh gSog çÑfr dgh t krh gSrFkk t ks
v U; rRo dksmRiUu djusokykdkj.kgSog çÑfr gS Aog ew y çÑfr l Ro] jt rFkkreksxq . kdh
l kE; v oLFkkgS Aegr~v kfn rRoksadhewy gksusdsdkj.kbl sew y çÑfr dgkt krkgSD; ksafd bl dk è; ku ns
a
%
v U; dkj.k( mRiUu djusokyk) ughagS A; fn ewy çÑfr dkHkhdkj.kLohdkj fd; kt k, D; ksa fd
ç/ ku dkt ksdkj.kgksrk gSml dk HkhdksbZdkj.k gksukpkfg, Augharksv uoLFkknks"k v kt krk gS A
bl osQfuokj.kgsrql ka[; l w
=kfy• kx; kgS
µ ¶ew y sew
y kHkkoknew
y aew
y e~**Av FkkZ
r ~ew
y esaew
y dk
v Hkko gksusl sog ew y dgykrk gS A

1-7) çÑfr d h foÑfr ; ka

t ks i nkFkZfdl hrRo dkdkj.kgksrsgS aog çÑfr%dgykrkgSrFkkt ksfdl hrRo dkdk; Z
rFkkfoÑfr v FkkZ r ~dk; ZrFkkdkj.knksuksagksrsgS
aog çÑfr foÑfr dgykrsgS At S
a l segr~l sv gÄ~ d kj
dh mRifÙk gksrh gSbl fy, egr~v gÄ~ d kj dh çÑfr gSrFkk foÑfr ew y çÑfr gS Av gÄ~ d kj l s
' kCnkfn i ×k~
prUek=kk, a rFkkJks=kkfn X; kjg bfUæ;kamRiUu gkrshgSbl dkj.kl si ×k~ prUek=kkv ksadhrFkk
X; kjg bfUæ;ksadh çÑfr v gÄ~ d kj gSrFkk foÑfr ^egr~ *Abl h çdkj i ×k~ prUek=kkv ksal sØe' k%
v kdk' kkfn i ×pegkHkw r ksadhmRifÙkgksrhgSbl fy, i ×k~ prUek=kv kdk' kkfn i ×k~ pegkHkwr ksadhçÑfr
gSrFkkfoÑfr v gÄ~ d kj gSAbl hçdkj egr~v gÄ~ d kj i ×k~
prUek=kk, al kr i nkFkZekusx; sgS Ai w
a okZij
osQekè; e l sfoÑfr : i gSrFkkmÙkjksÙkj osQekè; e l sçÑfr : i gS Abl çdkj çÑfr rFkkfoÑfr
nksuksa: i fl ¼ gksrsgS A
a

1-8) osQ
oy foÑfr
v kdk' k] ok; q
] v fXu] t y rFkki F̀ohi ×k~ pegkHkw r gS AJks=k] Rod~
a ] us=k] ft Þok] ukfl dki ka
p
KkusfUæ;k, ¡gS
Aeq
a • ] gkFk] i S
j ] xq
á rFkkf' k' u ; sdeZ sfUæ;k, agS
arFkkeu bl çdkj l s; sl ksy g i nkFkZ
os
Qoy foÑfr gS Av kdk' kkfn i ×k~pegkHkrwi ×k~prUek=kkv kasl s mRiUu gksrs gS] v r%osi ×k~
a prUek=kkv ksa
dhfoÑfr gS AJks=kkfn X; kjg bfUæ;k¡v gÄ~ d kj l smRiUu gksrhgSbl fy, osv gÄ~ d kj dhfoÑfr
gS
Aml osQckn i ×k~ pegkHkw r ksadhX; kjg bfUæ;ksadhrFkk l ksy g i nkFkks±dhv U;ksal smRifÙk gksrhgS ]
v U;ksal smRifÙk gksusosQdkj.k ; sosQ oy foÑfr : i esagh fl ¼ gksrsgS A
a
; fn l kekU; : i l sns• kt k, rks, dkn' kbfUnz;ka sl svU; oq QN v kSj mRiUu ughagksusosQdkj.k
; sfoÑfr : i esagh fl ¼ gksrsgS ai jUrqv kdk' kkfn i ×k~
pegkHkwr ksal sxkS] ?kV] o`{k v kfn dh mRifÙk
gkrshgSrFkkxkS?kVo`{kkfn l snq X/ cht vkfn dhmRifÙkgksrhgSv kS j nqX/ cht kfn l snf/ v Ä~ oq
Qjkfn
dh mRifÙk ns• h x; h gS Abl fy, i ×k~ p egkHkrwksaesaosQoy foÑfrRo fl ¼ ughagksrk gS Abl fy,
i ×k~pegkHkw
r ksadhçÑfr v kS j foÑfr bu nksuksadk o.kZ u l eqfpr gS Av r%dgk x; k gSfd Hkysgh
i F̀ohvkfn osQxks?kVo`{kkfn rFkkxks?kV o`{kkfn osQnq X/ cht v kfn v kS j nqX/ cht kfn osQnghv Ä~ oQ qj
v kfn fodkj ga Sfi Q
j Hkh osi F̀oh v kfn rRoksal sv yx ughagSLFkw y v kS j bfUæ;ksaosQ}kjk xzká gksus

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 5
 i kB&1 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u d k l kekU; i fj p;

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u dk osQdkj.kl e ghgS Aft l çdkj LFkw
y sfUæ;xzká/ eZi F̀ohv kfn esagSoS l sghfdl hfo' ks"kdkv Hkko
gksusosQdkj.kxkSo`{kkfn esaHkhgSAt gkarRoksaesav Urj gSogkaLFkw
y sfUæ;ka
sosQxzká gku
ssdsdkj.ki jLi j
l kekU; i fj p; rkjrE; rksgSghA; gkai j rRokUrj miknku os Q oy miknku ghughav fi rqçÑfr dgykrkgS Abl hçdkj
i F̀ohxks] ?kV] o`{kkfn HkhmRiknu dkj.kgSu fd rRokUrjAbl çdkj rRokUrj osQv Hkko osQdkj.k
i F̀ohv kfn esaçÑfrRo l EHko ughagksrkgS ] v fi rqfoÑfrRo ghfl ¼ gksrk gSbl fy, l ksy g i nkFkZ
osQoy foÑfr dgykrsgS A
a

1-9) v uq
Hk; : i ( i q
#"k)
è; ku nsa
%
iq
#"k foÑfr ughagSAD; ksa
fd og u rksfdl hdh çÑfr gSv kS j u fdl h dhfoÑfrAi q #"k
u rksfdl hl smRiUu gkrsk gSv kS
j uiq#"k l sdksbZmRiUu gksrkgS
Abl fy, i q#"k çÑfr v kjSfoÑfr
nksuka
sghçdkj dk ughagksd j osQoy v uqHk; : i gSAl kekU; : i l sns• kx; k gSfd l t krh; dk; Z
dkdksbZu dksbZdkj.kv o' ; gksrkgSt Sl s?kV : i hdkj.kdkfeêð hdkj.kgSysfdu i q #"kfot krh;
gksusosQdkj.k u rksdk; ZgSv kS
j u ghdkj.kAog rksbu nksuksadk l k{khgS Abl fy, bl sv foÑfr
dgk x; k gSAbl çdkj l si Pphl rRoksaosQosQ oy çÑfr] foÑfr] osQ oy foÑfr rFkk çÑfr v kS j
foÑfr nksuksal sjfgr bl çdkj pkj foHkkx gksrsgS A
a
ç' uµ v c , d v kjS' kÄ~ d kmRiUu gksrhgSfd çk.kv kS j dky bu nksukasosQv kjSgksusosQdkj.k
osQoy i Pphl ghrRo ekuukmfpr ughagS A( l ÙkkbZ l rRo ekust k, a ) AmÙkj% µ bfUæ;ksadhl k/ kj.k
of̀Ùkghçk.kgSu fd v kS j rRo] ml hçdkj dky HkhHkw r ] Hkfo"; v kSj orZeku dk Lo: i gSu fd
dksbZi nkFkZbl fy, LorU=k : i l sdky dk Hkh fu: i .k ughagksusosQdkj.k i Pphl gh i nkFkZgS ]
u rksbl l sv f/ d v kS j u bl l sdeAv r%l ka [ ; çopu Hkk"; dkj usdgkgSfd& ¶çÑfr dkdk; Z
egRo v kS j egRo dk dk; Zv gÄ~ d kj gSAv gÄ~ d kj osQnksdk; ZgS ] rUek=kk, ¡ rFkk nksuksaçdkj dh
a
bfUæ;k¡A; gk¡i j nksuksaçdkj dhbfUæ;k¡cká v kS j v kH; Urj Hksn gksusosQdkj.kX; kjg çdkj dhgksrh
gS
ArUek=kkvksadkdk; ZgSi ×k~ pLFkywHkrwgS
ALFkyw ' kCn l srUek=kkvksaosQl {we Hkwr Ro dkst kuukpkfg, A
v kS
j iq
#"krksdk; ZrFkkdkj.knksuksal sghfoy{k.kgS Abl fy, i Pphl ghi nkFkks±dkl ew g gS] buosQ
v frfjÙkQfn' kk dky v kjSv kdk' k Hkh buesal efUor gksusosQdkj.k v kS j dksbZv U; i nkFkZughagS A

1-10) i q
#"k d k Lo: i
i Pphl rRoksaesaeq
[ ; rRo osQoy nksghgSi q#"krFkkçÑfrAi q
#"kl k{kh] n`"Vk] v drkZ rFkk
eè; LFk gSAi q
#"k dk Lo: i l ka[ ; dkfjdk esadgk x; k gS
µ
r LekPp foi ; kZl kr ~fl ¼al kf{kRoeL; i q #"kL; A
osQoY; aekè; LFkaæ"VRoed r Z̀ Hkko' pAAbfrA¹ l ka
[ ; dkfjdk &19º
i#q"kghl k{khvFkkZ r ~psru n`"VkvkS j vdrkZgSAi #
q"kosQn`"Vkgku
ssos
Qdkj.kghml esav drZ̀ Ro
rFkk l k{kh osQy{k.k i k; st krsgSAn`"Vk ges'kk psru gh gksrk gSu fd v psruAbl fy, i q
a #"k psru
gksusosQdkj.k l Hkh dk n`"Vk u fd fdl h dk Hkh drkZ A og osQoy Lo: i gS A rhuksanq
%• ksaosQ
v kR;fUrd v Hkko osQdkj.kog osQ oY; Lo: i dgkt krkgS Ai q
#"kesafdl hHkhnq%• dkys'kek=k
HkhughagS Abl fy, ml sosQ oy i q#"k dgk t krk gSv kSj og gheè; LFk rFkk mnkl hu dgk t krk gS A
og eè; LFk D; ksagS
\ , slkç' u djusi j l ka [ ; rRo dkS
eqnhesaokpLi fr feJ dgrsgS afdµ ¶l q •h
rksl q
• l srÌr jgrkgSv kS j nq%• hnq %• l s}s"kdjrkjgrkgSv r%bu nksuksaesa, d Hkheè; LFkugha

6 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u d k l kekU; i fj p; i kB&1
gksl drkAeè; Lr bu nksuksal sjfgr gh dgykrk gS Abl fy, eè; LFk dksmnkl hu Hkh dgrsgS a̧A l ka [ ; n' kZ
u dk
Jhen~Hkxon~ xhrk esaHkxoku~JhÑ".k usdgk gSfdµ
l kekU; i fj p;
nq%• s"ouq f} Xueuk%l q• s"kqfoxr Li g̀% A
ohr j kxHk; Øks/ %fLFkr / heZ q
fu#P; r sAA
; %l oZ =kkufHkLusgLr Ùkr ~çkI; ' kq
Hkk' kq
Hke~
A
ukfHkuUnfr u } sf"V r L; çKk çfr f"Br kAAbfrA¹ Jhen~ Hkxon~
xhrk&2-56&57º
i#q"k l q
• v kS j nq
%• l sv rhr jgrk gSl q • v kS
j nq%• dk rksysi ml esafVdrk gh ughagS A
ml sHk; rFkk Øks/ gksrk ghughagSrFkk ' kq Hk; k v ' kq
Hk çkIr djrsml dksu rksv kuUn gksrk gSv kS
j
è; ku nsa
%
ugha}s"k gksrk gSA
i#q"kghpsru rFkkmRifÙk, oafouk' kl sjfgr gSog fdl hdkHkhdkj.kughagS Av fi rqog
l nkt y esadey dhHkk¡fr jgrkgS At S
l Sdey t y esagksrkgq v kHkht y l sfyIr ughagksrkml h
çdkj l Hkht xg i j gksusi j Hkhi q#"k drkZHkkÙ
skQ
kv kfn / eks±osQv kJ; esaughagksrkgS Aml dkbl
çdkj l sv uqeku yxk; k t krkgSfd ¶i q #"k drkZosQv Hkko l srFkk dkj.k osQv Hkko l st ksughagS
og ges'kk ughagSbl çdkj dh cq f¼ okyk gksrk gSA̧ bl dk ; g v FkZgksrk gSfd i q #"k drZ̀Ro
/ eZv Hkko okyk gksrk gSrFkk dkj.k / eZv Hkko okyk gksrk gS At Sl st ksi nkFkZdrZ̀/ eZHkko okyk
gksrkgSog i nkFkZdkj.k/ eZHkko okykHkhgksrkgS At S
l Scqf¼ ( egr~rRo) drZ̀ Ro v Hkko okyhugha
gSv fi rqdrZ̀
Ro / eZokyh gS ] bl fy, og dkj.k osQv Hkko okyh Hkh ughagS ] v fi rqdkj.kRo / eZ
okyh gksrh gS
A
bl v uq eku l si q
#"k drZ̀ Ro v Hkko okyk fl ¼ gksrk gSrFkk ^t ksdrkZgksrk gSog gh HkksÙkQ k
Hkh gksrk gS* bl fu; e l sHkksÙkQ̀Ro / eZHkh i q #"k esaughav krk gS Abl fy, ^u rksi q #"k drkZgSv kSj
u ghHkksÙkQ k* ; g Hkhfl ¼ gkst krkgS Aysfdu ^l a ?kkr i j kFkZ * ( l ka
Rokr ~ [ ; dkfjdk&17) bl dkfjdk
esai #
q"kosQHkksDrR̀o dko.kZ u gSA^; fn i q #"kesaHkksÙkQ̀
Ro gSrksfi Q j iq
#"kughagS * ; g dFku Hkhmfpr
ughagSD; ksafd dgk x; k gSfd l a ?kkri jkFkZ
Rokr~bl dkfjdk esat ksi q #"k dk HkksÙkQ̀
RoHkko dgk x; k
gSog okLrfod : i cq f¼fu"B i q #"k i j HkksÙkQ̀
Ro Hkko dk v kjksi gh gSD; ksa fd l ka [ ; dh nf̀"V l s
cqf¼ ghcq f¼ dkghHkksÙkQ̀ Ro fl ¼ gksrkgSi q #"krksi jekFkZgksusl sv HkksÙkQ̀ Ro fl ¼ gksrkgS Av c ç' u
; g gksrkgSfd cq f¼ osQt Sl si q
#"kdkHkh; fn dkj.kRo Lohdkj dj fy; kt k, rksD; kuq d l ku gS
\
rc ; gk¡i j dgk x; kgSfdµ ; fn , slkekursgksrksi q #"k dk Hkh?kVkfn dk; ks±osQt S l sghmi knku
dkj.kHkhekuukpkfg, rFkkrc mi knku dkj.kl sdk; Zdkv Hksn gksusosQdkj.k?kVkfn osQuk' kosQ
tSl si #
q"kdk Hkhuk' kfl ¼ gksrk gS A, slkgksusi j rksJq fr Lef̀r v kfn l sfojks/ gksusosQdkj.k ; g
v fu"V gkst k, xkAD; ksafd Jq fr; ksaesadgk x; kgS¶v js; g v kRekrksv fouk' khrFkk v t j ( ft l dks
ekjkughat kl osQ ) / eZokykgS A̧ v FkkZ r ~Jqfr; ka
sosQ}kjkv kRekdkLo: i fouk' k/ eZl sjfgr okyk
crk; kx; kgS A¶v kRekdkt Ue ughagksrķ ¶u ; g dHkht UerkgSv kS j u dHkhejrkgŞ bl çdkj
l sJqfr Lef̀r v kfn osQ}kjk v kRek dk t Ue&ej.k v kfn fodkjksal sv yx gksuk fl ¼ gksrk gS Abl l s
i#q"kdkrksv dkj.kRo ghekuukpkfg, Abl çdkj (; fn dkj.kgksrkrc gh) i q #"kdk?kVkfn dkj.kksa
esadk; Zdkj.kosQv Hkn s l srFkkuk' kgksrkgSrFkki q #"kl oZ FkkowQVLFkgku ssosQdkj.ki q #"kesadkj.kRo
/ eZfl ¼ ughagksrk gS A( v FkkZr ~i q
#"k dk dHkh uk' k gh ughagksrk gS )A
og i #q"k l oZ
O;ki hgS
Aml dhxfr v kS i kf/ dh( ml dhughagksrsgq
, Hkhml sçnku dhxbZ)
gSrFkknsg osQl EcU/ gksusl sghi q
#"kesaxfr dkv kjksi.kfd; kt krkgSAbl fy, l w
=kesadgkx; k

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 7
 i kB&1 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u d k l kekU; i fj p;

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u dk gSafd ¶ml dhv kdk' kosQt S l smikf/ gksusosQdkj.kJq fr; ksausvU;=kxfr crkbZgŞAi q #"kdksfuxZ .k
q
dgkx; kgS ] D; ksa
fd l •q kfn i q
#"kdksmi kf/ or~çkIr gksrsgS aysfdu ; sl c i nkFkZi q #"kl sv frfjÙkQ
l kekU; i fj p; ghfl ¼ gksrsgS A( v c ; gkai j ; g ç' u fd; kt krkgSfd) çy; osQl e; esav Ur%
a dj.kosQv Hkko
gksusosQdkj.kt ksv n`"V gSml dkv k/ kj ghughagksukpkfg, A( mÙkj) rc dgrsgS afd l ka
[ ; ' kkL=k
dh nf̀"V esav n`"V dk v kR;fUrd fouk' k Lohdkj ughafd; k x; k gSv fi rqml dh l w {e ' kjhj or~
fLFkfr%Lohdkj dhxbZgS Al ka[ ; ' kkL=kosQer esarksi q
#"kKku dk v f/ dj.kughagksrkgq v k Lo; a
Kku Lo: i v kS j Loçdk' kgksrkgS Al ka[ ; çopu Hkk"; esadgkx; kgSfd& ¶oS ' ksf"kd yksxkasusdgk
gSfd i w oZçdk' k: i dkt M+( çÑfr) ] v kRekrFkkeu osQl a ; ksx l sKku : i hçdk' kmRiUu gksrk
è; ku nsa
% gS] i jUrq, slkughagS AD; ksafd l a l kj esans• kx; kgSfd t M+i nkFkks±esaçdk' kughagksrkgSt lSsfeêð h
v kfn esaçdk' kughagS Abl fy, l w ;oZr~ghçdk' kLo: i ml i q #"kdkgS ALef̀r ; ksaes adgkHkhx; kgS &
; Fkk çd k' kr el ks%l EcU/ ksuksii | r sA
r } nS
D; au ' ka l èoaçi ×k~ p i j ekReuks%AA
; Fkk nhi %çd k' kkRek ßLoksok ; fn ok egku~ A
KkukRekuar Fkk fo| kRiq #"kal oZ t Urq
"kq
AA
& (t S
HkkokFkZ
% l sçdk' kv kSj vU/dkj dkv ki l es
al aca
/ ughagkrskgSml hçdkj çi ×k~
p vkS
j
v kRek dk l EcU/ ughagS ]tSl snhi d çdk' k dhfLFkfr gksrhoSl hghv kRek dhHkhgksrhgS AKkuh
O;fÙkQv kRek dksl Hkh t Urq
v ksaesans• rk gS
)A
iq
#"kesal Rokfn f=kxq. kughagksrsgS abl fy, ml sxq . kjfgr dgrsgS arFkkçÑfr l sog furkUr
foy{k.k gksusosQdkj.k v O;ÙkQfoy{k.k ekuk t krk gS AçÑfr osQegRokfn dk; ks±osQdksbZHkhv a 'k
bl esal fEefyr ughagSrFkk i q #"k dk Hkh dksbZHkh v a ' k çÑfr esal fEefyr ughagSv r%; g O;ÙkQ
rFkkv O;ÙkQHkko l sfoy{k.kgS Av kRekdksrksdksbZ; ksx l Ei Uu rRoK O;fÙkQght kursgS A; g l Hkh
a
esaughagksusosQdkj.k bl esav l oZ l k/ kj.kRo / eZi k; k t krk gSv r%og v l k/ kj.k gS Av Fkok çfr
' kjhj esai q
#"kdhfHkUurk gksusosQdkj.k og v l k/ kj.kgSrFkk og ç/ ku v kfn osQt S l st M+ughagS
v fi rqpsruk l s; q ÙkQgku
ssosQdkj.k psru gS Aft l çdkj feêð h?kV ' kjko v kfn v usd dk; ZmRiUu
djrhgSi jUrqoS l sdksbZHkh dk; ZmRiUu ughadjrk gS ] v r%; g v çl o/ ehZgksusosQdkj.k Lo: i
rFkk fo: i i fj.kke l sghu gS A bl osQv c ; g f=kxq
a . k jfgr] v fo"k; h] v l k/ kj.k] psru rFkk
v çl o/ ehZi q #"k fl ¼ gksrkgS Ai q
#"kosQf=kxq . kjfgrkfn / eZghçÑfr esarFkkml osQdk; ZegRokfn
esai k; st krsgSarFkk v kRek çfr ' kjhj esafHkUu gksusosQdkj.k v usd gS A
iq#"kesat U;Ro dkvHkko gku ssosQdkj.kbl dkdksbZmRiknd ughagSv r%; g fuR; gS Afdl h
LFkku esav kRek dk v Hkko gksl drk gSysfdu og ( i q #"k) O;fDrRo gksusosQdkj.k l oZ =k jgrk gS A
v kRek esadksbZfØ; k ughagksrh gS ] fØ; k ughagksusosQdkj.k v kRek fuf"Ø; gksrh gS Av kRek fdl h
dk v kJ; ysd j osQdghai j Hkhugha#drhgSv fi rqLo; aghfoHkq Ro osQdkj.k l Hkht xg O;kIr
jgrhgS ] v r%bl es avukfJrRo gksusos Qdkj.k; g vukfJr gS At lSs/ q v k¡v fXu osQfcukughagksl drk
gSv FkkZ
r ~t gk¡v fXu gksrhgSogk¡/ q v kajgrkgSi j v kRekesa; g ^ç/ kukuq eki d* ughagSv FkkZ r ~fdl h
osQl kFkHkhl EcU/ ughagksusosQdkj.k ; g v fyÄ~ xRokr~( v uuq eki dRokr~ ) v fyÄ~ x dgykrhgS A
oL=kka
sesat S
l s/ kxs: i esa?kM+
sesat S
l sfeêð hosQ: i esav o; o foHkkx gksrsgS ai jUrqv kRekesabl çdkj
osQdksbZv o; o foHkkx ughagksusosQdkj.k; g fujo; o gS Ai q
#"kksaesat S
l sv a' kosQ: i esai q
=ki kS
=kkfn
gksrsgS
] nhi d esaHkh t lSsrsy cÙkh çdk' k v kfn gksrsgS
a ] çÑr v a
a ' kt Sl segr~ ] egr~l sv gÄ~ d kj
v kfn gksrsgS] bl çdkj l sv kRek esav a
a ' k ughagksrsgSarFkk bl l sfdl hdhHkhmRifÙk ughagksusosQ

8 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u d k l kekU; i fj p; i kB&1
dkj.k; g LorU=kgSvkS j v kRek' k¼
qLi Q fVd osQt S
l sLoPN] fuxZ . krFkkv kdk' kosQl n`' kfoew
q ] fuR;] l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u dk
rFkk v uUr fl ¼ gksrh gS Abl fy, dgk x; k gS µ
l kekU; i fj p;
gsrq
enfuR;eO;kfi l fØ; eusd ekfJ r afy Ä~ xe~A
l ko; oai j r U=kaO;ÙkQ afoi j hr eO;ÙkQe~AA¹ l ka
[ ; dkfjdk & 10º
f=kxq
. kefoosfd fo"k; %l kekU ; epsruaçl o/ feZ A
O;ÙkQ ar Fkk ç/ kuar f} i j hr Lr Fkk p i q
eku~AAbfrA¹ l ka [ ; dkfjdk & 11º

i kBxr ç' u 1-2 è; ku nsa

%
1- i Pphl rRoksaosQpkj foHkkx dkS
u&l sgS
\a
2- v uq
Hk; : i D; k gS
\
3- osQ
oy foÑfr fdruh gS
\
a
4- çÑfr&foÑfr fdruh gS
\
5- ç/ ku dksD; ksaosQ
oy çÑfr dgk t krk gS
\
6- l k[a; dh nf̀"V esai q
#"k dkS
u gS
\

1-11) i q
#"k l n~
Hkko gsrq
l k[a; ' kkL=kesai q#"kdksi Pphl rRoksaesal cl sJs"B rRo ekukx; kgS Aysfdu psru fufoZ
d kj
i#
q"kdksLohdkj djusdkD; kgsrqgSvFkkZ r ~i q
#"kosQv fLrRo dkD; kçek.kgSbl fo"k; dh l k[a;
dkfjdk esav kykspuk dh xbZgS ]tSl k dh dkfjdk esadgk x; k gS µ
la?kkr i j kFkZ
Rokr ~f=kxq
. kkfnfoi ; Z
; knf/ "Bkukr ~
A
iq#"kks¿fLr HkksÙkQ̀Hkkokr ~osQ oY; kFk±çoÙ̀ks'pAAbfrA&¹ l ka[ ; dkfjdk &17º
; gkadkfjdk esai q
#"k osQl n~
Hkko osQi ka
p gsrqcrk, x; sgS
AoksgS
a µ
a
( d) l a
?kkri jkFkZ
Rokr~
] ( • ) f=kxq
. kkfnfoi ; Z
; kr~
] ( x) v f/ "Bkukr~
]
( ?k) HkksÙkQ̀
Hkkokr~v kS
j ( Ä) osQ
oY; kFkZ
çof̀Ùk gS
A

1-11-1) l a
?kkr i j kFkZ
l?
akkr dkv FkZl ew g gksrkgS] ; gkal a
?kkri n dhç/ kurkl smRiUu l Hkhdk; Z( i ×k~ pHkw
r kRed
' kjhjkfn) Lohdkj fd, x; sAbl hçdkj l ew g v FkZl sLokFkZfØ; kdkxzg.kfd; kx; kgSrFkki jkFkZ
i n l sLokFkZbrj ( nw l jksaosQfy, ) dk; ZHkksx v i oxZrFkk i Q y dk xzg.k v Hkh"V gS Al Hkh çÑfr
l smRiUu dk; Zv psru ga ] osLo; aosQfy, fØ; k ughadjrsgS
S Al a
a l kj esans• k Hkh x; k gSfd l Hkh
v psru oLrqt ksçÑfr l smRiUu gq bZgSosHkhfdl hpsru osQç; kst u osQfy, ghgksrhgS Abl hçdkj
çÑfr v kfn ft rusHkhv psru i nkFkZgS aosHkhfdl h psru osQç; kst u osQfy, ghgS Abl fy, dksbZ
psru rksgSghft l osQç; kst u osQfy, Hkksx v i oxZosQfy, çÑfr v kfn v psruksadhçof̀Ùkfn• kbZ
nsrh gS ] , slk Lohdkj djuk pkfg, rksfi Q j ; g Hkh Lohdkj djuk pkgh, fd dksbZpsru i q #"k
HkhgS A

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 9
 i kB&1 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u d k l kekU; i fj p;

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u dk 1-11-2) f=kxq
. kkfn foi ; Z
;k
l kekU; i fj p; la?kkr ' kCn l sl ? akkr osQv kUr; Zdk ghcks/ gksrk gSu fd v l a ?kkr v kRek dkAns• kx; k gS
fd ' kÕ;k v kl u ' kjhj v kfn l a ?kkrkFkZ
d gS Abl fy, v O;ÙkQ kfn l a ?kkrka
sdk Hkhl a ?kkrkUrj ( l a?kkr osQ
v Unj) : i esacks/ gksrkgS ] u fd v O;ÙkQl sv frfjÙkQi q #"kdkA; fn l a ?kkr dkl a ?kkrkUrj osQi jkFkZ
Lohdkj HkhdjrsgS arksml dkHkhl a ?kkr osQl a ?kkrkUrj osQçfr i jkFkZLohdkj djukpkfg, fi Q j ml esa
Hkhl ?akkrkUrj] , slkdjusv uoLFkknks"kmRiUu gksrkgS Avr%l ka [ ; ' kkL=kes avuoLFkknks"kdksfuokj.k
dhO;oLFkk gSghArksnks"k fuokj.k osQfy, gsrqdgrsgS afd ml l sl a ?kkrkUrj dhdYi uk xkS j o osQ
è; ku nsa
% fy, gksrhgS Av c ; gkai j ç' u gksrk gSfd çek.k osQgksusl sdYi uk xkS j o nks"k mRiu osQfy, gh
gS
Arc mÙkj esadgrsgS afd ; gk¡i j l a ?kkr i jkFkZek=kghv Uo; djukpkfg, u fd l ? akkr l sl a
?kkrkUrj
osQçfr i jkFkZHkko dkAbl çdkj v oLFkkjfgr i q #"kesav l a ?kkr rRo Lohdkj djusi j f=kxq . kjfgRo]
v foosfdRo] v fo"k; Ro] v l kekU;Ro] v psruRo rFkk v çl o/ feZxq . k Hkh xzg.k djus pkfg, A
okLrfod : i l sf=kxq . kkfn / eZHkh l a ?kkr osQ: i esaO;kIr gSv kS j og l a ?kkr rRo i q #"k esaughagS A
v r%f=kxq . kkfn / eZHkhi # q"kesaughagksrsgS Abl çdkj f=kxq
a . kkfn / eks±dkv Hkko t gkagksrkgSog i q #"k
dgykrkgS Abl fy, bZ ' ojÑ".kusi q #"kosQl n~ Hkko osQçek.kdksfn• krsgq , l ka[ ; dkfjdkesamYys•
fd; kgSfdµ ^f=kxq . kkfnfoi ; Z *Av FkkZ
; kn~ r ~l Ro] jt rFkkre ; srhu xq . kgksrsgS av kSj bu rhuksaxq . kksa
dhç/ kurk l segrRokfn mRiUu gksrsgS Av r%osl c f=kxq
a . kkRed dgykrsgS A; gkai j f=kxq
a . ki n l s
^^f=kxq. kefoosfd fo"k; %l kekU;e~v psruaçl o/ feZ **
bl dkfjdkesamÙkQ/ eks±dkst kuukpkfg, At ksf=kxq . kosQv kfn rFkkv Ur%gS aosl a
?kkr dgykrs
gSAi q
a #"kl a
?kkr ughagksusosQdkj.ki q #"kesaf=kxq. kkfn / eZHkhughagS Av FkkZ
a r ~f=kxq
. kkfn osQfoi ; Z
; dk
iq
#"k gSAv FkkZr ~f=kxq
. kkfn dkv Hkko t gk¡i j gksrk gSoghai q #"k gS
A; g i q
#"k osQl n~ Hkko dk f}rh;
gsrqgS
A

1-11-3) v f/ "Bku
iq#"kdksLohdkj djusdk rhl jkgsrqgSv f/ "BkuRoAv f/ "Bku l srkRi; ZgSfd ft l fdl h
dk v kJ; ysd j osQt ksHkh oq QN #drk gSog ( v kJ; dksxzg.k djusokyk) v f/ "Bkrk dgykrk
gSAfdudkv f/ "Bkrk\ rksdgrsgS af=kxq
. kokyksadk] l Hkhdkv f/ "Bkrki q #"kgS Abl çdkj l q• kfn
v kRe l EcU/hi nkFkks±l svyx dkb sZt kukt krkgSrksml si #q"kghl e>ukpkfg, Abl çdkj l sv uq eku
yxk; kt krkgSfd egr~v kfn l sHkhi jsdksbZpsru v f/ f"B; eku gSt ksl q • k| kRedRo okykv Fkok
la?krRo okykgS At ksl •q nq
%• eksg v kfn l si jsfn• kbZnsrkgSog l c v f/ f"B; eku ( fdl hv kJ;
esal q
fLFkj gksrkgS
) tS l sjFkv kfn l kjFkhv kfn l sv f/ f"Br fn• kbZnsrsgS Abl çdkj l sçÑfr egr~
a
v kfn rRo rFkkv psru i nkFkks±dkHkhdksbZv f/ "Bkrkgksrkgq v kdksbZpsru i q #"kghgS; g fl ¼ gksrk
gSA; fn egr~v kfn i nkFkks±dk v f/ "Bkrk dksbZnw l jk egnkfn i nkFkZHkh gksrk gSrksfi Q j iq
#"k dks
v fèk"Bku : i esaLohdkj djusdkD; kç; kst u gS \ mÙkj nsrsgq, dgrsgS ]aughaegr~v kfn; kasdkdksbZ
v f/ "Bkrk gksgh ughal drk D; ksafd og Lo; agh v i usv f/ "Bku gS Arc i q
a u%ç' u mRiUu gksrk gS
fd t ksO;ki kjoku~gksrkog ghv f/ "BkrkgksrkgSt lSsjFkv kS j ml esal kjFkhv kfn] v kRekrksfuxZ. kRo
q
gksusosQdkj.kfuf"Ø; rFkkO;ki kj jfgr gSv r%bl dkv f/ "BkrR̀o fl ¼ ughagksl drkAi q u%mÙkj
nsrsgq, dgrsgS afd v f/ "Bkrk O;ki kj okyk gks; g fu; e ughadj l drsAt S l syksgsdh ef.k osQ
tSl sO;ki kj jfgr v kRek dk Hkhl fUuf/ ek=k l sv f/ "BkrR̀o fl ¼ gksrk gS At Sl k dhdfi y l w =k esa
dgk x; k gS A¶r Rl fUu/ kuknf/ "Bkr R̀oaef. kor ~
¸ bfrA
10 mPpr j ekè; fed
l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u d k l kekU; i fj p; i kB&1
1-11-4) HkksDr H̀kkokr ~ l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u dk
pr q %i q
FkZ #"kdksLohdkjusdkpkS FkkgsrqgSHkksÙkQ̀
Ro HkkoAt S
l sl q
• rFkknq%• Hkksxus; ksX; gksrs l kekU; i fj p;
gS
Av uq
a owQ
yrkdhosnukl q • dgykrhgSrFkkçfrow Qyrkdhosnuknq %• dgykrhgS Al q• v kS j nq
%•
dkv kRekdksv uq Hko gksrkgS
Al q
• v kS
j nq
%• HkkX; Hkko rc ghfl ¼ gksrkgSt c dksbZpsru HkksÙkQ k
gksAbl çdkj l spsru dksLohdkj fd; kt krkgS Aog HkksÙkQ kcqf¼ v kfn osQv frfjÙkQpsru i q #"kdks
ghv Ä~ xhdkj djuk pkfg, A; g çFke O;k[ ; k gS
A
v Fkok HkksX; n`' ; cq
f¼ v kfn gS ] rksn`"Vk osQfcuk mudksns• k Hkh ughat k l drk gSv r%
è; ku nsa
%
mudk Hkh t ksn`"Vk gSog cq f¼ v kfn osQv frfjÙkQi q #"k gh gS
Av uq eku osQv uq l kj cqf¼ v kfn dh
fl f¼ Hkhn`"Vki w oZ d ghgksrhgSrksn`' ; osQ: i esa?kVkfn gksrsgS Aml hçdkj cq
a f¼ l q • nq%• v kfn
Hkh n`' ; gSt lSsi F̀oh v kfn gS Av r%n`' ; i nkFkks±dk n`' ; Ro rc gh l kFk pyrk gSt c n`"Vk dks
ekukt krkgSv kS j oghn' kZ udrkZi q
#"kgS Abl fy, dkb sZi q
#"kgS, slkLohdkj djukpkfg, A; g f}rh;
O;k[ ; kgS Aysfdu i q #"kosQv l Ä~ x gksusosQdkj.kn' kZ udrZ̀
Ro rksgSghugha Arc dgrsgS a, slkugha
gS; gk¡i j t ksi q
#"kdk n`"VRo dgkt kjgkgSog cq f¼ v kfn l ksikf/ d i q
#"k osQfy, dgkt kjgk
gSAbl hçdkj n`"VRo FkkHkksÙkQ̀ Ro Hkhcq
f¼ vkfn v kS i kf/ d i q
#"kosQfy, ghl EHko gkrskgS Abl çdkj
l snksuksaçdkj dh O;k[ ; k djusi j dksbZnks"k ughagS A
a

1-11-5) oS
Q
oY; kFkZ
çof̀Ùk
i#q"kdksLohdkj djusesai k¡pok¡gsrqgS¶osQ oY; kFkZçof̀Ùķ AosQ
oY; rhuksanq %• ka
sdhv kR;fUrd
fuof̀Ùk dksdgk t krk gS Arksog i q
#"k f=kfo/ nq%• l snw j gksrk gSA' kkL=kksaosQl kj dksl e>usokys
fnO; egf"kZ ; ksaesaog osQ
oY; çof̀Ùkfn• kbZnsrhgSAnq %• kfn okyhcq f¼ dksLoHkko l st hrk ughat k
l drkA cq f¼ v kfn l sv frfjÙkQi q #"k dk nq %
• kfn l sfo; ksx gksl drk gS A bl fy, egf"kZ ; ksadh
osQ
oY; kFkZçof̀r fn• kbZnsrhgS Abl dkj.kl segf"kZ t u cq f¼ v kfn l sv frfjÙkQdksbZi q #"kgSt ksbu
rhuksanq
%• ksaosQfouk' k: i osQ
oY; dhbPNkdjrsgS Abl çdkj l si q
a #"kl n~ Hkko dki ka pokags
r ql ka[;
dkfjdk esaçfri kfnr fd; k x; k gS A

1-12) i q
#"kL; cU/ eks{kkS
n' kZ
uksaosQeq
[ ; fo"k; esal oZ
J s"B fo"k; gSi q
#"kdkeks{kAokLrfod : i l sns• kt k, rkseks{k
osQfy, ghl Hkh n' kZ uksadh çof̀Ùk gksrh gS
Al k[a; fl ¼kUr esaHkh cU/u rFkk eks{k dh O;oLFkk dh
v kykspukdhxbZgS Av c ç' u ; g gksrkgSfd l ka [ ; fl ¼kUrka
sesarksi q
#"kfufoZ
d kj gSrksog fdl h
HkhdeZosQl kFkfyIr gksghughal drkv r%ml dkdÙkZ O; Hkhl EHko ughagSrFkkml l s/ eZrFkk
v / eZdh mRifÙk Hkh l EHko ughagS A/ eZv kSj v / eZosQv Hkko esal q • rFkk nq
%• dh Hkh mRifÙk
l EHko ughagS Anq%
• dhmRifÙkughagksusosQdkj.ki q #"kesanq%• l EcU/ : i cU/u rFkknq %
• èoa l
: i eks{k Hkhl EHko ughagS ] v r%l ka[ ; fl ¼kUr osQv uql kj rksi q
#"k dk cU/u rFkk eks{k nksuksagh
fl ¼ ughagksrsga A
S
rc f}rh; i {k mÙkj nsrk gSfdµ Hkysgh ' kkL=k esai q
#"k dk cU/u rFkk eks{k dgk x; k gS
fi Q
j HkhcU/u rFkkeks{kcq f¼ osQ}kjkghgksrkgSi q
#"krkst y esadey or~fufyZ Ir jgrkgS Ai q
#"k
esarkscq
f¼ osQfo| eku jgusl sghcU/Ro rFkk cq f¼ osQv fo| keku gksusdksgheks{k dgk x; k gS A

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 11
 i kB&1 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u d k l kekU; i fj p;

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u dk l f̀"VosQv kjEHkes al cl si gysçÑfr l scq f¼ dhghmRifÙkgq bZrFkkcqf¼ osQghegr~rFkkvUrdj.k
v kfn uke gq , Abl osQ}kjkghl q • rFkknq % • dhNk; kt hokReki j i M+ r hgSft l l sog v kRekl q •h
l kekU; i fj p; rFkk nq
% • hçrhr gksrhgS A; q x Nk; k ghi q#"k dkl a l kj gS
At c çÑfr rFkk i q #"k osQuk' k l sfoosd
osQKku l scq f¼ dk uk' k gksrk gSrc ghml dh l q • rFkk nq%• dhNk; k dk Hkh uk' k gkst krk gS A
rc v kRek ' kq ¼ : i esav of' k"V jgrhgS A; g çÑfr v kS j iq
#"k dk Kku foosd [ ; kfr dgykrk gS
rFkkbl sl nl R[; kfr HkhdgrsgS ArRo l k{kkRdkj gksusi j foosd [ ; kfr esafLFkr i q
a #"kf=kxq. kkfRedk
çÑfr osQcU/u l seq ÙkQgkst krkgS] ml l e; l a l kj dksjÄ~ xe×p dhHkka fr ns• rkgSv kjSog çÑfr
Hkhml O;fÙkQdkdksbZdk; ZughadjrhgS Arc i q#"kv i us' kq
¼ Lo: i dkl k{kkRdkj djrkgS A; g
è; ku nsa
% v oLFkk gh eks{k dgykrh gS Abl fy, l ka [ ; dkfjdk esadgk x; k gS A
r LekUu cè; r s¿¼k u eq P; r sukfi l a
l j fr d f' pr ~A
lal j fr cè; r seq P; r sp ukukJ ; k çÑfr % AAbfrA¹ 62º

i kBxr ç' u 1-3

1- iq
#"k osQl n~
Hkko osQfdrusgsrqdkfjdk esacrk, x; sgS
\
a
( d) i ka
p ( • ) l kr ( x) v kB ( ?k) ukS
2- rhu xq
. k dkS
u&dkS
u l sgS
\
a
3- iq
#"k dk cU/u oS
Q
l sgksrk gS
\
4- iq
#"k dk eks{k oS
Q
l sgksrk gS
\
5- osQ
oY; fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
6- lq
• D; k gS
\
7- nq
%• D; k gS\
8- iq
#"k osQv f/ "BkrR̀o fl f¼ gsrqdkS
u&l k l w
=k gS
\

i kB l kj
bl i kB esav kfn esal ka[ ; ' kCn osQv FkZosQfo"k; esafopkj fd; k x; k gS Aft l esai Pphl
l ka
[ ; rRoksaosQfo"k; esav usd ksaerksaosQckjsgeusv è; ; u fd; kAl ka [ ; n' kZ
u osQçorZ d v kpk; Z
dfi y rFkkmudkxzUFkbl l e; mi yC/ ughagksrkgS ] bl dkj.kl sorZ eku esami yC/ bZ' ojÑ".k
dh l ka[ ; dhfjdk gh çekf.kd xzUFk osQ: i esaLohdkj dh t krh gS Aft l esapkj çdkj osQfoHkkx
gSAv U; n' kZ
a uksadh Hkk¡fr gh l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u dh çof̀Ùk Hkh rhuksanq
%• ksadk v kR;fUrd fouk' k gS Av kS
j
og fouk' kçÑfr rFkki q #"k osQfoosd l sl EHko gksrkgSAbl çdkj çÑfr rFkki q #"kosQfoosd osQ
fy, rFkk mu nksuksaosQLo: i Kku osQfy, i q #"k osQLo: i dk fopkj fd; k gS Ai q#"k ghv l Ä~x]
fufoZd kj] v drk]Zps
r u] l k{khrFkkosQ oY; gS Ai q
#"kosQv fLrRo fl f¼ osQfy, i kp ¡ gsrqcrk, x; sgSµ
a
( d) l a
?kkri jkFkZ
Rokr~ ( • ) f=kxq
. kkfnfoi ; Z
; kr~ ( x) v f/ "Bkukr~
( ?k) HkksÙkQ̀
Hkkokr~ ( Ä) osQ
oY; kFkZ
açof̀Ùk

12 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u d k l kekU; i fj p; i kB&1
v ki usD; k l h[ kk l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u dk
l kekU; i fj p;
 l k[a; n' kZ
u dk foLrkj i w
oZd i fjp; ]
 l k[a; ' kCn osQv FkZ
xr fo"k; ksadkst kuk]
 l k[a; n' kZ
u osQv kpk; ZrFkk mudk i fjp; ]
 l k[a; n' kZ
u esaLohdkj 25 rÙoksadkst kuk]
 i#q"k dk Lo: i rFkk ml sLohdkj djusokyksaosQfo"k; esat kukA
è; ku nsa
%
i kBkUr ç' u
1- l k[a; n' kZ
u osQv kpk; ks±osQxzUFkka
sosQfo"k; esai fjp; nhft , \
2- i#
q"k osQLo: i dk l a
{ksi esao.kZ
u dhft , \
3- l k[a; ' kCn osQfo"k; esay?kqfVIi .kh fyf• , \
4- l k[a; n' kZ
u dh çof̀r rFkk ml osQdkj.k dksl ekl fof/ l scrkb, \
5- l k[a; ' kkL=k dh osQ
oy foÑfr; ksadk i fjp; nhft , \
6- i#
q"k osQcU/u rFkk eks{k osQfo"k; esay?kqfVIi .kh fyf• , \
7- dkS
u fdl fy, çÑfr rFkk foÑfr dksl e>rsgS
\
a
8- i#q"k osQl n~
Hkko v FkkZ
r ~dkj.kksadk t kso.kZ
u l ka
[ ; dkfjdk esafn; kx; k gSml dkl a
{ksi esa
i fjp; nhft , \

i kBxr ç' uksaosQmÙkj 1-1

1- l k[a; ] ; ksx] U;k; ] oS
' ksf"kd] i w
oZeheka
l k rFkk mÙkj eheka
l k l sN%v kfLrd n' kZ
u gS
A
a
2- ; sn' ku
Z osn : i h çek.k dksekursgS
av r%; sv kfLrd n' kZ
u gS
A
a
3- dfi yA
4- bZ
' ojÑ".kA
5- v kè; kfRed] v kf/ HkkS
frd] rFkk v kf/ nS
fod gS
A
6- v kR;kfUrd nq
%• fuof̀r A

i kBxr ç' uksaosQmÙkj 1-2

1- osQ
oy çÑfr] osQ
oy foÑfr] çÑfr&foÑfr] v uq
Hk; : i
2- i#
q"kA
3- v kdk' k] ok; q
] v fXu] t y rFkki F̀ohi ×k~ pegkHkw r gSAJks=k] Rod~] us=k] ft Þok] ukfl dki ka
p
Kkus
fUæ;k, ¡gSAeq
a • ] gkFk] i S
j ] xq
á rFkkf' k' u ; sdeZ
sfUæ;k, agS
arFkkeu bl çdkj l s; sl ksy g

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 13
 i kB&1 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u d k l kekU; i fj p;

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u dk i nkFkZosQ
oy foÑfr gS
A
l kekU; i fj p; 4- egr~
] v gÄ~
d kj] ' kCn] Li ' kZ
] : i ] jl ] rFkk xU/ ; sl kr i nkFkZçÑfr rFkk foÑfr nksuksagh
gS
A
a
5- l Hkhesaç/ ku gkussosQdkj.k] ysfdu ft l dkHkhdksbZv U; dkj.kughagS
] bl fy, og osQ
oy
çÑfr gSv FkkZ r ~dkj.k gS
A
6- l ka
[ ; ' kkL=k esai q
#"k l k{kh osQ
oy] n`"Vk] v drkZrFkk eè; LFk gS
A

è; ku nsa
%
i kBxr ç' uksaosQmÙkj 1-3
1- i k¡p gsrqcr k, x; sgS
aµ
( 1) l a
?kkri jkFkZ
Rokr~ ( 2) f=kxq
. kkfnfoi ; Z
; kr~ ( 3) v f/ "Bkukr~
]
( 4) HkksÙkQ̀
Hkkokr~
] ( 5) osQ
oY; kFk±çoÙ̀ks%pA
2- l Ro jt rFkk re ; srhu xq
. k gksrsgS
A
a
3- cq
f¼ osQl kFk i q
#"k dk l EcU/ gh cU/ dgykrk gS
A
4- cq
f¼ osQl kFk i q
#"k osQl EcU/ dk uk' k gh eks{k dgykrk gS
5- osQ
oY; l srkRi; ZgSv kR;fUrd : i l srhuksanq
%• ksadh fuof̀ÙkA
6- v uq
ow
Qyrk dk v uq
Hko gh l q
• gS
A
7- çfrow
Q
yrk dk v uq
Hko gh nq
%• gS
A
8- ¶rRl fUu/ kuknf/ "BkrR̀oaef.kor~
¸ bfrA

14 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj i kB&2
l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr
iq#"k xq. k fopkj
2

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esaçÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj è; ku nsa
%

l k[a; n' kZ
u Hkkjrh; N%n' kZuksaesal cl sçkphure n' kZ
u gSAft l esai Pphl rRoksadksLohdkj
fd; k x; k gS Aft uesaeq [ ; : i l snksgh rRo gS aoksgSçÑfr rFkk i q #"kAçÑfr l sgh foÑfr osQ
: i esav U; rsbZ l rRoksadk fuekZ. k gksrk gSA^çÑfr v kS
j iq#"k fHkUu gksrsgS* bl çdkj dk foosd
a
gksusi j gh euq"; dkseks{k dh çkfIr gksrhgS Aysfdu çÑfr v kS j iq
#"k osQfoosd osQKku osQfy,
çÑfr v kS j i#
q"kdk Lo: i v PNsl st kuu pkfg, ml osQ}kjk gh; g çÑfr i q #"k l sfHkUu gSArFkk
iq
#"kçÑfr l sfHkUu gSbl çdkj dkfoosd mRiUu gksrkgS AçÑfr v kS j iq#"kosQLo: i osQKku osQ
fcukfoosd [ ; fr gksghughal drhgSbl fy, çÑfr v kjSi q #"kdkLo: i rFkkml l sl a caf/ r fo"k; ksa
dk fpUru djuk pkfg, A

mís';
bl i kB osQv è; ; u l sv ki l {ke gksa
x_
s
 l k[a; n' kZ
u esai q
#"k cgq
Ro dksD; ka
sLohdkj fd; k x; k gS
] ; g Kku esa
_
 l k[a; n' kZ
u esaçÑfr D; k gSbl dk foLrkj l si fjp; çkIr dj i kusesa
_
 fdl fy, ç/ ku rRoksadksLohdkj fd; k x; k gS
] bl dk Kku djusesa
_
 l Ro jt rFkk reksxq
. k dk foLrkj l si fjp; çkIr dj i kusesa
_
 l k[a; ' kkL=k esai q
#"k osQpsru gksusi j Hkh v drZ̀
Ro rFkk cq
f¼ dk v psru gksusi j Hkh
drZ̀ Ro oSQl sgS\ ; g Li "V djuses_ a
 ç/ ku fdl çdkj t xr dk drkZgSbl dk cks/ dj i kusea
s_
 çÑfr dh çof̀Ùk fdl fy, gSbl dk Kku i zkIr djusesa
_

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 15
 i kB&2 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr 2-1) i q
#"kcgq Ro
iq#"k xq. k fopkj iq
#"kosQv fLrRo dkçfri knu djrsgq
, ] og i q
#"kl Hkh' kjhjksaesa, d gSv Fkokv usd bl dk
fopkj l ka[ ; dkfjdk esafd; k x; kgS Ai q
#"k, d gSv Fkokv usd fo"k; esan' kZ u l Eçnk; esafofHkUu
erHkns çkIr gksrsgS A
aogkai j l ka[ ; l Eçnk; esai q
#"kcgq
Ro gS; g Lohdkj fd; kx; kgS Abl fy, l k[a;
n' kZ
u okyksadkscgq iq#"k v kfn dgk x; k gS AoksD; ksai q
#"k dk cgq Ro Lohdkj djrsgS \ bl fo"k; esa
a
cgq r l kjh ; q
fDr; k¡ gSA l ka
a [ ; dkfjdk esadgk x; k gSfd ¶i q #"k cgq Roafl ¼e~ ¸ A fdl çdkj l s
cgq i#
q"kRo fl ¼ gksrkgS \ ¶y{k.kçek.kkH; aoLrq fl f¼%̧ bl opu dkv uq d j.kdjosQdkfjdkes arhu
% gsrqcrk, x; sgS
è; ku nsa AosgS
a a( d) t uuej.kdj.kkukaçfrfu; kekr~( t Ue rFkk ej.k osQfu; e l s) ( • )
v; qxi r~çoÙ̀k%s] ( , d l kFkçof̀Ùkughagku ssosQdkj.k) ] ( x) =kS
xq
. ; foi ; Z
; kr~
] ( rhuka
sxq
. kksaos
Qfoi ; Z
;
l s)Abl fy, l ka [ ; dkfjdk esadgk x; k gS A
t Ueej . kd j . kkukaçfr fu; ekn~v ; qxi RçoÙ̀ks'pA
iq#"kcgqRoafl ¼a=kS xq. ; foi ; Z oAAbfrA¹ l ka
; kPpS [ ; dkfjdk&ûøº

2-1-1) t Ue ej . k osQçfr fu; e

t Ue eR̀;qrFkkv Ur%dj.kkfn rsjg dkj.kksal si q #"kcgq r çdkj osQgksrsgS Av yx&v yx i q
a #"k
osQfy, v yx&v yx fu; e gksrsgS A çR;sd i q
a #"k osQt Ue&ej.k rFkk v Urkfndj.k osQuke Hkh
v yx&v yx gksrsgS Av c ç' u djrsgS
a afd& i q#"kosQv ukfn v uUr rFkk mRifÙk o fouk' k osQugha
gksusl sfdl çdkj t Ue eR̀;qv kfn gksrsgS Arc dgrsgS
a afd& fudk; fof' k"V v i w oZl kFkrFkk nsg]
bfUæ;] eu] v gÄ~ d kj] cqf¼ v kfn osQl kFkv fHkl EcU/ gksusosQdkj.ki q #"kdkt Ue gksrkgS Afudk;
i n l s; gk¡i j nsg] bfUæ;] eu rFkkv gÄ~ d kj v kfn dkfeykgq v k, d ç; kst u l k/ dRo dgkx; k
gSAv fHkl EcU/ bl i n l s; gk¡i j v fHkeku : i l EcU/ crk; kx; kgSu fd l a ; ksxkfn : i Ansg rFkk
bfUæ;ksaosQl kFkfefyrkoLFkkesafudk; rFkkl a ?kkr dksLo; aesaekuusokysi q #"kosQl kFkfudk; dk
HkksÙkQ
kv kS
j HkksX; : i esal EcU/ gksrkgS Abl fy, fudk; ( nsg] bfUæ;] eu rFkkv gÄ~ d kj) osQcgq r
gksusosQdkj.k i q #"k cgqRo Hkhfl ¼ gksrk gS AeR̀;ql srkRi; ZgSi q #"k osQ}kjk LohÑr nsg v kfn dk
i fjR;kx djukrFkk HkksÙkQ̀v kS j HkksX; l EcU/ dkfouk' kgksukAu fd v kRekdkfouk' k gksukAv kRek
owQVLFkrFkkfuR; gksusosQdkj.kv fouk' khgS Al ka[ ; ; ksx esackY; koLFkk] ; q
okoLFkkrFkkns g es
safHkUurk
ughacrkbZxbZgS ] bl l smudkvi w oZ Ro HkhLohÑr ughagksrkgS AosQoy ekrx̀HkL ZFknsg dkgh v i o wRZo
crk; kx; kgS Abl çdkj t Ue&ej.kv kfn dkj.kksadhO;oLFkkl Hkh' kjhjka sesa, d i q#"kdh, d l kFk
ughagksl drhAv FkkZ r ~; fn i q
#"k, d ghgksrkgSrks, d osQt Ue osQl kFkl Hkhdkt Ue gksukpkfg,
rFkk v kS
j , d osQej.k osQl kFk l Hkhdk gh ej.k gksuk pkfg, ] , d v U/k gksusi j l Hkhv U/sgksus
pkfg, rFkk, d dk eu O;kdq y gksusi j l Hkhdkeu O;kdq y gksukpkfg, ] , slsrks; gk¡v O;oLFkk
gkst krhAbl fy, çR;sd ' kjhj esai q #"kfHkUu&fHkUu gksusosQdkj.kçR;sd i q #"kdkv yx&v yx t Ue
ej.k rFkk bfUæ;ksadh fHkUurk fl ¼ gksrh gS A
vc i qu%ç' u djrsgS afdµ i q#"kcgq Ro Lohdkj djusdkdksbZç; ktsu ughagSi q #"kHkhmi kf/
Hksn l sv usd gksl drk gSt S l sv kdk' kkfn v usd jgrsgSAt S
a l smi kf/ Hksn l sge v kdk' k dk Hkh
?kVkdk' k rFkk i Vkdk' k bl çdkj l sO;ogkj djrsgS abl çdkj l s; gk¡ i j Hkh fofo/ nsgksikf/ d
iq#"k Lohdkj djuk pkfg, Arc mÙkj esadgrsgS afd& , slk djusi j rksgkFk Lru v kfn mi kf/ ; ksa
osQ Hksn l st Ue rFkkej.kosQçl Ä~ x Hkhl eku gkst k; sa
xsAt S
l sfdl hdkgkFkdV t kusi j ml dks

16 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj i kB&2
er̀ dgkt krkgSv kS j u Lru v kusi j ; q
ofr gksxbZ, slkdgkt krkgS
Abl fy, nsg Hksn l si q
#"kHkh l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr
fHkUu&fHkUu gksrsgS
a; g fl ¼ gksrk gS
A
iq#"k xq. k fopkj
2-1-2) v ; q
xi r çof̀Ùk
v; q
xi r ~çof̀Ùk osQd kj . k
l Hkh dh , d l kFk çof̀Ùk ughagksusosQdkj.k i q#"k cgq Ro Lohdkj djuk pkfg, ] çof̀Ùk l s
rkRi; ZgSç; Ru y{k.kk( , d l kFkç; Ru) Hkysghog v Ur% dj.kokyhgksfi Q j HkhxkS. k: i l si q
a #"k
esaghv kjksfi r gksrhgSAt S
l sl sod dht ; ml osQçHkqesav kjksfi r gksrhgSml hçdkj Lo LokehHkko è; ku ns a
%
l EcU/ osQdkj.kl sv Ur% dj.kesafLFkr ç; Ru dkHkhi q #"kesaghv kjksi gksrkgS( v FkkZ r og ç; Ru
iq#"kosQ}kjkghfd; kt krkgS ) bl çdkj dkç; Ru çfr ' kjhj osQfHkUu gksusosQdkj.ki q #"kcgq Ro
Hkh xzg.k djuk pkfg, A; fn i q #"k , d gh Lohdkj fd; k t k, rks, d ' kjhj esaml osQgksrsgq , ml s
l Hkh ' kjhj eas, d l kFk ekuk t kuk pkfg, ] rksfi Q
j l Hkh ' kjhj , d l kFk pyuspkfg, v r%i q #"k
fHkUurk Lohdkj djusi j , slk l EHko ughagksrk gS Al Hkh dh ; g rksçR;{k fLFkfr gSfd l Hkh dh
çof̀r , d l kFkughagksrhgS Av r%l Hkhdkçof̀ÙkHksn Lohdkj djusi j i # q"kksaesaHkhfHkUuRo Lohdkj
djuk pkfg, Abl fy, i q #"k cgq Ro gS A

2-1-3) =kS
xq
. ; foi ; Z
;
rhuksaxq
. kksaosQfoi ; Z ; l sHkh i q
#"k cgq Ro dh fl f¼ gksrh gS Al Ro] jt rFkk re ; srhu xq .k
gksrsgSAbu rhuksaxq
a . kksadks=kS
xq
. ; dgkt krkgS A=kSxq
. ; dkfoi ; Z ; v FkkZ
r ~rhuksaxq
. kksadkv yx&v yx
gksukAdq N çk.khft rsfUæ; rFkkl Roxq . kosQckgqY; okysgksrsgS Adq
S
a N çk.khjt ksxq . kosQckgq
Y; okys
gksrsgSat S
l seuq"; rFkkdq N çk.khreksxq . kosQckgqY; okysgksrsgS at S
l sfr; Zx~; ksuhokyst ho t Urq A
; fn , d ghi q #"kdksLohdkj djrsgS arksbl çdkj rhuksaxq . kksadkv yx&v yx Hkko l EHko ghugha
gSA, d i # q"k dksLohdkjusesarksml hesaghl Ro ckgq Y; ] ml hesaghjt ksckgq Y; ] rFkk ml h esagh
reksckgq Y; Lohdkj djukpkfg, A; ks; q fÙkQi w
odZ ns• kt k, rks, d l kFkughagksl drkAcgq r iq#"k
Lohdkj djusi j , d esajt ksckgq Y; v U; esal Ro ckgq Y; o reksckgq Y; Lohdkj dj l drsgS A
a
bl fy, i # q"k cgq Ro Lohdkj djuk pkfg, ; g l ka [ ; dkfjdk esabZ ' ojÑ".k dk er gS A
v kRek dks, d ekuusi j ^dksbZi q
#"kc¡/ k gSv kSj dksbZi q
#"keq
ÙkQgS
* bl çdkj l srksçR;sd
' kjhj esacU/ rFkkeks{k dhO;oLFkkHkhl EHko ughagS Abl fy, v kRekfHkUu ghgS At S
l sd.kkn~l w=k
esadgk x; k gSfd ^O;oLFkkrksukuk*Al ka [; l w=k esaHkhdgk x; k gS^t UekfnO;oLFkkr% iq #"kcgq
Ro*A
bl çdkj , d ( i q #"k) esagh t Ue] ej.k] l q
• rFkk nq %• v kfn foHkkx ughagksrsgS
Abl çdkj og
a
O;oLFkkmRiUu ghughagksrh; fn l Hkh' kjhjksaesa, d ghi q #"kdksekursrksAbl fy, i q#"kksadkukukRo
v Ä~ xhÑr fd; kx; k gS A

2-2) ew
y çÑfr
osQ
oy çÑfr dksghç/ ku i n l sew y çÑfr t kuukpkfg, A; g v U; fdl hdhfoÑfr ugha
gS
Av PNsçdkj l st ksdk; ZdksmRiUu djrhgSog çÑfr dgykrhgS AçÑfr : i l st ksrRoksadks
v kjEHk djrhgSrFkkft l l sv U; rRo mRiUu gksrsgSabl çdkj dkt ksdkj.kfo' ks"k og çÑfr gSA
og ew y çÑfr gh l Ro jt rFkk reksxq
. k dhl kE; koLFkk : i gS
Al Hkhdk ew
y gksusosQdkj.k ewy

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 17
 i kB&2 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr çÑfr Hkhdgkt krkgS Aegn~v kfn dkew y gksusdkj.k; g ç/ ku dgykrhgSbl dkdksbZdkj.kkUrj
ughagS
Aew y çÑfr dkHkhdkj.kkUrj Lohdkj djusi j v uoLFkknks"kv kt krkgS Aft l osQ}kjkt xr~
iq#"k xq. k fopkj mRiUu gksrk gSrFkk çy; osQl e; esaft l esat xr~l ek t krk gSbl fy, ; g l Hkhl sç/ ku gS Aog
Hkhfeêð
h rFkk l ksusdhrjg v psru esapsru i q#"k osQHkksx v i oxZv kfn l k/ u osQfy, LoHkko l s
gh çofrZ
r gksrh gSu fd fdl h osQ}kjk çofrZ r dh t krh gSA

2-3) ç/ ku l n~
Hkko esaeku
iq
#"kosQl n~
Hkko dkD; kçek.kgS; g fo"k; l ka
[ ; dkfjdkea
sfoLrkj i w
oZ
d pfpZ
r gkspq
dk
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A rFkk çÑfr osQl n~
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A
l ka
[ ; dkfjdkesaçkjEHkesal ka [ ; l Eer çek.kksadkfopkj fd; kx; kgS At gk¡i w
oZi {kosQ}kjkv k{ksi
fd; kx; kgSfd t S l sv kdk' kµ i q
"i ] dNq, esajkse] rFkk• jxks'kosQfl a
g buesaçR;{kfo"k; osQugha
gksusosQdkj.k feF; kfl ¼ gksrkgS Abl l a' k; osQfuokj.kosQfy, ç/ ku v kfn dhl ka [ ; dkfjdkesa
fl f¼ dgh x; h gS µ
v fr nwj kr ~l kehI; kfnfUæ; ?kkr kUeuks¿uoLFkkukr ~A
l kS ; o/ kuknfHkHkokRl ekukfHkgkj kPpAAbfrA¹ l ka
{ E; k} ~ [ ; dkfjdk & 7º
fo"k; dh fo| ekurk l R; gksusi j Hkh D; ksaçR;{k osQekè; e l sml sughat kuk t k l drk\
bl osQv kB gsrql ka [ ; dkfjdk esacrk, x; sgS A1- v f/ d nw j gksusl s] 2- v f/ d l ehi gksusl s] 3-
bfUæ;ksaosQl ghughagksusl s] 4- eu os Q, dkxzughagksusl s]5- v fr l w {e gksusl s] 6- chp esaO;oèkku
gksusl s] 7- v fHkHko l s] 8- l ekukfHkgkj ( l n`' krk osQdkj.k) A
v f/ d nw j gksusosQdkj.k v kdk' k esamM+ r sgq
, i {khughafn• kbZnsrsgS Av f/ d i kl esagksus
a
osQdkj.kv k¡• ksaesadkt y Hkhfn• kbZughansrk gS AbfUæ;?kkr v FkkZr v U/rk rFkkcf/ jrk osQdkj.k
v U/siu l sl ehi gksrk gq v k dqN Hkhfn• kbZughansrk gS Aeu dk v uoLFkk esagksusosQdkj.kAt S ls
dkekfn l smi gr eu okysLi w Q
frZyksd eè; orhZbfUæ; l fUuÑ"V v FkZdksughans• rk gS Al w
{erk
osQdkj.k l sbfUæ; osQi kl gksrsgq , Hkh i jek.kqv kfn u ns• rk gS AO;o/ ku osQdkj.k t lSs& chp
esaHkhfr ( f• M+ d h) v kfn osQv k t kusosQdkj.k dq N Hkhughafn• kbZnsrk gS Av fHkHko l srkRi; ZgS
fd cyoku osQ}kjk fucZ y dk v kPNknu djuk v Fkok frjLdkj djuk] t S l sfnu esal w
; ZosQçHkko
osQdkj.kxzg u{k=kv kfn ughafn• kbZns r sgS
Al ekukfHkgkj l srkRi; ZgSl t krh; ka
a sdkfeJ.kft l çdkj
t yk' k; esao"kkZosQt y dksv yx l sughans• kt kl drkgS Abl çdkj oLrqgksusi j Hkhbu dkj.kksa
l sçR;{kfn• kbZughansrhgS Abl hçdkj l ka [ ; rRoksaesaç/ kukfn osQv uq i yC/ gksusi j dgrsgS afdµ
l kS
{ ; kÙknuqi y fC/ ukZ
Hkkokr ~d k; Zr Lr nq i y C/ s%
A
egnkfn r Pp d k; ±çÑfr l : i afo: i apAAbfrA¹ l ka [ ; dkfjdk & 8º
ç/ ku v kfn rRo v Hkko osQdkj.k ughav fi rql w {e gksusosQdkj.k fn• kbZughansrsgS Av r%
a
v frl w{e i fjek.k dksl w {e ' kCn l si q
d kjk t krk gS ArksdgrsgS afd D; k ; gkai j l w{erk gS\ ugha A
D; ksa
fd çÑfr i q #"k v .kqokfn osQt Sl sl w{e ughagSv fi rqmu nksuksaosQfoHkq Ro gksusosQdkj.k ( og
fn• kbZughansrsgS ) bl fy, l oZ
a O;ki h i nkFkks±osQfy, l w {eRo dFku l gh ughagksrk gS Aç' u djrs
gSarksfdl çdkj buosQl w {eRo mi LFkki u gksxk\ rc okpLi fr feJ dgrsgS afd i jek.kqv kfn esaHkh
lw{erkosQgksusosQdkj.k, dkxzfpÙk O;fÙkQ ; ksadksHkhml dhmi yfC/ ughagksrhgS Abl fy, l w{erk
dk dksbZ, slk v FkZxzg.kdjuk pkfg, ft l l sv .kqor~i fjek.k okysçÑfr rFkk i q #"k dkHkhxzg.k

18 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj i kB&2
gkst k, Av .kqi fjek.k] egr~i fjek.krFkki je egr~i fjek.kbl çdkj l si fjek.krhu çdkj dkgkrsk l ka [ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr
gSAbuesav .kqi fjek.k i jek.kqdk uS ; kf; dksaosQer esaekul v kfn osQl eku gksrk gS Aegr~i fjek.k
i F̀ohv kfn dkew r ZæO;ksaosQl eku gksrkgS At lSkfd dgkx; kgS¶i fjfNUu i fjek.koÙoaew rZRoe~ ¸A
iq
#"k xq. k fopkj
i je egr~i fjek.ki q #"kkfn dkfoeqi nkFkks±osQl eku gksrkgS AfoHkqRo l srkRi; ZgSfd l Hkhew r ZrFkk
æO;ksadkl ;aksx ¶l oZ ew
rZæO;l a ; ksfxRoe~ ¸ At S
l sv .kqi fjek.kdkmn~ Hkw
r : i Ro osQv Hkko l sçR;{k
ughagksrkgSAml hçdkj i je egr~dkHkhi jek.kqdhT; knkxfr osQdkj.kçR;{kughagksrkgS; gh
lw{eRo dkrkRi; ZgS Afi Q j Hkhl ka[ ; ' kkL=kesai q#"kfuxZ . kgSbl fy, ml esai je egr~v kfn i jek.kksa
q
dk gksuk rksv l EHko gS \ rc ; gk¡dgrsgS afd fuxZ . k ' kCn ghçLrq
q r {ks=kesaKkukfn fo' ks"k xq. kksaosQ
v Hkko dkcks/d gSu fd l a [ ; ki fjek.kkfn l kekU; xq . kka
sdkAbl fy, ghçÑfr v kS j iq
#"kdkl ;aksx è; ku ns a
%
Lohdkj djusi j Hkh i q #"k dk fuxZ . kRo O;kgr ( u"V) ughagksrk gS
q A
bl çdkj ç/ kukfn rRoksaosQl w {e gksusosQdkj.k mudhv uq i yfC/ çR;{kosQdkj.kgksrhgS
u fd v Hkko osQdkj.kAv kS j dk; Zl sghft udhmi yfC/ gksrhgS Abl dkj.kl sghç/ kukfn; ksadk
v l Ùo fl ¼ gksrkgS Aog dkS u&l kdk; ZgSft l l sç/ ku v kfn esal Ro dkçek.kgksrkgS \ rc dgrs
gSafd egr~v kfn gh ml osQdk; ZgS arFkk çÑfr l : i v kS j fo: i HkhAç/ ku dk dk; Zegr~] egr~
dk v ga d kj] bl i jEi jk l si ka
p egkHkw r X; kjg bfUæ;k¡v kfn ç/ ku osQdk; Z Hkw
r gS
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dk; Zgh dkj.k l t krh; dkj.k l sfHkUu gksrk gS ] ; g fu; e gS At Sl snw
/ l smRiUu ngh o.kkZ
fn l s
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Hkh çÑfr osQl : i v kS j fo: i nksuksagS A

i kBxr ç' u 2-1

1- i fj.kke=kS
foè; D; k gS
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2- i#
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RooknhdkS
u gS
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4- i#
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u&l h gS
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5- i#
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[;l w
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6- ew
y çÑfr D; k gS
\
7- fo"k; osQfo| eku gksusi j HkhçR;{kdksD; ka
sughat kukt kl drkgSbl os
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dkfjdk esacrk, x; sgS a
( d) i k¡p (• ) N ( x) l kr ( ?k) v kB
8- ç/ kukfn dk v çR;{k oS
Q
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u esai zÑfr 2-4) çÑfr Lo: i
iq#"k xq. k fopkj çÑfr d k Lo: i
iq#"k rFkk çÑfr ; sew y nksrRo l ka [ ; fl ¼kUr esacrk, x; sgS Ai q
a #"k Lo; aLo: i l sl Hkh
çdkj osQfodkjksal sjfgr gksrkgq v kHkhcq f¼rRo esaçfrfcfEcr gksrkgq v kv kRekdkv U;FkkfpUru
djrk gq v kl a l kj : i h pØ esapDdj yxkrk gq v k nq %• dksçkIr djrk gS Al Ro i q#"k l sfHkUu gS
bl Kku l si q #"kdhHkzkfUr nw j gkst krhgSrFkk cq f¼ / eZv fHkeku dk HkhfrjksHkko gkst krk gSrFkk
v foosd : i cU/u l seks{k fey t krk gS Al Ro i q #"k ughagS ] rFkk i q#"k l Ro ughagSbl çdkj
è; ku nsa
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osQHksnKku : i hfoosd rc l EHko gksrkgSt c çÑfr rFkki q #"kdkl E; d~Kku gkst krkgS Av FkkZr~
iq#"k dk Lo: i D; k gS \ rFkk çÑfr dk Lo: i D; k gS \ bl Kku osQckn ghçÑfr rFkk i q #"k dh
fHkUurkdkcks/ gksrkgS Abl fy, çÑfr vkS j i# q"kosQfoosd fy, çÑfr osQLo: i dkst kuukpkfg, A
O;ÙkQrFkk v O;ÙkQosQl kekU; / eZosQçLrko dky esaçÑfr dk Lo: i l ka [ ; dkfjdk esacrk; k
x; kgS A
f=kxq
. kefoosfd fo"k; %l kekU ; epsruaçl o/ feZ A
O;ÙkQ ar Fkk ç/ kuar f} i j hr Lr Fkk p i q eku~ AAbfrA¹ l ka [ ; dkfjdk&11º
v O;ÙkQgh ç/ ku gS Aogh çÑfr dgh t krh gS Aft rusHkh çÑfr l smRiUu gq , gSamu l Hkh
dksv O;ÙkQghekuukpkfg, AçÑfr f=kxq . kkfRedkgS Axq . kksadhl Ùo jt rFkkreksv oLFkkghçÑfr
dgykrhgS At Sl sdhl ka [;l w
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gSu fd dk; Z: i kAv r%bl dksfuR; dgrsgS A; fn çÑfr dkj.kkUrj dYi ukdjsrksv uoLFkkçl Ä~
a x
mRiUu gksrk gS AD; ksafd dkj.k osQxq . k gh dk; Zesav krsgS abl fu; e osQv uq l kj çÑfr l smRiUu
egnkfn O;ÙkQHkhf=kxq . kkRed gSAt Sl sdkys/ kxsl scusgq , oL=kHkhdkysghgksrsgS ] oS
a l sghA; gka
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• ] eksg v kfn dkxzg.kdjukpkfg,
u dh/ ehZl Ro] jt l ] rel dk ew y xq . kA/ ehZv kS j / eZbu nksuksaesav Hksn gksusosQdkj.k l q • kfn
/ eZgh; gk¡i j xq . k ' kCn l sv fHkçsr gSu fd l Ùokfn / ehZ Abl l sçÑfr l q • nq %
• rFkk eksgkRed
gS; g fl ¼ gksrk gS A
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dqN Hkhl EHko ughagksrkgS Av Fkokç/ ku Lo; adhfoospukughadjrkgSbl dkj.kl sHkhv foosd h
gSAegnkfn rRo Hkh ç/ ku l sfoosfpr ( O;ÙkQ ) ughagksrsgS abl fy, osHkh v foosd h gh gS Aosxq .k
; gk¡O;ÙkQgS
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v O;ÙkQrFkkv foosd hgS Afo"k; bl i n l sv kUrj foKku ç/ kukfn rRo gS; g Li "Vhdj.kughafd; k
x; kgSAbl fo"k; i n osQv FkZl sosQ oy cká xzg.k; ksX; HkksX; i nkFkks±dksghv Ä~ xhÑr fd; kx; k
gSAç/ ku ghl q• nq%
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dgk t krk gS
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20 mPpr j ekè; fed

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a l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr
gh/ eZgS Acqf¼ l sv gÄ~d kj] ml l sbfUæ;karFkk rUek=kk, ¡] v kS
j rUek=kkv ksal sl HkhHkw
r mRiUu gksrs
gS
Abl h çdkj ç/ ku l sHkh cq
a f¼ mRiUu gksrh gS
Abl fy, nksuksadk gh çl o/ feZ Ro fl ¼ gksrk gS
A
iq#"k xq. k fopkj
çl o/ feZ
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a

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Abl fy, Jheku bZ
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mHk; ks%l Ùoj t l ksfeZ uar e mP; r sAAbfrA
Fkq
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bl çdkj l sçhfr rFkk v çhfr v kfn osQ' yksd osQ}kjk rhuksaxq . kksaosQl kekU; Lo: i osQ
ç; kst ukfn dkscrkdj osQfo' ks"k : i l sxq . kksaosQLo: i dFku osQfy, dkfjdkbZ ' oj Ñ".kosQ}kj
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a
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çrhr gksrh gS AD; ksa fd ; si jLi j fo#¼ gS Ai jLi j fojks/h t c feyrsgS arksi jLi j foèoa l v f/ d
djrsga At S
S l sl q Un rFkk mi l q Un uke osQnksjk{kl nsorkv ksadhi q =khosQfnO;ew frZosQn' kZ u l si jLi j
yM+ r sgq
, , d&nw l jsosQÅi j çgkj djusyxsAoS l sgh i jLi j fo#¼ LoHkko xq . k okys; fn feyrs
gSarksosfouk' kdksçkIr gksrsga Arc dgrsfd fi Q
S j fdl çdkj l sbudhi jLi j t uufeFku qof̀Ùkfl ¼
gksrhgS \ rc mÙkj nsrsgq , dgrsgS afdµ budhi jLi j t uufeFkq uof̀Ùknhi dor~fl ¼ gksrhgS AD; ksafd
dk; Zdk mRiknu djrsl e; rhuksaxq . kksadh t ksLoHkko ' kfÙkQgksrh gSog çdkf' kr gksrh gS ] HkksÙkQ
k
osQv n' kZ u osQçHkko l sosi jLi j fo#¼Hkko dksR;kx djosQ, d ghfØ; kdkl Ei knu djrsgS Arc
a
dgrsgS afd l Eçfr l a l kj i jLi j fo#¼ksaosQ, d l kFk v n' kZ u osQdkj.k ; g dYi uk v okUrj fl ¼
gksrhgS Arc bl dk mÙkj nsrsgq , dgrsgS afd t S l s#bZdhcÙkhv kx osQ}kjk u"V gksrh gS ] rsy Hkh
v kx }kjku"V gkst krkgS ] rFkkt yrhgq bZcÙkhHkh; fn rsy l sfey t krhgSrksv fXu u"V gkst krh
gSfi Q j Hkhi jLi j fo#¼ gksrsgq , rsy cÙkh rFkk v fXu feydj osQl cdksçdkf' kr djrsgS Av fXu
a
Toyu' khy rFkky?kqgksrhgS ] cÙkhrFkkrsy t yusesal eFkZrFkkxq #LoHkko osQgksrsgS Arsy rjy gksrk
a
gS] rFkk cÙkh dfBu gksrhgS Abl çdkj fo#¼ LoHkko osQgksrsgq , Hkh rsy cÙkh rFkk v kx osQ}kjk
, d l kFkt ydj çdk' kdksmRiUu djusesal eFkZgksrsgS arksfi Q
j oSQl sl Ro jt rFkkre , d=kgksd j
u; sdkscukusesal eFkZughagksl drsA
rc dgrsgS afd cÙkhrFkkrsy esai jLi j fojks/h/ eZughagksrkgS AcÙkhrsy dk' kks"k.kdjrh
gS; g l R; gSi jUrqml l srsy dk y; ughagksrk gS Aml l srsy rFkk cÙkh osQi jLi j fo#¼Ro osQ
v Hkko l sl Ro jt rFkk reksxq . k osQl kFk rsy cÙkh rFkk v fXu osQl ke×k~ t L; osQv Hkko osQdkj.k
rFkk n`"Vku~o n`"VkUr dh l ekurk osQv Hkko l s; g mnkgj.k l Ä~ xr ughagksrk gSAbl çdkj dh
v k' kÄ~d k djosQokpLi frfeJ i kn okrfi Ùk ' ys"e dk mnkgj.k çLrq r djrsgS At S
a l soS
| ' kkL=k esa
okrfi Ùk rFkk' ys"k osQHkhi jLi j fo#¼ LoHkko gksrsgS Ai jUrq; sfeydj osQ' kjhj dks/ kj.k djrh
a
gSAbu rhuksa/ krq
a v ksaesafo"kerkgksusi j ' kjhj dhj{kkç.kkyhfcxM+t krhgS Arc i q
u%ç' u djrsgS a
fd l Rokxq . kksaosQl eHkko esafLFkfr osQdkj.k rq Y; cy dk çl Ä~ x v k t krk gS
Arq
Y; cyksaosQgh
i jLi j fojks/ gksusi j l Rokfn xq . kksaosQèol agksusdk v k' ka
d k gksrh gS
] rc dgrsfd , slk Hkh ugha
gS] oLrq r %muesarq Y; cy gSgh ughaosrksxkS . k ç/ ku Hkko l sjgrsgS ] bl fy, gh , d dk; Zdks
a
l Ei kfnr djusesal eFkZgksrsgS Açdk' kkfn dk; Zesal Rork osQç/ ku gksusosQdkj.k v yx l gdkjh
a
l EcU/ gksrk gSrFkk çof̀Ùk xq . k jt ksç/ ku gksusosQdkj.k v yx l gdkfj.kh ml hçdkj fu; eu Hkh

22 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj i kB&2
re%ç/ ku gksusosQdkj.k fHkUu l gdkjh / eZgku ssokyk gSA; gk¡i j okrfi Ùk osQn`"VkUr esaokrfi Ùk l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr
osQl eHkkofLFkr l sdk; kZsRifÙk osQn`"VkUr esal Ro jt re osQçl Ä~ x esafo"ke fLFkfr gksusl sxq. kksa
dhdk; kZ sRifÙkosQn`"VkUr esafo"kerkv kt krhgS Abl fy, ; gk¡i j nhi dkdkmnkgj.kghl ghjgrk
iq#"k xq. k fopkj
gS
At Sl scÙkhrs y rFkkvfXu i jLi j fojks/hgksrsgq , nhi d osQv Unj i jLi j l g; kxs djrsgq
, çdk' kkfn
: i dk; Zdkst Ue nsrsgS Abl fy, gh bZ
a ' ojÑ".k usnhi d dk mnkgj.k ; gk¡ i j fn; k gS A

i kBxr ç' u 2-2

1- l Ro i #
q"k dh [ ; kfr fdl sdgrsgS
\
a è; ku nsa
%
2- çÑfr osQrhu xq
. k crkusokyk l ka
[; l w
=k dkS
u&l k gS
\
3- v foosfdRo fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
4- ç/ ku dksD; ksal kekU; dgk t krk gS
\
5- rhuksaxq
. kksaosQD; k&D; k Lo: i gksrsgS
\
a
6- fdl xq
. k dk / eZçdk' k gksrk gS
\
( d) l Ùo dk ( • ) jt dk ( x) re dk
7- xq
. kksaosQfdrusç; kst u gksrsgS
\
a

2-6) i q
#"k d k v d r Z̀
Ro v kS
j cq
f¼ d k t M+
Ro
i#
q"kdkdrZ̀ Ro jfgr gksusi j Hkhml esadrZ̀ Ro dkv kjksi fd; kt krkgS Acqf¼ osQvpsru gksus
i j Hkhcq f¼ esapsruRo dkv kjksi fd; kt krkgS ] bl dkj.kl si q #"krFkkcq f¼ osQHksn dkxzg.kgksrk
gS Abl fy, ¶; g esjk dÙkZ O; gŞ bl çdkj cq f¼ rFkki q #"k esal EcU/] ?kVkfn fo"k; d l EcU/ rFkk
of̀ÙkKku: i O;ki kj l EcU/ bl çdkj l srhu çdkj dkçrhr gksrkgS Aogk¡i j ^esjk* bl çdkj l s
cq f¼ esapsru i q#"k dk l EcU/ LoPN ni Z . k esaeq• osQçfrfcEc osQl EcU/or~v R;Ur LoPN cq f¼
esapsrui q#"k çfrfcEcor~çrhr gksrk gS At S l sni Z. k esaeq• dk dksbZokLrfod l EcU/ ughagksrk gS
og osQ oy çfrfcEc ek=kghl EcU/ gksrkgS ] ml hçdkj LoPN cq f¼ esai q
#"kdkHkhokLrfod l EcU/
ughagksrkgSog HkhosQ oy çfrfcEc ek=kghgksrkgS Ai q
#"krFkkcq f¼ osQi jLi j Hksn osQxzg.kl sbu
nksuka
sdk, dRokfHkeku osQdkj.kcq f¼ esai q#"kl EcU/ çrhr gksrkgS A^; g gS * bl l scq f¼ esa?kVkfn
fo"k; l a c/a HkhgksrkgS Aogk¡cq f¼ dkp{kqv kfn bfUæ;ksaosQ}kjkgksusokyk^; g ?kM+ k* gSbl çdkj
osQKku dk i fj.kke gh ?kVkfn fo"k; ksadk cq f¼ esal EcU/ dgykrk gS Acq f¼ esa?kVkfn fo"k; ksadk
l EcU/] eq • dh ' okl l sv fHkgr ni Z . k esaekfyU; l EcU/ osQt S l sokLrfod gh fn• kbZnsrk gS A
¶djuk pkfg, ¸ bl l scq f¼ esa?kVkfn fo"k; ka sosQfu' p; kRed Kku : i O;ki kj l EcU/ gksrk gS Abl
çdkj l s¶esjk ; gkadrZ O; gŞ bl cq f¼ osQv fHkyki d ' kCn l s¶esjķ bl i n l si q #"k osQl kFk
rFkk ¶; g¸ bl i n l sfo"k; osQl kFk rFkk ¶drZ O;¸ bl i n l sO;ki kj osQl kFk l EcU/ cq f¼ esa
gksrkgS Abl çdkj l srhu çdkj osQl EcU/ gksusosQdkj.kl EcU/=kk; ka ' korhcq f¼ dgykrhgS Aogk¡
ij tS l scqf¼ osQl kFk psru i q #"k dk dksbZokLrfod l EcU/ ughagksrk gS AoSl sgh ml osQKku : i
i fj.kke osQl kFk Hkh ni Z . k esafLFkr ekfyU; osQl kFk eq • osQt S l sv okLrfod gh l EcU/ gksrk gS A
og bl çdkj l sosQ oy of̀Ùk: i hKku dhmi yfC/ uke l s, slkdgkt krk gS¶ eS apsru drkZgw a̧
, lsscqf¼ esav kjkfsi r psru i #q"kdkrnh; i fj.kke: i of̀ÙkosQl kFk¶; g t kurkga w̧bl çdkj dkçrhr

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 23
 i kB&2 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr gksrkgqv k Hkhog ml esagksusokyhof̀ÙkKku dhmi yfC/ fo"k; l sv okLrfod l EcU/ gksrk gS Abl
çdkj l sof̀ÙkosQKku osQt S l sghl q
• ] nq%• ] bPNk] }s"k] / eZ] v / eZv kfn l a
Ldkj Hkhcq f¼ osQgh
iq#"k xq. k fopkj / eZgksrsgS
] ¶l q
a • iw oZd eS adjrkgw ] ¶nq
a %• iw oZ
d eSadrkZgw a̧ bl çdkj l q • nq
%• kfn / eks±osQç; Ru
: i dk; ks±osQl kFk l ekukf/ dj.k esaçrhfr gksrh gS] / ehZosQv Hksn osQfcuk / eks±osQl ekf/ dj.k
dhv çrhfr gksrhgS ] bl çdkj l st S l sç; Ru djusi j cq f¼ osQ/ eZl q• rFkknq %• kfn Hkhcq f¼ osQ
gh / eZekuuk pkfg, A
rc ç' u djrsgS afd dk; Zdjusi j l ekukf/ dj.k osQgksusl sl q • nq
%• kfn dkscq f¼ osQgh
/ eZekursgS ] oS
a l s¶eS
apsru gw ] rFkk drkZgw
a a̧ bl çdkj psru / eZdhHkh l ekukf/ dj.k esaçrhfr
è; ku nsa
% gksusl spsru / eZdksHkh cqf¼ osQt S l sekuuk pkfg, Arc dgrsgS afd , slk ughagS ] D; ka
fsd cq
f¼
osQi fj.kke l spsru dhv uq i fÙk gksrhgS ] i fj.kke osQt S l soLrq
v ksaosQHkhpsruRo dk Kku rksfeêð h
v kfn l sHkh ml h dh mRifÙk gksxhAbl çdkj l s; g v uq eku fl ¼ gksrk gSA¶cq f¼ psruk ughagS
i fj.kkeRokr~fefêðosQt S
l hghgŞAt S l s¶eS apsru drkZga w̧ bl v uqHko l s¶yky Li Q fVd¸ bl çdkj
dh HkzkfUr gksusosQdkj.k cqf¼ esafLFkr psruka ' k HkzkfUr osQ: i osQt S l k gh gSA

2-7) ç/ ku %t xr d k d r kZ
iq#"k osQl Ä~ x jfgr gksusl srFkk fufoZ d kj gksusl sog t xr~dk drkZl EHko ughagksrk gS ]
l ka
[ ; fl ¼kUr esai q #"k osQdrZ̀ Ro dksv Ä~ xhdkj ughafd; k x; k gS Arksdgrsfd i q #"k osQv ykok
fHkUu dksbZbZ ' oj Hkhl k[a; ' kkL=kesaughat kst xr dkdrkZgks] D; ksa fd drkZosQfcukfdl hHkhdk; Z
dhmRifÙkughagksrhgSbl fy, bl dk; Z: i t xr~dkdksbZu dksbZdrkZv o' ; ekuukpkfg, Aog
t xr l ka [ ; fl ¼kUr esadkS u gS\ rc dgrsgS afd t ksLorU=k gksmRifÙk rFkk fouk' k l sjfgr fuR;
rFkk, d v psru ç/ ku ght xr dkdrkZgS AdrkZl srkRi; ZgSfd dk; ZosQv uq ow Q
y Ñfr djusokyk]
ml çdkj dk drZ̀ Ro ç/ ku esaugha#drk gS ] cfYd og rkscq f¼ esagh #drk gS Arksdgrsga Sfd
rksog ç/ ku drkZoS Q
l sgS] rc dgrsgS afd drZ̀ : i hcqf¼ osQmi knkudkj.kRo ç/ ku esagksrk gSbl
dkj.k l sç/ ku esadrZ̀ Ro dgkt krk gS Abl çdkj drkZ : i hcq f¼ esami knku dkj.kRo ekuusi j og
ç/ ku dgykrhgS Abl dkj.k l sç/ ku drkZosQ: i esaml sghLohdkjk t krk gS At Sl s?kV: i dk; Z
dh v uq owQy Ñfr ekuusi j drkZdq y ky gksrk gSml h çdkj t xr~: i h dk; Zdk ÑfrRo cq f¼ esa
ghgksrkgSu gd ç/ ku esafl ¼ gksrkgS Av kS
j Hkh¶ft l çdkj dk dk; ZgksrkgSml hçdkj ml dk
dkj.kHkhgksrkgS A; g l al kj dkv O;fHkpfjr fu; e gS A; g f=kxq . kkRed gS] bl fy, bl dkdkj.kHkh
f=kxq. kkRed gksukpkfg, Abl dkj.k l sHkhfl f¼ gksrkgSfd ç/ ku ght xr~dkdrkZgSD; ksa fd og
f=kxq. kkRed gksrk gS At Sl sç; ksx djrsgS afd ¶; g dk; Z: i t xr~l q • nq%• rFkk eksg esal a y Xu gS
A
t ksft l essal ay Xu gksrk gSog ghml dk dkj.k gksrkgS At Sl sl ksusosQv kHkw"k.kksaesal q
o.kZdksgksusosQ
dkj.k mudk l q o.kZdkj.k gksrk gS ] oS
l sgh ; g ml dk gSbl çdkj l st kuuk pkfg, A

2-8) i j kFkZ
çÑfr d h çof̀Ùk
çÑfr essaft ruhl Hkhdhçof̀ÙkgSosLokFkZv Fkoki jkFkZl snf̀"Vi FkgksrhgS AçÑfr rkst M+
gSml dh LokFkZrFkk i jkFkZçof̀Ùk ughagksrh gSfi Q
j Hkh l al kj esai jkFkZçof̀Ùk ns• h t krh gS Al a
l kj
esans• k t krk gSfd v psru Hkh ç; kst u dh çof̀Ùk gksrk gS
At S l sxk; esacNM+ sdksc<+ kusokyk nw /
Hkhv psru gksrkgS ] , slsv ps
r u çÑfr Hkhi q
#"kosQeks{kosQfy, çof̀ÙkgksrhgS Abl fy, l ka [ ; dkfjdk
esabZ
' oj Ñ".k osQ}kjk dgk x; k gS &
24 mPpr j ekè; fed
l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj i kB&2
oRl foof̀¼fufeÙka{khj L; ; Fkk çof̀Ùkj KL; A l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr
iq#"kfoeks{kfufeÙkar Fkk çof̀Ùk%ç/ kuL; AAbfrA¹ l ka
[ ; dkfjdk 57º
iq#"k xq. k fopkj
bl dkv FkZgS µtS l sv Kku okysv psru nw/ dkHkhcNM+ sdhof̀¼ osQfufeÙkxk; osQcNM+ s
os
Qi ks"k.kos
Qfy, çof̀ÙkLo; aghmRiUu gksrhgS Aml hçdkj vpsru ç/ ku os Qi q
#"kosQeks{kos
QfufeÙk
çof̀Ùk Lo; agh gksrh gSA
ml dh osQoy i jkFkZgh çof̀Ùk gksrh gSv fi rqLokFkZçof̀Ùk Hkh ns• h t krh gS
At S
l syksd esa
bPNkv ksadhfuof̀Ùk osQfy, çof̀Ùk ns• h t krhgSoS l sghç/ ku i q
#"k dheks{k osQfy, çof̀Ùk ns• h
t krhgS
A
è; ku nsa
%
bl fy, dgk x; k gS µ
v kS
Rl q
D; fuoÙ̀; FkZ
a; Fkk fØ; kl qçor Zr sy ksd %
A
iq#"kL; foeks{kkFk±çor Z r sr } nO;ÙkQAAbfrA¹ l ka
e~ [ ; dkfjdk 58º
; gk¡ i j v kS Rl q
D; i n dk v FkZbPNk gS
] og gh rhuksaxq
. kksadh i ; kZ
Ir of̀Ùk gS
] ; g psru / eZ
U;k; osQv uq l kj ughagS Aog bPNkbfPNr oLrqdhçkfIr osQckn fuor̀ gkst krhgS At Sl sfdl hi q
#"k
dhbfPNr oLrq v ksadksçkIr djusdhbPNkgksrhgSrc og ml oLrqdhçkfIr osQfy, xeu v kxeu
: i hfØ; kv ksaesaçoÙ̀kgksrkgS At c ml dksog oLrqçkIr gkst krhgSrc ml dhfuof̀Ùkgkst krhgS A
rks; gk¡i j çkI; oLrqD; kgS \ rksdgrsgS afd i #
q"kdkfoeks{kghçÑfr osQ}kjkpkgkx; kgS Abl l s
ghi jkFkZghçÑfr dhçof̀ÙkgksrhgS; g t kukx; kgS ]iQy osQi jxr gksusosQdkj.kml esaghLokFkZ
rq
Y; kfn Hkko gksrsgS A
a
bl çdkj l sçÑfr rFkk i q #"k osQfoosd Kku l si q #"k dk t c eks{k gkst krk gSrc çÑfr
Lo; afuofrZ r gkst krh gS Abl fy, dgk x; k gS µ
j Ä~xL; n' kZf; Rok fuor Z
r sur Zd h ; Fkk uR̀;kr ~
A
iq#"kL; r Fkk¿¿Rekuaçd k' ; fofuor Z r sçÑfr % AAbfrA¹ l ka
[ ; dkfjdk 59º
t lSsurZ
d hukVÔ'kkykesai #q"kksadksuR̀; fn• kdj osQuR̀; l sfuofrZ
r gkst krhgSAoSl sghçÑfr
Hkh i q
#"k dksv i uk Lo: i fn• kdj fuor̀ gkst krh gS A

2-9) bZ
' oj
l k[a; n' kZ
u osQer esabZ
' oj l n~
Hkko osQfo"k; esafo}kuksauscgq
r çdkj osQerHksn i k; st krs
gS
At S
a l k fd bl ' yksd esadgk x; k gS A
l ka
[ ; k%fuj h' oj k%osQ fpr ~osQfpnh' oj nsor k%A
l oZs"kkefi r s"kkaL; kÙkÙokukai ×k~
p foa AAbfrA
' kfr %
( dqN l ka[ ; bZ ' oj dksughaekursdq N ekursgS ] l Hkhdq
a y feykdj osQi Pphl rRoksadksgh
ekursgS
)
a
ogk¡b'Zoj dksLohdkj djusosQfo"k; esarFkkv LohdkjusosQfo"k; esacgq r çdkj dh; q fÙkQ; k¡
gSa^^bZ
' ojkfl ¼s%̧ ( l ka
[;l =
wke~1-92) bfr ¶us
' ojkf/ f"Brsi Q
yfu"i fÙk%deZ . kkrfRl¼s%̧ (5-2) ; gk¡
l sysd j ¶l EcU/kHkkokUukuq ekue~
¸ ( 5-22) bl l w=krd ns• usv usd yksx , slkekursgS afd l ka
[;
dksLohdkj djusokysyksx fujh' oj gS Adq
a N osQer esal w =k ; q
ÙkQl ka
[ ; n' kZ
u fujh' oj oknh ugha
gSAmuosQer esal a
a l kj osQv f/ "Bkrk l c dq
N t kuusokyk l Hkh dk drkZv kfn bu i nksal sbZ ' oj
Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 25
 i kB&2 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr v Fkoki jekRekdhfl f¼ dhxbZgSAt ksbl çdkj l sl w
=kesaçkIr gksrkgS
& ¶rRl fUu/ kuknf/ "BkrR̀oa
ef.kor~¸ ( 1-96) bfr] ¶l fg l oZ
for~l oZ
d rkZ̧ ( 3-56) ¶us'ojkf/ f"Brsi Qyl Ei fÙk%deZ . kk
iq#"k xq. k fopkj rfRl ¼s%̧ ( 5-2) A
oLrqr %l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esat M+çÑfr dksght M+t xr dkmi knku dkj.kekursgS au fd psru
iq #"k dksAysfdu t xr osQv f/ "Bkrk osQ: i esarFkk fu; Urk osQ: i esai q #"k dksgh Lohdkj djrs
gS Al ka
a [ ; er osQv uq l kj oghi q#"k bZ
' oj gSu fd v kS j dqN rRoAbl çdkj osQi q #"k dksosnkUr esa
b'Zoj ughaekukx; kgS At M+t xr dkmiknu dkj.kosHkhpsru dksghLohdkj djrsgS arFkkosml dh
fl f¼ osQfy, ek; k: i hv U; rRo dhdYi kukdjrsgS Al ka
a [ ; rkst xr~osQmi knku osQ: i esapsru
è; ku nsa
% i q#"k dksv Ä~xhdkj ughadjrsgS a; gk¡ rkst M+çÑfr dksgh v Ä~ xhdkj fd; k t krk gSbl esadksbZ
v l e×k~ t l ughagS ] v r%l ka[ ; dkfjdk esabZ' oj osQfo"k; esav kS
j dq N ughadgk x; k gS A

i kBxr ç' u 2-3

1- cq
f¼ esat M+
Ro rFkk drZ̀
Ro oS
Q
l sfl ¼ gksrk gS
\
2- l ka
[ ; fl ¼kUr osQv uq
l kj t xr osQdrkZdkS
u gS
\
3- drZ̀
Ro fdl sdgrsga
\
S
4- v psru dh çof̀r gsrqdkS
u&l k n`"VkUr gS
\
5- N%v kfLrd n' kZ
uksaesafujh' ojoknh n' kZ
u dkS
u&l sdgsx; sgS
\
a
( d) uS
; kf; d ( • ) oS
' ksf"kd ( x) l ka
[; ( ?k) osnkfUr

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\
3- rhuksaxq
. kksaosQoS
"kE; l sD; k mRiUu gksrk gS
\
4- , d ç/ ku fofp=k dk; Zjpuk dksl Ei kfnr djrk gS; gk¡ i j l ka
[ ; dkfjdk dh dkfjdk
dkSu&l h gS
\
5- çy; dky osQl e; esaxq
. kksadk fdl çdkj l si fj.kke gksrk gS
\
6- l ka
[ ; osQer esal f̀"V dk D; k ç; kst u gS
\
7- çÑfr i q
#"k osQl a
; ksx l sl f̀"V esa; gk¡ i j fdu nksn`"VkUrksadksdkfjdk esafn; k x; k gS
A
8- iq
#"k osQl kfuè; l sgh cq
f¼ esadrZ̀
o gksrk gS; g dfi y l w
=k dkS
u&l k gS
\

3-4) l f̀"V d k Øe
v Lrqrksi Ä~ XoU/or~: i l sçÑfr rFkki q #"kdkl a ; ksx gksrkgSrFkkbl l a ; ksx l sD; kfl ¼
gksrkgSµ rc dgrsgS a¶ml os
Q}kjkdhxbZl f̀"V¸ Av FkZçÑfr rFkki q #"kosQl a ; ksx l sghl f̀"V curh
gS
A; gk¡ mi knku dkj.k Hkh çÑfr gh gS Abl fy, l f̀"V osQØe esadgk x; k gSfdµ
çÑr seZ gkaLr r ks¿gÄ~
d kj Lr Lekn~x. k' p "kksM"kd %A
r Leknfi "kksM"kd kr ~i ×k~ p H; %i ×k~p Hkwr kfuAAbfrA¹ l ka [ ; dkfjdk 22º
ç/ ku l segrRo v FkkZ r ~cq f¼ dh mRifÙk gksrhgS ] egrRo l sv gÄ~ d kj mRiUu gksrk gS ] ml
v gÄ~ d kj l sl ksy g x.k mRiUu gksrsgS Al ksy g x.k D; k&D; k gS \ rc dgrsgSX; kjg bfUæ;k¡] i k¡p
a
rUek=kk, ¡"kksM'kx.kdgykrsgS Aml "kksM' kx.kl sHkhi k¡p rUek=kkv ksadhi k¡p egkHkw
a r v kdk' kkfn dh
mRifÙk gksrhgS A
çÑfr

egRo

32 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal f̀"V fopkj i kB&3
 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa
vgÄ~ d kj

l f̀"V fopkj
eu p{kqJks=k ft Þok ukfl dk Rod~okd~i kf.k i kn i k; qmi LFk
' kCn Li ' kZ : i jl xU/ ( "kksM"kd x.k)
    
v kdk' k ok; qrst t y i f̀Fkoh
' kCn rUek=kkl sv kdk' kdhmRifÙkgksrhgSt ksft l esa' kCn xq . kgksrkgS ] ' kCnrUek=kkosQLi ' kZ
rUek=kk l sok; qdhmRifÙk gksrhft l osQ' kCn rFkk Li ' kZ; snksxq. k gksrsgS r Uek=kk osQl kFk è; ku ns
A' kCnLi ' kZ a
%
: i rUek=kkl srst dhmRifÙkgksrhgSft l osQ' kCn Li ' kZrFkk: i xq . kgksrsgSA' kCnLi ' kZ: i rUek=kk
osQl fgr jl rUek=kk l st y dh mRifÙk gksrh gSft l osQ' kCn]Li ' kZ ]: i rFkk jl xq . k gksrsgSA
a
' kCn]Li ' kZ
]: i rFkk jl ek=kk osQl fgr xU/ rUek=kk l s i f̀Fkoh dh mRifÙk gksrh gSft l osQ
' kCn]Li ' kZ
]: i ]jl rFkkxU/ xq . kgksrsgS
Ai Pphl rRoksaosQeè; i q
a #"krFkkçÑfr dkl t̀ u ughagksrk
gSAmu nksuksaosQLo: i ksadki w oZesafoLrkj l si fjp; nsfn; kx; k gS Av HkhçÑfr l sft u rRoksadh
l f̀"V gqbZgsmuosQfo"k; ksadk Øe l sv kykspu djsa xsA

3-5) egÙkÙo
çÑfr osQl kfRod v a' kl st ksrRo l oZçFke mRiUu gksrkgSog egr~rRo dgykrkgS Abl dk
gh ukekUr cq f¼rRo gksrk gSA l Ro xq . k çk/ kU; l sbl esay?kq
Ro rFkk çdk' k jgrk gS
] bl fy,
l ka
[ ; dkfjdk esadgk x; k gSA
v è; ol k; kscq
f¼/ Z
ekZsKkuafoj kx , s'o; Z e~A
l kfÙod esrn~: i ar kel eLekf} i ; Z
Lr e~ AAbfrA¹ 33º
¶esjs}kjk; g fd; kx; ķ bl çdkj osQv kdkj dkfu' p; ghv è; ol k; dgykrkgS
Afo"k;
dksv f/ Ñr djosQt ksfu' p; fd; k t krk gSog v è; ol k; dgykrk gSA
v è; ol k; kfRedkghcq f¼ dk y{k.kgS Abl fy, l ka [ ; ' kkL=kesadgkx; k gS¶v è; ol k; ks
cqf¼%̧ ( 2-13) bfrAl a l kj esal kekU; yksx t c fdl hdeZesaçoÙ̀kgksrsgS Arc ml osQv Ur%dj.k
a
esarhu of̀Ùk; k¡ gksrhgS
]t S
l si gysv kykspu ( oLrqdk Kku) ml l s¶eS av f/ dkjhgw
¡¸ bl çdkj dk
v fHkeku] fi Qj ml l s¶esjs}kjk ; g fd; k t kuk pkfg, ¸ ; g v è; ol k; ( fu' p; Kku) Abuesat ks
rhl jh of̀Ùk gSft l esafu' p; kRed Kku gksrk gSog gh cq f¼ gS A ml cq f¼ esapkj l kfRod
/ eZ
] pkj rkel / eZgksrsgS Aml esa/ eZ
a ] Kku] fojkx] , s'o; Z
] ; sl kfRod / eZgksrsgS ArFkk bl osQ
a
foi jhr v / eZ] v Kku] v fojkx] v uS ' o; Z; spkj rkekfl d / eZgksrsgS A
a
rc ç' u djrsgS afd v psru cq f¼ l sfdl çdkj yksd or~fu' p; l EHko gksrkgS Arc dgrs
gSafd pSr U; i q
#"k osQl kfuè; l s] rFkk fpÙkek=k i q
#"k osQcqf¼#i hv Ur% dj.k ofrZ
Ro gksusl sAt S
ls
, d LFkku esafLFkr Li QfVd rFkk t i koqQl eiq"i ] ogk¡Li QfVd esat i koq
Q
l e dk yksfgR; v k t krk
gS] oS
l sgh fpÙk dh l fUuf/ l scq f¼ Hkh psruor~fu' p; dkfj.kh gkst krh gS A

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 33
 i kB&3 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal f̀"V fopkj

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa 3-6) v gÄ~ d kj
l f̀"V fopkj egr~rRo l sv gÄ~d kj rRo mRiUu gksrkgS
Aml dky{k.kD; kgS
\ rc l ka
[ ; dkfjdkesadgrsgS
v fHkekuks¿ga d kj Lr Lekn~f} fo/ %çor Zr sl xZ
%
A
, d kn' kd ' p x. kLr Uek=ki ×k~ oAAbfrA ¹ üþº
p d ' pS
v fHkeku ghv gÄ~
d kj dgykrkgS A¶eS
a; gk¡v f/ Ñr g¡w̧ ¶; sfo"k; esjsfy, gŞ ¶esjsv ykok
v kS
j dksbZvf/ Ñr gŞ ¶bl fy, eSagw
a̧ bl çdkj dkt ksvfHkeku gSog vl k/ kj.kO ; ki kj v gÄ~d kj
dgykrk gS Aog ghv gÄ~ d kj esacq
f¼ dk ; g v è; ol k; gksrk gSfdA¶drZ O;esrUe; k** ( esjs}kjk
è; ku nsa
% djuk pkfg, ) bfrAml v gÄ~d kj l snksçdkj dhl f̀"V mRiUu gksrhgS ) bfUæ;ksadk , dkn' k x.k]
• ) i k¡p rUek=kk, ¡A
, d v gÄ~
d kj l snksçdkj dh l f̀"V mRiUu gksrh gSbl dk D; k dkj.k gSrc dgrsga
&
S
l kfÙod , d kn' kd %çor Z r soS Ñr kngÄ~ d kj kr ~A
Hkw
r knsLr Uek=k%l r kel Lr S
t l knq Hk; e~ AAbfrA¹ l ka [ ; kdkfjdk&25º
l Ro xq . k ç/ ku t ksv gÄ~
d kj gSog oS Ñr bl uke l sçfl ¼ gS Aml l Ro xq . k ç/ ku okys
oSÑr v gÄ~ d kj l s, dkn' kx.k v FkkZr ~, dkn' kbfUæ;ksafd mRifÙkgksrhgS Are ç/ ku v gÄ~ d kj l s
i k¡p rUek=kkvksa dhmRifÙkgkrshgS Ajt ksxq . kl snksuksaX; kjg bfUæ;ksadhrFkki k¡p rUek=kkvksadhmRifÙk
gksrhgS A
v gÄ~ d kj esaghrhuksaxq . kjgrsgS Al Ro] jt rFkkreAt c l Roxq
a . kl sjt rFkkreksxq . kdk
v fHkHko gksrkgSrc v gÄ~ d kj dhoS Ñr~l aKkgksrhgS Aml oS Ñr~v gÄ~ d kj l sl Roxq. kdhl gk; rk
l sX; kjg bfUæ;k¡mRiUu gksrhgS AmuesamPp l Roxq
a . kç/ ku eu gksrkgS Aeè; e l Ro ç/ ku KkusfUæ;k¡
gksrhgS AfuÑ"V l Ro ; Ù
a qkQv gÄ~ d kj l sdeZ sfUæ;k¡mRiUu gksrhgS A, slkt kuukpkfg, At c reksxq
a .k
l sl Ro rFkkjt dk frjLdkj gksrkgSv gÄ~ d kj dhHkw r kfn l a
Kk, ¡gksrhgS Areksxq . kdhv f/ drkl s
rkel ; sHkhl a Kk gksrhgS Abl Hkw r kfn reksxq. k osQdkj.k ml osQl eku LoHkko okysgksrsgS arFkk , oa
mul s' kCnkfn i ×k~prUek=kk, ¡mRiUu gksrhgS Abl çdkj l st c jt ksxq . k l sl Rojt ksxq. k dk v fHkHko
gksrk gS] rc v gÄ~ d kj dh rS tl la Kk gksrh gS Aml rst l v gÄ~ d kj l sX; kjg bfUæ;k¡ rFkk i k¡p
rUek=kkv ka
sdhmRifÙkgkrshgS At c oS Ñr vgÄ~ d kj foÑr gksd j X; kjg bfUæ;k¡dksmRiUu djukpkgrk
gS] rc og fuf"Ø; gksusosQdkj.kLodk; Zdksdjusesal eFkZughagksrkgS ] bl fy, og fØ; kLoHkko
okysrst l vgÄ~ d kj dhl gk; rkxzg.kdjrkgS ArFkkrkel v gÄ~ d kj Hkhfuf"Ø; gksusl srUek=k: i
v i usdk; ZdksmRiUu djusesaçofrZ r ughagksrkgSog HkhrS t l v gÄ~ d kj dhl gk; rkxzg.kdjrk
gSAbl çdkj l soS Ñr v gÄ~ d kj l srFkkHkw r kfn vgÄ~ d kj l smu nksuksadhl gk; rkl srS t l v gÄ~d kj
nksçdkj osQdk; ks±dk dkj.k fl f¼ gksrh gS A

3-7) bfUæ; k¡
i k¡p KkusfUæ;k¡Jks=k] Rod~] p{kq ] jl uk] ?kzk.k] gksrhgS
AoS
a l sghi k¡p deZ
sfUæ;k¡okd~] gLr] i S
j]
i k; ]qrFkkmiq LFkgksrhgS Av kS j bu nksuksaçdkj dhbfUæ;ksaosQl kFkeu X; kjgohabfUæ; gksrhgS AbfUæ;k¡
l kfRod v gÄ~ d kj osQ}kjkmRiUu gksrhgS Av gÄ~
a d kj dk; ZRo rFkkdkj.kRo v yx ghgksrkgS AbfUæ;
v FkkZr ~bfUæ; dhçR;{kv kRek osQfyÄ~ x dk v uq eki d ghbfUæ;k¡gksrhgS Abl fy, fu#ÙkQO;k[ ; k
a
esaHkxon~nq xkZ
pk; Zusdgk gSfd& bfUæ; dhv kRekl sft l osQ}kjkns• k t krkgS ] xzg.kfd; kt krk

34 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal f̀"V fopkj i kB&3
gS
] v uq
eku fd; k t krk gSogkav kRek ghbl dj.k dk drkZgS AbfUæ;k¡v drZ̀
d dj.k ughagksrhgS l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa
bfUæ;k¡ fo"k; xzkgdRo l sKku osQl k/ u gksrh gS Abl fy, l ka
a [ ; dkfjdk esadgk x; k gS
A
l f̀"V fopkj
cq ¼hfUæ; kf. k p{kq %J ks=k?kzk. kj l uRoxk[ ; kfuA
okDi kf. ki kni k; w
i LFkkfu d eZ sfUæ; k. ; kgq
%AAbfrA¹ 26º

3-7-1) KkusfUæ; k¡
Jks=k ( dku) ] v k¡• ] Ropk] ft Þok rFkk ukfl dk ; si k¡p KkusfUæ;k¡gS arFkk ; sKku dk l k/ u
djusosQdkj.k KkusfUæ;k¡ dgykrhgS AJo.kkfn dk; ks±osQ}kjk ; sKku dk l k/ u djrh gS
a AKku osQ
a
fy, bfUæ;k¡ gh KkusfUæ;k¡ dgykrh gS Abl fy, dgk x; k gS
a & è; ku nsa
%
, oaJ ks=kaRopksus=kaj l uk ukfl d k r FkkA
i ×k~p cq ¼hfUæ; k. ; kgq%' kkL=kKk fg fop{k. kk% AAbfrA
Jks=kkfn i k¡p bfUæ;ksadhi k¡p of̀Ùk; k¡gksrhgS
AJks=kdkdk; Z' kCn Jo.k] Ropkdkdk; ZLi ' kZ
a
xzg.k] p{kqdkdk; Z: i n' kZ u] jl ukdkdk; Zjl xz g.krFkk?kzk.kdkdk; ZxU/ xz g.kgksrkgS Abudh
of̀ÙkO; ki kj dgykrhgS Abl fy, v{ki knl = w
kes adgkx; kgS&¶xU/jl : i Li ' k'ZkCnk%i f̀FkO
; kfnxq
. kkLrnFkk%̧
Z
bfrAv =k okRL; k; uHkk"; e~& ¶i f̀FkO;knhuka; Fkkfofu; ksxaxq . kk bfUæ;k.kka; FkkØee~v FkkZ %fo"k; k%
bfr¸ AArFkk pksÙkQ e~&
' kCn%Li ' kZ
' p : i ap j l ksxU/ ksáuq Øekr ~
A
cq ¼hfUæ; k. kkafo"k; k%l ek[ ; kr k egf"kZ AAbfrA
fHk%

3-7-2) d eZ
sfUæ; k¡
eq• ] gkFk] i Sj ] i k; q
] mi LFk] ; si k¡p deZ
sfUæ;k¡ gS
AdeZdksdjusesat ksl k/ u : i gS
a aos
deZsfUæ;k¡dgykrhgS Aopukfn dk; ZosQ}kjk fØ; k dhfu"i fÙkgksusosQdkj.k bfUæ;ksadk og dk; Z
a
okpdRo dgykrk gS Abl fy, dgk x; k gS &
gLr i knaxq nksiLFkaft ÞosfUæ; eFkkfi okA
d eZsfUæ; kf. k i ×k~pS o d Fk; fUr foi f' pr % AAbfrA
; gk¡i j ft ÞokbfUæ; osQi n l seq • dkxzg.kdjukpkfg, Abu i k¡p bfUæ;ksadhi k¡p of̀Ùk; k¡
HkhgkrshgSA
aoksgS aeq• dkscksy ukrFkkHkkstu djuk] gkFkdksys
ukv kjSi S
j dhpyuk] i k; qdkfol t Z u
djuk rFkk mi LFk dk v kuUn çnku djukA v r%dgk x; k gS&¶opuknkufogj.kksRl xkZ uUnk' p
i ×k~
pkuke~
¸ bfrA

3-7-3) Kkud eZ
sfUæ;
eu nksuksaçdkj dk gksrk gSKkusfæ; HkhrFkk deZ sfUæ; HkhAp{kqv kfn KkusfUæ;k¡ rFkk okxkfn
deZ sfUæ;k¡eu esav f/ f"Br gksrhgq bZv i usfo"k; kasesaçoÙ̀kgksrhgS ] bl dkj.kl seu mHk; kRed gksrk
gS
AKku rFkkdeZnksuksadhl k/ d bfUæ;k, ¡KkudeZ sfUæ;k¡dgykrhgSv kS j eu l HkhbfUæ;ksadkçorZ d
gksrk gSAv r%dgk x; k gS µ
eukscq ¼hfUæ; afoKS %d eZ sfUæ; efi Ler̀ e~ A
euks¿f/ f"Br esosnfefUæ; a; Rçor Z r sAAbfrA
, oe~v FkkZr ~X; kjgohabfUæ; eu gksrh gS A

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 35
 i kB&3 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal f̀"V fopkj

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa 3-8) r Uek=kk, ar Fkk egkHkw r
l f̀"V fopkj v gÄ~
d kj l st ksl ksy g x.k dh mRifÙk gksrh gS
Aml x.k esai k¡p rUek=kk, ¡ Hkh jgrh gS Aos
a
rUrek=kk, ¡' kCnrUek=kk] Li ' kZ
r Uek=kk] : i rUek=kk] jl rUek=kk] rFkk xU/ rUek=kkgksrhgS ArUek=kk bl
a
i n l si ×k~
pegkHkw r ksaoQ
hl w{ekoLFkk osQ: i rFkk xq . k fofof{kr gksrsgS At S
a l sv kdk' k dk xq . k ' kCn]
ok; qdk Li ' kZ] rst dk : i ] t y dk jl v kS j i f̀Fkoh dk xq . k xU/ gksrk gSAbu ' kCnkfn rUek=kkv ksa
l si k¡p egkHkw r v kdk' kkfn dh mRifÙk gksrh gS A bu i k¡p egkHkw r ksaosQi jLi j l feJ.k l sbl
O;ogkjkRed LFkw y t xr~dh l f̀"V gq bZgS
A
è; ku nsa
%
i kBxr i z'u 3-2
1- "kksM' k x.k fdl l smRiUu gksrsga
\
S
( d) çÑfr l s ( • ) egr~rÙo l s ( x) v gÄ~
d kj l s ( ?k) i q
#"k l s
2- KkusfUæ;k¡ fdruh gksrh ga
\
S
3- deZ
sfUæ;k¡ fdruh gksrh ga
\
S
4- cq
f¼ dkS
u&l sLo: i okyh gksrh gS
\
5- v gÄ~
d kj dk D; k y{k.k gS
\
6- i k¡p rUek=kk, ¡dku
S&dkS
u l h gS
\
a
7- i k¡p rUek=kk, ¡ fdl l smRiUu gksrh gS
\
a
( d) çÑfr l s ( • ) egr~rÙo l s ( x) re%
ç/ ku v gÄ~
d kj l s
( ?k) l Ùoç/ kukr~v gÄ~
d kj l s
8- , dkn' k x.k fdl l smRiUu gksrsgS
\
a
( d) çÑfr l s ( • ) egr~rÙo l s ( x) re%
ç/ ku v gÄ~
d kj l s
( ?k) l Ùoç/ kukr~v gÄ~d kj l s

3-9) v "V çÑfr ; k¡

' kCnkfn i k¡p rUek=kk, ¡] egr~( cq
f¼ ) ew y çÑfr] rFkkv gÄ~ d kj ; sv kB çÑfr gksrhgS A; gk¡
a
i j çÑfr bl i n l smi knku dkj.kksadksl e>uk pkfg, Abuesat ksew y çÑfr v FkkZ r osQ
oy çÑfr
gSdksbZmi knku dkj.k ughagS Aewy çÑfr fuR; gS At Sl sv U; l HkhosQLo; aosQmi knku dkj.k gksrs
ga] oS
S l sghbuosQHkhmi knku dkj.kgksrsgS At S
a l s' kCnkfn i k¡p rUek=kk, ¡ v kdk' kkfn i ×k~
pegkHkwr ka
sosQ
mi knku dkj.kgS ] ml hçdkj dk; Zv gÄ~ d kj osQmi knku dkj.kgS ArFkkv gÄ~
a d kj i k¡p rUek=kkrFkk
X; kjg bfUæ;ksadkmi knku dkj.kgS ] dk; ZegRo osQmi knku dkj.kgS Aegr~v gÄ~ d kj rFkkrFkkdk; Z
ç/ ku dk mi knku dkj.k gS A

36 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal f̀"V fopkj i kB&3
3-10) d j . k l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa
egÙkRo ( cq f¼) ] v ga
d kj osQl kFk p{k]q Roo~ Q] jl uk] ukfl dk v kS
j Jks=k ; si k¡p KkusfUnz;k¡_ l f̀"V fopkj
oko~Q] i kf.k] okn] ok; qv kSj mi LFk ; si k¡p desfZUnz;k¡, oaeu mHk; kRed bfUnz; gS Abl i zd kj dj.k
( bfUnz;k¡) rs
j g i zd kj dhgSAdj.kuke gSfof' k"Vdkj.kdkAft l dhv uq
a i fLFkfr esadk; ZdhmRifÙk
vl Hako gksog dkj.kgksrkgS A; Fkkn.MosQfcuk?kVdhmRifÙkughagksrhvr%n.M?kVdhmRifÙk
dkdkj.kgS AoSÕ;kdj.kfØ; kdhfu"i fÙkesal k{kkr~v O;o/ ku l st ksl k/ u gksrkgSml sdkj.kdgrs
gSAokD; i nh; esadgk x; k gS
a &
fØ; k; k%i Qy fu"i fÙk; Z
} Õ;ki kj knuUrj e~
A è; ku nsa
%
foo{; r s; nk ; =k d j . kar r ! r nk Ler̀ e~
AA
fØ; rsv usu bfr dj.ke~ Av FkkZ
r ~ft l l sdk; Zdh fl f¼ gksrh gSog dj.k gS Acq ¼Õ;kfn
osQ}kjk gh dk; Zfl ¼ gksrsgS av r%osdj.k i n osQokP; gS Abl i zd kj i ka
a p KkusfUnz;k¡] i k¡p
desZ
fUnz;k¡] eu] v ga
d kj , oacq
f¼ ; srsjg dj.k dgykrsgS A
a

3-11) v Ur%
dj.k
eu] cq f¼] v gÄ~d kj rFkk fpÙk ; sv Ur%dj.k dh pkj çdkj dh of̀Ùk gksrh gS A buesa
a
l Ä~
d Yi fodYi kRed eu gksrk gS] cqf¼ fu' p; kfRedk gksrh gS
] ^eS
* bl i n osQv fHkeku okyk
a
v gÄ~
d kj gksrk gS
] Lej.k djusokyk fpÙk gksrk gS
A
eu] cqf¼ rFkkv gÄ~ d kj osQHksn l sv Ur%dj.krhu çdkj dkgksrkgS Abuesaeu v kfn rhuksa
' kjhj dh v kH; Urj of̀Ùk gksusosQdkj.k v Ur%dj.k dgykrsgS Aft l osQ}kjk deZfd; st k, ¡ og
a
dj.kdgykrkgS Av Unj v FkkZr ~' kjhj esafLFkr gkrssgq
, t ksvn`' ; gksrsgq
, dj.kgkrssgSosv Ur%dj. k
dgykrsgS A
' kjhj easfLFkr i nkFkZl q
• kfn dk t ksl k/ u djrsgS aosdj.k gksrsgS
Al ad Yi kRed eu]
v è; ol k; kfRedk cqf¼ rFkk v fHkekukRed v gÄ~ d kj ; srhu y{k.k v Ur%dj.k osQcrk, x; sgS
A
a

3-12) i ×p ok; q
cqf¼] v gÄ~ d kj rFkk eu rFkk rhuka s v Ur%dj.k dh t ks l kekU; of̀Ùk; k¡ gS a budh
l k/ kj.kO;ki kjHkrw(fØ; kdjokusokyh) i kp ¡ ok; qgkrshgSAosgSaçk.k] vi ku] O;ku] mnku rFkkl ekuA
v r%l k[a; dkfjdk esadgk x; k gS µ
l kekU;d j . kof̀Ùk%çk. kk| k ok; o%i ×k~ p AA¹ 29º
rc ç' u djrsgSfd l k/ kj.kO;ki kj D; kgS \ mÙkjµ t S
l s, d l kekU; t ky : i hfi apjsdks
mM+ kusosQfy, l Hkh dcw r jksaosQ}kjk , d l kFk feyd osQt ksO;ki kj fd; k t krk gS ]oS
l sgh ' kjhj
esat hou / kj.kgsrqçk.kkfn dkO;ki kj gksrkgS ] og vUr%dj.kosQl kFkfeydj l k/ kj.kO;ki kj djrs
gSAt S
a l sv usd i {kh, d l kFkfeydj O;ki kj ( fØ; k) djrsgq , , d fi a
t jsdkspykrsgSoS l sgh, d
l kFkfeydj v usd v Ur%dj.k, d ' kjhj dks pykrsgS Açk.kkfn : i ok; qosQl a
a pkj djusosQdkj.k
ok; qdgykrsga ] ; sçfl ¼ ok; qughagksrsgS
S Amudk ' kjhj v oLFkku : i hHksn gksrk gS
a Av oLFkku osQ
Hksn l sosi k¡p çdkj dhgksrhgS Amuesaçk.k& ukfl dk] ân; ]ukfHkrFkki Sj osQv Ä~ xq
"B rd gksrkgS ]

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 37
 i kB&3 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal f̀"V fopkj

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa v i ku& xnZ
u os Qi hNsosQHkkx esa]iS j osQfi NysfgLl sesa
] i k; qrFkkmiLFkos Qi kl esajgrkgS ] l eku&
ukfHkesarFkk' kjhj dhl fU/; ksaesa
] mnku& ân; ] d.B]rkyq ] ew / kZrFkkHkzwosQeè; esav ksj O;ku Ropk
l f̀"V fopkj esajgrk gS
Av r%dgk x; k gS &
âfn çk. kksxq
ns¿i ku%l ekuksukfHkl a fLFkr %
A
mnku%d . Bns'kLFkksO;ku%l oZ ' kj hj x%AAbfrA
u osQoy LFkku Hksn l st hou dh of̀Ùk; k¡ ( i k¡p) i k¡p çdkj dh gksrh gSv fi rqO;ki kj osQ
Hksn HkhbuosQi k¡p çdkj osQgksrsgSAt Sl s& çk.kdkdk; Z' kjhj dks/ kj.kdjusosQfy, v Uukfn dks
i pkuk] v i ku dkdk; Zeyew =kkfn dksuhpsyst kuk] l eku dkdk; ZukfM; ksaesajl osQi gq ¡pkuk] mnku
è; ku nsa
% dk dk; Zjl kfn; ksadksÅi j yst kuk rFkk O;ku dk dk; Z' kfÙkQrFkk deZdk gsrq cuuk gS A

3-13) O;ÙkQr Fkk v O;ÙkQesal k/ E; Zr Fkk oS

/ E; Z
fopkj
i Pphl rRoksadk ; gk¡ i j foLrkji woZ
d o.kZ u fd; k t k pq
d k gS
Ai Pphl rRoksaesaegr~rRo
l sysd j i ×pegkHkw r ksard rsbZ
l rRoksadko.kZ u fd; kx; kgSAç/ ku osQfy, v O;ÙkQi n ç; q ÙkQfd; k
x; k gS Aml h osQgh çÑfr] ew y çÑfr% ] rFkk dkj.k bl çdkj v usd uke gq , gSAl Hkh O;ÙkQml h
a
v O;ÙkQesafLFkr gS Av O;ÙkQl sgh O;ÙkQrRoksadk v kfoHkkZ
a o gqv k gS
Amu O;ÙkQrFkk v O;ÙkQosQ
l k/ E; ZrFkkoS/ E; Zdkv Hkhv kykspu fd; kt kjgkgS AO;ÙkQrFkkv O;ÙkQosQl k/ E; Zdkçfri knu
djusokyh dkfjdk ; g gS A
gsrq
enfuR;eO;kfi l fØ; eusd ekfJ r afy Ä~ xe~A
l ko; oai j r U=kaO;Dr afoi j hr eO;ÙkQe~AAbfrA¹ 10º
O;ÙkQl Hkh rRo ( 1) gsrq en~] ( 2) v fuR;] ( 3) v O;kfi ] ( 4) l fØ; ] ( 5) v usd ] ( 6)
v kfJr] ( 7) fyÄ~ x] ( 8) l ko; o] rFkk ( 9) i jrU=k gksrsgSarFkk v O;Dr gh v gsrqer~] fuR;e~ ]
l oZO;kfi ] v fØ; ] , d] v ukfJr] v fyÄ~ x] fujo; o] LorU=k gksrk gS
Av c O;ÙkQrFkk v O;ÙkQosQ
oSèkE; Zdk l a{ksi esafopkj fd; k t k jgk gS A
1- ft l dkmRifÙkrFkkdkj.kgksrkgSog gsrq en~dgykrkgS Aç/ ku l sysd j osQgsrqosQegrRo
l sysd j i ×k~
pegkHkwr i;ZUr rsbZl rRo mRiUu gksrsgS Abl fy, osgsrq
a eku~dgst krsgS AfuR;
a
gksusosQdkj.k ç/ ku dk dksbZmRifr dkj.k ugh bl fy, ; g v gsrq eku gksrk gSA
2- O;Dr Hkhv fuR; gksrkgS Al ka[ ; ' kkL=kesafdl hi nkFkZosQl Ei w . kZ: i l sèoal gksusdkdksbZ
Hkhdkj.kughgSbl dkj.kl s; gk¡v fuR; i n dkfrjksHkko gkst krkgS AO;ÙkQft l l smRiUu
gqv kgSbl fy, ghml esav fuR;Ro / eZjgrkgS Av dkj.koku~gksusosQdkj.k; g fuR; gS; gh
fuR; dky{k.kgksrkgS Aml osQfoi jhr gksusosQdkj.kO ; ÙkQv fuR; dgykrkgS Aog , lssfeêðh
l smRiUu ?kM+ k v fuR; fn• kbZnsrk gS Abl h çdkj egnkfn ç/ kuksal smRiUu dkj.k dh Hkh
v fuR;rkfl ¼ gkrshgS Aç/ ku dhfdl hl sHkhmRifÙkughagksusosQdkj.kog fuR; ghgkrskgS A
3- O;ÙkQv O;kfi gku ssosQdkj.kl oZ xr ughgS At S
l sç/ ku rFkki q #"k( l oZ xr) gSysfdu O;ÙkQ
l oZxr ughagSAçÑfr rksrs bZl egnkfn i nkFkks±esaO;kIr jgrhgS Ai jUrqegnkfn çÑfr ughagksrh
gSAbl l s; g fl ¼ gksrk gSfd v O;ÙkQrFkk ç/ ku l oZ O;kIrgksrsgSrFkk O;ÙkQ( çÑfr jgfr
v Ur rRo) v O;kfi Ro / eZokysgksrsgS A
4- O;ÙkQghl fØ; gksrkgS( vFkkrZ fØ; k' khy gksrkgS ) Al al j.kdky esa( l al kj esat Ue rFkkej.k
osQl e; ) egnkfn dk; Zl w {e' kjhj dkv kJ; ysd j l l a j .k djrsgS abl fy, l fØ; dgykrs

38 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal f̀"V fopkj i kB&3
gSA; gk¡ i j fØ; kek=k dh foo{kk ughagS
a ] D; ksa
fd i fj.kke esafØ; kRo v k t kusosQdkj.k l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa
ç/ ku esaHkh l fØ; Ro / eZv k t krkA; gk¡i j fØ; k l srkRi; Zi fjLi Unukfn fØ; k fo' ks"k gh
gSAbl fy, ç/ ku esai fjLi Unukfn fØ; k osQdkj.k gh og fuf"Ø; jgrk gS A
l f̀"V fopkj
5- O;ÙkQv usd rFkkcgq r çdkj dkgksrkgS ArsbZl la [ ; kgksusosQdkj.kO;ÙkQdkv usd Ro fl ¼
gksrkgS Afi Qj Hkhv usd Ro dFku l sçfr i q #"krFkkcq f¼ v kfn esHksn l e>ukpkfg, Av O;Dra
çÑfr rks, d gh gS A
6- t ksft l l smRiUu gksrk gSog ml osQv kfJr jgrk gS Abl fy, cq f¼ ç/ ku osQv kfJr jgrh
gS] v gÄ~ d kj cqf¼ osQv kfJr jgrk gS ] bfUæ;k¡ rFkk rUek=kk, ¡v gÄ~ d kj osQv kfJr jgrhgS ]
a
rFkki ×k~ p egkHkw r rUek=kkv ksaosQv kfJr jgrsgS Av r%O;ÙkQdkoS
a f' k"VÔv kfJrRo gksrkgS A è; ku nsa%
dk; ZrFkk dkj.kosQv Hksn gksusi j Hkh; gk¡muosQv kJ; rFkkv kJ; hHkko dksdgk t kjgk
gSt S l s^bl ou esapUnu osQo`{kgS * bl mnkgj.kl sv oxeu djukpkfg, Aç/ ku Hkhfdl h
l smRiUu ughagq v k gSv r%og v ukfJRo / eZokyk gS A
7- fyÄ~ x ( y; ) gksusl sO;ÙkQgS At ksyhu gkst krkgSog fyÄ~ x v FkkZ
r ~v uq
eki d dgykrkgS A
ç/ ku dky; v uq eki d gksukghO;ÙkQgS AO;ÙkQosQv kJ; l sghml osQdkj.kRo osQdkj.k
ç/ ku esay; gkst krk gS Aç/ ku esav uq eki dRo gksusosQdkj.k og v fyÄ~ xRo / eZokyk gh
jgrkgS A
8- O;ÙkQghl ko; o okykgkrskgSv FkkZ r ~vo; oka sosQl a ;qr gksrkgS Av o; o l srkRi; ZgSnksi nkFkks±
osQfeyu v Fkok l a ; ksxAegknkfn O;Dr dksi jLi j l a ; ksx l a
Hko gksrk gSbl fy, osv o; o
okysdgykrsgS AçÑfr l a ; ksx okyh ughagksrh gS ArksdgrsgS afd l Ro jt rFkk re dk
l ;aksx rksçÑfr esagksrkgS ] rc dgrsgS afd , slkughagS Av FkkZr ~vçkfIr i w
oZ
d çkfIr ghl a ; ksx
dgykrhgSt S l sç/ ku esarks; g i gysl smi yC/ jgrsv r%i w oZl sghgksusosQdkj.kv çkfIr
iwoZd çkfIr l sbudk l a ; ksx ughagksrk gS Abl fy, ç/ ku l ko; o ; q ÙkQughagksrk gS
A
9- O;ÙkQgh i jrU=k gksrk gS Av FkkZ r ~t kst ksdkj.k gksrsgS aosv i usdkj.k osQi jrU=k gksrsgS; g
fu; e çpfyr gS Av r%dk; Z Ro gksusl sO;ÙkQi jrU=kgksrsgS AçÑfr fdl hdkdk; Zughgksus
a
osQdkj.k LorU=k gh jgrh gS A
bl çdkj l sO;ÙkQrFkkv O;ÙkQosQoS / E; Zdkl a {ksi esv kykspu fd; kx; kgS Av c mu nksuksa
osQl k/ E; Zdkl a {ksi esav kykspu çkjEHkdjrsga A
SO;ÙkQrFkkv O;ÙkQdhl k/ E; Zçfri kfndkdkfjdk
; g gS&
f=kxq . kefoosfd fo"k; %l kekU ; epsruaçl o/ feZ A
O;Dr ar Fkk ç/ kuar f} i j hr Lr Fkk p i q eku~ AAbfrA¹ 11º
( 1) f=kxq
. ke~
] ( 2) v foosfd] ( 3) fo"k; %
] ( 4) l kekU;e~
] ( 5) v psrue~
] ( 6) çl o/ feZ
µ ; sO;ÙkQrFkk v O;Dr osQl k/ E; Zdgsx; sgS A
1- l Ro] jt rFkkre dhl kE; koLFkkghçÑfr dgykrhgS ArFkkrhuksaxq
. kokyho ç/ ku gksrh
gSAdkj.k osQxq . k gh dk; Zesav uq
orZ
u djrsgSbl fy, çÑfr l smRiUu egnkfn O;ÙkQgksrs
gq, Hkh f=kxq
. kkRed gksrsgS At S
a l sdkys/ kxsdk oL=k dkyk gh curk gS A
2- v foosfdRo O;ÙkQ rFkk v O;ÙkQ / eZfo' ks"k gksrk gSA ; gk¡ i j v foosfdrk l s rkRi; Z
l EHkw
; dkfjrkl s( rRoksaosQl ew
g) gS
Adkb
sZ, d rRo v i usdk; Zesai ; kZ
Ir ughagksrkgScfYd
l EHkw
; : i esagh dk; Zgksrk gSbl fy, fdl h , d l soqQ
N Hkh l EHko ughagksrk gS Av Fkok

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 39
 i kB&3 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal f̀"V fopkj

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa ç/ ku Lo; aO;ÙkQughagksusosQdkj.kHkhv foosd hgSAegn~v kfn rRo Hkhç/ ku l sfoosfpr
ughagksusosQdkj.kv foosd hghdgykrsga Aosxq
S . k; sO;ÙkQrFkk; sv O;ÙkQgSbl çdkj l s
l f̀"V fopkj foosd ughadj l drsgSbl dkj.k l sO;ÙkQ kfn v O;ÙkQrFkk v foosd h gksrsgS
A
3- fo"k; bl i n l sv kUrfjd foKku ç/ kukfn rRoksadkLi "Vhdj.kfd; kx; kgS ] bl fo"k; i n
dk ; gk¡ i j v FkZckgjh Hkksx i nkFkZgh v Ä~ xhÑr djuk pkfg, Aç/ ku rksl q • nq % • rFkk
eksgkRedrkosQdkj.kl Hkhi q #"kksaosQ}kjkHkksX; gksrkgS
Abl çdkj l HkhO;ÙkQf=kxq . kkRe rFkk
lq• nq % • eksgkRed gksusosQdkj.k l Hkh i q#"kksaosQ}kjk HkksX; gS
Aft l l sO;ÙkQrFkk v O;ÙkQ
dk oS f' k"VÔ fl ¼ gksrk gS
A
è; ku nsa
%
4- ç/ kuaghl kekU; dgkt krkgS Av Fkokv usd i q
#"kksaosQ}kjkxzg.kgksusosQdkj.kHkhl kekU;
dgkt krkgS At lSS?kVi Vv kfn dkv us
d ksosQ}kjkxzg.kgksrkgS ]tSl surZd hosQHkyzwrkHkÄ~
x
v kfn çR;{kxkspj gksrsgS
AoS
a l sghO;ÙkQrFkkv O;ÙkQnksuksa Hkhcgqiq#"kxzkáRo gksusosQdkj.k
l kekU; dgst krsgSA
a
5- vO
; ÙkQç/ ku gkrskgSrFkkO;ÙkQos
Ql Hkhdk; Zvpsru gksrsgS
Apsru rksos
Q
oy i #
q"kghgkrskgS
A
6- çl o/ feZ Ro O;ÙkQrFkkv O;ÙkQdkv i j / eZgksrk gS Acq f¼ l sv gÄ~ d kj] ml l sbfUæ;k¡rFkk
rUek=kk, ¡] mul sHkw
r ksadh mRifÙk gksrhgS
ArFkk ç/ ku l scq
f¼ dh mRifÙk gksrhgS Abl çdkj
nksuksadk çl o/ feZRo fl ¼ gksrk gS Açl o/ feZ
Ro dk v FkZi fj.kkfeRo gksrk gS
A
bl çdkj l sO;ÙkQrFkk v O;ÙkQosQl k/ E; ZrFkk oS
/ E; Zdk l a
{ksi esafu: i .k fd; k x; k gS
A

i kBxr ç' u 3-3

1- v gÄ~
d kj dk mi knku dkj.k dkS
u&l k gS
\
( d) çÑfr ( • ) egr~ ( x) rUek=kk, ¡ ( ?k) bfUæ;k, a
2- l ka
[ ; ' kkL=k esafdrusdj.k crk, x; sgS
\
a
( d) n' k ( • ) , dkn' k ( x) }kn' k ( ?k) =k; ksn' k
3- l ka
[ ; ' kkL=k esafdrusv Ur%dj.k gS
\
( d) rhu ( • ) pkj ( x) i k¡p ( ?k) X; kjg
4- i k¡p ok; qdkS
u&dkS
u l sgS
\
5- O;ÙkQrFkk v O;ÙkQosQfdrusoS
/ E; Zl ka
[ ; dkfjdk esacrk, x; sgS
\
a
( d) ukS ( • ) v kB ( x) i k¡p ( ?k) X; kjg
6- O;ÙkQrFkk v O;ÙkQosQl k/ E; ZdkS
u&dkS
u l sgS
\
a

i kB l kj
çR;sd n' kZu dk l f̀"V osQfo"k; esaLo; adk v yx v yx erAl ka [ ; ' kkL=k esçÑfr i q
#"k
dkl ;akxs ghl f̀"Vdkdkj.kgS Al a
; ksx l s; gk¡i j ?kVrFkki Vdhrjg l k{kkr l EcU/ t kuukpkfg, ]

40 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal f̀"V fopkj i kB&3
rFkk l kFk esaghni Z . k esaçfrfcfEcr eq • osQl eku fcEc çfrfcEc l EcU/ Hkht kuuk pkfg, Ai q #"k l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa
osQl kfuè; l sçÑfr esaxq . kksadhi jLi j fo"kerkmRiUu gksrhgS ] ft l l segrRokfn Øe l sLFkw y Hkwr
t xr~mRiUu gksrkgS Abl er esal f̀"V osQoq QN mís'; gksrsgS At S
l s; g i jkFkZçÑfr dhçof̀ÙkçÑfr
l f̀"V fopkj
osQHkkxsl kf/ dkrFkki q #"kdhosQ oY; l kf/ dkgkrshgS AçÑfr i q #"kdkl a ; ksx l f̀"V dkfufeÙkdkj.k
gSrFkk mi knku dkj.k rksosQ oy ew y çÑfr ghgS Aewy çÑfr l sv è; ol k; kRe egr~rRo rFkk ml l s
v fHkekukRed v gÄ~ d kj mRiUu gksrkgS ] ml v gÄ~ d kj l s' kCn] Li ' kZ
] : i ] jl xU/ ; si k¡p rUek=kk, ¡
rFkkl d a Yi fodYi kRed eu i k¡p KkusfUæ;k¡rFkki k¡p deZ sfUæ;k¡HkhmRiUu gksrhga Ai k¡p rUek=kksal s
S
i k¡p egkHkw r mRiUu gksrsgS Açk.k] v i ku] O;ku] mnku rFkkl eku ; g i k¡p ok; qgksrsgS
a A; si k¡p ok; q
a
cqf¼ v gÄ~ d kj rFkkeu: i v Ur%dj.kosQl kekU; O;ki kj dkjd gksrsgS Abl hçdkj l sl ka
a [ ; ' kkL=k è; ku nsa%
esal f̀"V dk Øe fn; k x; k gS A; gk¡ ç/ ku gh osQ
oy v O;ÙkQdgykrk gS Av U; l Hkh ml l smRiUu
rRo O;ÙkQdgykrsgS Amu nksuksaO;ÙkQrFkk v O;ÙkQesal k/ E; ZrFkk oS
a / E; Zjgrk gS Av r%dgk x; k
gSf=kxq . k] v foosd h] fo"k; ] l kekU;] v psru] çl o/ feZ; sO;ÙkQ kO;ÙkQosQl k/ E; Zgksrsga Agsrq
S er~ ]
v fuR;e~ ] v O;kfi ] l fØ; e~ ] v usd e~
] v kfJre~] fyÄ~ xe~] l ko; ee~ ] i jrU=ke~ ] ; sO;ÙkQrFkkv O;ÙkQ
osQoS / E; ZgksrsgS A

i kBkUr ç' u
1- f=kxq
. k i fj.kke gh l f̀"V dk dkj.k gSbl fo"k; i j y?kqfVIi .kh fyf• , A
2- l k[a; ' kkL=k osQv uq
l kj l f̀"V osQØe dk o.kZ
u dhft , A
3- l f̀"V dk D; k ç; kst u gS
\ ; gk¡ i j l ka
[ ; er dk v kJ; ysd j v kykspuk dhft , A
4- çÑfr rFkk i q
#"k osQl a
; ksx l sfdl çdkj l sl f̀"V mRiUu gksrh gSfopkj dhft , A
5- bfUæ;ksadk foLrkj l si fjp; nhft , A
6- i k¡p ok; q
v ksaosQfo"k; esay?kqfVIi .kh fyf• ,
7- O;ÙkQrFkk v O;ÙkQ osQl k/ E; ZosQfo"k; esay?kq
fVIi .kh fyf• , A
8- O;ÙkQrFkk v O;ÙkQosQoS
/ E; ZosQfo"k; esa, d y?kqfVIi .kh fyf• , A
9- l k[a; ' kkL=k osQv uq
l kj v gÄ~
d kj dk i fjp; nhft , A
10- l k[a; ' kkL=k osQv uq
l kj egr~rRo dk i fjp; nhft , A

i kBxr i z'uksad smÙkj 3-1

1- ç/ ku dh l kE; koLFkk rFkk oS
"kE; koLFkk bl çdk' k l snksn' kk, ¡ gksrh gS
A
a
2- l f̀"Vdky esa
3- i#
q"k dh l fUuf/ l sçÑfr osQrhuksaxq
. kksaesfo"kerk v k t krh gS
A
4- dkj.keLR;O;Dr çorZ
r sf=kxq
. kr%l eq
n; kPpAi fj.kker%l fyyoRçfrçfrxq
. kkJ; fo' ks"kkr~
AA
5- l n`' ki fj.kke

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 41
 i kB&3 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal f̀"V fopkj

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa 6- iq
#"k dk eks{k rFkk Hkksx] ; snksuksaghçÑfr dk l f̀"V djusdk ç; kst u l ka
[ ; ' kkL=k esafn; k
x; kgS
A
l f̀"V fopkj
7- ya
xM+
k rFkk v a
/k
8- ¶mi jkxkr~drZ̀
Ro l srFkk fpr~l kfuè; l ş

i kBxr i z'uksaosQmÙkj 3-2

% 1-
è; ku nsa x) v gÄ~
d kjkr~
2- i k¡pKkusfUæ;k, ¡ gSdku] Ropk] v k¡• ] ukd] t hHk
3- i k¡p deZ
sfUæ;k, ¡ gSeq
• ] gkFk] i S
j ] xq
ásfUæ] rFkk mi LFkA
4- cq
f¼ v è; ol k; kfRedk gksrh gS
A
5- v fHkeku v gÄ~
d kj dky{k.k gksrkgS^v fHkekuks¿gÄ~
d kj%
*
6- ' kCnLi ' kZ
: i jl xU/ i k¡p rUek=kk, agksrhgS
A
7- ( x) re ç/ ku v gÄ~
d kj l s
8- ( ?k) l Roç/ ku v gÄ~
d kj l s

i kBxr i z'uksad smÙkj 3-3

1- ( • ) egr~
2- ( ?k) rsjg
3- ( d) rhu
4- çk.k] v i ku] O;ku] mnku] l eku ; si k¡p ok; qgksrh gS
A
5- d) uks
6- rhuksaxq
. k] v foosd h] fo"k; ] l kekU;] v psru] çl o/ ehZ
] ; sO;ÙkQrFkkv O;ÙkQosQl k/ E; Zgksrs
gS
A

42 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal Rd k; Z
okn i kB&4
l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa
lR d k; Z
okn
4

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal Rd k; Z
okn è; ku nsa
%

çR;sd n' kZu osQoq QN fo' ks"kfo"k; gksrsgS at ksmu n' kZ uksadhmRÑ"Vrkdko.kZ u djrsgS Amu
n' kZ
uksaosQç/ ku okn l sosçfl ¼ gkst krsgS At lSsU;k; oS
a ' ksf"kd n' kZ
u esav uq
eku çek.k] v }S r osnkUr
n' kZ
u esafoorZ okn] oS l sgh l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esaHkh ; g l Rdk; Zokn çfl ¼ gS AoLrq r %dk; Zdkj.k l EcU/
rFkkv uq l U/ku i jEi jkçR;sd n' kZ u esans• ht krhgS Abl fy, çR;sd n' kZ u osQv UrxZ r gsre
qn~Hkko rRo
dhO;k[ ; k dhxbZgS Abl dhO;k[ ; k osQoS fp=k; esaçR;osQn' kZ u dk LokrU=; jgk gS Al Rdk; Zokfn
l ka
[ ; ksadkdk; Z d kj.kos Qfo"k; es av fUre fu.kZ
; jgkgS Al ka[ ; dkfjdkxzUFkesaçkjEHkesal ka [ ; l Eer
çR;{k] vuq eku] v kxe bu rhuksaçek.kksadkfopkj djos Q]l w{e gksusosQdkj.kç/ kukfn rRoksadhçR;{k
dkj.kl smi yfC/ u gksrhgS ] , slkdgdj osQç/ ku dh fl f¼ osQfy, l Rdk; Z okn dk; q fÙkQi w
oZd
dkfjdkdkj çfri knu djrsgS Adk; ZmRifÙkosQi gysl r~Fkkv Fkokv l r~Fkk; g eq
a [ ; fopkj fd; k
t krk gS A' kw
U;oknhckS ¼ksaosQer esav l r~dkj.k l sl r~dk; ZmRiUu gksrk gS AuS; kf; d v l Rdk; Zokn
dksv Ä~ xhÑr ughadjrsgS amuosQer esal r~gh v l r~gkst krk gS Av }Sr oknhrksfoorZ okn dksgh
v Ä~ xhdkj djrsgS Abl i kB esal ka
a [ ; l Eer l Rdk; Z okn dkfoLrkj l smi LFkki u gksxkArFkkl Ei w . kZ
l Rdk; Z okn l sl EcU/ cgq r fo"k; ksadk v kykspu fd; k t k; sxkA

mís';
bl i kB osQv è; ; u l sv ki l {ke gksa x_
s
 l ka [ ; n' kZ u osQçfl ¼ l Rdk; Zokn dk foLrkj l si fjp; çkIr djusesa _
 lR dk; Z okn dh fl f¼ osQfy, l ka [ ; kpk; ks±ust ks; q
fÙkQ
; k¡ mi LFkkfi r dh mudk Kku
i zkIr djusesa _
 lR dk; Z okn osQl EcU/ esa' kw
U;okn dk Kku i zkIr djusesa _
 lR dk; Z okn osQl EcU/ esav l Rdk; o
Zkn osQfo"k; dk Kku i zkIr djusesa _
 lR dk; Z okn osQl EcU/ esafoorZ okn osQfo"k; dk cks/ i zkIr djusesa _
 l ka [ ; ksa}kjk ' kw
U;okn osQ• .Mu osQfo"k; dk Kku i zkIr djusesa _
 l ka [ ; ksaosQfoorZ okn osQ• .Mu osQfo"k; dk Kku i zkIr djusesa _

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 43
 i kB&4 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal Rd k; Z
okn

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa 4-1) v l Rd k; Z okn
lR d k; Z
okn v l Rdk; o
Zkn uS
; kf; dka
sdker gS
AmuosQer esal r~l svl r~mRiUu gkrskgS
] v FkkZ
r ~l r~dkj.k
l sv l r~ghmRiUu gksrkgS At Sl sl r~Hkko: i l si jek.kqosQv l r~i w
oZv fo| eku }~
; .kqv kfn mRiUu
gksrsgS] iw
oZesav l n~l sfg ?kVkfn dk; Zn.MpØ oL=kv kfn l kexzhl eofgreǹkfn dkj.kl sfHkUu
l r~l smRiUu gksrhgS A; gk¡i j ; g Hkko gSfd Lo; afd mRifÙkosQi w oZog dk; ZughaFkkrFkk ckn
esadkj.kl kexzhosQdkj.kmRiUu gksrkgS Abl esadk; ZrFkkdkj.kdkv U;Ro rFkki jekFkZrFkkl R;Ro
dkscrk; kx; kgS Abl çdkj uS ; kf; dksaosQer esa?kM+
sdhmRifÙkl si woZ?kM+kFkkghugha Anksdi ky
% osQl a;ksx gksusi j u; s?kM+
è; ku nsa sdkfuekZ . kdk; Zv kjEHkgksrkgSbl dkj.kl s; g v kjEHkokn dgykrkgS A

4-2) ' kw
U;d k; Z
okn
¶' kw
U;rkght xr~dhi jekFkZ r kgŞ bl çdkj l s' kw
U;oknhckS
¼ yksx ekursgSAmuosQer esa
a
v l r~l sl r~mRiUu gksrkgS Abl dkv FkZ; sgSfd v Hkko l sHkko mRiUu gksrkgS Afou"V cht l sgh
v Ä~oq Qj mRiUu gksrkgS Au"Vnw / l snghmRiUu gksrkgS ] fou"V fefêðl s?kM+
kµ bl çdkj v Hkko xzLr
cht ksal sv Ä~ oq
Qjkfn dh mRifÙk ns• h xbZgS A¶l Hkh dk; Z
: i Hkko v Hkkodkj.k osQ}kjk gkrssgSt S
ls
cht osQuk' kosQckn esav Ä~ oqQjkfn mRiUu gksrsgŞ bl çdkj l sv uqeku fd; kt krkgS] rc ckS¼er
okysxkS r e dk l w =k mi LFkkfi r djrsgS A
a
¶vHkkokn~HkkokR
si fÙkukZ
uiqe`| çknq
Hkko
Zkr~
¸ (4-1-14) bfr] t ksvÄ~ oQ
qjkfn dk; ZvO; ofgri o wo
Zf̀r Ro
osQdkj.k cht kfn Hkko dksçkIr djrsgS Au dhcht kfn osQv Hkko dhfl f¼ esadkj.k gksrsgS
a av kSj
u Hkko dhA^^v l nsosnexzv kl hnsd esokf}rh; e~ ] rLeknl r%l Tt k; rş bl Jq fr osQv uq l kj i gys
lal kj dh mRifÙk l si gysl Hkh dk v Hkko gh FkkAml v Hkko l sgh l f̀"V osQl e; l Hkh oLrq v ksa
dhmRifÙkgq bZ
] ; g Li "V : i l sçfr i kfnr gksrkgS Aml hçdkj l a l kj esaHkht kscht ksaesav Ä~oq
Qjkfn
dh mRifÙk ns• h t krh gSogk¡ i j Hkh cht osQuk' k l sgh v a oq
Qj dh mRifÙk gksrh gS ] bl çdkj l s
l e>ukpkfg, Al r l smRiUu gks] rks, slkughagS av fi rqdkj.ker̀ gksd j dk; Zdkst Ue nsrkgSt S ls
cht l sv Ä~oqQjAdkj.k osQer̀ gksusl sv Hkko ughagksrk gSv r%fuf' pr : i l sv l r~l r~mRiUu
gksrk gS
Al r~l sl r~ugha A

4-3) foor Z
okn%
l R; dkfoorZgh; g dk; :Zi ht xr~gS ] bl çdkj l sv }S
r osnkfUr v Ä~
xhÑr djrsgS a
Abl fy,
osnkfUr; ksaosQer esafoorZ okn Lohdkj fd; k t krkgSAfoorZfdl sdgrsgS \ rc mÙkj nsrsgq
a , dgrs
gS
afd i w oZ : i osQv i fjR;kx osQ}kjk v l R; dk i q
u%çfrHkkl gksuk foorZdgykrk gS At Sl&
s l hi h
esapknh dh rFkk jLl h esal i Zdh çrhfr gksrh gS ] bl fy, foorZokn osQfo"k; esadgk x; k gS &
l r Ùor ks¿U;FkkçFkk fod kj bR;q
nhfj r %A
v r Ùor ks¿U;FkkçFkk foor ZbR;qnkâr %AAbfrA
bl dk v FkZgS & t c fdl h oLrqdk oLrq xr v Fkok v U;Fkk : i l sfodkj gksrk gSrc og
fodkj i fj.kke dgykrkgS At S
l snw
/ nghosQ: i esai fj.kr gkst krkgSAoLrq xr nw
/ dknghosQ: i
esai fj.kke gksrk gS
Anw/ v i ukLo: i R;kx djosQngh: i esau; kxzg.k djrkgS Ai jUrqt c fdl h
oLrqdkoLrq xr v U;Fkkxr fodkj ughagksrkgS ] oLrqml hLo: i es ajgrhgS ] ys
fdu HkzkfUr os
Qdkj.k

44 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal Rd k; Z
okn i kB&4
fHkUu: i ea sçrhr gksrh gSog foorZdgykrk gS At Sl S' kq
fÙkQesajt r dk HkzeKku gksusi j jt r dks l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa
ysusosQfy, HkzkfUr t U; çof̀ÙkgksrhgS
AoLrq r %' kq
fÙkQ' kq
fÙkQ
: i esaghfojkt eku jgrhgS ] u dhpkn ah
osQ: i esa Apknah osQ: i esat ksdk; Zdh HkzkfUr gksrh gSoLrq r %og feF; k gh gksrh gSAbl dkj.k
lR d k; Z
okn
l sokLrfod fLFkfr ughagksrsgq , HkhHkzkfUr osQdkj.kl sfeF; k: i l sdk; Zdjusesat ksçrhfr gksrh
gSogk foorZdgykrkgS Abl er ea sdkj.kghdk; ZosQLo: i esaHkkfl r gksrk gS Abl l sdkj.kgh
l R;Ro / eZokyk gksrk gSu dhdk; Zdhl R;rkA, d dkj.k l Ùkk ghfofo/ dk; ZosQv kdkj osQ
}kjk Hkkfl r gksrh gS
A

4-4) l Rd k; Z
okn è; ku nsa
%
Hkkjrh; n' kZ
uksaesl Rdk; o Zkn v R;Ur çfl ¼ gS ] v r%l ka[ ; n' kZ
u esal Rdk; Z okn Lohdkj fd; k
t krkgS Al Rdk; Zokn fdl sdgrsgS \ dk; ZmRifÙkl si w
a oZfo| eku gSv FkokughagSbl çdkj dkç' u
gksusi j nk' kZ
fudksaosQfHkUu&fHkUu er çkIr gksrsgS Aft l es a' kw
U;oknhck¼Skasos
Qer es adkj.kv HkkokRed
v l r~os Q: i esagksrkgS ] ft l l sl r~dk; Zos Q: i es amRiUu gkrskgS Av kjEHkoknhuS ; kf; d rFkkoS ' kfs"kd
yksx dgrsgS afd mRifÙk l si w oZdk; Zv l r~gkrsk gSv FkkZ r ~fo| eku : i esaughajgrk gS ] ft l l sos
v l r~dk; Z oknh dgykrsgS Av }S
a r osnkfUr; ksaosQer ea sdkj.k gh l r~osQ: i esagksrk gSml l sgh
v fuoZ puh; dk; ZmRiUu gksrkgS ] bl çdkj foorZ oknhyksx ekursgS Al ka
a [ ; ksaosQer esamRifÙkl si w oZ
dk; Zl r~gksrk gSv FkkZ r ~mRifÙk l si w oZdk; Zdkj.k osQ: i ea sv Fkok v O;ÙkQosQ: i esfojkt eku
gksrk gSv r%osl Rdk; Z oknh dgykrsgS Abl fy, buosQer esafry l smRiUu gksusokyk rsy i gys
a
l sgh v O;ÙkQ: i l sfryksesafLFkr jgrk gS ] , slk Lohdkj djuk pkfg, A; fn fryksaesarsy i gys
l sv fo| keku gksrk rksog dk; Z: i esadnkfi mRiUu ughagksrkAbl çdkj l r~osQHkko : i l s
çèkkukfn osQl r~osQdkj.k esafo| keku gksusl sgh og v O;ÙkQ: i dk; ZosQ: i esamRiUu gksrk gS
rFkk dkjd O;ki kj Hkhdgykrk gS At k; rsrFkk mRi| rsbl çdkj osQ' kCnksadk l Ei w . kZ: i l suw ru
oLrqdh l f̀"V osQ: i esarkRi; Zxzg.k djuk ughapkfg, v fi rqv O;ÙkQ: i dh O;ÙkQ: i esa
v fHkO;fÙkQghxzg.k djuhpkfg, A

i kBxr ç' u 4-1

1- v l Rdk; Z
okn fdudk dgykrk gS
\
( d) ckS
¼ksadk ( • ) l ka
[ ; ksadk ( x) uS
; kf; dksadk ( ?k) v }S
r os
nkfUr; ka
sdk
2- l Rdk; Z
okn fdudk dgykrk gS
\
( d) ckS
¼ksadk ( • ) l ka
[ ; ksadk ( x) uS
; kf; dksadk ( ?k) v }S
r os
nkfUr; ka
sdk
3- foorZ
okn fdudk dgykrk gS
( d) ckS
¼ksadk ( • ) l ka
[ ; ksadk ( x) uS
; kf; dksadk ( ?k) v }S
r os
nkfUr; ka
sdk
4- ^' kw
U;rk , o t xr%i jekFkZ
r k*& ; g fdudk er gS
\
( d) ckS
¼ksadk ( • ) l ka
[ ; ksadk ( x) uS
; kf; dksadk ( ?k) v }S
r os
nkfUr; ka
sdk
5- vrÙork¿
sU;FkkçFkkA

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 45
 i kB&4 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal Rd k; Z
okn

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa ( d) fodkj% ( • ) i fj.kke% ( x) foorZ
% ?k) l a
Ldkj%
A
lR d k; Z
okn 6- fodkj fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
7- foorZfdl sdgrsgS
\
a
8- l Rdk; Z
okn osQer esadk; Zdkj.k esafdl çdkj l sjgrk gS
\

4-5) l Rd k; Z
okn d ksekuusesad kj . k
l Rdk; Z
okn dksekuuses
al ka
[ ; okfn; ka
sdhv i uh; q
fÙkQ
; k¡gS
A
abl fy, l ka
[ ; dkfjdkesadgkx; k
è; ku nsa
% gS
&
v l nd j . kknq
i knkuxzg. kkr ~l oZ l EHkokHkkokr ~
A
' kÙkQL; ' kD; d j . kkr ~d kj . kHkkokPp l Rd k; Z AAbfrA¹ 9º
e~
l ka
[ ; dkfjdk esal Rdk; Z okn dksv Ä~ xhÑr djusosQfy, i k¡p dkj.k ckrk, x; sgS
a
AosgS
&
a
1- v l ndj.kkr~ 2- miknkuxzg.kkr~ 3- l oZ
l EHkokHkkokr~
4- ' kÙkQ
L; ' kD; dj.kkr~v kS
j 5- dkj.kHkkokr~
A
dkj.k O;ki kj l sckn esamRiUu gksusokyk dk; Zl r~osQ: i esagh jgrk gS
Afdl çdkj\
1- & v l r~esadjusosQl keF; ZosQv Hkko l sv FkkZ
v l nd j . kkr ~ r ~l r~mRiUu djusesal eFkZgS
u fd v l r~ A iqu%ç' u djrsgSfdl çdkj\
2- & dkj.kksaosQl kFkdk; Zdkl EcU/ gksusl sµ v FkkZ
mi knkuxzg. kkr ~ r ~dk; Zdkdkj.kl sl EcU/
gksusl sdkj.k dk; Zdk fi rk gksrk gSAl EcU/ gksusl sdk; Zdk v l r~Hkko l EHko ughagksrk
gS
Abl fy, ; g l r~gh gksrk gS Ai q
u%ç' u djrsga Sfdl çdkj\
3- l oZl EHkokHkkokr ~µ fdl h dh mRifÙk esadksbZfuf' pr mi knku v o' ; gksrk gS ] l Hkh dh
l Hkhl smRifÙkgkst k, arks, slkughagSA; g dk; ZrFkkdkj.kdkfu; e gksrkgSft l esamRifÙk
l si w
oZdk; Zdk v l r~i {k esal Ä~ xr ughagksrk gS
Av r%?kM+ sdhmRifÙk osQfy, fefêðdk
ghxzg.kgksrkgS ] u fd rUrqv kfn dkA; fn mRifÙkl si woZdk; Zdksv l r~ekusrksv l r~dk; Z
osQl oZ=k gksusl srUrqv kfn l sHkh?kV dk fuekZ. kgksukpkfg, ] i jUrq, slkughagksrk gS
Av r%
dk; Zv l r~ughagS Al Ro osQi {k esarks?kM+
sdk dkj.k fefêðesal r~gksusl sfefêðl s?kV dh
mRifÙk l EHko gkrsh gS A; fn v l EcU/ ekusrksl Hkh l sdk; ZmRiUu gksl drk gSbl dkj.k
l Hkh l sl Hkh dh mRifÙk gksi j , slk ugha
Av r%v l r~ughagksd j osQdk; Zl r~ghgksrk gS A
iqu%ç' u djrsgS av kS
j fdl çdkj l s\
4- ' kÙkQ & v FkkZ
L; ' kD; d j . kkr ~ r ~l eFkZl sdk; Zdh mRifÙk gksl drh gS] u dh v l eFkZl sA
tS l s' kfÙkQ; q
ÙkQdkj.k l eFkZl sl a ca/ gksusl sdk; ZdksmRiUu djusesal eFkZgksrk gS ]
v l EcfU/r dkj.k ml osQdk; Zdksughadj l drk v r%l eFkZdkj.k dh v l r~l smRifÙk
ughagksrhgS AoLrq r %dkj.kesaml dhv kRekosQ: i esaorZ eku dk; Zdhv O;ÑrkoLFkkrFkk
v ukxrkoLFkkghdk; Zdhfu; ked ' kfÙkQgksrhgS ] t ksHkkohdk; Zdksdjusesal eFkZgksrhgS
]
bl fy, og dk; Z' kfÙkQv ukxrkoLFkkRo : i esadkj.k esagksusosQdkj.k Hkko dk; Zdh
l RokoLFkkghgkrshgS ] v r%v l Ro rRo gksrkghughagS Ai q
u%ç' u djrsgSav kS
j fdl çdkj
l s\

46 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal Rd k; Z
okn i kB&4
5- & v FkkZ
d kj . kHkkokr ~ r ~dk; Zdk dkj.kRo Hkko gksusl sAdkj.kl sfHkUu dk; Zughagksl drk l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa
gS
AD; kfsad dkj.k l Ro / eZokyk gksrk gSrksml l sfHkUu dk; Zv l Ro / eZokyk oS Ql sgksxkA
bl fy, dk; Zl r~gh gksrk gS A
lR d k; Z
okn

4-5-1) v l r ~
d j . kkr ~
mRifÙk l si w
oZHkhdk; Zdhl Ùkk osQçFke gsrqosQfy, v l r~ d j.k dgk x; k gS Av l r~ d j.k
l srkRi; ZgSfd v HkkokRed dkj.kesafdl hçdkj l sHkhdjusdkl keF; Zughagku skAl ka [ ; ksaos
Q' kkL=k
esadkjd O;ki kj os Qi w
oZdk; Zvl r~v HkkokRed gksusl sog fdl hHkhçdkj l sml osQdk; ZdhmRifÙk
ughadj l drkgS Adkj.kosQeè; esal w{e : i l sfo| eku v O;ÙkQdk; Zghdkjd O;ki kj dksO;ÙkQ è; ku ns a
%
: i l sçdk' ku djusaesl eFkZgksrk gS Abl fy, l ka[ ; rRo dkS eq
nh esaokpLi fr feJ usdgk gS&
¶v l Ppsr~dkj.kO;ki kjkr~i w
oZdk; ZukL; l ÙoadrZ aosQ
q ukfi ' kD; a
] u fg uhyaf' kfYi l gl zs.kkfi i hra
drZ a
q' kD; rşA
( v l r~dkj.k O;ki kj l si w
oZfdl hosQ}kjk Hkhbl sl r~ughafd; k t k l drk gSt S
l sgt kj
f' kYi h Hkh uhysdksi hyk ughadj l drsga A)
S
fuf' pr : i l s¶?kVl Ro / eZ: i okykgS] vl Ro / eZokykgksrkgŞ bl çdkj dkO;ogkj
ge yksxksaosQ}kjk fd; k t krk gS
Ai dkusl si gyst Sl s¶?kM+k dkyk gŞ bl çdkj ?kV esa' ; kerk]
i dkusosQckn ¶?kM+ k yky gŞ bl çdkj ?kV esajÙkQrk mRiUu gksrhgS ] ml hçdkj mRifÙk l si gys
?kV esav l Ro/ eZgksrkgSrFkkmRifÙkosQckn ?kV esal Ro / eZgksrkgS Abl çdkj l sl r~rFkkv l Ro
esaHkh nksuksadksv Ä~xhÑr dj l drsgS Arc dgrsgS a, slk ughagS
Al n~rFkk v l r~nksuksagh / eZgS
bu nksuksadks/ ehZosQ: i esav yx ughadj l drsAt S l s/ ehZesal Ro osQfcuk / eZ
l Ro v uq i i Uu
gksrk gS
] ml dh mRifÙk l si gysHkh dk; Zl Ro : i esafLFkr jgrk gS; g v Ä~ xhdkj djuk pkfg, A
bl dkv FkZ; sgSfd ; fn l Ro rFkkv l Ro dksLohdkj djrsgS Arksv l Ro osQl e; og ughagSbl
a
çdkj l sdgk t k; sxkArc fdl dk / eZv l Ro gS; g dguk pkfg, ] v fo| eku / ehZesaml dk /
eZfo| eku ughagS, slkdgha &dghadgkt krkgS Al Ro dhv o/ kj.kkdjusi j l Ro/ eZLo; aghfl ¼
gksrk gS
] rFkk l Ro dk; Zdh gh i gysmRifÙk fl ¼ gksrh gS Abl fy, dk; Zl Ro gh gS A
/ ehZdk l EcU/ fo| eku / eZosQrnkJ; Ro gksusl sl kFk esapyrk gS] bl çdkj l sfu; e
djusi j mRifÙkl si gys^ ?kV v l r~* Fkk bl çdkj dk v fHk/ ku l Ä~xr ughagksrkgS A?kV v l r~
gSbl dkrks; g v FkZgq v kfd v l Ro: i ?kV dkv kJ; Hkh?kV ghgS AmRifÙkl si woZ/ ehZosQl kFk
l EcU/ ekuusl sv l Ro : i / eZdk / ekZ J ; oS
Q
l sHkh l Ä~
xr ughagksrk gS
At S l s^uhyadeye~*
bl esauhy : i / eZdkv kJ; dey ghgSbl çdkj dkv FkZt kukt krkgS Abl hçdkj ^?kV v l r~
gS* bl dk Hkh^v l Ro: i / ekZ
J ; ?kV gSbl çdkj dk v FkZt kuuk pkfg, Ai jUrq; sHkh; q
fÙkQl a
xr
ughagSdey osQl kFkuhy dk bl rjg v l r~osQl kFk ?kV dkl EcU/ v l EcU/Rokr~ughagksrkgS A
bl fy, / ehZosQl EcU/ l sfo| eku / eZdkghl EcU/ rnkJ; Rofu; e l sv l EcU/ v l Ro / eZdk
dkj.k rnkJ; Ro l EHko gSA
fuf' pr : i l soq
Q ysy kfn O;ki kj l sdk; Zi gys(dkj.k: i es
) Hkhl n~ghgksrkgS, slkekuuk
a
pkfg, A; fn oqQ
ysy kfn O
; ki kj dksv FkZoku~ekusarksvU; oq
QN Hkhvof' k"VughajgrkgSA?kVkfn Lo: i ka
s
dhfl f¼ osQfy, dkjd O;ki kj dksughaekuukpkfg, D; ksa fd osrksi gysghfl ¼ gkspqosQgSAdj.k
a
gh mRifÙk osQv uq owQ
y O;ki kj gS ] ml l sl r~fdl h l e; esal EHko ughagksrk gS
ArFkk u fo| keku~

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 47
 i kB&4 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal Rd k; Z
okn

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa dh mRifÙk fdl h osQ}kjk oq Q
N ns• h x; h gSAml h çdkj t S l si woZesafl ¼ gksusl sfeêð h fi .Mkfn
osQdkj.kosQLo: i fl f¼ osQfy, oq Q N Hkhv HkhfIl r ughagS AoS l sghi gysfl ¼ gksusl sdk; Z Lo: i
lR d k; Z
okn Hkhml dhçfl f¼ osQfy, v HkhfIl r ughagS AoS l sl a
l kj esans• k t krk gSfd dk; ZLo: i dhfl f¼
osQfy, yksd bPNk djrk gS Abl fy, mRifÙk l si gysHkhdk; Zdk v Hkko gSft l l sdkjd O;ki kj
vFkoZku~gkrskgSbl çdkj l sdgusi j okpLi fr feJ dgrsgS& ^^dkj.kkPp l rk¿ sfHkO; fÙkQ
js
okof' k"; rs**
bfrAbl dkv FkZgSdkj.kO;ki kj l si w oZHkhO;ogkj ; ksX; l w{e : i l sfl ¼ gksrkgSml dhl r~dk; Z
dh t ksO;ogkj ; ksX; LFkwy : i mi knku v fHkO;fÙkQgksrh gSog fi Q j dkj.k rFkk oq Qysy kfn O;ki kj
l sgksrh gSAbl çdkj l s; g v fHkO;fÙkQgh l kè; r; k osQ: i esav of' k"V jgrh gS ] u dh mRifÙk
% osQfy, Abl fy, dgk x; k gSft l oLrqdh v fHkO;fÙkQgksxh og ml dh v ukxrkoLFkk gksrh gS
è; ku nsa ]
ft l dhv fHkO;fÙkQi gysFkh og ml dhv rhrkoLFkk gksrhgS At ksoLrqLoO;ki kj: < v fHkO;fÙkQl s
v ki Uu gksrhgq
bZgksrhgS] og ml dhorZ eku v oLFkk dhfLFkfr gksrhgS Aogk¡ i j mRifÙk l si woZHkh
dk; Zfo| keku gksv kSj v fo| keku bl dkj.k l sn.MpØkfn dh uw r urk osQ}kjk D; k fl ¼ fd; k
t krk gS
] bl çdkj l suS ; kf; d v k{ksi djrsgS A
a
rc l ka
[ ; n' kZ
uoknhbl çdkj l sl ek/ ku djrsga
] n.Mkfn t ksdkj.kgksrsgS
S aosfdl hHkhdky
esav i w
oZv l n~?kVkfn dk; ZdksmRiUu ughadjrsgS A fdUrqv O;ÙkQ
a koLFkk l sdkj.k esafo| keku
?kVkfndk; ZdksorZ eku v oLFkk esaykrsgSAdkj.k O;ki kj dkj.k gh i F̀kq
a cq
èuksnjkfn dk; Zdkj.kksadh
O;oLFkk djrsgS A
a
fuf' pr : i l sorZ eku fLFkr feêð hosQfi .Ml s?kM+ sdkfuekZ . kgksrk gSfi Q j ?kV esamRiUu
v rhr v oLFkkdhl gk; rkl sfeêð hosQfi .Mkfn; ksal sfi Q
j ?kV dhmRifÙkD; ksaughagksrhgS \ l ka
[ ; ksa
osQer esarks ?kV dk orZ eku dky Hkh v rhrkoLFkk okyh feêð h osQfi .M dk orZ eku dky esaHkh
fo| ekuRo gS Arc dgrsgS & orZ
a eku v oLFkk dksçkIr djosQt ksdkj.k gksrk gSog gh dk; Zdh
O;ÙkQkoLFkk dksl Ei knu djusesal eFkZgksrk gSu dh v rhr v oLFkk v rhrkofLFkr dkj.k l sdk; Z
dk v kfoHkkZ o gksrk gS
A; fn dk; ZmRifÙk osQi gysHkh v R;Ur v l r~gksrksdkj.k O;ki kj l smRiUu
ughagksrk gS At S
l sv R;Ur v l r~gksusosQdkj.k • jxks'k esal ha x v kfn dkj.k O;ki kj l soqQN mRiUu
djusaesal eFkZgksrsgS Al r~gksusi j rksdkj.k O;ki kj dk dksbZç; kst u gh ughagSml dh i w
a oZesa
fo| ekurkosQdkj.kAbl fy, i w oZesamRiUu dkj.kdhv kRe l r~gksrsgq , Hkhdk; Zdhv kRekl sv l r~
gksrk gSAbl çdkj l sl e>uk pkfg, Abl l sv l r~okn mRiUu ughagksrkgSv fi rqdkj.k O;ki kj gh
l ç; kst u ; qÙkQdgykrsga Abl çdkj l syksd esa, slsdkj.k O;ki kj gS
S aghughat ksfdl hHkh: i l s
mRifÙkl si w oZughaFksAt S
l sjsr esarsy A; gk¡i j ukrksdk; Zdksl e>ukpkfg, v kS j ukghv l r~okn
dksekuuk pkfg, Av r%og i w oZesamRifÙk l sdk; Z: i l sv l n~gksrk gq v k Hkh dkj.k : i l sl r~
gh l e>k t krk gS Aml dh dkj.k O;ki kj l smRifÙk ekuusi j dksbZfojks/ ughagS Av i usl keF; ZosQ
v Hkko l sdkj.kO;ki kj oq QN Hkhv i w oZughadj l drkAugharksjsr l sHkhrsy fudkyrkAi jUrqml osQ
}kjkbl çdkj osQdk; Zughans• st krsgS Arksfi Q
a j ml osQ}kjkD; kfd; kt krkgS \ dkj.k: i l sl r~
gksrsgq v k dk; Zft l osQ}kjk dk; Z: i esal r~gkst k, ogh ml dk dk; ZgS A
dk; ZoQhv fHkO;fÙkQv l r~dkj.kO;ki kj l sgksrks, slkHkhughagS
] D; ka
fsd i w
oZesal r~oLrq
v ksa
dh gh v fHkO;fÙkQgksrh gSu dh v l r~dhAt S l si hM+
u djusi j fry l srsy fudyrk gS/ ku l s
pkoy] nksgu l sxk; ksal snq
X/ mRiUu gksrk gS
Abl çdkj fry v kfn esai gysl sfo| eku rsy v kfn
ghi hMukfn osQ}kjkv fHkO;ÙkQgksrsgS
abl çdkj l s; g l Ro dhghv fHkO;fÙkQgSu dhv l r~dhA
i jUrqv l r~dh v fHkO;fÙkQdk rksdksbZn`"VkUr gh ughagS Abl fy, l ka
[; l w =k esadgk x; k gS
A

48 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal Rd k; Z
okn i kB&4
¶ukl nqRiknksu`' k̀Ä~xor~ ¸ ( 1-114) bfrAt S
l sv l r~uj fo"kk.k( eq
u"; esal ha
x) dhmRifÙkoS
Q
l sHkh l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa
ughagksl drhoS l sv l r~dk; Zdhfdl hHkhçdkj l sdkjd O;ki kj l smRifÙk djuk xyr gh gS
bl çdkj l srkfdZ d kfHker : i l sv l r~dk; o
Zkn gksrk gS
Av r%¶v l ndj.kkr¸ bl çFke gsrqdh
lR d k; Z
okn
O;[ ; k dh t krh gS A

4-5-2) mi knkuxzg. kkr ~

dkj.kO;ki kj l si gysdk; ZosQl Ro esaf}rh; gsrq¶mi knku xzg.kkr~¸ gS
Ami knku dkj.kksaosQ
xzg.k l sdk; ZosQl kFk l EcU/ mi knku xzg.k dgykrk gS Aml l smi knku dkj.kksaosQ}kjk dk; ZosQ
l EcU/ l sHkhdk; ZdhmRifÙk osQi w Adk; ZosQl EcU/ gksusl sdkj.kghdk; Zdk è; ku ns
oZl r~ghgksrk gS a
%
t ud gksrk gS Al EcU/ gh f}fu"B gksrk gS Adk; Zv l r~gksrk rks, dl EcfU/ dk; ZosQv l r~gksusl s
ml osQl kFkdkj.kdkl EcU/ mfpr ughagS Aml l sv l Ec¼ dk; ZosQmRiknu osQdkj.kdkl keF; Z
mi ; Ù
qkQughagksrkgSAbl fy, mRifÙkl si gysdk; ZosQl rRo dksghv Ä~ xhÑr djukpkfg, Av r%
, d l k[a; l w
=k dgk x; k gS^^mi knkufu; ekr~
¸ ( 1-115) bfrA
ft l dk; Zdk fu' pr : i l st ksdkj.k gksrk gSt S l Sfeêð hdk ?kV]rUrv ksadk i V] og l r~
gh ml ( dk; Z ) : i esami yC/ gksrkgSu dhv l r~esa A; fn dk; ZmRifÙkl si gysdkj.kl sv yx
ughagksrk gSrksml esog l r~gh mi yC/ gksrk gS At Sl Sef̀Ùkdk l sv yx i V dk l Ro ef̀Ùkdk esa
mi yC/ ughagksrk gS ] ml hçdkj rUrq v ksal sv yx ?kV dk l Ro rUrq v ksaesaughafeyrk gS Afuf' pr
: i l sef̀Ùkdkl s?kV v yx gSrFkkrUrq v ksal si V v yx gS ArFkkef̀Ùkdkgh?kV gSrFkkrUrqghi V
gSrks, slk HkhughagSrkst S l sfeêð
hl s?kV v yx gSoS l sghfeêð hl si V Hkhv yx gh gS A, slsgh
rUrqv ksal st S
l si V v yx gSoS l sghrUrq
v ksal s?kV Hkhv yx ghgS Afi Q
j HkhdksbZfo' ks"kft l osQ}kjk
?kV dhmRifÙk esaef̀Ùkdkghmi knku gksrhgSu rUrq ] rFkki V dhmRifÙkesarUrqghmi knku dkj.k
gSu dhfeêð hAbl fy, l Hkht xg feêð hesa?kV rFkkrUrq v ksaesai V mRiUu gksrk gq v kfn• kbZnsrkgSA
ft l Hkko l sv Fkok ft l fu; e l s; g mi yC/ gksrk gSml l sml dh mRifÙk l si gys fl ¼ gksrk
gaAv Uo; rFkk O;frjsd osQmi yfC/ i Fk i j v k: < gksrsgq
S , dk; ZrFkk dkj.k osQHkko : i esagksrs
gSAfeêð h rFkk ?kV esav kS
j rUrqrFkk i V esaft l çdkj l sv Uo; rFkk O;frjsd fn• kbZnsrk gS ] ml
çdkj l sfeêð hrFkki V dk , o rUrqrFkk?kV çkIr gksrkgS AD; kdkj.kgSdhmRifÙkl si gysfeêð h
rFkk ?kV esav uU;Ro gSv kS j rUrqrFkk i V esaHkh v uU;Ro gS A ; gk¡ i j ; g u rksfoi jhr gSv kS j
u v yx gSbl çdkj l s; gk¡ i j dksbZl a ' k; kodk' k Hkh ughagS A
a
bl çdkj l sl a
l kj esaHkhnghv kfn dk mi knku nw / ghfn• kbZnsrk gS ] ?kV v kfn dk feêð hA
dk; Zl smRifÙkl si gysdkj.k l sv yx gksghughal drkgSrc ml ml dk; kZ FkhZdk ml &ml osQ
mi knku dk fu; e ; g ughafn• kbZnsrk gS AfdUrqml l sfoi jhr gh v uq Hko gksrk gSAbl çdkj ngh
v kfn dhmi knku feêð hrFkk ?kVkfn dk mi knku nw/ A; gk¡ i j D; k dkj.k gksl drk gS A; gk¡i j ; g
gh dkj.k gSfd u rksmRifÙk l si gysfeêð h l sv uU; ngh fn• rk gSu nw / l sv uU; ?kV fn• kbZ
nsrkgSAft l dkmRifÙkl si gysghdk; Zv l r~gksml dkl oZ =kv l Ro Hkko gksus osQdkj.knw / gh
nghdk mi knku gksrk gSu dhef̀Ùkdk rFkk feêð h gh?kV dk mi nku gksrk gSu dh nw / A; fn dgk
t k, dhv l Ro fo' ks"k Hkh mu dkj.kksaml dk; Zdk mRiknd gSrks; gk¡ i j dksbZv fr' k; gsrqgksuk
pkfg, Ai jUrq, slkughagSçdkjkUrj l sv l r~okn dki fjR;kx djosQl r~ okn dkghxzg.kdjukgksrk
gSAdk; ZosQdkj.kesav uU;Ro l sv oLFkku dk v fr' k; i nkFkZgksrk gS Abl çdkj ; g v l Rdk; Z okn
esat : jhgksrk gSA

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 49
 i kB&4 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal Rd k; Z
okn

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa 4-5-3) l oZ l EHkokHkkokr ~
lR d k; Z
okn miknkuxzg.kkn~bl f}rh; gsrqesaçfri kfnr fd; kx; kdhdk; ZosQl kFkl EcU/ gksusl s dkj.k
gh dk; Zdk t ud gksrk gS Au dh v l Ec¼ l EcU/ osQf}fu"B fu; e l sAogk¡ ; fn bl çdkj dk
v k{ksi fd; k t k, fd v l Ec¼ ghdk; Zv kS j dkj.kl smRiUu gksAv FkkZ
r ~v l r~ghdk; ZdksmRiUu
djsbl v k{ksi osQfujkdj.k osQfy, , d v uUrj gsrqcrk; k x; k gSt ksgS^l oZ l EHkokHkkor~* bl
çdkj l sA; fn v l Ec¼ dkj.kl sv l Ec¼ dk; ZdhmRifÙkLohdkj djrsgSrc ft l fdl hdkj.k
l sft l fdl h Hkh dk; Zfd mRifÙk gkst k, ] l Hkh l sgh l Hkh dk; ks±dh mRifÙk gkst k, ArUrq v ksa
% l s?kV dhfeêðhl si V dhAi jUrq; g rksl EHko ughagS
è; ku nsa Av r%ft l dkj.kl sft l dk; Zdkl EcU/
gSml dkj.k l sgh ml dk; Zdh mRifÙk gksrh gS ]; g v Ä~
xhdkj djuk pkfg, ArFkk Lohdkj djus
ij iw okZ
sÙkQ; q
fÙkQl sv l r l EcU/ dkv uq
fpr gksusl sl r~dk; ZdksghLohdkj djukpkfg, Abl fy,
l ka
[ ; kpk; ks±usdgk gS A
v l ÙosukfLr l EcU/ %d kj . kS
%l Ùol fÄ~ xfHk%A
v l Ec¼L; pksRifÙkfePNr ksu O;ofLFkfr % AAbfrA
' yksd kFkZ
%
& v l Ro esadk; Zdh mRifÙk i gysgh v fo| eku gksusosQdkj.k ( mu dk; ks±dk)
l Rol Ä~x rFkk l Ro/ ekZJ ; dkj.kksaosQl kFk l EcU/ l n~rFkk v l n~osQl EcU/ v uqi kr l s ughagS
rFkk ughagksuk pkfg, Adkj.kksaosQ}kjk v l Ec¼ dk; ZosQbfPNr er esa; g O;ofLFkfr gksrhgSdh
¶feêð hgh?kV gSrFkkdud l sghdVd gksrk gŞ ¶nw / l sghnghmRiUu gksrk gŞ bl çdkj dh
O;oLFkk ughagksuh pkfg, ] v fi rq¶l Hkh l sl Hkh dh mRifÙķ bl çdkj dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,
bl dk ; g v FkZgksuk pkfg, Abl fy, l ka [; l w =k esadgk x; k gS
] ¶l oZ
=k l oZ
nk l okZ
l EHkokr~
¸ ( 1-
116)

i kBxr ç' uk 4-2

1- l Rdk; Z
okn dk çfri knu djusokyh l ka
[ ; dkfjdk dkS
u&l h gS
\
2- l Rdk; Z
okn dksekuusi j fdrusdkj.k dkfjdkdkj crk, ¡ gS
\
a
( d) rhu ( • ) pkj ( x) i k¡p ( ?k) "kV~
3- ' kfÙkQosQ' kD; dj.k ea
s; gkai j dkS
u&l h ' kfÙkQgS
\
4- ¶ukl nq
Riknksu`' k̀Ä~
xor~
¸ bl l ka
[; l w
=k l sfdl dk cks/ gksrk gS
\
5- ¶mi knkuxzg.kkr~
¸ ; gk¡i j mi knku xzg.k l sD; k rkRi; ZgS
\
6- ¶v l ÙosukfLr l EcU/%̧ ----------- bl ' yksd i w
j k dht h, A

4-5-4) ' kÙkQ

L; ' kD; d j . kkr ~
dkj.k l Ec¼ gh dk; Zl EcU/ osQ: i esadkj.k osQ}kjk mRiUu gksrk gSAu dh v l Ec¼
v l Ec¼ l sA; gk¡i j v U;FkkgSv Fkokv uoLFkkgSbl çdkj l sughal gusokysrkfdZ
d yksx ' kÄ~dk
djrsgS & dk; ZosQv l Ec¼ gksusi j Hkhl r~dkj.koghdk; ZdjrkgSft l dk; Zesat ksdkj.k' kfÙkQ
a
gksrh gSog ml dkj.k dksrFkk ml dk; Zdkst Ue nsrh gS ] u dh l Hkh dksAml l s¶feêðh l sgh

50 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal Rd k; Z
okn i kB&4
?kM+k curk gŞ dud l sgh dVd gS A; g O;oLFkk v l r~dk; Z okn esaHkh l a?kfVr gksrh gS Afeêð h l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa
v kfn dk ?kVkfn osQmRiknu esa' kfÙkQ Ro gksusl sAml l sdk; Zdkj.k osQl EcU/ esadYi uk dk oq QN
ç; kst u ughagS A dk; ZmRiUu djusokyh' kfÙkQghdkj.k dgykrhgS ] bl dkj.kl s' kfÙkQghdk; Z
lR d k; Z
okn
fu"BkgksrhgS Aml soS Q
l sl e>kt k, \ rc dgrsgS adk; Zn' kZ
ukr~dk; ZosQn' kZu l s¶feêð hl sgh?kM+ k
curk gSrFkk dud l sdVd curk gŞ bl çfrfu; r dk; kZ sRifÙkosQv U;Fkkv uq i i fÙk Kku l sAt S
ls
v uqeku djrsgS a¶v fXu esat ykusosQv uq
ow
Qy ' kfÙkQjgrhgŞ nkg : i dk; Zdkst Ue nsusaosQdkj.k]
t ksml esaughaog ughagS Aogk¡dk; Zfu; ked dkb sZvfr' k; fo' ks"kgkrskgS] og l keF; Zfo' ks"kgh' kfÙkQ
dgykrkgS Aml osQ}kjk' kfÙkQ eku dkghdkj.kdkdk; Z t udRo l e>usl sl Hkhl sl HkhdhmRifÙk
okyh v O;oLFkk l kFk esaughapyrh gS Abl fy, rksdgk x; k gSl Rdk; Z okn dksl e>usdk prq FkZ è; ku nsa
%
gsrq' kÙkQ
L; ' kD; dj.kkr~gSA
dk; Zt uu ' kfÙkQosQer esadkj.k esafo| eku og ' kfÙkQD; k l Hkh dk; ks±osQfo"k; esagS
( v FkkZ
r ~l Hkhdk; ks±osQmRiknu esal eFkZgS ) D; k og ' kD; dk; Z fo"k; gS( t ksft l dk; ZdksmRiUu
djusesal {ke gSml dk; Zdh fo"k; gS ) A; fn l oZ d k; Zfo"k; bl çFke i {k dksLohdkj djrsgS
rks¶ l Hkhl cl smRiUu gkst k, ¡¸ bl çdkj dhv O;oLFkkgkst k, xhAml osQ}kjkghdud esal oZ
dk; Zfo"k; ' kfÙkQgSv k t k, ] rksfi Qj ml l s?kVkfn dhHkhmRifÙkgksuhpkfg, ¶ feêð hl s?kV rFkk
dud l sdVd¸ rksfi Q j bl O;oLFkkdhrksv uq i fÙkgkst k, A' kD; dk; Zfo"k; ' kfÙkQ; fn ; g f}rh;
i {kLohdkj djrsgSrksv fo| eku ' kD; dk; Zesaml fo"k; dh' kfÙkQgS, slkoS Ql sHkhughadg l drs]
bl çdkj l s; gk¡nks"kmRiUu gksxkA; gk¡i j dgrsgS adh; fn ml ' kfÙkQ' kD; dk; Zfo"k; bl çdkj
l sLohdkj djrsgSrksrc dkj.kO;ki kj l si gysgksukpkfg, rc rksdkj.kesaog ' kD; dk; Zfo"k;
' kfÙkQgSghugha Av FkkZr ~fo| eku dkj.kesav fo| eku ' kD; dk; Z fo"k; ' kfÙkQ; fn oq Q
N jgusosQ; ksX;
gSrksog fo"k; fo"k; h Hkko l EcU/ l sgh l EHko gS Adkj.k osQfo| ekuRo l srFkk ' kD; dk; ZosQ
v fo| ekuRo l smu nksuksesaoS Ql sHkh fo"k; fo"k; h Hkko ?kfVr ughagksrk gS A
fu' pr çdkj l s^og ' kfÙkQl oZ =k gS
* , slk Lohdkj fd; k t krk gSi jUrql Hkhl sl Hkhdk; ks±
dhmRifÙk ughagksrhgS Aog rksdk; Zesagksusokyhv yx gh' kfÙkQfo' ks"k gksrhgS Aft l ' kfÙkQHksn
l sdkj.k oq QN gh dk; Zdkst Ue nsl drk gSu dh l Hkh dkst S l s¶feêð h l s?kV~rFkk rUrql si V
¸ Abl çdkj dh O;oLFkk ; fn v l r~dk; Z okn esaHkh ?kfVr gksrh gSrksogk¡ i j Hkh dksbZnks"k ugha
gksrkgS ] rks, slkughagS Adkj.kfu"B og ' kfÙkQHksn dk; Zl sl Ec¼ gksrkgS ] rksfi Q
j ; g l EHko ugha
gksrk dh v fo| eku dkj.k l sl kFk fo| eku dkj.k fu"B ' kfÙkQfo' ks"k l EcU/ gS; g ughadgk t k
l drkAu ghfo| eku dkj.kfu"B ' kfÙkQHksn l EcU/ v fo| keku dkj.kosQl kFkdgk t kl drkgS A
; gkai j l r~rFkkv l r~dhv uq i fÙkgksrhgS A; fn ml ' kfÙkQHksn dksdk; Zl sv l Ec¼ eku Hkhfy; k
t k, rksml l s^^l oZ al oZ
Lekr~l EHkosr~ ¸ ; g i gysdgh x; h v O;oLFkk gkst k, xh v r%dkj.k esa
dk; kRsi kfndk' kfÙkQgksrhgSv kS
Z j og ' kfÙkQfdl hl r~dk; Zl sl Ec¼ gS, slkv Ä~ xhdkj djukpkfg, A
bl fy, dgk x; k gS^' kÙkQ L; ' kD; dj.kkr~ *A dkj.k esarnkReuk orZ eku dk; Zdh v ufHkO;ÙkQ
v oLFkk: i v ukxrkoLFkk gh dk; Z fu; ked ' kfÙkQgS Aml osQ}kjk l EcU/ dk; Zgh gksusesal eFkZgS A
v ukxr v oLFkkRo dkj.k esadk; ZosQl Ro gksusl sdk; Zv l r~ughagksl drkAbl fy, HkxoRikn
' kd
a jkpk; Zusdgk gS¶' kfÙkQ ' p dkj.kL; dk; fZu; ekFkkZdYI; ekuk ukU;k] v l rhok dk; Z afu; PNsr~
]
v l Ùokfo' ks"kkr~v U;Ùokfo' ks"kkPpArLekr~dkj.kL; kReHkw r k' kfÙkQ
%] ' kÙkQ
s'pkReHkwr adk; Z
e~
¸ bfrA

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 51
 i kB&4 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal Rd k; Z
okn

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa 4-5-5) d kj . kHkkokr ~
lR d k; Z
okn l Rdk; Z
okn dksl e>usesai k¡pok gsrqgSdkj.kHkkoAdk; ZrFkk dkj.k esarknkRE; gkussi j Hkh
bl gsrql sl Rdk; Z okn dhçfr"BkgksrhgS Adkj.kHkkokr~bl dkv FkZgSdk; Zdkdkj.kkRedRo HkkoA
D; ksa
fd dkj.k l sfHkUu dk; ZughagSbl fy, dkj.k osQl r~gksusl sml l sfHkUu dk; ZoS Ql sHkhv l r~
ughagksl drk gS Abl fy, v uq eku fd; k t krk gSfd dkj.k l sv fHkUu gksusosQdkj.k rFkk dkj.k
Lo: i or~gksusos Qdkj.k?kVges'kkl r~ghgksrkgS Adk; ZrFkkdkj.kos QHksn l k/ u es
acgq r l kjs çek.k
gSa¶rUrqi V l s v yx ughagks l drs r¼eZ Rokr~A t ks ft l l s v yx gks t krk gSog ml dk
% / eZughagksrk gSt S
è; ku nsa l sxkjSo.kZv ' o l srFkki V rUrq v ksal sAbl çdkj ; gk¡i j v FkkZ Urj ughagS Arn
oLrqfo' ks"k gksusosQdkj.k i V gh rUrv ksadk / eZgksrk gS Abl fy, i V rFkk rUrq v ksaesav Hksn jgrk
gSAoq QN rUrqrFkki V esaHksn mi knku rFkkmi kns; Hkko l sHkhfl ¼ gksrkgS Aft l l sdk; ZmRiUu gksrs
gS] v Fkok dk; ks±dkst Ue feyrk gSog mi knku dgykrk gS
a Adk; Zdh v ukxr v oLFkk dk v kJ; h
Hkwr dkj.k gksrk gS Ami kns; O;ogkfFkZ ; ksaosQ}kjk xzg.k djus; ksX; dk; Zgksuk pkfg, Aft u nksuksadk
mi knku rFkkmi kns; Hkko gksrkgSmu nksuksaesaghrknkRE; fl ¼ gksrkgS ArUrqv kS j i V dkmi knku rFkk
mi kns; Hkko yksd esagh fl ¼ gksrk gS Abl fy, l a l kj esarUrqmi knk; ksal sgh i V dk fuekZ . k yksxksa
osQ}kjkfd; kt krkgS Aft u nksuksaesav FkkZUrjRo Hkko gksmu nksuksadkmi knku rFkkmi kns; Hkko fl ¼
ughagksrkgS At S l S?kV rFkki V dkArUrqrFkki V esav FkkZ UrjRo ughagSD; ksa fd mu nksuksadk mi knku
rFkkmi kns; fujUrj l kFkesaghpyrkgS Aml l smu nksuksadkrknkRE; fl ¼ gksrkgSv kS jla ; ksx v Hkko
l srFkkv çkfIr osQv Hkko l srUrqv kS j i V dkv FkkZ UrjRo Hkhfl ¼ ughagksrkgS Aogk¡i j v çkIr rFkk
çkIr dkl a ; ksx gksrkgSrFkkv çkfIr dkfoHkkx gksrkgS Av kS j la
; ksx osQv ukfJRo l srFkkfoHkkx osQ
v ukfJrRo l soLrq v ksadkv Hksn fl ¼ gksrkgS Arc v uq eku djrsgS & rn~foHkkx v ukfJrRo osQdkj.k
a
i V rUrqv ksal sv yx ughagksl drkAD; ksa fd t ksv yx gksrkgSogk¡foHkkx ns• st krsgS afgekpy rFkk
foUè; kpy dkAbl çdkj l sdk; Zdkj.kesav Hksn fl ¼ gksusi j dkjd O;ki kj l smRifÙkl si w oZHkh
dk; Zdkl Ro fl ¼ gksrkgS Afuf' pr : i l srUrqi V dh, drkl e>ukpkfg, Arc ^; srUrqgSv kS j
; g i V gS* bl çdkj dhl a KkHksn dhv uq i i fÙkgksusi j dgrsgS adhv o; o foU;kl fo' ks"kl a LFkku
Hksn l s; q
ÙkQgh l a Kk Hksn gksrk gSbl esaoq QN v l e×k~ t l ughagS A
fuf' pr : i l smRifÙkosQfouk' kl scq f¼ Hksn l sO;i ns'k Hksn l sv FkZfØ; k Hksn l sO;oLFkk
Hksn l soLrq v ksadkHksn fl ¼ gksrkgS] bl çdkj ; gk¡i j dk; Zdkj.kesav Hksn fl f¼ ughadj l drsA
ml l smRifÙk osQi gysv l r~ghdk; ZosQ: i esafl ¼ gksrkgS Abl fy, dgk x; kgS & ¶ i V rUrq v ksa
l sv yx gksl drk gS ] ml osQu"V gksusl sv Fkok çrh; eku gksusl ş bl çdkj mRifÙk cq f¼ l srFkk
fouk' kcq f¼ l srUrqrFkki V esaHksn fl ¼ gksrkgS Al al kj esans• k Hkhx; kgSfd mRifÙk rFkkfouk' k
fHkUu oLrq v ksaesaghl EHko gksrkgSAu fd v fHkUu oLrq v ksaesa
Abl çdkj l scq f¼ Hksn HkhoLrqv ksaesa
Hksn fl ¼ djrhgS A bl fy, dgkx; kgS¶ ; srUrqgSrFkk; g i V gS¸ bl çdkj dkKkuoS y {; .;
Hkh rUrqv kS j i V esa Hkn
s dk l k/ d gksrk gSAbl çdkj l s; gk¡ i j O;i ns'k Hksn gksrk gS¶ rUrq v ksa
esaoL=kgS¸ bl çdkj dkv k/ kj rFkkv k/ s; Hksn HkhoLrq v ksaesaHksn l k/ d gS
Av FkZfØ; kHksn t S
l sµ
/ kxksaos
Q}kjkoL=kfl ykt krkgSrFkkoL=kosQ}kjk' kjhj <dkt krkgS Abl çdkj dkç; ktsu mRiknu
Hksn Hkh dk; ZrFkk dkj.k osQHksn l k/ d gS Abl çdkj v FkZfØ; k rFkk O;oLFkk osQHksn l sfofHkUu
ç; kst u t udRo fu; e HkhHksn l k/ d gksrkgS At S
l s?kV osQ}kjkt y yst k; kt krkgS ] ysfdu feêð h
l sugha ] bl çdkj v FkfZØ; kdkfjRo l sfeêð hrFkk ?kV esaHksn fl ¼ gksrk gS Adk; ZrFk dkj.k es; fn
v Hksn gksrk rksfeêð h osQfi .M l sHkh t y yst k; k t k, rFkk ?kV l sHkh fHkÙkh l Ei kfnr dh t k, ]

52 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal Rd k; Z
okn i kB&4
rc ; gk¡i j bl çdkj dhv O;oLFkkmi yC/ gksrhgS Ai jUrqog mi yC/ ughagksrhgSbl fy, dk; Z l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa
rFkkdkj.kesHksn v Ä~ xhÑr djukpkfg, Abl çdkj l smRifÙkfouk' k] cq f¼ rFkkO;i ns'kkFkZfØ; k
O;oLFkkosQHksn gsrqrFkkdk; Zdkj.kbu nksuksaesaHksn l k/ rhgS
Au dhdk; ZrFkkdkj.kesarknkRE; A
lR d k; Z
okn
bl çdkj l s; sgsrqokLrfod: i l sdk; ZrFkk dkj.k esaHksn l k/ usosQ; ksX; ughagS
A
a
dghaHkh , d v fHkUu oLrqesaHkh rr~rr~fo' ks"k v kfoHkkZ o frjksHkko : i v kS
i kf/ d Hksn dks
ysd j budk mRifÙk fouk' kkfn gsrq
v ksadk v fojk/s fl ¼ gksrk gSAbl fy, fdl h dk fojks/ ughagS A
bl fy, okpLi fr feJ usdgk gS & ¶t S l sdNq, osQv Ä~ x dNq , osQ' kjhj esaços'k djosQfNi t krs
gS
] v Unj Hkhpyst krsgS
a arFkk mRiUu Hkhgkst krsgS ] osv Ä~x dNq , l smRiUu ughagksrsgS av kS
j u
dNq , osQ}kjk mudk uk' k gksrk gS
Abl çdkj , d feêð h rFkk l q
o.kZl s?kV eq oq
QVkfn fo' ks"k mRiUu è; ku ns
a
%
gksrsgS
arFkk fou"V gksrsgSAbl çdkj l sfi Q
a j v l r~dhmRifÙk rFkkl r~dkfujks/ ughagS Abl fy,
Hkxoku~Ñ".k}S i k; u usJhen~
Hkxon~xhrk esadgkgS A
¶ukl r ksfo| r sHkkoksukHkkoksfo| r sl r %̧ bl çdkj l sA
v l r~dk ujfo"kknkfn osQt S l sv fo| keku dkl Ro Hkko ughagksrkgS
ArFkkl r~dkfo| eku
v FkZdk v Hkko v l Ro Hkh l EHko ughagS Abl çdkj l s' yksd dk v FkZfd; k t k jgk gS
A
feêð hl o
q.kkZfn t c v kfoHkko
Z: i es afodk' k' kkyhgksrhgSrc ¶?kVknhmRiUu gksrsga Ş bl çdkj
l sO;ogkj gksrkgSrFkkt c feêð hv kfn dk; ZosQv rhrkoLFkk: i l a d ksp' kkyhHkko gkrskgSrc ¶?kVkfn
çèoLr¸ gksrsgS abl çdkj dk O;gkj djuk pkfg, Abl çdkj l sl a LFkk Hksn l s, d esaHkh mRifÙk
rFkk fouk' k osQmi i UuRo l s?kVkfn; ksadh mRifÙk rFkk fouk' k l sfeêð hv kfn l sfHkUurk dh' kÄ~ dk
ughadjuhpkfg, Abl çdkj l scq f¼ Hksn HkhHkn s l k/ d ughagksrkgS Aml hçdkj i Vv ukxrkoLFkkvksa
esarUrqv ksaesa¶ ; srUrqgS¸ bl çdkj l sKkr gksrsgS Ai V dhHkhorZ
a ekukoLFkkv ksaesa¶ ; g i V gŞ
bl çdkj l s, d esaHkh foy{k.k cq f¼ mRiUu gksrh gS A¶rUrq"kqi V%̧ ; gk¡ i j v k/ kj rFkk v k/ s;
: i v yx : i gksusi j HkhHkn s osQl k/ d ughagS A
at lSs¶bl ou esafryd (o`{k) jgrsgŞ bl çdkj
dkO;ogkj fl ¼ gksrkgSoS l sgh¶rUrq v ksaesai V gŞ ; g Hkht kuukpkfg, Afryd l srkRi; ZgSo`{kksa
osQl eqnk; ] bl çdkj o`{krFkkou dkv Hksn gksusi j Hkht S l sv k/ kj v kSj v k/ s; dk O;ogkj gksrk
gSml hçdkj rUrqrFkki V esaHkhv Hksn gksusl sv k/ kj rFkkv k/ s; O;ogkj mRiUu gksrkgS ] bl çdkj
dkO;i ns'kHksn HkhHksnl k/ d ughagksrkgS Av FkZfØ; kHksn HkhHksn l k/ d ughagksrsgS Av fXu v kfn
a
esaO;fHkpkj osQn' kZ u l sAt S
l s, d ghv kx nkgd i kpd rFkkçdk' kd gksusosQdkj.kl s¶ t gk¡t gk¡
fofHkUu dk; ZdkfjRo gksxkogk¡i j oLrqHksn gksxkrFkkO;kfIr i Q fyr ughagksxhAbl çdkj v FkZfØ; k
rFkk O;oLFkk Hkh oLrqHksn esagsrqughagS Av r%t S l sçR;sd ukSd j ekxZn' kZ u y{k.kksal sv FkZfØ; k
dksdjrsgS au fd Mksy hdk ogu] feydj ghMksy h dk ogu djrsgS Abl hçdkj rUrqHkh çR;sd
a
oL=k dkscukrsgq , ] oL=k : i esav kfoHkZ r gksd j ' kjhjkfn dksv kPNkfnr djrsgS
w A; g gh mRifÙk
a
fouk' k&cq f¼ O;i ns'k&v FkZ& fØ; k rFkk O;oLFkk Hksn gksrk gS Abl çdkj l smi jksÙkQgsrqdk; ZrFkk
dkj.kesHksn fl ¼ ughadj l drs; g fl ¼ fd; k x; kgS Amul srksdk; ZrFkkdkj.kesarknkRE; gh
fl ¼ gksrk gS AmRifÙk l si gysdk; Zdk l Ro / eZFkk bl çdkj l sl Rdk; Z okn dksl e>usosQfy,
dkfjdkdkj }kjk mfYyf• r i k¡p gsrq v ksadk l foLrkj o.kZ uiwj k gq
v kA

4-6) ' kw
U;okn • . Mu
bl çdkj l sl Rdk; Z
okn dksl ; q
fÙkQl k/ usi j ckS
¼ksaosQer dksv l r~l sl r~mRiUu gksusl s

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 53
 i kB&4 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal Rd k; Z
okn

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa l ehphu ughaekursgS Aft l çdkj oUè; ki q
a =k dhmRifÙk fn• kbZnsrh ga SrFkk u oUè; ki q=kk l sfdl h
dhmRifÙk l EHko gksrhgS Abl hçdkj • jxks'k osQl ha x Hkhnf̀"V i Fk esav orfjr ughagksrsgS ArFkk
a
lR d k; Z
okn cht osQuk' kgksusi j v Ä~oq
QjksRifÙkosQn' kZ
u l sv Hkko l sghHkkoksRifÙkfn• kbZnsrhgSi jUrq, slkugha
gSAv Ä~oq
Qjkfn LFky esaHkhcht ksaosQv o; oksaeasghfdl hfufeÙkl sfØ; kmRiUu gksrhgSft l l scht ksa
osQv o; o i woZv o; o l aLFkku dksR;kxdj nw l jsl a
LFkku esapyst krsga Aml l a
S LFkku v uUr jl
v Ä~oq
Qj mRiUu gksrsgSat kscht osQv o; o dkj.k l smRiUu gksrsgS a; gk¡ i j v Hkko dh fl f¼ ugha
gksrhgS
A

è; ku nsa
% 4-7) foor Z
okn • . Mu
v }S
r osnkfUr ft l foorZ okn dksekursgS arFkk og Hkh l ehphurk osQ; ksX; ughagS AD; ksfd
muosQer esa; FkkfeF; kt xr~' kq fÙkQesajt r dhHkzkfUr or~rFkkjLl hesal i ZdhHkzkfUror~gS ] muosQ
er esa' kq
fÙkQLo: i rFkk jLl h Lo: i dk Lo; agh çdk' k djrhgS An`"VkUr rksv PNk gSi jUrq; g
v l Ro osQckf/ r gksusesaçR;{kfl ¼ t xr~osQfeF; kRo dgusesav l eFkZ r kl s n`"VkUr l kFkughapy
jgkgS At gk¡ck/ Kku dksbZv U; dkj.kgksl drkgSogk¡ghfeF; kRo dg l drsgS ai jUrqçR;{kfl ¼
t xr~dHkhHkhckf/ r ughagksrkgSbl dkj.kl s; g feF; kRo osQl kFkughapyrkgS ] bl fy, dfi y
lw=k esadgk x; k gS¶t xRl R;Roe~v nq "Vdkj.kt U;Rokn~ck/ dkHkkokr~ ¸ ( 6-52) bfrA nq "Vdkj.k
t U;Ro l srkRi; ZgSi hysl Ä~ • dkKkuAck/ d v FkkZ r ~^; g jt r ughagS* bl çdkj dkKkuAt xr~
Hkhnq"Vdkj.kt U;Ro ughagksrkgSçÑfr v kfn osQv nq "VRokr~A^; g t xr~ughagS * bl çR;; osQv Hkko
osQdkj.k; g ck/ d ughagS Abl fy, t xr dkfeF; kRo mi; q ÙkQughagSAJq fr; k¡Hkht xr~dkfeF; kRo
l R; : i l sçfri kfnr djrh gS A¶t ks; g oq
a Q
N Hkh gSog ml l R; dksfn• krk gS¸ v kjS¶ t S ls
fo/ krk usi woZesal w; ZpUærFkk bl t xr~dh dYi uk dh Fkh ¸ osnkUr l w =kdkj cknjk; .k Hkh
¶i fj.kkekr~
¸ bR;kfn l = wkksaosQ}kjk çi ×k~
p dksczã dk i fj.kke ekursgS au dh foorZ A
fuf' pr : i l s¶; gk¡ i j ukuk çdkj dk oq QN Hkh ughagS¸ bR;kfn Jq fr osQ}kjk t xr~osQ
ckf/ Ro l sv fo| kuke dkdksbZnks"kgS, slkekuukpkfg, rksugha A¶usg ukukfLr fd×k~ pu¸ bl çdkj
dh Jq fr; k¡t ksv }S
r çi ×k~
p ck/ drk l sv fHkçsfjr djrh gS aosoLrq r %çdj.kkuq l kj foHkkx çfr"ks/
i jd gksrh gS A u dh çi ×k~
a p dh v R;Ur rq PN l Ei kfndk gksrh gS
A ^okpkjEHk.kafodkjksuke/ s;a
a
ef̀ÙkosQR;so l R;e~¸ bl çdkj dhJq fr; k¡rksfuR;rk: i i kjekfFkZ
d l Ùkkfojg : i v FkZdksçdkf' kr
djrh gS ] ugharks ef̀Ùkdk n`"VkUr dh v fl f¼ gksrh gS Al al kj ef̀Ùkdk v kfn osQfodkjksadk
v R;Urrq PNRo fl ¼ ughadjrkgSft l l s; sn`"VkUr fl ¼ gkst k, Abl çdkj l sfoorZ okn l ghugha
gSv fi rql Rdk; Z okn gh l gh gS A

i kBxr ç' u 4-3

1- l Rdk; Z
okn osQv H; q
i xe esaprq
FkZgsrqD; k gS
!
2- ¶dkj.kkHkkor~
¸ bl dk D; k v FkZgS
\
3- ¶ukl rksfo| rsHkkoksukHkkoksfo| rsl r%̧ ; g okD; dgkal smn~
?k̀r gS
\
4- l Rdk; Z
okn osQv H; q
i xe esai ka
pok gsrqD; k gS
\
5- t xr~dh l R;rkfo"k; d dfi y dk l w
=k D; k gS
\
54 mPpr j ekè; fed
l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal Rd k; Z
okn i kB&4
6- iw
oZi {kh osQv uq
l kj oLrqosQHksnl k/ d gsrqD; k gS
\ l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa
7- i zFke i a
fDr osQ' kCnksal sf}rh; i a
fDr osQ' kCnksadk feyku djsa
& lR d k; Z
okn
( 1-) v l r%l r~t ; rs ( d) uS
; kf; d
( 2-) l r%v l r~t k; rs ( [ k) ckS
¼
( 3-) l r%l r~t k; rs ( x) v }S
r osnkUrh
( 4-) feF; k: i s.k i zrhfr t k; rs ( ?k) l ka
[;
è; ku nsa
%
v ki usD; k l h[ kk
 l Rdk; Z
okn dk foLrr̀ i fjp; ]
 l R;dk; Z
okn dh fl f¼ osQfy, l ka
[ ; kpk; ks±dh mfDr dkst kuk]
 l R;dk; Z
okn osQl a
ca
/ esa' kw
U;okn dkst kuk]
 l R;dk; Z
okn l sv l n~
d k; Z
okn dkst kuk]
 l R;dk; Z
okn osQl a
ca
/ esafoor̀okn dkst kuk]
 ' kU
w; okn dsfo"k; ds[ ka
Mu dkst kuk]
 foorZ
okn osQ[ k.Mu dkst kuk

i kBkUr ç' u
1- v l Rdk; Z
okn dk l a
{ksi esai fjp; nhft , A
2- ' kw
U;okn dk l a
{ksi esai fjp; nhft , A
3- foorZ
okn dk l ekl fof/ l si fjp; nhft , A
4- l Rdk; Z
okn dk l ekl fof/ l si fjp; nhft , A
5- l Rdk; Z
okn dksekuusosQdkS
u&dkS
u l sdkj.kgS
AmuesanksdkfoLrkj i w
a oZ
d v kykspu dhft , A
6- l Rdk; Z
okn dksekuusesadkj.kHkkokr~gsrqdksfoLrkj l sçfri kfnr dhft , A
7- l Rdk; Z
okn dh fn' kk esa' kw
U;okn dk • .Mu l ekl fof/ l sfyf• , A
8- foorZ
okn ' kkL=k l Eer D; ksaughagS
Abl esl ka
[ ; n' kZ
u dh fn' kk dk fopkj dhft , A

i kBxr i z'uksaosQmÙkj 4-1

1- ( x) uS
; kf; dksadk
2- ( • ) l ka
[ ; ksadk

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 55
 i kB&4 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esal Rd k; Z
okn

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esa 3- ( ?k) v }S
r osnkfUr; ksadk
lR d k; Z
okn 4- ( d) ckS
¼ksadk
5- ( x) foorZ
6- l Ro l st ksv yx çdkj dk gksrk gSogk fodkj dgykrk gS
7- iw
oZ
: i dk i fjR;kx djusl st ksukukçdkj osQv l R;dkj.kksadkçfrHkkl gksrkgSog foorZ
gS
At Sl sl hi h esapk¡nh dk rFkk jLl h esal i ZdkA
è; ku nsa
% 8- v O;ÙkQ
: i l sA

i kBxr i z'uksaosQmÙkj 4-2

1- v l ndj.kknq
i knkuxzg.kkr~l oZ
l EHkokHkkokr~
A' kÙkQ
L; ' kD; dj.kkr~dkj.kHkkokPp l Rdk; Z
e~
AA
bfrA
2- ( x) i k¡p
3- dkj.kes arnkReukorZ
eku dk; Zdhv O;kÑr voLFkk: i v ukxrxkoLFkkghdk; Zdhfu; ked
' kfÙkQ gS
A
4- euq"; ksaesal ha
x dh rjg v l r~gS
] v FkkZ
r euq
"; ksaesal ha
x dh mRifÙk ughagksrh gS
] bl çdkj
l st kuuk pkfg, A
5- mi knku dkj.kksadk xzg.k dk dk; ZosQl kFk l EcU/ mi knku xzg.k dgykrk gS
A
6- v l ÙosukfLr l EcU/%dkj.kS
%l Ùol fÄ~
xfHk%
Av l Ec¼L; pksRifÙkfePNrksu O;ofLFkfr%
AA
bfrA

i kBxr i z'uksaosQmÙkj 4-3

1- ¶' kDrL; ' kD; dkj.kkr~
¸A
2- dk; ZosQdkj.kkRed gksusl sA
3- Jhen~
HkxonxhrkA
4- ¶t xRlR;Roe~v nq
"Vdkj.kt U;Rokr~ck/ dkHkkokr~
A
5- mRifÙk] fouk' k] cq
f¼ Hksn] O;i ns'kHksn] v FkZfØ; kHksn rFkk O;oLFkkHksn ; sHksn l k/ d gsrq
gS
A
a
6- 1- ( [ k) 2- ( d) 3- ( ?k) 4- ( x)

56 mPpr j ekè; fed

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek i kB&5
i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek

osnkUr esaçek. k
è; ku nsa
%
i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek

Hkkjr esav kfLrd rFkkukfLrd Hksn l sn' kZ

uksaos
QfoHkkx fd; sx; sgS Av kfLrd n' kZ
a uksaesaosnkUr
n' kZ
u v U;re gS AosnkUr er esaN%v kfLrd çek.kgkrssgS Abl i kB esan' kZ
a u] n' kZ
u ç; kst u] n' kZ
u Hksn
rFkk n' kZ
u Hksn l sçek.k Hksn] bR;kfn osQfo"k; esal ekl fof/ l sfn; sx; sgS Aysfdu osnkUr n' kZ
a u
es
av}S r os
nkUr fof' k"Vk}S
r os
nkUr] }S
r osnkUr bR;kfn foHkkx fn; sx; sgS
Afi Q
a j Hkhos nkUr n' kZ
u bl çdkj
dgusi j v }S r osnkUr dksgh ; gk¡ i j ekudj v }S r osnkUr osQer esat ksçek.k gSmudk ; gk¡ i j
o.kZu fd; k t k jgk gS Abl fy, ; sçek.k v }S r osnkUr n' kZu l Eer gSa, slk ekuuk pkfg, A

mís';
bl i kB dksi <+
d j v ki l {ke gksa
xs_
 n' kZ
u D; k gSbl fo"k; esaKku i zkfIr esa
_
 n' kZ
uksaosQHksnksadkst kuusesa
_
 n' kZ
u osQç; kst uksadh l e> fodfl r djusesa
_
 iq
#"kkFkks±dkst kudj v i uk t hou O;rhr djusfy, Kku i zkIr djusesa
_
 çek.kksaosQi nkFkks±dkst kudj çek.k dh efgek dksl e> l dsa
xs_
 v }S
r osnkUr osQer esaçR;{k çek.k D; k gS; g t ku i kusesa
_

5-1) n' kZ
u
nf̀' kj çs{k.ksbl / krql sY; q
V~çR;; osQ; ksx l sn' kZ
u ' kCn fu"i kfnr gksrk gSAns• uk bl dk
rkRi; ZosQoy v k¡• ksaosQ}kjkns• ukghughagS av fi rql kekU; Kku djukgS Av FkkZ
r ~ft l HkhKku dk
cks/ cqf¼ çek.k çfer bu l Hkh l sgksrk gSog ns• uk dgykrk gS A
/ krqdk v FkZi Qy rFkk O;ki kj nksuksagh gksrk gS
An`' k~/ krqdk v FkZgSKku: i h i Q
y rFkk
rnuq
dwy O;ki kj] og O;ki kj i Q
ykuq
dwy gksv FkkrZ~i Qyt ud gksA; gk¡i j vuqow
QyRo ght udRo gksrk

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 57
 i kB&5 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek gS

Av r%i Q
y dk O;ki kj esav uq
ow
QyRo l EcU/ l sgh v Uo; djuk pkfg, A
ÑR;yq Vkscgqy e~bl l w
=kl sY; q
V~çR;; ckgq
y v FkZesagksrkgSAft l l sn' kZ
u ' kCn osQfofHkUu
v FkZl a
Hko gksrsgSAbl çdkj l sn' kZ
a u dh ; sO;q
RifÙk; k¡ gksrh gS
A
a
ft l osQ}kjkns• kt k, n' kZ
u ' kCn dj.kv FkZesaO;q RiUu gksrkgS
Arc Kkukuq
dwy O;ki kj dj.k
gksrkgSbl çdkj dkv FkZHkhçkIr gksrkgS AKku t ud O;ki kj dkdj.k' kkL=kgksrkgSKku osQdj.k
lq
çfl ¼ çek.k HkhgksrsgS Abl fy, n' kZ
a u rks' kkL=k çek.k dksekursgSA
a
ns• rkgSbl çdkj drkZ
FkZ
d O;q
RiUu n' kZ
u ' kCn gksrkgS
Av FkkZ
r ~drkZv FkZesaY; q
V~çR;; gq
vk
è; ku nsa
% gS
Arc Kkukuq
dwy O;ki kjoku n' kZ
u bl çdkj dk v FkZçkIr gksrk gS
] Kkut ud O;ki kj dk v kJ; rq
Kkrkv FkkZ
r ~çekrkgS
A
t ksns• k t k, og n' kZu gSbl çdkj deZv FkZesaHkh ; g ' kCn O;q RiUu gksrk gS
A rc
Kkukuq
dwy O;ki kjt U; Kku dk fo"k; n' kZ
u gksrk gS
AKku dk fo"k; çes; Hkh gksrk gS
A
ft l l sns• kog n' kZ
u gS; gk¡i j Hkko O;q
RiUu n' kZ
u ' kCn gS
AKkukuq
dwy O;ki kjt U; Kku bl
çdkj dk v FkZçkIr gksrk gS
A; g Kku çek gh gS A
bl çdkj l sn' kZu ' kCn dh pkj çdkj l sO;q RifÙk l a
Hko gksrh gS
Abl çdkj l sn' kZ
u ' kCn
dk çek.k] çekrk] çes; rFkk çek ; spkj v FkZgksrsgS
A
a
t c Hkkjrh; n' kZ
u esaukfLrd n' kZu rFkkv kfLrd n' kZ
u bl ' kCn dkç; ksx gksrkgSrc n' kZ
u
i <+
r kg¡wv Fkokn' kZ
u i <+
krkg¡wbR;kfn esaHkhrc n' kZ
u ' kCn dkv FkZçek.kv Fkok' kkL=kghgksrkgSA

' kkL=ke~
&
' kkL=k D; k gS
\ rc dgrsgS' kkl qv uq f' k"VkSbl / krql sdj.k v FkZesa"Vªu çR;; osQl a ; ksx
l s' kkL=k' kCn O;qRiUu gkrsk gS
Afof/ rFkk fu"ks/ osQHksn l sv uq' kkl u nksçdkj dk gksrk gS
Abl fy,
mfÙkQçfl ¼ gS &
çof̀ÙkokZfuof̀ÙkokZfuR;su Ñr osQ u okA
iq
a
l ka; suksifn' ; sr r PNkL=kefHk/ h; r sAA
euq
"; dh fuR; dh çof̀Ùk osQfy, t ksmi ns'k nsrsgSrFkk v fuR; fuof̀r osQmi ns'k nsrsgS
a
og ' kkL=k dgykrsgS
A
a

2-2) n' kZ
u
Hkkjr esav kfLrd rFkkukfLrd Hksn l sn' kZ
uksaosQnksçdkj osQfoHkkx fd; sx; sgS Av kfLrdRo
a
D; k gS
\ rFkk ukfLrdRo D; k gS \ bl çdkj dgusi j dgrsgS afd t ksosn osQçek.k dksv Ä~ xhÑr
djrsgS aosn' kZ
u v kfLrd n' kZ u dgykrsgSarFkkt ksosn osQçek.kdksughaekursgS aosukfLrd n' kZu
dgykrsgS Av FkkZ
a r osn çfri k| dksLohdkj djrsgS aml dk l eFkZ
u djrsgS arFkk fo/ ku djrsgS aos
v kfLrd n' kZ
u gS]avkSj t ksos
n çfri k| dkfojk/s djrsgS aosukfLrd n' kZ
u gksrsgS
Aeuqeq
a fu osQv uq
l kj
ukfLrd osn fuUnd gksrsgS A
a
u rhu çdkj osQgksrsgSrFkk v kfLrd n' kZ
ukfLr d n' kZ u N%çdkj osQgksrsgS
A
a

58 mPpr j ekè; fed

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek i kB&5
u& 1) pkokZ
ukfLr d n' kZ d n' kZ
ue~2) t S
un' kZ
ue~3) ckS
¼n' kZ
ue~AckS
¼n' kZ
u osQHkhpkj Hksn i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek
gS
a t ks Øe l s bl çdkj gS1) ekè; fedn' kZ ue~ 2) ; ksxkpkjn' kZ
ue~ 3) l kS
=kkfUrdn' kZ
ue~
4) oS Hkkf"kdn' kZ
ue~bfrAbl çdkj l Hkh dksfeykdj ukfLrd n' kZu N%çdkj osQgksrsgS A
a
u bl çd kj l sgS& 1) U;k; n' kZ
N%v kfLr d n' kZ ue~2) oS' ksf"kdn' kZ
ue~3) l ka
[ ; n' kZ
ue~
4) ; ksxn' kZ
ue~5) i w
oZ
ehekal kn' kZ
ue~6) mÙkjeheka
l kn' kZ
ue~bfrA ; gk¡ i j mÙkj ehekal k n' kZ
uls
osnkUrn' kZ
u dksl e>uk pkfg, A

5-3) çek. k
è; ku nsa
%
dkSu&l sn' kZ
u fdrusçek.kksadksLohdkj djrsgS ] rksl a
a {ksi esadgrsgS
Abl osQfy, dkfjdk
a
gS
µ çR;{kesd apkokZ
d k%d.kkn&l q
xrkSi q
u%A( v kgZ
r k%çR;{keuqekuapsfr)
v uq ekuap r Ppkfi l kÄ~ [ ; k%' kCnap r smHksA
U;k; S d nsf' kuks¿I; soeqi ekuap osQ puA
v FkkZ i Ù; k l gS r kfu pRok; kZ g çHkkd j % AA( ekèok%çR;{ka' kCn' psfr)
v Hkko"k"BkU;srkfu Hkkêð k osnkfUruLr FkkA
laHkoS fr á; qÙkQkfu r kfu i kS j kf. kd k t xq%AA
l jykFkµ Z pkokZ d osQoy çR;{k bl , d çek.kdksghekursgS ] d.kkn oS
a ' ksf"kd ckS
¼ ' kkD;
v kgZr rFkk t u S çR;{k rFkk v uq eku bu nksuksaçek.kksadksekursgS Al ka
a [ ; rFkk uS ; kf; d çR;{k v kS j
v uqeku rFkk' kCn bu rhuksaçek.kksadksekursgS Aoq Q
N uS; kf; d rksmi eku dksHkhekursgS Abl çdkj
a
l suS; kf; d pkj çek.kdksLohdkj djrsgS abl çdkj dhçfl f¼ gS Aeheka l d , dnsf' kçHkkdj çR;{k]
v uqeku] mi eku] ' kCn] v FkkZ i fÙk bl çdkj l si k¡p çek.kksadksLohdkj djrsgS AHkêðeheka
a l d rFkk
osnkfUr çR;{k] v uq eku] mi eku] ' kCn] v FkkZ i fÙk rFkk v uqi yfC/ bl çdkj l sN%çek.kksadksekurs
gSav kSj i kSj kf.kd rksçR;{k] v uq eku] mi eku] ' kCn] v FkkZ i fÙk] v uq
i yfC/ ] l EHko] , sfrá bl çdkj
l sv kB çek.kksadksLohdkj djrsgS A

i kBxr ç' u 5-1

1- n' kZ
u ' kCn dh O;q
RifÙk dksfyf• , \
2- ckS
¼er esa; g çek.k ughagS
\
( 1) v uq
ekue~ ( 2) çR;{ke~ ( 3) ' kCn%
( 4) buesal sdksbZHkh ugha
A
3- ' kCn çek.k dks; sughaekursgS
\
a
( 1) i kS
j kf.kd ( 2) osnkfUr ( 3) Hkkêð ( 4) ckS
¼
4- v uq
eku çek.k dks; sughaekursgS
\
a
( 1) pkokZ
d ( 2) osnkfUr ( 3) Hkkêð ( 4) ckS
¼

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 59
 i kB&5 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek 5- v FkkZ

i fÙk çek.k dks; sughaekursgS
\
a
( 1) i kS
j kf.kd ( 2) osnkfUr ( 3) Hkkêð ( 4) uS
; kf; d
6- çR;{k rFkk v uq
eku ; snksgh çek.k gS
a, slk dkS
u ughadgrsgS
\
a
( 1) pkokZ
d ( 2) oS
' ksf"kd ( 3) v kgZ
r ( 4) uS
; kf; d
7- LrEHk esafLFkrksadksi jLi j feykb; sA
( d ) & Lr EHk% ( • ) & Lr EHk%
è; ku nsa
%
( 1) çek.ke~ ( d) n`' k~
&/ krks%HkkosY; q
V~
( 2) çekrk ( • ) n`' k~
&/ krks%deZ
f.k Y; q
V~
( 3) çes; ( x) n`' k~
&/ krks%dj.ksY; q
V~
( 4) çek ( ?k) n`' k~
&/ krks%drZ
fj Y; q
V~
( 5) v kfLrdn' kZ
ue~ ( Ä) osnL; çkek.; aukfHkere~
( 6) ukfLrdn' kZ
ue~ ( p) osnL; çkek.; e~v fHkere~

5-4) i q
#"kkFkZ
l Hkhçk.khb"V dhçkfIr dhbPNkdjrsgS arFkkv fu"V dksnw
j djusdhbPNkdjrsgS Ab"V
a
D; kgSrFkk v fu"V D; kgS
\ lq• b"V gSrFkknq
%• v fu"V gSAl q
• dkmi k; b"V gSrFkknq
%• dk
mi k; v fu"V gS
A
l Hkhçk.khl q • dksçkIr djusosQfy, rFkknq %• dksnw j djusosQfy, ç; kl djrsgS Al q
a •
nksçdkj dkgksrkgSfuR; rFkkv fuR;AfuR; l q • v kRel q• gksrkgSog t U; ughagksrkgS Aog l q •
fdl hdkj.kl smRiUu ughagksrkgSbl fy, og l q • rksv kReLoHkko ghgksrkgS Av fuR; l q
• t U;l q •
gksrk gSml dk dksbZdkj.k gksrk gS Av fuR;l q
• dk dkj.k gh / eZgksrk gS A/ eZosQfouk l q• ugha
gksrk gS
Av kS j / eZHkh t U; gksrk gS
Aosn fofgr ; kxkfn / eZdgykrsgS Aml ; kx l smRiUu i q
a . ; kfn
v n`"Vfo' k"skdkbsZ/ eZghgksrkgSA/ eZv Ur%dj.kesafo| eku dksbZxq. kfo' k"skgkrskgS
Av FkokLoxkfZn
gh / eZdgst krsgS A
a
nq%
• dk dksbZdkj.k rksgksuk gh pkfg, Al q
• rFkk nq
%• dkj.k osQfouk mRiUu ughagksrsgS
a
lq • dkdkj.kgSfd ft l l sv l fUnX/ Kku dhv ko' ; drkgksrhgS Aml l st ksl q
• b"V gksml dk
t ks l k/ u gksml esafu"Bk gksuh pkfg, Aoq
Q
Nl q• osQfdrusHksn gksrsgSAog Hkh t kuuk pkfg, A
, sls^bnaefn"Vl k/ ue~bl Kku l sçof̀Ùk osQçfr dkj.k gksrk gS
A
ft l l svFkZfd; kt k, og vFkZdgykrkgS Ai q
#"kdkvFkZghi q #"kkFkZdgykrkgSAv Fkoki q
#"k
osQ}kjkt ksçkIr fd; kt k, og i q#"kkFkZdgykrkgSAv FkkZ
r ~i q
#"kuj gks; kukjht ksoq
Q
N Hkht ksHkh
pkgrk gSv Fkok bPNk djrk gSog i q #"kkFkZdgykrk gS
A
iq
#"k l q
• osQfy, gh ç; kl djrk gS Abl fy, l q • gh l Hkh l k/ kj.k çkf.k; ksadk i q
#"kkFkZ
dgykrkgSAl q• osQHkhçdkj gksrsgS
Abl fy, i q
a #"kkFkZosQHkhçdkj HkhgksrsgS AfuR; l q
a • gheks{k

60 mPpr j ekè; fed

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek i kB&5
dgykrkgS Av fuR; l q• ghdke dgykrkgS Adke dkdkj.kgh/ eZdgykrkgS ArFkk/ eZdkl k/ i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek
u ghv FkZdgykrk gS Av FkZgh / eZdhl kexzh / ukfn gksrsgSAbl çdkj l s/ eZ
a ] v FkZ
] dke eks{k]
pkj i q#"kkFkZoS
fnd l a LÑfr esaçfl ¼ gSAmuesadke rFkk eks{k eq
a [ ; gS
Adke dk l k{kkr~dkj.k /
eZgksrkgS A/ eZdkç; kst d v FkZgS AdkeykHkosQfy, gh/ eZv FkZdh l sokdht krhgSv kS j fdl h
çdkj l sugha Abl fy, / eZrFkk v FkZxks.k gkst krsgS
Aeq[ ; dke eks{k esaHkheks{kfuR; gS Abl fy,
eks{k ghi jei q#"kkFkZgS
Av FkZv fuR; gS; g çR;{k l st kuk t krk gS
AbfUæ;ksal sçkIr gksusokyk l q
•
{kf.kd gSog Hkhv fuR; ghgS, slkv uq Hko osQ}kjk fl ¼ gS Av fuR; l q
• dkdkj.k/ eZHkhv fuR;
gh gSAdkj.k osQl Ro gksusl sdk; Zdk v Hkko ughagksrk gS A
osnkUr esaJq
fr rFkk rnuq
dwy ;q
fÙkQ v kjSv uq A è; ku ns
Hko ; srhuksal nk çek.k osQ}kjk fl ¼ gksrsgS
a a
%
dkekfn dhv fuR;rkes
aJq
fr çek.kgksrhgS
Aog bl çdkj l sgS& , oesokeq
=ki .q; fprksykd
s%
{kh; rsA
( v FkZ
& bl l a
l kj esa/ eZrFkkv / eZdeZosQ}kjkfufeZ r ns• st krsgS
arFkk?kV v kfn Hkhu"V
gksrsgS
aml h çdkj ykd s kUrj esaHkh i q
. ; fufeZ
r yksd LoxkZ
fn Hkh u"V gksrsgS
A)
bl fy, Lef̀r ; ksaesdgk t krk gS
& r sr aHkq
ÙkQ
~
ok LoxZ
y ksd afo' kky a{kh. ksi q
. ; seR;Z
y ksd a
fo' kfUrA( xhrk 9-21) A
( v FkZ
& t ksyksx i q
. ; ksadksçkIr djosQLoxZt krsgS aosml fo' kky foLrh.kZLoxZ
y ksd dkHkksx
djosQt c muosQog Hkksx t ud i q . ; {kh.k gkrssgS
arc i q
u%oseR;Zyksd esat Ue xzg.k djrsgS A)
a
; gk¡bl xhrkdhmfÙkQus; g LI"V fd; kgSfd i q. ; {kh.kgksrsgS
Av FkkZ
a r ~/ eZi q
. ; v fuR;
gS
Abl fy, ml l smRiUu l q
• rFkk dke Hkh v fuR; gh gSA
, d ; fqÙkQdgh t krh gS µ t ksfd; k t k, og fuR; gS; g fu; e n`"V rFkk v uq eku nksuksal s
ghfl ¼ gSA/ eZdeZ t U; gksrk gSbl fy, v fuR; gS Adke / eZt U; gksrk gSbl fy, og Hkhv fuR;
gS
Agesa/ eZKkr oS Q
l sgksrk gS; g t S
feuheq fu }kjk ç.khr / eZ
feekal k ' kkL=k esafoLrkj i w
oZ
d crk; k
x; k gS
Aft l esal oZ
çFke l w=k gSv Fkkrks/ eZft Kkl kA
bl çdkj l s; g fl ¼ gksrk gSdh eks{k i jei q
#"kkFkZgSt ksfuR; Hkh gS
Aeks{k czã Kku l sgh
gksrk gS, slk v }S
r osnkUr dk fl ¼kUr gS
Abl fy, czã D; k gS \ rFkk ml dk Kku D; k gS
\ rFkk ml osQ
ykHk osQçek.kD; k gS \ bl çdkj dhft Kkl k mRiUu gksrhgS Aml dhfuof̀ÙkosQfy, v }S r osnkUr
erkuqdwy çek.kksadk fu: i .k djrk gS A; sçek.k gh bl i kB dk fo"k; gS A

i kBxr ç' u 5-2

1- l Hkh çk.khD; k pkgrsgS
\
a
2- l Hkh çk.kh D; k ughapkgrsgS
\
a
3- l •q fdrusçdkj dk gksrk gS
\ v kS
j og D; k gS
\
4- D; k l •q fuR; gksrk gS
\

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 61
 i kB&5 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek 5- D; k l q

• v fuR; gksrk gS
\
6- v fuR; l q
• dk dkj.k D; k gS
\
7- nq
%• dk dkj.k D; k gS
\
8- çof̀Ùk osQçfr Kku dk dkS
u&l k dkj.k gksrk gS
\
9- iq
#"kkFkZi n dh O;q
RifÙk D; k gS
\
10- iq
#"kkFkZfdrusgkrssgS
\ rFkk dkS
u&dkS
u l sgS
\
è; ku nsa
%
11- xkS
. k rFkk eq
[ ; Hksn l si q
#"kkFkks±dksfyf• , A
12- eks{k i jei q
#"kkFkZdk D; k gsrqgS
A
13- eks{k fdl l sgksrk gS
\

5-5) Kku
5-5-1) çLr q
fr
Kku osQcks/] çek] çfefr] cq
f¼] çrhfr bl çdkj osQçk; %l ekukFkZ
d ' kCn gksrsgS
A
a
ykSfdd O;ogkj esa ^; g Kkuh gS * ^og cgq r t kurk gS * ^og cq f¼eku gS * bR;kfn okD;
ç; qÙkQfd; st krsgSA^; g v f/ d t kurkgS
a * bl okD; esaKku ' kCn dkt ksv FkZgSo ' kkL=kesav fHkçsr
ughagS A' kkL=kesaHkysghcgq r Kku osQy{k.kfd; sgS afi Q
j Hkhl kekU; : i l sKku D; kgS; g t kuuk
pkfg, Açek.kkfn fo"k; kasdksi <+
usosQfy, rFkkmuosQKku osQfy, cgq r l si fjHkkf"kd ' kCn ç; q
ÙkQ
gksrsgSAmuosQfo"k; esaLi "V Kku v i sf{kr gksrkgS
a Av r%v c bl osQckn esamu l c dksçLrq r djrs
gS
A

5-5-2) Kku
l cl si gysKku oS Ql smRiUu gksrk gSbl çfd; k dksçnf' kZ r djrsgS A
a
esjsl keus?kV gSAnksuksav k¡• ksl s?kV dksns• jgk gw ¡Arc rd v U;=k fLFkr i V dksughans•
jgkgw ¡At c v U;=kfLFkr i V dksns• rkgw ¡rc i w
oZesafLFkr ?kV dksv Fkokv U;=kfLFkr ?kV dksugha
ns• rk gw ¡Abl çdkj , d i nkFkZdkt c Kku gksrk gSrc v U; i nkFkZdk ml {k.kesaHkku ughagksrk
gSAi V ns• usosQckn fi Q j l st c ml h?kV dksns• rkgw ¡rksmÙkj {k.kesa?kV dkKku gksus; ksX; gksrk
gSAysfdu , ddky esa bfUæ; dk ft l i nkFkZosQ}kjk l EcU/ gksrk gSml dk gh Hkku gksrk gS ]u
dhv U; dkAml {k.kesamRiUu Hkku ghcks/ rFkkKku dgykrkgS At c ?kV ns• rkgw¡rc ?kV Kku
v FkkZ
r ~?kVfo"k; d Kku gksrkgS Arc i VKku ughagksrkgS At c i V dksns• rkrc i Vfo"k; d Kku gksrk
gSAysfdu rc ?kV dk Kku ughagksrk gSHkysgh i w oZosQ{k.k esa?kV dk Kku Fkk v kS j orZeku {k.k
esai VdkKku gSi j ?kVdkKku ughagS ] orZ
eku {k.kesat ksHkku gkrskgSoghKku dgykrkgS Ai o
wZ {k.k
esa, d Kku mRiUu gq v k rFkk nwl js{k.k esav FkkZr orZ eku {k.kesaf}rh; Kku mRiUu gq v kAi jUrqi woZ
{k.kdkKku orZ eku {k.kesaHkhgS, lskughadgkt kl drkAbl fy, ?kVn' kZ u os Qckn t c i V ns• rk
gw¡rc ?kV rFkki V nksuka sdkKku gksrks, slkHkhughadgkt kl drk gS Afuf' pr : i l s; fn cgq r
{k.krd , d ghfo"k; dksns• rkgw ¡A; fn ?kVdksghfujUrj oq Q
N dky rd ns • rkgw ¡rc ml dkyk'ak
62 mPpr j ekè; fed
i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek i kB&5
esal Hkh {k.kksaesafo| eku Kku , d gh dgykrk gS A, d gh Kku fujUrj gksrk gSAv FkkZr ~çfr{k.k i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek
fHkUu&fHkUu fo"k; ksadkKku gksrkgSrksçfr{k.kdkKku fHkUu ghdgykrkgS Ai w
oZ{k.kesamRiUu Kku
dksorZ eku {k.kesaHkhKku : i l sxzg.kdjrsgS A
at S
l s, d i q
Lrd i <+
hml osQckn nwl jhi qLrd dks
i <+r sgS
av Fkok ?kV dksns• rsgS Arc çFke i q
a Lrd dk Kku ml dksgSbl s' kkL=kh; ' kS
y h esarksugha
dgk t k l drk gS ] D; ksa
fd orZ
eku {k.k esarksml dksml osQv Unj orZeku Kku gh jgrk gS A

5-5-3) v uq
Hko l a
Ld kj v kS
j la
LÑfr
Kku dkt ksfo"k; gSog v FkZ ] i nkFkZ] Ks;] KkrO; rFkkçes; dgykrkgS At c fo"k; dkKku
gksrk gSrc oq Q N v i s{kkcqf¼ Hkh gksrh gS AdHkh dHkh mi s{kk cq f¼ Hkh gksrh gS l suxjkfn esat krs è; ku ns
At S a
%
l e; cgq r yksxksadks] ?kjksadks] o`{kkfn dksns• rsgS Ai jUrqmu l Hkh dk okLrfod : i l sn' kZ
a u gks
, slk gekjk euksHkku ughagksrk gS Av FkkZ r ~mudk n' kZ u gkspkgsughagksbl esagekjk euksHkko mnkl hu
jgrkgS Av FkkZ r ~n' kZ
u dhmi s{kkjgrhgSi jUrqt c fdl hHkou fdykn`' ; v kfn dksns• usosQfy,
t krsgS arc og v o/ ku v ko' ; d gksrk gS Av kjSv krsl e; dgrsHkh gS aeSusnq
a xZns• k gS
Afdysesa
jkt kdkegy n`"Voku~ ]efUnj ns• kgSAefUnj cgq r ghçkphu FkkbR;kfnAi jUrqekxZesaft u yksxksa dks
o`{kksadksns• k Fkkmudk oki l v krsl e; Lej.kughagksrk gS Aoki l v krsl e; t c Lej.kgksrk gS a
rc u rksog nq xZjgrkgSv kS j u efUnj jgrkgSfi Q j Hkhrf}"k; Lej.kgksrkgS Age ogk¡ns• sgq ,
cgq r l kjsn`' ; ksadko.kZ u djrsgS Arksi w
a oZesans• sx; sdkdksbZfpÉ v FkokdksbZl a Ldkj v Ur%dj.k
esamRiUu gksrk gS Aog fpÉ v Fkok l a Ldkj gh oki l v krsl e; Lef̀r esadkj.k curk gS At c nq xZ
n' kZu gksrkgSv kS j nq
xZn' kZ
u t kst ksKku mRiUu gkrskgSog l HkhKku v uq Hko dgykrkgS A; g v uqHko
ghv i s{kk cq f¼ osQdkj.k v Ur%dj.k esadksbZfpÉ v Fkok l a Ldkj djrk gS Aog l aLdkj ghmRiUu
gksd j Lef̀r dkst Uensrk gSrFkkmRiUu djrkgS Al aLdkj osQmn~ cks/ osQfy, v Fkokt kxusosQfy,
dksbZdkj.k rksv ko' ; d gksxk ghAt S l s; k=kk i w
j hdjosQv kusosQckn esjsfe=k eq >l si w
NrsgS] D; k
a
D; k ns• k gS \ rc eS afe=kksadksns• hoLrq v ksadko.kZ ul qukrk gw
¡Av FkkZ
r ~esaLej.k dj dj osQdgrk
gw ¡A; gkafe=kksaosQç' u djusosQdkj.k l a Ldkj mRiUu gksrsgS ] osl a Ldkj Lef̀r dksmRiUu djrsgS A
bl çdkj l sv i s{kk cq
f¼ osQl kFk fd; k x; k v uq
Hko l a
Ldkj dkst Ue nsrk gS
Aog l a
Ldkj
gh mn~
cks/o' k Lef̀r dkst Ue nsrk gS
A
bl çdkj Kku nksçdkj dk gksrk gS
& v uq
Hko rFkk Lef̀r A
t c i gysns• sefUnj dkeS
usv HkhLej.kfd; krc ; g Kku Lef̀r dgyk; kALef̀r l sfHkUu
a
Kku ghv uqHko gksrk gS
A
t ks; g t kurkgSog Kkrk dgyrkgS
] ft l dhçek gksrhgSog çekrk dgykrkgS
] Kkrkgh
çekrkgS
A
l lakj esa ^; g O;fÙkQKkuhgS * bl çdkj l syksx dgrsgS Aml dkv FkZ; g gSfd ; g O;fÙkQ
a
cgqr fo"k; ksadkst ku fy; kgSAt c ml ust kukrc ml Kku usml osQv Ur%dj.k esal a Ldkj mRiUu
fd; sAt c og bPNkdjrkgSrc og l a Ldkjksadhl gk; rkl scgq r fo"k; ksadkLej.kdj l drkgS A
bl fy, gj O;fÙkQKkuhgSbl çdkj l sO;ogkj gksrkgS Aysfdu orZeku {k.kesa( v H; kl osQfcuk)
og l Hkhfo"k; ksadkst kurkgSi j ' kkL=kh; ' kS
y hesackys ughal drkgS
Abl çdkj l s; g KkuhgSbl dk
v FkZ; g gqv k dh; g v uq Hkot U; l aLdkjoku gS A

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 63
 i kB&5 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek 5-5-4) çek çekr k çes;

Kku dkfo"k; ghv Fk]Zi nkFkZ] Ks;] KkrO;] rFkkçes; dgykrkgS; g i gysHkhdgkt kpq dk
gS
Al kekU; : i l s, slkdgkt krkgSfd nks"kjfgr Kku ghçekgksrkgS Aml çdkj osQKku dkfo"k;
ghçekdkfo"k; gksrkgS Açekdkfo"k; ghçes; dgykrkgS Açes; çekft l dksgksrsgS aog çekrk
dgykrkgSog çekrkghKkrkdgykrkgS At ks&t ksçekosQfo"k; gksrsgSav FkkZ
r ~çes; gksrsgS
a
] mudk
oq
QN u oq QN uke v o' ; gksrk gS
Aog uke ghv fHk/ s; dgykrk gS Aft l dkuke gSog v fHk/ s; gS
v kS
j v fHk/ s; dksghv FkZdgrsgS Auke dksbZi n ghgksrk gS
a Av r%i n osQ}kjk t ksv FkZçdV gksrk
gSog gh i nkFkZdgykrk gS Av FkkZ
r ~i n osQ}kjk cksè; v FkZgh i nkFkZgksrk gS
A
è; ku nsa
%
v c rd ykS fdd O;ogkj dkl kekU; ' kkL=kh; foospu çnf' krZ fd; kx; kgSi jUrqosnkUr ' kkL=k
esav kS
j Hkh fHkUu fo"k; gS
Aml dk Øe l suhpsfooj.k fn; k t k jgk gS A
; FkkFkZKku çek gksrh gSrFkk v ; FkkFkZdksv çek dgrsgS
av FkkZ
r ~Hkze dgrsgS
A
a
Kku osQnksçdkj gksrsgS
] v uq
a Hko rFkkLef̀r AosnkUr esaLef̀r çekughagksrhgS
AçekdkHkko
gh çekRo dgykrk gSA; g çekRo Lef̀r esaughagksrk gS A

5-5-5) y {k. k d k y {k. k

ft l dk y{k.k crk; k t k, og gh y{k.k dk y{; gksrk gS At ksfo"k; Kki uh; gksrk gSml
fo"k; dkdksbZfpÉ v Fkok fyÄ~ x Kki d dgykrk gS Aog fyÄ~ x ghy{k.k gksrk gS Aft l dk y{;
gksrk gSog gh yf{kr rFkk y{; dgykrk gS Ay{k.k dksbZ/ eZgksrk gSAft l / eZesav O;kfIr
v frO;kfIr rFkkv l EHko ; srhu nks"kughagksrsgSaog ghv l k/ kj.k/ eZy{k.kdgykrkgS Ay{; esa
; fn y{k.k gSrksog y{k.k l eUo; dgykrk gS Ay{; osQ, dns'k of̀r Ro gksusi j ; fn y{; dk
v i jns'kof̀r Ro Hkhgksrksog v O;kfIr dky{k.kgksrkgS Aft ruky{; of̀r Ro es ajgrkgSmrukgh; fn
v y{; of̀r Ro esagksrksog v frO;kfIr dk y{k.k gksrk gS Ay{; ek=kof̀r Ro v l EHko dk y{k.k gksrk
gSAbudk ; gk¡ i j mnkgj.k l fgr o.kZ u fd; k t k jgk gS
A
& y{; , d ns'kof̀r Ro jgusgksusi j ml hy{; dkv i jns'kof̀r Ro gksukv O;kfIr
v O;kfIr %
dk y{k.k gS A; fn xk; dk dfi yRo y{k.k djsrksdfi yRo dfi y xk; ksaesarksgksrk gSi j ' osr
xk; ksaesaughagksrk gS
Abl fy, y{; hHkw
r xk; ksaesa, dns'k esagksusosQdkj.k v i j ns'k esaughagksusosQ
dkj.k bl y{k.k dk nk"sk v O;kfIr nks"k dgykrk gS A
& ft ruk y{; of̀r Ro esagksrkgSmrukgh; fn v y{; of̀r Ro esagksrksog v fr
v fr O;kfIr %
O;kfIr dky{k.k gksrkgS Aft l osQl ha
x gksog xk; gSrksl Hkhxk; ksadksl ha
x gSi jUrqv y{; HkS
l
a
v kfn dksHkhl hax osQHkhl ha
x gksrsgS
Aft ruky{; esagSmrukghxk; ksal sfHkUu efg"kkfn esaHkhgksus
osQdkj.k l hax : i h ; g y{k.k v fr O;kfIr nks"k osQdkj.k nq
"V y{k.k dgykrk gS A
v l EHko%& y{; ek=k of̀r Ro v l EHko dk y{k.k gS Axk; osQpkjksai S
j ksaesanks&nks • qj gksrs
gSAoq
a Qy feykdj osQv kB • q j gksrsgSa, d xk; osQ Av c ; fn xk; dk ; g y{k.k fd; k t k, fd
ft l osQ, d i S
j , d • jq gksog xk; gS ]rc rksl Hkhxk; ksaesafdl hHkhxk; osQ, d i S j esa, d • qj
ughafeysxkAv r%y{; ek=kesav orZ eku gksukgS; g y{k.kdgykrkgS Av r%ml dksHkhv l EHko nks"k
osQdkj.k nq "V gh ekuuk pkfg, A

64 mPpr j ekè; fed

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek i kB&5
Lo: i ay{k.kap& v i uhvkRekdk: i ghLo: i gksrkgSv FkkZ r ~LokRed i nkFkZgksrkgS At S
ls i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek
?kV Lo: i æO; gSy{k.kesa, d l sv f/ d i n gksl drsgS At S
a l s: i jfgr t ksLi ' kZl s; q
ÙkQgksog
ok; q dk Lo: i gS Aok; qdk y{k.k : i jfgr gksusi j HkhLi ' kZl s; qÙkQgksrk gS
Al q Unj rFkk l q
xU/
;qÙkQi q
"i dkLo: i gksrkgSv FkkZ
r ~l q
UnjRo gksusi j Hkhft l esal q
xU/Ro gksog i q "i dky{k.kgksrk
gSAbl çdkj Lo: i rFkk y{k.k bu nksuksaosQçdV djusesaHksn dkst kuuk pkfg, AxU/orh i F̀oh
; g i F̀oh dk Lo: i gksrk gSArFkk xU/oRoe~; g i F̀oh dk y{k.k gksrk gS Abl çdkj l sbuosQ
mi LFkki u esaoS
fp=; dksl e>uk pkfg, A
nyÑR;e~ & y{k.kesaft rusi n gksrsgSmuesa, d , d l kFkZ
d gS; kughabl çdkj dhi jh{kk
dht krhgS Arc , d , d i n dksy{k.k& ' kjhj l sgVkdj v of' k"Vka' kt ksy{k.k' kjhj gksrkgSml esa è; ku ns
a
%
D; k nks"k gS
Abl çdkj l si jh{kk dht krh gS A; fn nks"k mRiUu gksrk gSrksgVk; sgq, i n dksykdj
osQy{k.k ' kjhj esayxkdj osQfLFkr y{k.k dhi jh{kk dht krhgS A; fn mi fLFkr nks"k i n yxkusl s
gV t krkgSrksi n l kFkZ
d dgykrkgS Abl çdkj l si jh{kkosQ}kjki n dkl kFkZ D; çn' kZu ghi nÑR;
v Fkok nyÑR; dgykrk gS A

i kBxr ç' u 5-3

1- v uq
Hko fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
2- lL
adkj fdl sdgrsga
\
S
3- Lef̀r fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
4- Kku dk t ksfo"k; gksrk gSog D; k dgykrk gS
\
5- fdl çdkj dk v uq
Hko l a
Ldkj dkst Ue nsrk gS
\
6- l eUo; fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
7- v l k/ kj.k / eZfdl sdgrsgS
\
a
8- v O;kfIr fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
9- v frO;kfIr fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
10- v l EHko fdl sdgrsgS
\
a

5-5-6) mi y {k. k] mi kf/ v kS

j fo' ks"k. k
osnkUr esami y{k.k] mi kf/ rFkk fo' ks"k.kbl çdkj osQ' kCnksadk ç; ksx v f/ d ek=kkesans• k
t krk gS
Ami kf/ fdl sdgrsgS abl si gysgh t kuuk pkfg, A
, d LFkku i j v yx v yx o.kZosQmRiy ( i q "i ) FksAogk¡pS=k uke dk dksbZO;fÙkQeS=k l s
mRiy ykusosQfy, ^mRiy ykv ks* , slk dgrk gS Arc muesal sfdl h Hkh , d mRiy dkseS =k ys
v krk gSAysfdu ; fn pS =k , slk dgsdh ^uhyk mRiy ykv ks* rc eS =k v U; mRiyksadksNksM+
d j osQ
uhykghmRiy ysv krkgS A; gk¡yky v kfn i q
"i ksal suhyki q "i Lo; a dkv yx ghcks/ djkrkgS A
; gk¡i j v yx Hksn gksusl s; g O;korZ
d dgykrkgS AO;korZ d O;kofrZdksdjrkgS Av kSj O;kofrZgh

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 65
 i kB&5 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek v yx Hksn gS

A
mi y{k.k] mi kf/ rFkk fo' ks"k.k ; srhuksagh O;korZ
d gksrsgS
A
a

mi y {k. k
orZ eku gksrsgq
, Hkhft l esaO;korZ
d Ro gksrkgSog miy{k.kdky{k.kgksrkgS Ami y{k.ky{;
esaughagksrk gS
Ai jUrqO;kof̀Ùkdjrk gS AdkSv ksal s; q
ÙkQ?kj dksns• Abl okD; esadkS , mi y{k.k gS
A
HkysghdkS , ?kj ughagSafi Q
j HkhO;korZu esal eFkZgS At S
l s' kk• k esapUægS
] bl mnkgj.k esa' kk• k
esav fo| eku gksusi j Hkh pUædksmyf{kr fd; k t k jgk gS Abl fy, ; gk¡ ' kk• k mi y{k.k gS
A
è; ku nsa
%
fo' ks"k. k
mi kf/ rFkkfo' ks"k.knksukasghy{; esagksrsgS
arFkkO; kof̀ÙkHkhdjrsgS Aoq
a Q
N gksrsgSarc O; kof̀Ùk
djrsgS Av FkkZ
a r ~y{; esaorZ ekuRo gksusi j O;korZ
d Ro mi kf/ rFkkfo' ks"k.kdkl k/ kj.ky{k.kgksrk
gS
A; gk¡ i j Hkh nksuksaesaHksn gksrk gS
Ay{k.k D; k djrk gS \ y{k.k , d mís'; osQfdl h fo/ s; dk
cks/ djkrkgS At Sl st gk¡ ?kV dkrksKku gSi jUrq?kV fdl çdkj gS; g Kkr ughagS Arc ?kV uhyk]
bl okD; l s?kV dksmís'; djosQuhyRo dk fo/ ku djrsgS ] bl fy, A?kV dk mís'; uhyRo gh
a
fo/ s; gS
A
uhyk?kVfuR; gSv Fkokv fuR; t kst kurkgSog ml osQçfr ^uhyk?kVv fuR; gS* ; g okD;
cksy rk gS
Aml ?kV dksmís'; djosQml osQuhyRo fo' ks"k.k dk v fuR;Ro osQ: i esafo/ ku fd; k
t krkgSAogk¡t S
l s?kV v fuR; gSoS
l sghuhyRo Hkhv fuR; gS] bl çdkj dkHkh cks/ mRiUu gksrk
gSAuhyRo osQmís'; dk ?kV esaHkh v Uo; gksrk gS
Amís'; t ks?kV gSml dk uhyRo Hkhv fuR; osQ
: i esav Uo; gksrk gS
] Hkysgh uhyRo v fuR; gSA
bl fy, uhyRo osQmís'; esa?kV dk v Uo; gksrk gS AuhyRo dk LokfUor ?kV gksrk gSA?kV
dkfo/ s; v fuR;Ro gSft l l suhyRo HkhLokfUor ?kV osQfo/ s; esav fUor gkst krkgS AvFkkZ
r ~uhyRo
Lo v fUorka ' kfo/ s; esaghv fUor gkst krk gS
AoS
l suhyRo ?kV esajgrkgS AuhyRo ml ?kV osQv U;
?kVka
sl sO;kofrZr djrkgS Abl fy, uhyRo esaLokfUork'akfo/ s; v fUorRo gku
ssl sorZ
eku esO;korZd Ro
gksrk gS
Abl fy, uhyRo fo' ks"k.k gksrk gS; g gh fo' ks"k.k dk y{k.k gS
A
¶ LokfUor ka
' kfo/ s;kUof; Rosl fr or Z
ekuRosl fr O;kor Z
d Roe~bfr fo' ks"k. kL; y{k. ke~
A̧

mi kf/
d.kZ
' k"oq
QY; fPNUuauHk%Jks=ke~( ' k"oq Qyh l srkRi; Zd.kZosQfNægS Av kSj uHk%l srkRi; Z
v kdk' k gSAbl fy, d.kZdk fNæv kS j v kdk' k bu nksuksal srkRi; Z: i esadku gksrsgS a) bl okD;
esaJks=kRo fo/ s; rFkkuHk%mís'; osQ: i esat kukt krkgS Aogk¡d.kZ ' k"oq
Q
yhmi y{k.kgSfo' ks"k.kgS
v Fkok mi kf/ gSbudk fopkj djrsgS Al Ei w
a . kZv kdk' k Jks=k ughagSysfdu d.kZ fooj osQ}kjk ft l s
t kuk t krk gSog v kdk' k Jks=k dgykrk gS At S l s?kVkdk' k] eBkdk' k bR;kfn ç; ksxksaosQ}kjk , d gh
v kdk' k ?kVl EcU/o' k v Fkok eBl EcU/o' k fHkUu fHkUu çrhr gksrk gS AoSl sd.kZ
' k"oqQyh Hkh v U;
v kdk' kl s' k"oqQyhl EcU/ v kdk' kdksv yx cks/ djkrhgSv FkkZ r ~O;korZ u djrhgS Av r%; gk¡i j
d.k'Zk"oqQyhO;korZ u djrhgS Abl çdkj l sos Q oy O;koÙ̀kv kdk' kghJks=kgS Ad.kZ' k"oq
QyhJks=kugha
gSAbl fy, fo/ s; JksrRo esarksv kdk' k dk v Uo; ( l EcU/) gSysfdu d.kZ fooj dk v Uo; ugha

66 mPpr j ekè; fed

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek i kB&5
gS
Ad.kZ
' k"oq
Q
yhJks=kughagS
A i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek
l Ei w
. kZv kdk' kJks=kughagS AD; ksa
fd d.kZ
fooj }kjk; g t kukt krkgSfd og v kdk' kJks=kgS A
t lSs?kVkdk' krFkkeBkdk' kbl ç; ksx l s, d ghvkdk' k?kVl EcU/o' kkr~rFkkeBl EcU/o' kkr~fHkUu
fHkUu çrhr gksrk gS AoS l sgh d.kZ ' k"oq
Q
yh Hkh v U; v kdk' k l s' k"oqQ
yh l EcU/ v kdk' k dksv yx
djosQcks/ djkrh gS ] O;korZ u djrh gS Av r%d.kZ ' k"oq
Q
yh O;korZ u djrh gS Av kSj osQ
oy O;koÙ̀k
v kdk' k ghJks=k gksrk gS ] d.kZ
' k"oqQyhJks=k ughagksrhgS Av Fk%fo/ s; Jks=kRo esav kdk' k dk v Uo;
( l EcU/) gS Aysfdu d.kZ fooj dk v Uo; ughagS Av FkkZr ~d.kZ
' k"oq
Qyh Jks=k ughagSAbl fy, og
d.kZ ' k"oq
QyhgS Ad.kZ ' k"oqQyhorZ eku esagksrhgqbZml osQ}kjk l EcfU/r v kdk' k dkv U; v kdk' kl s
O;korZdjkrh gS Av kdk' k O;korZ u djosQJks=kRo dksl EcU/ ; ksX; djrk gS Aysfdu Lo; adk t ks è; ku ns
a
%
v kdk' kl sl EcU/ gkrskgSml esav kdk' kesat ksfo/ s; JksrRo gksrkgSml esav fUor ughagksrkgS Av r%
d.kZ ' k"oq
Qyhv kdk' kosQfo/ s; esav ufUorkgS ] ysfdu orZ eku gku
ssosQdkj.kv kdk' kdhv kdk' kkUrj
l sO;kofrZ d k HkhgS Abl fy, d.kZ ' k"oq
Q
yhv kdk' k dhmi kf/ gksrhgSu dhfo' ks"k.kAbl fy, dgk
x; k gSLokfUorka ' kfo/ s;kuUof; Rosl fr orZ ekuRosl fr O;korZ d Roe~bfr mi k/ s%y{k.ke~ A
; g gh mi kf/ rFkk fo' ks"k.k esaHksn gksrk gSfd ft l dk O;korZ u djusi j ml dk fo/ s; esa
fo' ks"k.k : i l sv Uo; gksrk gS u dh mi kf/ esav Uo; gksrk gS AnksuksaesaorZ
ekuRo gksusosQdkj.k
O;korZ d Ro gksrkgS
Aft l dksl jy Hkk"kkesa, slsdgkt krkgS afdµ fo' ks"k.kghdk; kZ
Uo; horZeku dk
O;korZ d gksrk gSA
i f.Mr dk i q
=keq• ZgS] bl mnkgj.kesafo/ s; ew •Z
Ro gSrFkk mís'; i q=k gS
Ai f.Mr dk i q
=kA
v r%i f.Mr dkvi usi q =kesai =
qkRo l EcU/ l sv Uo; gksrkgS
Ai =
qkdkew •RZo l svUo; gksrkgSAysfdu
i f.Mr dk ew •Z
Ro l sv Uo; ughagksrk gS Ai f.Mr ew • ZughagS] iq
=k gh ew
•Z Ro dk gsrqgSAbl fy,
Lofo' ks"; osQfo/ s; esai f.Mr ew •ZRo jfgr gkrsk gS
Abl fy, i f.Mr ; gk¡ i j mi kf/ gSA
?kV rFkk i V dksns• ks] ; gk¡ i j ?kV dk i V esav Uo; gS
A
v kSj i V dhfo/ s;k t ksn' kZ
ufØ; k gSml esa?kV dkv Uo; gksrk gS AD; ksa
fd ?kV Hkhn' kZ
u dk
fo"k; gS A ?kV ogk¡ i j orZ eku gS A bl fy, ?kV esaorZ ekuRo gS A LokfUor t ks i V gSml dk
fo/ s; esav fUoRo gksusosQdkj.kHkhog ?kV dkgS A?kVi V dkO;korZ d ughagS Abl fy, ; fn y{k.k
esaO;korZd i n ughagksrkrks?kV i V dkfo' ks"k.kgksrk; g v ki fÙk; gk¡mi fLFkr gksrsAbl fy, y{k.k
esaO;korZ d Ro dkst ksM+
k gS
A

v ki usD; k l h[ kk
 n' kZ
u D; k gSbl fo"k; esaKku i zkfIr]
 n' kZ
uksaosQHksn rFkk muosQi z;kst uksadkst kuusesal e> fodfl r djuk]
 iq
#"kkFkZdkst kudj v i uk t hou O;rhr djusdk rjhdk]
 i zek.kksadsi nkFkZdkst kudj i zek.k dh efgek dh l e>]
 v }S
r osnkUr osQer esai zR;{k i zek.kA

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 67
 i kB&5 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek

i kBxr ç' u 5-4
1- O;korZ
d fdrusgksrsgS
\
a
2- mi y{k.k dk y{k.k D; k gS
\
3- fo' ks"k.k dk y{k.k D; k gS
\
4- mi kf/ dk D; k y{k.k gS
\
è; ku nsa
% 5- i f.Mr dk i q
=k ew
• ZgS
] bl mnkgj.k esai f.Mr mi kf/ ]mi y{k.k v Fkok fo' ks"k.k gS
\
6- d.kZ
' k"oq
Q
yhv kdk' k dhmi kf/ gSv Fkok fo' ks"k.k\
7- uhy?kV v fuR; gSbl mnkgj.k esauhyRo mi kf/ gSv Fkok fo' ks"k.k\

5-6) çek
çekdkdj.kçek.kgksrkgSrksdgrsgS afd çekD; kgS\ bl çdkj dhft Kkl kmRiUu gksrh
gS
AoLrq r %Kku gh çek gksrk gS
] bl fy, KkuRo gh çek dk y{k.k gS
Aogk¡ D; k nks"k gS
] rksbl dk
çn' kZ
u fd; k t k jgk gS
A
jkgqdk f' kj ; g çfl ¼ okD; gS A; gk¡ i j jkgqdk f' kj ; g Hksn çdV gksrk gSAysfdu bu
nksuksaesadksbZHksn ughagkrsk gSAoLrq r %fl j ghjkgqgSv kS j jkgqgh fl j gS Amu nksuksaesaHksn ughagSA
fi Qj Hkh; g okd~O;ogkj l a l kj esagksrk gS
Abl O;ogkj dkfrjLdkj ughadj l drsAbl okD; l s
Kku ghmRiUu gksrkgS Abl Kku es at kscrk; kx; kgSog Hksn Hkysghv yhd(>w Bk) ] v çfl ¼ i nkFkZ]
rFkk bl dkv Uo; osQ oykUo; hgSfi Q j HkhKku rksgksrkghgS AHkysghKku dkdksbZHkhfo"k; ugha
gSfi Q j HkhKku v Ä~ xhdkj djukpkfg, A; g Kku gh; ksx' kkL=kesafodYi Kku dgykrkgS A; g Kku
çek ughagS Av Hkh ft l fo"k; esaKku mRiUu gksrk gSog fo"k; ; fn ckn esackf/ r gkst krk gSrks
og Kku Hkze dgykrk gS ]tS l sen esav U/sdksjLl hesal k¡i fn• kbZnsrk gS Aysfdu çdk' kv kusi j
jLl h esajTt qRo dk gh xzg.k gksrk gSu dh l i ZdkAbl fy, jLl h esal i Zdk Kku Hkze gh gS Ajkgq
dk fl j ; gk¡ i j Hkh Hkn
s dk Kku t c gksrk gSrc Hkh Hksn >w Bk gksrk gS] og ckf/ r gksrk gqv k Hkh
Kku dgykrk gS Av r%ckf/ r gksusi j rFkk cks/ gksusi j mRiUu Kku Hkze ughagksrk gS A; g l R; gS
foQjkgqdk fl j gSbl esafdl h dh Hkh foefr ughagSv kS j u fdl h dk fo l a okn gS Abl fy, gh
og Kku Hkze fHkUu çek fHkUu rr̀h; Kku osQ: i esav Ä~ xhÑr djuk pkfg, A
bl fy, KkuRo gh ; fn çek dk y{k.k gksrksmÙkQçdkj l sjkgqdk f' kj Hkh bl v FkZ' kw
U;
Kku esaKkuRo gS Ai jUrqml l sbl Kku esaçekosQy{k.kdhv fr O;kfIr gkst krhgS Abl fy, ¶v FkZ
fo"k; d KkuRoe~çek; k%y{k.ke~ ¸ bl çdkj l sfd; kt krkgS
Aft l dkvFkZgS
µ oLrq fo"k; ml dk
v FkZfo"k; d Kku gksrk gS
] fodYi Kku v FkZfo"k; d Kku ughagksrkgS
Aog rksv FkZ' kw
U; Kku gksrk
gSv kSj feF; k Kku oLrqHkw
r dk Kku ughagksrk gS] bl fodYi osQKku esabl çek osQy{k.k esa
v frO;kfIr ughagksrh gSA
jLl hesal i Z
Ro xzg.kl srFkk' kq
fÙkQesapka
nhosQxzg.kv kfn mnkgj.kksaesat ksKku gksrkgS
]ml dk

68 mPpr j ekè; fed

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek i kB&5
dksbZfo"k; rksgksrk gh gS
A; g fufoZ"k; d v Fkok v FkZ' kw
U; Kku ughagS
Abl Kku osQfo"k; l i Z Ro i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek
jt Ro v kfn v kxsckf/ r gksrsgS
Abl fy, ; g Kku Hkze dgykrk gS
a A; g Kku v FkZfo"k; d gksrk gS A
bl Kku esav FkZfo"k; d KkuRo osQl Ro l sçeky {k.kdhv frO;kfIr gksrhgS Abl fy, ^v ckf/ rkFkZ
fo"k; d KkuRoaçek; k%y{k.ke~ * çekdky{k.k fd; kt krkgS AjLl hesal i Z
Ro rFkk' kq
fÙkQesajt Ro
ckf/ r gksrsgS
Abl fy, og Kku ckf/ rkFkZfo"k; d Kku gksrkgS
a Aml Kku esav ckf/ rkFkZfo"kd KkuRo
ughagksrk gSAbl fy, bl çeky {k.k dh ogk¡ v fr O;kfIr ughagksrh gS A
?kV dk v uqHko gksrk gSAml l sl aLdkj mRiUu gksrsgS Ai j dHkh osl a
a Ldkj mRiUu gksd j osQ
Lef̀r dkst Ue nsrsgS A; gk¡ i j t ksLef̀r gSog ml dk fo"k; ?kV gS
a Aog ?kV ckf/ r ughagksrk gS A
t c rd ?kV ckf/ r ughagksrk gSrc rd ?kV ?kVRo : i esaghçrhr gksrk gS Abl fy, ?kV dk ckèk è; ku ns
a
%
ughagksrk gSALef̀r fo"k; d ?kV ckf/ r ughagksrk gSv r%v ckf/ r v FkZgh?kV dgykrk gS Aml dk
fo"k; Lef̀r gksrk gS A v kS
j Lef̀r gh Kku gksrh gS A ; g Kku v ckf/ rkFkZ fo"k; d gksrk gSbl fy,
v ckfèkrkFkZfo"k; d KkuRo ogk¡l Ro l sçeky {k.kdhv fr O;kfIr gksrhgS Av frO;kfIr osQfujkdj.k
osQfy, y{k.k dk i fj"dkj v ko' ; d gS A bl fy, u; k y{k.k çLrq r fd; k t krk gSog gS &
v ufèkxrkckf/ rkFkZfo"k; d KkuRoaçek; k%y{k.ke~ At ksv FkZi owZesaughaKkr FkkrFkkv f/ xr Hkhugha
Fkkog v uf/ xr v FkZdgykrkgS ArFkkt ksv FkZckf/ r ughagSog v ckf/ r dgykrkgS Av ufèkxrkFkZ
fo"k; d rFkkv ckf/ rkFkZfo"k; d Kku gksrkgS ALef̀r fo"k; ?kVkfn rksi w
oZesav uq
Hkw
r ghgSv FkkZ r ~?kV
dhLef̀r i gysghv uq Hko osQekè; esl svf/ xr gSAft l dki w oZesav uqHko ughagksrkgSml dhLef̀r
ughagksrh gS A bl fy, Lef̀r fo"k; d Kku v f/ xr Kku gksrk gSv uf/ xr ugha A v r%Lef̀r esa
v ufèkxrckf/ rkFkZfo"k; d KkuRo osQv l Ro l sv frO;kfIr ughagS ALef̀r esaKkuRo gksrkgSog v FkZ
fo"k; d rFkk v ckf/ rkFkZfo"k; d KkuRo gSysfdu v uf/ xrkFkZ fo"k; d KkuRo ughagS ] bl çdkj l s
; gk¡v fr O;kfIr ughagksrhgS Abl fy, v O;kfIr v frO;kfIr v l EHko: i bu rhuksanw "k.kksal sjfgr ; g
y{; çekdkvl k/ kj.k/ eZHkhgSbl fy, v uf/ xrkckf/ rkFkfZo"k; dKkuRoaçek; k%y{k.ke~; g fl ¼
gksrkgSA
fdUghaosQer esaLef̀r Hkh çek gh gksrh gS Arc mÙkQçek osQy{k.k dh Lef̀r esav O;kfIr
gksrh gS
ALef̀r esav ckf/ rkFkZfo"k; dKkRo l sl Ro esaHkh v uf/ xrkFkZ
fo"k; dKkuRo dh v fo| ekurk
l sv O;kfIr gksrhgS Abl fy, v O;kfIr fuokj.kosQfy, v ckf/ rkFkZ fo"k; KkuRo çekdky{k.kfd; k
t krkgSA; g l k/ kj.kLef̀r dky{k.kgS ALef̀r fo"k; v uq
Hko l sv f/ xr gksrkgS
] ysfdu ; fn ckfèkr
ughagSrksrkn`' kkFkZ
fo"k; d Kku rksv ckf/ rkrZ
fo"k; d Kku ghdgykrkgS Abl fy, Lef̀r esavckfèkrkFkZ
fo"k; d KkuRo osQl Ro l sv O;kfIr ughagksrh gS A
l Hkh' kkL=kLofl ¼kUr osQv uq d yRo l sçes; mi LFkki u djrsgSAbl fy, v uq
Hkw
; eku t xr
osQghfofHkUu i nkFkks±dk rFkkukeksaosQ}kjkfofHkUu y{k.kksaosQ}kjkçfri knu fd; kx; kgS A ' kkL=kksa
esacgq
r t xg bl osQfojk/s Hkhi fjyf{kr gksrsgS At c dksbZHkh' kkL=koq
QN fl ¼kUr dkçfri knu djrs
gSrc ml escgq r l snk' kZ
fud v k{ksikfn djrsgSAv r%ml osQl ek/ ku osQfy, fl ¼kfUr; ksaosQç; kl ksa
dk fo/ ku fd; k x; k gS Aogkai j l Hkhdhl Eefr rFkk i jkFkkZ uq
ekui ¼fr dk v oyEcu fy; k t krk
gS
A

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 69
 i kB&5 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek uS

; kf; d v k{ksi&1 l ekf/
U;k; osQer esal Hkh çdkj dk Kku {kf.kd gksrk gSv FkkZ r ~, d {k.k LFkk; h gksrk gSA
/ kjkokfgd Kku esaU;k; osQer es ai gyknw l jkrhl jkbl çdkj dhKku dhçekgksrhgS Ai jUrqf}rh;
rFkkrr̀h; bR;kfn Kku HkhçekdgykrsgS Aysfdu f}rh; rr̀h; Kkukfn esamÙkQy{k.kdhv O;kfIr
a
jgrhgS Abl fy, / kjkokfgd Kku dkfujUrj ?kV osQl eku ghKku dkfo"k; gksrkgS Av FkkZr ~çFke
{k.k esaf}rh; {k.k esarFkk rr̀h; {k.k esa?kV l eku gh fn• kbZnsrk gS
Arc çFke {k.k esaKkr v f/
xr ?kV ghf}rh; {k.kesaKku dkfo"k; gksrkgS Abl hçdkj çFke {k.k esarFkk f}rh; {k.kesaKkr
v fèkxr ?kV gh rr̀h; {k.k esaKku dk fo"k; gksrk gS AçFke {k.k esat ks?kV dk Kku gksrk gSml h
è; ku nsa
% {k.kesog çekdky{k.kHkhgksrkgS Aysfdu f}rh; {k.kesat ksKku gksrkgSogk¡v O;kfIr gksrhgS A
D; kasfd f}rh; {k.kesaKku dkfo"k; ?kV v uf/ xr ughagksrkgS Av r%f}rh; rr̀h; kfn Kkuksaesav uf/
xrkFkZfo"k; dRo ughagkrskgSosQ oy v ckf/ rkFkZfo"k; dRo gksrkgSAbl fy, y{k.kesav O;kfIr gksrh
gS; g v k{ksi fd; k t krk gS
A
fo' ks"k.kosQHksn l sfof' k"V esaHkhHksn gksrkgS Av FkkZr ~xfreku t u] ; gk¡Kku esaxfr fo' ks"k.k
gSrFkk fo' ks"; t u gSAt c og O;fÙkQxfr dk fojke djrk gSrc #dk gq v k og O;fÙkQbl çdkj
dkKku mRiUu gksrkgS Aml esa: dhgq bZfLFkfr rksfo' k"sk.kgSrFkkt u fo' ks"; Axfreku t u rFkk: dk
gq
v kt u] bu nksuksat xg fo' ks"k.kfHkUu&fHkUu gSAfo' k"s; og O;fÙkQghgSfi Q j Hkhfo' k"sk.kfHkUu&fHkUu
gS
Abl fy, l Hkh O;fÙkQ ; ksaosQ}kjk v yx v yx fo"k; gh fxust krsgS A
a
v Hkhesa?kV dksns• rkgw¡Abl esaosQ
yo ?kV ghHkkfl r ughagksjgkgSv fi rqdky HkhHkkfl r
gksjgkgS A; fn dky Hkkfl r ughagksrkrksdky Kku dkfo"k; ughagksrkArks, rRdkyof̀Ùk?kVfo"k; d
Kku okyk ¶eS a̧ v uq
O;ol k; : i esal e; fo' ks"k.kRo l sçrhr ughagksrk gS
A( çFke Kku dk Kku
v uq
O; ol k; dgykrkgSrFkkKkufo"k; d Kku Hkhvuq O
; ol k; d Kku dgykrkgS ) vkSj ?kVesaorZ
eku
gS; kugha; gk¡?kV esafLFkr dky dkughagksrkgSi jUrq?kV dkorZ ekuRo rksKkr gksrkghgS AfØ; k
osQdky osQfo"k; esfdl hdkl Unsg ghughagS Abl fy, dky HkhKku : i esaHkkfl r gksrk gSbl
çdkj l sl Hkhdksl e>ukpkfg, Aft l fdl hHkhbfUæ; l st c Kku gkrskgSrc v Hkhesa; g v uq Hko
djrk gw ¡ bl çdkj dk Kku gksrk gS Abl fy, l Hkh bfUæ;ksaosQ}kjk xzká gSA
bl fy, / kjkokfgd osQKku esaçFke {k.kfof' k"V ?kV ghçFke Kku dkfo"k; gS Arc f}rh;
{k.k esaughagksrk gS Abl fy, çFke Kku f}rh; {k.k esaHkkfl r ughagksrk gS ArFkk rr̀h; {k.k esaHkh
Hkkfl r ughagksrk gS Af}rh; Kku esaf}rh; {k.k fof' k"V ?kV dk Kku gksrk gSrc rr̀h; {k.k ughagksrk
gS
Arc ml esarr̀h; kfn {k.kHkkfl r ughagksrsgS AçFke Kku esaçFke {k.kfo' ks"k.kgksrkgSf}rh; {k.k
a
fo' ks"k.k ughagksrk gS
Af}rh; Kku esaf}rh; {k.k fo' ks"k.k gksrk gSçFke {k.k fo' ks"k.k ughagksrk gS
A
bl fy, çFke dkfo"k; f}rh; Kku osQfo"k; l sfHkUu ghgksrk gSv kS j f}rh; Kku dk fo"k; çFke
Kku osQfo"k; l sfHkUu gksrkgS Açfr{k.kml {k.kfof' k"V ?kVdkv FkZv uf/ xr ghgSu dhv fèkxrA
bl çdkj l s/ kjkokfgd Kku esaHkh çfr{k.k fo"k; v uf/ xr jgrk gS Abl fy, v uf/ xrkFkZ fo"kdRo
rFkk v ckf/ rkFkZfo"k; dRo Kku esagksrk gS; gk¡ v O;kfIr ughagS; g çFke l ek/ ku gq v kA
nwl jk l ek/ ku rkse/ q
lw
nu l jLorh usfd; k gh gS
A/ kjkokfgd Kku osQLFky esaf}rh; kfn
Kku Kkr osQv FkZdkKki d ek=kghgksrkgS Av r%og v uq okn ek=kghgS Au dhv Kkr Kki dAv r
v uq
okn esaçekRo ç; kst d v Kkr Kki dRo ughagS
Abl çdkj l sf}rh; kfnKku çekughagS
]bl fy, ogk¡
y{k.k dk v kxeu mi ; q ÙkQgh gS-

70 mPpr j ekè; fed

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uS
; kf; d ksad k v k{ksiµ2 r Rl ekf/ i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek
' kq
fÙkQesajt r osQ: i esaHkku rFkk jTt qesal i Zdk Hkku rkst xr esaçfl ¼ ghgS A' kq
fÙkQdk
v Kkukor̀ v 'ak jt rRo osQ: i esaçrhr gksrkgS AjTt qdkv Kkukor̀ v a ' kl i ZRo : i esaçrhr gksrk
gS
Abl h çdkj czã osQv Kkukor̀ v a ' k dksc¼ i q #"k ?kV i Vkfn osQ: i esaxzg.k djrk gS Abl fy,
tS
l sl i kZ
fnd feF; kgSoS l sgh; g i fjn`' ; eku t xr~HkhfeF; kgS A' kq
fÙkQRo osQl k{kkRdkj l sjt rRo
dkfoyksi gkst krkgS Aml hçdkj v PNsçdk' kesajTt qosQl k{kkRdkj l sl i Z Ro dkfoyksi gkst krk
gS
Ajt rRokfn ckf/ r gkst krsgSAt S
a l sJo.keuukfn osQ}kjkcz ã l k{kkRdkj esa^l oZa• fYonaczã * ( Nk-
m- 3-14-1) bl çdkj dkKku gksrkgS A?kVkfnd ckf/ r gksrsgS Arc czã pS
a r U; : i esaçdkf' kr gksrk
gS
Arc v U; oLrqughagksrh gS A; g osnkUr dk fl ¼kUr gS A è; ku nsa
%
bl fl ¼kUr dk v kJ; ysd j osnkfUr v k{ksi djrsgS afd osnkUr er esa?kVkfnd feF; k gksrs
gS
av FkkZ
r ~czã Kku ckf/ r gksrkgS
Abl fy, ?kVKku rksckf/ rkFkZfo"k; d Kku gS Av r%?kVkfn fo"k; d
Kku Hkysghv uf/ xrkFkZfo"k; d gksfi Qj Hkhv ckf/ rkFkZfo"k; d ughagksrsgS
A
abl fy, ?kVkfn fo"k; d
Kku esaçeky{k.k dh v O;kfIr gksrh gS A
rc fl ¼kUrh t u l ek/ ku djrsgS & l R; gS
a Aysfdu t ksv ckf/ rkFkZ fo"k; d Kku ; gk¡ l a
l kj
n' kkesav ckf/ rkFkZbl dkv FkZrkRi; ZgS
A?kVkfnd l a
l kj osQl e; esafdl hoQ ksHkhckf/ r ughagksrk
gS
] czã l k{kkRdkj osQckn ghckf/ r gksrkgS Av r%bl y{k.kesadksbZnks"kughagS ALi "V çfri fÙkosQ
fy, ; g dg l drsgSfd v uf/ xrkFkZ fo"k; d Kku rFkkl a
l kj n' kkesat ksv ckf/ rkFkZrf}"k; d Kku
gksrk gSog gh çek gS A
tSl spUæ, d ghgksrk gSfi Q j Hkh us=knk"sk o' k fdl h dksnkspUæek Hkhfn• kbZnsrsgS
At gk¡
a
pUæesaHksn ughagksrk gSogk us=k nks"k osQdkj.k Hksn dk v uq Hko gksrk gS
A
czã l k{kkRdkj osQckn Hkh?kVkfn dkck/ gksrkgS Aogkai j Jq fr dk; g çek.kgksrkgS & ; =k
RoL; l oZ ekReSokHkw
r ~rr~osQ
u dai ' ; sn~bR;kfnA( t c czã K i q #"k dk l eLr çi ×k~
p czã : i gksrk
gSrc fdl bfUæ; l sfdl fo"k; dksns• sa Av FkkZr ~t gk¡ jTt qesal i Z
Ro dk Hkkl gksrk gSogk¡ jTt q
n' kZ
u l sl i Z
Rokfn ughafn• kbZnsrsgS
Arc l a
a l kj n' kkesacz
ã kesat xr dkHkkl gksrkgS Aysfdu czãn' kZu
l st xr~ughafn• kbZnsrk gS A)
l lakj n' kkesa?kVkfn dkck/ ughagksrkgS
Aogk¡i j Jq
fr dkçek.kgS
& ; =kfg }S
r feo Hkofr
rfnrj brjai ' ; fr bfrA
( t c oLrq
r %}S
r ughagksrkgSfi Q
j Hkhv Kkuo' k}S r tSl sdfYi r Hksn gksrsgS
Arc czã fHkUu
t ho Hkh t xr~drZ̀deZ
d kjd i Qykfn : i ksaesafHkUu gh fn• kbZnsrk gS
A
bl çdkj l sçeky{k.k dk ; gk¡ i w
. kZ: i v kykspu fd; k gS
A
¹ foe' kZ& v uf/ xrkFkZ
fo"k; dKkuRo l sfo' ks"k.k dh Lef̀r esav frO;kfIr fuokj.k osQfy,
v ckf/ rkFkfZo"k; dKkuRo bl fo' k"sk.kHkze esav frO;kfIr os
Qfuokj.kosQfy, ; gk¡i j v kykfspr (o.kZ
u
fn; k x; k) dh xbZgS AosnkUr er esarksv Kku dk fuorZ d gh Kku gksrk gSAbl fy, Lef̀r rFkk
Hkze v Kku dkfuokj.kughadjrsgS Av r%Lef̀r rFkkHkze esaKkuRo ughagksrkgS
a Av kSj u çek.kof̀Ùk
gksrh gS
Av }S r er esaçek dk y{k.k rksv KkrkFkZfo"k; d fu' p; Ro : i esagksrk gS º

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 71
 i kB&5 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek

i kBxr ç' u&5-5
1- jkgqdk l j ; gkai j Kku dk fo"k; D; k gS
\
2- çek dk i fj"Ñr y{k.k D; k gS
\
3- ft uosQer esaLef̀r Hkh çek gSmuosQer esaçek dk D; k y{k.k gS
\
4- Kku {kf.kd gksrk gS; g fduosQer gS
\
% 5-
è; ku nsa fo' ks"k.k osQHksn l sfof' k"V esaHksn gksrk gS; k ugha
\
6- v Hkh ?kV ns• rk gw
¡ bl Kku esadky Hkh Hkkfl r gksrk gS; k ugha
\

i kB l kj
; g çekdkçdj.kgSv kS j çekosQçdj.kdk; gkçFke i kB gS Açek.kosQv kykspu osQfy,
cgqr i kfjHkkf"kd i nksadk Kku v ko' ; d gSAmu i nksadk t S l k mi kLFkki u ; gk¡ fn; k x; k gSoS
lk
mi LFkki u v U; i kBksaesaughagS
Abl fy, bu çek.kksaosQçFke i kB esaml çdkj osQcgq y rkl sl d
a fyr
fd; k x; k gS A
n' kZ
u ' kCn] rFkkt ksY; q
V~çR;; gSml osQfofHkUu vFkk±
sdksysd j n' kZ
u ' kCn dkçek.k] çekrk]
çes; v kS
j çekbl çdkj osQt kspkj v FkZgksrsgS amudk; gk¡v kykspu fd; kx; kgS A' kkL=kD; kgksrk
gSAt kseuq
"; dhfuR; dhçof̀Ùkdkmins ' knsrkgS
] fo/ ku djrkgS] v kjSvfuR; es afuof̀Ùkdkmi ns 'k
nsrk gSog ' kkL=k dgykrk gS A
n' kZ
u cgq
r çdkj osQgS An' ku
a ZksaosQv kfLrd rFkkukfLrd Hkn s osQ}kjkfooj.kbl i kB es
açLrq
r
fd; k x; k gSAn' kZ
u Hksn l sçek.k Hksn Hkh i fjyf{kr gksrk gS
Abl fy, fdl n' kZu osQfdrusçek.k
gksrsgSbl fo"k; dk Hkh bl i kB esal a {ksi l sçfri knu fd; k x; k gS
A
iq
#"kkFkZi jd i #
q"k gksrk gS
A/ eZv FkZdke rFkk eks{k ; si q
#"kkFkZgksrsgS
A/ eZrFkk v FkZxkS
a .k
a
gksrsgSarFkkdke v kSj ek{skeq [ ; gksrsgS
Adke v fuR; gSrFkkeks{kfuR; gS
a Av r%eks{ki je i q
#"kkFkZ
gSv kSj og czã Kku l sgksrk gS A
Kku D; k gS\ bl fo"k; esaO;ogkj gS; k HkzkfUr bl dk i w
. kZ: i l srFkk ' kkL=kksaesaKku D; k
gS
\ bl dkHkhi w. kZ: i l sbl i kB es
açfri knu fd; kx; kgSAv uqHko rFkkLef̀r Hksn l sKku nksçdkj
dk gksrk gS
Aft l esav uqHko l a
Ldkj dkst Ue nsrk gS
] rFkk l a
Ldkj mRiUu gksd j Lef̀r dkst Ue nsrk
gS
A
fdl hHkhi nkFkZdki fjp; ml osQy{k.kl sgksrkgSAv kS j y{k.kvl k/ kj.k/ eZgksrkgS
Ay{k.k
esv O;kfIr v frO;kfIr rFkkv l EHko bl çdkj l st ksrhu nks"kgksrsgS
amudkHkhbl i kB esamYys•
fd; k x; k gS
A
osnkUr es
amiy{k.k]mikf/ rFkkfo' ks"k.kbu ' kCnksadkç; kxs çkpq
; Zek=kkgSv r%budkl foLrkj
io
wZ
d v kykspu ; gk¡ fn; k x; k gS
A
çek LFkku l srFkk oLrql sbl fo"k; dksv kjEHk fd; k x; k gS
Abl l si gysl c oq
Q
N çLrq
r
72 mPpr j ekè; fed
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oZ i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek
esaKku ughaFkk] v kS
j u v f/ xr gS rFkk v uf/ xr Hkh ughagS Aysfdu t ksv FkZckf/ r ughagSog
v ckf/ r v FkZgS
Avuf/ xrkFkZ fo"k; d vkS
j vckf/ rkFkZ
fo"k; d Kku gksrkgSAv uf/ xrkFkfZo"k; dKku rFkk
rRo çek dk y{k.k gksrk gS Abl çdkj l sl jykFkZfo"k; d Kku dk o.kZ u rFkk ny ÑR; dk o.kZ u
Hkh; gkaçnf' krZ fd; k x; k gS
Abl y{k.k esat ksnks"k ; k v k{ksi gSmudk Hkhfuokj.k çnf' kZr fd; k
x; kgSA

i kBkUr ç' u 5-1

è; ku nsa
%
1- n' kZ
u ' kCn dh O;q
RifÙk Hksn l sv FkZHksn dh mi LFkki uk dhft , A
2- ' kkL=k D; k gksrk gS
\
3- n' kZ
u osQHksn dksçdV dhft , A
4- fdl n' kZ
u osQfdrusçek.k gksrsgS; g fyf• , A
5- i#
q"kkFkZdk ; q
fÙkQi w
oZ
d fooj.k fyf• , A
6- i#
q"kkFkZdk o.kZ
u djosQeks{k osQi jeRo dk çfri knu dht h, A
7- i nkFkZfdl sdgrsgS
\
a
8- l ekU; : i l sKku oS
Q
l smRiUu gksrk gS
\
9- y{k.k osQy{k.k dk o.kZ
u dhft , A
10- y{k.k rFkk y{k.k osQnks"kksaesadkS
u&dku
S gksrsgS
\ budk mnkg.k l fgr çfri knu dhft , A
a
11- nyÑR; D; k gksrk gS
\
12- mi kf/ y{k.k esaO;korZ
d Ro osQl kFkZ
D; dk çfri knu dhft , A
13- mi y{k.k dk y{k.k nsd j ml dk çfri knu dhft , A
14- fo' ks"k.k y{k.kdk çfri knu dhft , A
15- mi kf/ y{k.k dk çfri knu dhft , A
16- mi kf/ rFkk fo' ks"k.k esaD; k Hksn gksrsgS
\a
17- çek osQy{k.k dk nyÑR; djd i fj"dkj dhft , A
18- dky Kku esaHkkfl r gksrk gSbl dk ; q
fÙkQi w
oZ
d çfri knu dhft , A
19- / kjokfgd osQKku esaçfr{k.k fo"k; fdl çdkj l sv uf/ xr gksrk gS
\

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 73
 i kB&5 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek

i kBxr ç' uksad k mÙkj 5-1
1- nf̀' k%çs{k.ksbfr / krql s Y; q
V~
&çR;; dk ; ksx djusi j n' kZ
u ' kCn fu"i kfnr gksrk gS
A
2- 3-
3- 4-
4- 1-
è; ku nsa
% 5- 4-
6- 2-
7- 1- x 2- ?k 3- • 4- d 5- p 6- Ä~

i kBxr ç' uksad k mÙkj 5-2

1- lq
•
2- nq
%•
3- fuR; rFkk v fuR; Hksn l sl q
• nksçdkj dksgksrk gS
4- v kRel q
•
5- t U; l q
• fuR; gksrk gS
6- / eZv Fkok i q
.;
7- v / eZ; k i ki
8- ^bna
efn"Vl k/ ue~
* Kku dh çof̀Ùk osQdkj.k gksrsgS
A
9- ft l dk v FkZfd; k t k, og v FkZgksrk gS Ai q
#"kdk v FkZghi q #"kkFkZgksrk gSv FkkZ
r ~i q
#"k osQ
}kjk t ksçkIr fd; k t k, og i q #"kkFkZgksrk gS
Av Fkok i q
#"k ; k ukjh t ksoqQN HkhbPNk djrs
; k dkeuk djrsgS aog i q#"kkFkZgksrk gSA
10- / eZ
] v FkZ
] dke rFkk eks{k ; spkj i q
#"kkFkZgksrsgS
A
a
11- / eZrFkk v FkZxk.Sk i q
#"kkFkZekust krsgS
Adke rFkk eks{k eq
[; iq
#"kkFkZekust krsgS
A
12- fuR;RoA
13- eks{k czã Kku l sgksrk gS
A

74 mPpr j ekè; fed

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek i kB&5
i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek
i kBxr ç' uksad k mÙkj 5-3
1- Lef̀r fHkUu Kku gh v uq
Hko dgykrk gS
A
2- v uqHko vi s{kkcq
f¼o' kv Ur%dj.kes axq
. kksadkmRiknu djrkgSt ksmn~ck/sd l gdkj osQl kFk
Lef̀r dkst Ue nsrsga Sog xq. k gh l a
Ldkj dgykrsga Av uq
S Hko t U; Lef̀r dk gsrql aLdkj
dgykrkgS A
3- cká bfUæ;ksaosQ}kjkt ksKku mRiUu gksrkgS
] og os
Q
oy l a
Ldkj gksrkgSv kjSl a
Ldkj ghmRiUu
gksd j t ksKku ft l Kku dkst Ue nsrk gSog Kku gh Lef̀r dgykrk gS A è; ku nsa
%
4- Kku dk t ksfo"k; gksrk gSog gh v FkZi nkFkZ
] Ks;] KkrO; rFkk çes; dgykrk gS
A
5- v i s{kk cq
f¼ gh v uq
Hko rFkk l a
Ldkj dkst Ue nsrh gS
A
6- y{; esat ksy{k.k gksrk gSrksog y{k.k l eUo; dgykrk gS
A
7- ft l / eZesav O;kfIr] v frO;kfIr] rFkk v l EHko ; srhu nks"k ughagksog gh v l k/ kj.k
/ eZdgykrk gSA
8- y{; dk , dns'kof̀r Ro gksusi j ml hy{; dkv i jns'kof̀r Ro gksukv O;kfIr dk y{k.kgksrk
gS
A
9- ft ruk y{; y{; of̀r Ro esagksrk gSmruk gh y{; ; fn v y{; of̀r Ro esarksog v frO;kfIr
dk y{k.k gksrk gS
A
10- y{; ek=k of̀r Ro v l EHko dk y{k.k gksrk gS
A

i kBxr ç' uksad k mÙkj 5-4

1- mi y{k.k] mi kf/ rFkk fo' ks"k.k ; srhuksaO;korZ
d dgykrsgS
A
a
2- v u~
O;korZ
d Ro gksusi j Hkh ft l esaO;korZ
d Ro gksog mi y{k.k dk y{k.k gS
A
3- LokfUorka
' kfo/ s;kUof; Ro gksrsgq
, orZ
eku esat ksO;korZ
d Ro gks] ; g fo' ks"k.k dk y{k.k gS
A
4- LokfUorka
' kfo/ s;kuUof; Ro gksrsgq
, orZ
eku esat ksO;korZ
d Ro gks] ; g mi kf/ dk y{k.k gS
A
5- mi kf/ %
6- mi kf/
7- fo' ks"k.k

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 75
 i kB&5 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zek

i kBxr ç' uksad k mÙkj 5-5
1- jkgqdk fl j ; gk¡ i j jkgqrFkk fl j esaHksn t ksgSog v çfl ¼ i nkFkZdgykrk gS
A
2- v uf/ xrckf/ rkFkZ
fo"k; dKkuRo çek dky{k.k gksrk gS
A
3- v ckf/ rkFkZ
fo"k; dKkuRo çek dk y{k.k gksrk gS
A
4- U;k; dk erA
è; ku nsa
% 5- fHk| rsA
6- Hkkfl r gksrk gS
A

76 mPpr j ekè; fed

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i zR;{k [ k. M esa
i zR;{k i zek. k
6

çR;{k • . M esaçR;{k çek. k è; ku nsa

%

; g fo"k; l q
cks/ gksbl fy, i w
oZ
i kB esacq
f¼ osQ}kjkv usd fo"k; ksadkmi LFkki u fd; kx; k
gS
Aft l esaçek : i h çeq• fo"k; FkkArksçek D; k gSbl dk i w
oZesafooj.k fn; k t k pq d k gS
A
bl i kB esaçekosQHksnka
sdkmYys• djos QmuesaçFke çekçR;{kçekD; kgSbl dkmiLFkki u
fd; kt k; xskAof̀Ùk; g os
nkUr dkv i j fo' k"skgkrskgSAof̀ÙkHkhbl i kB es aof.kZ
r dhxbZgS Al fUud"kZ]
bfUæ;ksadk dj.kRo] Kkukfn fdl osQ/ eZgksrsgS ] pS
r U; fdl osQHksn gksrsgS
] KkuKr çR;{k dk D; k
a
ç; kst d gksrkgSAfo"k; xr çR;{k dkç; kst dRo ; sl Hkhfo"k; bl i kB esafn; sx; sgS Afo"k; U;k;
a
' kS
y hesafy• sx; sgS AHkysghfo"k; fDy"V gSfi Q j Hkhckj ckj i <+usi j oksl q
cks/ gkst krsgSArFkk
a
çFke ckj esaghl Hkhfo"k; cq f¼ esav k#<+gkst k, rks; g ughadg l drsgS Abl fy, t gk¡i j fo"k;
a
v oxr ughagksogk¡i j i Bu dksfojke fn, fcukv kxsi <+ ukpkfg, Agksl drkgSog fo"k; çdkjkUrj
l sv kxsçfri kfnr fd; kt k, Arc og Kku v PNhçdkj l sLi "V gksl drkgS Acgq r t xg , d fo"k;
dkKku v i j fo"k; osQKku l sLi "V gkst krk gS Abl fy, v kxsv è; ; u gsrq, d ckj fi Q j v è; ; u
dhv ko' ; ÙkQ k gksrhgS
A

mís';
bl i kB dksi <+
d j v ki l {ke gksa
xs_
 osnkUr osQer esaçek osQHksn dkst ku i kusesa
_
 N%çdkj dh çekv ksaesal sçR;{k çek dkst ku i kusesa
_
 of̀Ùk dksl e> i kusesa
_
 bfUæ;kFkZl fUud"kZt ku i kusesa
_
 Kku] l q
• ] nq
%• ] / eZrFkk v / eZ
] bR;kfn fdl osQ/ eZgksrsgS
a; g t ku i kusesa
_
 Kkuxr t ksçR;{k gSml osQç; kst d dkst ku i kusesa
_
 fo"k; xr t ksçR;{k gSml osQç; kst d dksl e> i kusesa
_

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 77
 i kB&6 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k

i zR;{k [ k. M esa 6-1) çek osQHksn

i zR;{k i zek. k çek N%çdkj dh gksrh gS
AçR;{k] v uq
fefr] mi fefr] ' kkCnh] v FkkZ
i fÙk] rFkk v uq
i yfC/ A
çek.k Hkh N%gksrsgSa; g Hkhi gysgh dgk t k pq
d k gS
AçR;{k] v uq
eku] mi eku] v kxe] v FkkZ
i fÙk
rFkk v uq
i yfC/ ; sN%çek.k gksrsgS
AmuesaçR;{k çek dk dj.k çR;{k çek.k gksrk gS
a A
rksdgrsgS afd çR;{k çek D; k gS
\ y{k.k?kVd Hkw
r ksaosQi nksaosQv FkZosQKku l sgh y{;
dkKku l EHko gkrskgSAt crd çR;{kçekdkst kukt krkgSrcrd çR;{kçek.kdksughat kukt krk
gS
AoqQ
N v uq ekukfn çek.kçR;{kçek.kosQv kfJr gksrsgS
Abl fy, çR;{kçek.kdkT; s"BRo gksusosQ
a
è; ku nsa
% dkj.k l cl smQij ml dk mi LFkku fd; k t k jgk gS
A
çR;{k çek D; k gSbl osQçfri knu l si w
oZml l sl EcfU/r oq
Q
N fo"k; ksadksLi "V djrsgS
A

çR;{k ' kCn osQv FkZ

çR;{k' kCn dk ç; ksx rhuksav Fkks±esfd; kt krk gSt S
l sçR;{kçek.k] çR;{k Kku rFkkçR;{k
fo"k; Adc fdl v FkZesabudk ç; ksx gksrk gSbl sogk¡ l ko/ kuh i w oZ
d l e>uk pkfg, A

fo"k;
t ho czã gksrkgSu dhdksbZv ksjAt ho rFkkczã dh, drkosnkUr dkçfri k| fo"k; gS Abudh
, drkdkKku gheks{kdgykrkgS ArFkkcz ã Kku HkhdgykrkgS Aczã dkLo: i D; kgS \ ; g ft Kkl k
Hkhl kekU; : i l HkhosQeu esamRiUu gksrhgSAl R;aKkue~v uUraczã ( rS
-m-) bR;kfn Jq
fr osQçek.k
l sczã l fPpnkuUn Lo: i gksrk gSAv kSj Hkhcgqr çdkj l sczã dk çfri knu fd; k t krk gSAi jUrq
ml fo"k; dkl w {e fopkj bl i kB dkçfri k| fo"k; ughagS Abl fy, ; gk¡i j foLrkj djusl s#dk
t k jgk gS
A

czã Lo: i
czã ghpS r U; dgk t krk gSAbl czã esal Ei w . kZt xr~v è; Lr gS
At Sl sjLl hesal i Zgksrk gS
A
tSl sl hi hesapka
nhv è; Lr gksrhgS ]tS l se: LFky esaejhfpdk esaex̀t y v è; Lr gksrkgS AoS l sgh
pSr U; esat xr~v è; Lr gksrk gS
Abl fy, pS r U; v f/ "Bku dgkt krkgS At S
l st c jLl hesal i Zçrhr
gksrk gSrc ogka æ"Vk dks jLl h ugha fn• kbZ nsrh gS A jLl h fo"k; d v Kku gksrk gS ]
v f/ "Bku jTt qdkt c Kku gkst krkgSrc l i Z Ro dkfoyksi gkst krkgS Av r%v f/ "Bku Kku l sgh
v è; Lr l i Zdk foyksi gkst krk gS At xr~dk v f/ "Bku t kspS r U; gS
] ml dk Kku gksrk gSl Ei w . kZ
t xr~dkfoyksi gkst krkgS Av FkkZ
r ~t xr~t xr~: i esaçrhr ughagksrkgS At xr~czã : i esaghçrhr
gksrk gSAl o±• fYonaczã bl çdkj dh Jq fr osQdkj.kA

l f̀"V osQØe l sv Ur%d j . k d k l ko; oRo

pS r U; fo"k; d v Kku ght xr dk l f̀"V osQçfr dkj.k gksrk gS
Av Ur%dj.k t xr~esa' kjhj
bfUæ;k¡ fo"k; bR;kfn l Hkh v Kku l sgh mRiUu gksrsgS
A
a
rLek}k , rLekn~v kReu v kdk' k%l EHkw r %v kdk' kk}k; q
%ok; ksjfXu%v Xusjki %v n~
H; %i F̀oh
i f̀FkO;k v ks"k/ ; %bfr Jq
r s%( rS
-m- cz-o-1-1) A

78 mPpr j ekè; fed

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k i kB&6
v Ur%dj.kHkhv kdk' kkfn i ×k~
prUek=kkv ksaosQl kfRodka
' kl sfeydj osQmRiUu gksrkgS
Av r% i zR;{k [ k. M esa
og rst l dgykrk gS Av FkkZ
r ~jfo dhfdj.k dhrjg LoPN çdk' kd y?kqrFkk pj gksrk gS Av r%
; g vUr%dj.kt U; i nkFkZgS Av Ur%dj.ki jek.kqosQi fjek.k: i esagksrkgS Abl fy, v o; o l fgr
i zR;{k i zek. k
v Ur%dj.kdkv kdkj i fj.kke ghl EHko gksrkgS Abl fy, v Ur%dj.kof̀Ùk: i esaHkhi fjf.kr gksrk
gSft l dk v kxsçfri knu fd; k t krk gS
A
; gkai j gS Jq frçek.k ; sgS& 1) rUeuks¿l t̀ r bfrA( ml czã useu v FkkZ r ~v Ur%dj.k
dk l t Z
u fd; k bl esog czã drkZosQ: i esarFkk v Urdj.k dk l t̀ u deZosQ: i gS )
2) , rLekTt k; rsçk.kkseu%l oZ sfUæ;kf.k pA( eq
-m- 2-2) ( çk.k eu rFkk l Hkh bfUæ;k¡ czã l sgh
mRiUu gksrh gS ) 3) v Uuefl ra=ks/k fo/ h; rs] rL; ; %LFkfo"Bks / krq Lrr~i qj h"kaHkofr] ; ks è; ku ns
a
%
eè; eLrUeka
la] ; ks¿fu"BLrUeu%bfrA( Nk-m- 6-5-1) ( v FkkZ r ~eu mRiUu gksrk gS; g rkRi; ZgS )

of̀Ùk
?kV fo"k; d pk{kq"kçR;{kKku oSQ
l smRiUu gksrkgS
At gkal Eeq
• ?kV gksrkgSogk¡v Ur%dj.k
esav k¡• ksaosQ}kjk ?kVkdkj pyk t krk gS
A
ft l çdkj rM+ kx esafLFkr t y fNæksal sfudydj ugjksaesços'k djosQfi Q j prq "dks.kkdkj
gkst krk gS AfNæl sgh rM+ kxkfn l sckgj Hkhfudyrk gS Afi Qj NksVh ugjksarFkk / kjksaosQekè; e l s
• srksaesaços'k djosQdjrk gSfi Q j ; fn • sr f=kdks.kkRed gksrk gSrksf=kdks.kkdkj rFkk ; fn • sr
prq d kZ
s.kkRe gksrk gSrksprqHkZ
t kdkj gkst krk gS
q Av FkkZ r LFkku osQv kdkj dk gkst krk gS A
tS
l sckYVhesax.ks'k t hdhew
frZj• usckn ml esat y Hkjrsga
Srkst y ew frZosQpkjksav ksj gks
t krk gSv Unj ew
frZckgj t yArc t y ew frZosQv kdkj dk gkst krk gS, slk dgk t k l drk gS A
tS
l sæohHkw
r / krqpw
gsdkv kdkj osQ• ka
psesaMkyusosQckn pw
gkdkj esai fjofrZgkst krhgS
A
v Ur%dj.k Hkh bfUæ;ksaosQ}kjk ckgj t kdj ?kVkfn fo"k; ksaosQpkjksav kS
j O;kIr gkst krk gS
A
rc dgkt krk gSfd v r%dj.k?kVkfnfo"k; kdkj gkst krk gS Av Ur%dj.k dk; g ?kVkfnfo"k; dkj
ghof̀Ùk dgykrk gS Av Ur% dj.k t c ft l : i esajgrk gSrc ml dk v kdkj of̀Ùk dgykrk gS Aog
of̀Ùki fj.kkfRedkgksrhgSAv kjSi fj.kke ghfodkj gksrkgS
Aog v o; oksaosQ vU;Fkk: i gksrkgS Ai jUrq
v Ur%dj.kl ko; o ; Ù qkQgksrkgS
AdgkHkhx; kgSl ko; o ; qÙkQv Ur%dj.kdki fj.kke ges'kkl EHko
gksrkgSA

xq
. k fØ; k v kfn v kd kj oky h of̀Ùk oS
Q
l sgksrh gS
\
?kVkfn æO; gksrsga
Av Ur%dj.k Hkh rnkdkj gksusosQ; ksX; gksrk gS
S Aysfdu ?kVkfn fo"k; d
çR;{k Kku mRiUu gksrk gS ArFkk xq
. k dk v kSj fØ; k dk æO;xq
. kRokfn dk HkhçR;{kmRiUu gksrk gh
gS
Axq. kkfn dkdkb sZHkhvi ukv kdkj fo' ks"kughagksrkgS
Abl fy, oSQl sv Ur%dj.kxq. kkdkj rFkkfØ; k
v kdkj okyk gksA
&1 xq
l ek/ ku% . kkfn dkrnkJ; æO; l sv R;Ur Hksn ughagS At ksv kdkj v kJ; æO; dkgksrk
gSog v kdkj ghxq
. kfØ; kfn dk Hkhl e>uk pkfg, Abl fy, xq . kkfn v kdkj v Ur%dj.k gksl drs
gS
A
a
&2 ?kV dksesaughat kurkv FkkZ
l ek/ ku% r ?kV fo"k; d KkuokykeS
] bl çdkj osQv Kku dk
a

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 79
 i kB&6 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k

i zR;{k [ k. M esa v uq
Hko gksrkgS
Abl fy, ?kVkfn fo"k; vKku osQ}kjkv koÙ̀kjgrsgS
At c ?kVkfn l sv Kku dkv koj.k
a
gVrk gSrc ?kVkfn fo"k; d Kku mRiUu gksrk gS
A
i zR;{k i zek. k
t c rd ?kVkfn fo"k; v Kku l sv kor̀ jgrsgSrc rd ^?kV gS
* ^?kV dksns• rkgw¡* bl çdkj
osQO;ogkj v Ur%dj.k esamRiUu ughagksrsgS Av r%; g v Kku gh^?kV gS
a * bl fy, v fLrRokfn ; g
v fLrRokfn O;ogkj dk çfrcU/d gS Av Ur%dj.k dk ft l bfUæ; osQl kFk l EcU/ gSml bfUæ;
dk t c fo"k; osQl kFk l EcU/ gksrk gSrc v Ur%dj.k dh dksbZfof' k"V v oLFkk gksrh gS] ft l esa
v Kku dk fuokj.k gksrk gSrFkk ?kV gSbl çdkj dk O;ogkj l EHko gksrk gS] v Ur%dj.k dh ; g
v oLFkkv fLrRokfn O;ogkj dhçfrcU/d gSt ksv Kku dhfuof̀Ùk; ksX; v oLFkk gksl drhgS A; g
è; ku nsa
% v oLFkk fo' ks"k gh of̀Ùk dgykrh gS
A

i kBxr ç' u 6-1

1- çek osQfdrusHksn gksrsgS
arFkk dkS
u&dkS
u gksrsgS
\
a
2- T; s"B çek.k dkS
u&l k gksrk gS
\
3- çR;{k ' kCn dk ç; ksx fdrusrFkk fdu v Fkks±esagksrk gS
\
4- v Ur%dj.k l ko; o v Fkok fujko; o\
5- v kdk' k fuR; gSv Fkok v fuR;\
6- eu t ksdk; Zgkrsk gS
] ml esaçek.k Jq
fr dkS
u&l h gS
\

6-2) çR;{k çek

eSa?kV dksughat kurk gw ¡] v FkkZ
r ~?kV fo"k; d Kkuokyk eS abl çdkj osQv kdkj osQKku esa
v Kku dk v uq Hko gksrk gSAbl fy, ?kVkfn fo"k; v Kku l sv koÙ̀k gksrsgS At c ?kVkfn l sv Kku dk
a
v koj.kgVrkgS ] rc ?kVkfnfo"k; d Kku mRiUu gksrkgS Av Kku dkfuokj.kdc gksrkgS ] t c mi jksÙkQ
çdkj l sof̀ÙkmRiUu gksrhgS ] rc ?kVkfn fo"k; xr v Kku dkvkoj.kgVrkgS A?kVkfn fo"k; okLrfod
: i l srks?kVkfn fo"k; pS r U; dgykrsgS At c ?kV dk v koj.k gVrk gSrc ; g fuof̀Ùk gh fo"k;
a
pSr U; dhv fHkO;fÙkQdgykrhgS Avxj ; sdgsadhi Vl svkoÙ̀k?kV dc vfHkO;ÙkQ gksrkgS \ mÙkj
& t c i VkRed v koj.kgVrkgSrc v fHkO;ÙkQgkrskgS Av FkkZ
r ~v Kku osQv koj.kdhfuof̀Ùkghfo"k;
dhv fHkO;fÙkQgS Abl çdkj l sv fHkO;ÙkQfo"k; pS r U; gh fo"k; çek dgykrh gS Av kS j pS
r U; gh
çR;{k çek gS A' kq
¼ v FkkZr ~mi kf/ jfgr pS r U; çek ughagS A

l fUud "kZ
bfUæ; dk t c fo"k; osQl kFk l EcU/ gksrk gSrc of̀Ùk mRiUu gksrh gSml of̀Ùk l sfo"k;
pS
r U; v fHkO;ÙkQgksrk gS
AbfUæ; rFkk fo"k; dk og l EcU/ gh l fUud"kZdgykrk gS A

bfUæ; d k d j . k
rTt U;Rosl fr rTt U;t udRoaO;ki kj y{k.ke~
AbfUæ; l fUud"kkZ
Red O;ki kj osQ}kjk çR;{k
çekosQçfr dkj.kgksrkgS AçR;{kçekbfUæ; t U; gksrhgS At c rd l fUud"kZughagksrkgSrc rd

80 mPpr j ekè; fed

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k i kB&6
çek mRiUu ughagksrhgS Abl fy, l fUud"kZdksçek dk t ud dgk t krkgS AbfUæ;ksadk l EcU/ gh i zR;{k [ k. M esa
l fUud"kZdgykrk gS Av r%l fUud"kZbfUæ;t U; Hkhgksrk gS Abl çdkj l sl fUud"kZesabfUæ;t U;Ro
gS] rFkkbfUæ;t U; çekdkt udRo gksrkgS Abl fy, bfUæ;t U; gksusi j bfUæ;t U;dRo l sl fUud"kZ
i zR;{k i zek. k
O;ki kj gksrkgS
AO;ki kj bfUæ; dkghgksrkgSbl fy, bfUæ;k¡O;ki kjoku~dgykrhgS Av kS
j bfUæ; çek
osQçfr dkj.kHkhgksrhgS Abl fy, bfUæ;k¡O;ki kjoku~vl k/ kj.kdkj.kdgykrhgS Av r%bfUæ;k¡çek
a
osQçfr dkj.kgS a; sfl ¼ gkrskgSAvkS
j çekdkdj.kçek.kgkrskgS Avr%bfUæ; çR;{kçekosQçek.k
gksrhgS A

v ukfn pS
r U; çek oS
Q
l sgksrh gS
è; ku nsa
%
pSr U; rksv ukfn v FkkZ r ~v t Uek gksrkgS
] og mRifÙk jfgr gksrkgSml dkv kfn ughagksrkgS A
rFkkçekmRiUu gksrhgS ApS r U; ghçekgS, slkdgkx; kgS Açekdkdj.kçek.kdgyrkgS Adj.k
v FkkZr ~dj.kfo' ks"kAv r%ft l dkdkj.kgksrkgSog çekl kfn v FkkZ r ~t U;kmRiUu gksusokyhgksrh
gSAçekghpS r U; gksrhgSArc dgrsgS afd og çekl kfn oS Ql sgksrhgSrFkkpS r U; v ukfn oSQl sgksrk
gS\ ; fn pS r U; v ukfn gksrk gSrksml dk dksbZdkj.k l EHko gh ughagksrk gS ] ; g ç' u mRiUu gksrk
gSArc dgk t krk gSHkysgh fo' ks"; v ukfn gksfi Q j Hkh ml dk fo' ks"k.k ; fn l kfn gksrksfo' ks"k.k
fof' k"Vog fo' ks"; Hkhl kfn dgykrkgS AçÑfr esabfUæ;kFkZ l fUud"kZl sv Ur%dj.kof̀ÙkmRiUu gksrh
gSAml hof̀Ùkesafo"k; pS r U; v fHkO;ÙkQgkrskgS Aof̀Ùkl kfn gksrhgSof̀Ùkl sv fHkO;ÙkQpS r U; Hkhl kfn
rFkk t U; dgk t krk gS Aog bl çdkj l st S l s?kV uhy fd; k t krk gS Abl esauhy v ofNUu ?kV
fo' ks"; Hkw
r gksrk gS Aog i gysl sgh mRiUu gS At c og uhyk fd; k t krk gSrc og v t U; gh gS ]
fi Q
j Hkh fo' ks"k.kh Hkw r uhyxq . k rksml dk ml h l e; mRiUu gksrk gS Abl fy, uhykofPNUu ?kV Hkh
mRiUu gksrkgS, slkdgkt krkgS Aml hçdkj of̀Ùkfof' k"V pSr U; Hkhv t U; gS Afi Q j Hkhml hdhrjg
Nsndof̀Ùk bfUæ;kFkZl fUud"kZl smRiUu gksrh gS A
a bl fy, ml h çdkj og v ofPNUu pS r U; Hkh t U;
dgykrkgS A

of̀Ùk Kkuksipkj
lS
¼kfUrd nf̀"V l srksof̀ÙkghKku dgykrhgS Aysfdu Kku pS r U; gksrkgS
Av kS
j of̀Ùk%v Ur%
dj.k dk i fj.kke t M gksrh gSArksfi Qj of̀Ùk gh çek oS
Ql sgS Av kS
j psrU; gh t M+oS Ql sgSAysfdu
fl ¼kUr esabfUæ; ghçek.kdgykrkgS Adj.kdkO;ki kj v O;ofgr mÙkj of̀ÙkmRiUu djrkgS Aog
of̀Ùk ghbfUæ;ksal sckgj t krh gSrFkk fo"k; osQl kFk yxdj fo"k; pS r U; dh v fHkO;fÙkQdjrh gS A
; g dj.k gh çek dj.k dgykrk gS Açek gh v fHkO;ÙkQpS r U; gksrk gSAbl fy, ; g dj.k rksof̀Ùk
osQçfr dj.k gksrk gSu dh çek osQçfr Hkysgh dj.kO;ki kj l sv O;ofgr gksd j t ksmRiUu gksrk
gSml osQçfr og dj.kRo gksrk gS A
v fHkO;ÙkQçek pS r U; dh of̀Ùk mi kf/ gksrh gSA; g of̀Ùk gh çek pS r U; dksv U; pS r U; esa
O;kofrZr djrhgS Av r%; g of̀Ùk çek pS r U; dhv oPNsfndk gksrhgS Abl fy, of̀Ùk ghpS r U; : i
Kku dhv oPNsfndk gksrhgS A; g of̀Ùk pS
r U; esav Hksn l sv è; Lr gksrhgq bZçekRo dksçkIr djrh
gSAv r%of̀Ùkes açekRo osQl Ro l sof̀ÙkçekvFkkZ r ~^Kku* bl çdkj O;ogkj gkrshgS Aof̀Ùkp{kqv kfn
bfUæ;ksaosQO;ki kj l sv O;ofgr gksd j mRiUu gkrshgS Av r%bfUæ; of̀ÙkosQçfr dj.kgksrhgS Aof̀Ùk
esaKkuRo dk mi pkj gksrk gS Abl fy, çek osQçfr bfUæ; dj.k gksrh gq bZçek.k gksrh gSbl çdkj
l s; g fl ¼ gksrkgS Aof̀Ùk esaKkuRo dk O;ogkj xkS . k gksusl sog v è; kl fo' k gksrkgS
a AU;k; er esa

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 81
 i kB&6 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k

i zR;{k [ k. M esa Kku xq . kgksrkgS Aog l eok; l sv kRekesagksrkgS Aysfdu osnkUr' kkL=kesaçekRed Kku rkspS r U; : i
esagksrkgS ArFkkmi pkj l sof̀ÙkghçekdgykrhgS Aof̀Ùkv Ur%dj.k/ eZ okyhgksd j euks/eZokyh
i zR;{k i zek. k gksrh gSu dh v kRe/ eZ okyh] bl fy, Jq fr; k¡ dgrh gS& dke%l Ä~
a d Yi ks fofpfdRl k J¼k
/ f̀r j/ f̀r ßhZ
HkhZ
fjR;srr~l oZ
aeu , o bfrA
v FkZ
& dke ( bPNk) ] l Ä~ d Yi ( ' kq
Dy uhy v kfn Hksn l sfo"k; ksadk fodYi rFkk bl deZ
l s; g b"V i Q y çkIr gksrk gSbl çdkj dh fo"k; cq f¼) ] fofpfdRl k ( l a ' k; ) ] J¼k ( v kfLrD;
cqf¼] osnkfn ' kkL=kksaesan`< fo' okl ) ] v J¼k ( v ukfLrD; cq f¼] ' kkL=kksaesav fo' okl ) ] / f̀r
( / kj.kk b"Vfo; ksx esarFkk v fu"V çkfIr esav oSDyO;] nsgkfn dk v ol kn gsrqgksusi j mÙkEHku]
è; ku nsa
% v / f̀r ( ogk¡i j oSDyO;) gh( v dk; Zdhçof̀Ùko' kv çfrHkRo rFkkyksd yTt k) ] / h( cq f¼of̀Ùk)
Hkh( Hk; ) , ; l c eu gh( v Ur%dj.k ghof̀ÙkosQ: i esai fjf.kr gS Abl fy, ; g t ksKku gSog
Jqfr osQ}kjk çekf.kr gSrFkk bPNk v kfn bl çdkj osQeuks/eZgksrsgS A
a

Kku v kfn fd l osQ/ eZgksrsgS

a
eS
at kurkgw]¡ eS
abPNkdjrkgw
]¡ bR;kfn çrhfr l Hkheuq "; kasdhgkrshgS
Aogk¡eSaKkuoku gw
¡v Fkok
eSabPNkoku gw¡bl çdkj osQçR;{kv uq Hko gksrsgS
Abl v uq Hko l s; g fl ¼ gksrkgSfd Kkukfn v kRek
osQ/ eZgksu dh eu osQ/ eZga Sbl çdkj l suS ; kf; d v k{ksi djrsgS A
l ek/ kuµ oLrq r %v kx t ydj osQngu djrhgS Aysfdu rIr ykS
g fi .MesaLi ' kZl sHkht yus
dhçrhfr gksrhgS ] ogk¡i j t yk gq v k O;fÙkQdgrk gSfd yksgsdk fi .Mt ykrk gS Abl fy, dgk
t krkgSfd& v kx rFkkyksgsdkfi .MdkrknkRE; v kè; kl gh; gk¡dkj.kgksrkgS Av kx dknXèk̀Ro
/ eZykSg fi .Mesav kjksfi r fd; kt krkgS Abl hçdkj v kRekosQ}kjkvUr%dj.kos Q, sD; dkv è; kl
gksrkgSArc v kRek esaKkul q • kfn v Ur%dj.kosQ/ eks±dkv è; kl gksrkgSAv è; kl o' kghv uq Hko
gksrk gSfd ^eS al q
• h gw ¡* bR;kfn mi i knu fd; k t krk gS
A
eSav FkZ
sH; ' p i jaeu%l q • hgw¡bR;kfn v uq
Hko esat S
l sl q
• fo"k; gksrkgSoS l sgheSai n v Ur%
dj.kdkfo"k; gksrkgS At S
l sl q
• çR;{kgksrkgSoS l sghv Ur%dj.kHkhçR;{kghv Ä~ xhdkj djuk
pkfg, AbfUæ; fo"k; d çR;{k Kku ughagksrk gS Av r%v Ur%dj.k dk çR;{k gksrk gS Av Ur%dj.k
dk v fuUæ;Ro dksfy, Jq fr dgrhgS & bfUæ; sH; %i j k áFkkZ sH; ' p i j aeu%( v FkkZ
sv FkZ r ~bfUæ;ksa
l si j v FkZgksrk gS] v kS
j v FkZl si jseu gksrk gS
)

6-3) çR;{k ç; kst d

bfUæ; t U ;Ro çR;{kdkç; ktsd gksrkgSrks; gk¡i j vO;kfIr nk"skgS1- Jks=k] Ropk] us=k] ft Þo
rFkk?kzk.k; si k¡p KkusUæ;k¡gksrhgS
A; fn bfUæ; dkv FkZosQl kFkl fUud"kZl smRiUu Kku dksçR;{k
a
ekursgSrc bu i k¡p bfUæ;ksaosQ}kjk t ksKku gksrk gSog çR;{k gh gksrk gS Aeu bfUæ; ughagksrk
gSAeu osQ}kjk l q • kfn dk Kku gksrk gS
Aog l q • kfnfo"k; d Kku çR;{k ughagksrk gS Ai jUrqosnkUr
osQer esarksl q • kfn dk Hkh çR;{k Kku gksrk gS
Al q• kfn çR;{k bfUæ;t U; ughagksrsgS Av r%; gk¡
i j v O;kfIr gSArFkk çR;{kRo dk ç; kst dRo D; k gS \ ; g ç' u mRiUu gksrk gS
A
bfUæ;t U;Ro ; fn çR;{kdkç; kst u gksrksHkh; gk¡v O;kfIr nks"kmRiUu gksrkgS
µ bZ' oj dk
Kku çR;{kgksrkgSAv FkkZ
r ~bZ
' oj t kst kurkgSog l c çR;{kghgksrkgSAysfdu bZ ' oj rksl oZ
K gksrk
gS
ArFkk ml dk Kku fuR; gksrk gS Aml esaKku mRiUu ughagksrk gS
Av r%og bfUæ; t U; ughagksrk
82 mPpr j ekè; fed
i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k i kB&6
gS
A; fn bfUæ; t U;Ro gh çR;{kRo dk ç; kst d gksrk rksbZ
' oj osQçR;{k esav O;kfIr gksrh gS
A i zR;{k [ k. M esa
bfUæ;t U;Ro ; fn çR;{k dk ç; kst d gSrks; gk¡i j Hkhv frO;kfIr nks"k gSAt ksbfUæ; t U; i zR;{k i zek. k
gSog çR;{kt U;Ro çR;{kç; kstdRo gSrks; gk¡i j v uq
fer HkhbfUæ;t U;kgS Aeu dkl oZ Kku osQçfr
dkj.k gksrk gh gS
A; fn eu bfUæ; gSrksv uq eku osQçfr Hkh dkj.k eu dk gh gS Arksv uq eku esa
çR;{kRo dhv ki fÙk gksrhgS Abl fy, D; k çR;{kRo ç; kst d gSbl çdkj dk ç' u mRiUu gksrkgS A

çR;{k ' kCn osQr hu v FkZi z;ksx

çR;{kRo ft l esagksog çR;{kgkrskgS
AçR;{k' kCn dkç; ksx rhuksav Fkks±esagkrskgS
At S
l sçR;{k
çek] çR;{kfo"k; ] rFkkçR;{kçek.kAçR;{kçekdkdj.kRo ghçek.kxr çR;{kRo dkç; kstd gksrk
è; ku nsa
%
gSAog l fqofnr gSghAbl fy, ; gk¡çekxr çR;{kRo dkrFkkfo"k; xr çR;{kRo dkç; kst d D; kgS
; g çLrqr fd; k t krk gSA

ç; kst d
ç; ktsd ' kCn dkO;ogkj ckgq Y; l sgksrkgSAv r%ç; kst d fdl sdgrsgS a; g l e>ukpkfg, A
v O;o/ ku l sl k{kkr~dk; Z
t ud dkj.kgksrkgS Ai jEijkosQ}kjkdk; Z
t ud ç; kst d gksrkgS Adkj.kdk
dkj.kç; kst d gksrkgSAt Sl sosx l sçokfgr ok; ql so`{kdEi u djusyx t krsgS Ao`{kdEi Uu l si Q
a y
o`{kl sv yx gksd j Hkwfe i j fxjrsgSarFkkfxjusl sVwV Hkht krsgS
A; gk¡i j i Q
a yksaosQVw
VusrFkki QVus
w
esai Q
y rFkk Hkwfe dk l a; ksx dkj.k gksrk gS
Aok; qdk çokg rFkk o`{k dk dEi Uu Hkh l k{kkr~i Q y
osQHkXu gksusdkdkj.kughaog rksi jEi jkosQ}kjkgksrkgS Abl fy, ; g i Q yHkÄ~ xç; kst d dgykrk
gS
A
bfUæ;kFkZl fUud"kZ
t U; Kku esaghçR;{kRo gksrkgS
Av U;Kku esaughagksrkgSrksogk¡ml Kku
esaçR;{k dgk¡ ughagS; g ft Kkl k mRiUu gksrh gS
Aysfdu Kkuxr çR;{kRo dk ç; kst d D; k gS
A
çR;{kRo dkç; kst d bl dk& ^; g Kku çR;{kgS * bl çdkj osQO;ogkj dkç; kst d gksrkgS A
^; g fo"k; çR;{kgS
* v FkkZ
r ~O;ogkj dkç; kst d gS
A; g çek.kçR;{kgS] vFkkZ
r ~O;ogkj dkç; kst d
gS
A
og bl çdkj l sgSt Sl s^pS
=kçokl h* gS; g okfpd O;ogkj dc l EHko gkrskgS
Av FkkZ
r ~pS
=kxr
çokfl Ro dkç; kst d D; kgS \ pS=kt c çokl djrkgSrc og çokl hdgykrkgS Av FkkZ
r ~çokfl Ro
pS
=kes ajgrkgSAog rc ghl EHko gksrkgSt c pS =kçokl djrkgS ] v FkkZ
r ~pS
=kdkçokl dj.kpS =kxr
çokfl Ro dk ç; kst d gksrk gS
A
ml hçdkj çÑr çdj.k esa; g Kku çR;{k gS] v Fkok bl Kku esaçR;{kRo gSA; g dgk¡dgk
t k l drk gS; g Hkh , d v ykspukRed fo"k; gS
] v FkkZ
r ~Kkuxr çR;{kRo gh foe' kZ
uh; gksrk gS
A

fo"k; xr çR;{k
çR;{k Kku fo"k; Ro v FkkZ
r ~çR;{kRo dk ç; kst d gksrk gSbl y{k.k esav frO;kfIr nks"k gS
µ
çR;{kKku fo"k; Ro çR;{kRo dkç; kst d gSv FkkZ r ~çR;{kKku dkfo"k; çR;{kgSbl çdkj
dgusi j ogk¡nks"kgksrk gS
AçR;fHkKkHkhçR;{kgksrkgS Aog og v nUr v oxkfg Kku ghçR;fHkKk
dgykrkgS Aog ; g nsonÙkgSbl v kdkjçR;fHkKkesaog ghLef̀r fo"k; gksrkgSrFkk; g ghv uq Hko

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 83
 i kB&6 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k

i zR;{k [ k. M esa gksrsgS

Aml v a
a ' k osQçR;{k ughagSfi Q
j Hkh og og v a
' k çR;{k Kku dk fo"k; gS
A
i zR;{k i zek. k çR;{k Kku fo"k; Ro çR;{kRo osQfo"k; esav O;kfIrnks"k gS
Aysfdu og dHkh HkhçR;{k Kku
dk fo"k; ughagksrk gSAv r%v O;kfIr nks"k mRiUu gksrk gSAçR;{k fo"k; Ro fo"k; xr çR;{kRo dk
ç; kst d ughagS
A

l k{kh
v Ur%dj.kksifgr pS
r U; l k{khgksrkgS, slkdgkt krkgS Al k{khges'kkçdk' kLoHkko ; q
ÙkQgksrk
gS
Al k{khdHkhHkh?kVkfnor~Kku dkfo"k; gksd j çdkf' kr ughagksrkgS Al k{khLo; açdk' kgksrkgS A
è; ku nsa
% og dHkh Hkhv KkukoÙ̀k ughagksrk gS A
l k{kh psrk osQoy ksfuxZq
. k' p bfr J q A( ' os-m- 6-11) A
fr %
mnkl huRo gksusi j ft l esacks¼R̀o gksog l k{kh dk y{k.k gksrkgS A; fn mnkl huRo ek=k gh
l k{khdk y{k.k gksrksbfUæ;kfn esav frO;kfIr gksrhgS Amudk Hkh t M+ r k osQdkj.k mnkl huRo gksus
l sAbl fy, cks¼R̀o dk Hkhml esafuos'k djk; kt krk gS Aft l l sbfUæ;kfn osQt M+ Ro l srFkk cks¼R̀o
osQv Hkko l sv frO;kfIr ughagksrhgS A; fn mnkl huRoi i n v uqi knku esacks¼R̀o ek=kl kf{ky{k.kgksrk
gS] rc t ho esav frO;kfIr gksrhgS At ho dkHkhcks¼R̀o l EHko gksrkgS Abl fy, mnkl huRo fo' ks"k.k
mi knku gksrkgSAft l l sv frO;kfIr ughagksrhgS At ho osQmnkl huRo Hkko l st ho drkZHkksÙkQ kbR;kfn
: i l sl fØ; gSu dh mnkl huA

r hu i zd kj d k pS
r U;
Kkuxr dkfo"k; xr dkrFkkç; kst dRo D; kgksrkgS\ bl osQçfri knu esami kf/ o' kpS
r U; osQ
HksnksadhdYi uk dhxbZgS Aml osQfo"k; d l q
Li "V Kku v ko' ; d gSt ksuhpsçLrq r fd; k t k jgk
gS
A
of̀ÙkD; kgksrhgSbl dki woZesafu: i .kgkspq
d kgSAv Ur%dj.kosQfo"k; dkv kdkj v Fkok
v oLFkkfo' k"skof̀ÙkdgykrhgSAbl of̀ÙkosQ}kjkv ofPNUu pS r U; ghçek.kpSr U; dgykrkgS Aog
ghoR̀;ofPNUupS r U; ghçek.k pS
r U; gS] bl çdkj l s; gk¡ i j çek.k dk bu ' kCnksaosQ}kjk pS
r U;
dksdgk t krk gS A
t ks?kVkfn Kku osQfo"k; gksrsgS
] rnofPNUu pS
a r U; fo"k; kofPNUu pS
r U;] fo"k; pS
r U;] bR;kfn
' kCnksaosQ}kjk ml sdgk t krk gSrFkk og gh çes; pS r U; bl uke l sHkh dgk t krk gS A
v Ur%dj.kdkft rukv a ' kfo"k; kdkj i fj.kke ughagksrkgS
] ml v Ur%dj.kka
' kl sv ofPNUu
pS
r U;] v Ur%dj.kkofPNUu pS r U; çekrp̀srU;] çekrk bl çdkj osQ' kCnksaosQ}kjk dgk t krk gS A
pSr U;ar q, d esoAd Fkar fgZr L; =kS foè; e~A
pS
r U; r ks, d gh fi Q
j ml osQr hu çd kj oS
Q
l s\
mi kf/ Hksn l spS
r U; osQHksnksadh dYi uk dh t krh gS At S
l s?kVkofPNUu v kdk' k ?kVkdk' k
dgykrkgS ] eBkofPNUu vkdk' keBkdk' kdgykrkgS At c ?kVeB l sckgj gksrkgSrc nksvofPNUu
v kdk' kçrhr gksrsgSA
a; gk¡v kdk' kesadksbZHksn ughagS
] ogk¡osQ
oy dfYi r Hkn s gS
Av kdk' kdhmi kf/
?kVkfn t c u"V gksrsgSarks, d gh v kdk' k v of' k"V jgrk gS A

84 mPpr j ekè; fed

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k i kB&6
bl hçdkj v Ur%dj.kdhof̀Ùkfo"k; v kfn mi kf/ ; ksadkpS r U; osQl kFkl EcU/ gksusl s; g i zR;{k [ k. M esa
v Ur%dj.kvofPNUu pS r U; -oÙ̀; ofPNUu pS
r U;] fo"k; kofPNUu pSr U;] bl çdkj l sO;ogkj mRiUu
gksrk gS
ApSr U; osQHksn dfYi r gksrsgSau dhokfLrfodApS r U; esaLoxrµ l t krh; rFkk fot krh;
i zR;{k i zek. k
Hksn ughagksrsgS
a; g fl ¼kUr gSA
pS
r U; osQl kFkl EcU/ gksusl spS
r U; es
aLo; aosQ/ eZdkv kjkis djos
QpS
r U; esat ksHksn mRiUu
djrh gSog mi kf/ gksrh gS A
' kq
fÙkQ
fo"k; d v Kku nw
j ns'kesafLFkr ' kq
fÙkQosQfo' ks"kka
' k' kq
fÙkQ
Ro dkv koj.kdjrkgS Aml nks"k
l sv Kku jt Ro esafoi fj.kr gksrk gS Av Kku rFkk ' kq fÙkQl kekU;k' kaesav Hksn l sv kfJr gksrsgS
Arc
a è; ku nsa
%
' kfqÙkQ
Ro l sog çdkf' kr ughagksrk gS Aysfdu jt rRo l sçdkf' kr gksrk gS A
bl hçdkj fo' o O;ki d v Kku HkhpS r U; dkv koj.kdjrkgSAml nks"kl svKku ?kVkfn : i ksa
esai fjf.kr gksrsgS
Av Kku pS
a r U; esav Hksn l sv kfJr gksrkgS
Arc pS
r U; pS
r U;Ro çdkf' kr ughagksrk
gS
Aysfdu ?kVkfn : i l sçdkf' kr ughagksrk gS A
t c v Kku dki fj.kke ?kVi Vkfn fo"k; pS
r U; es
av Hksn l sv kfJr gksrkgSrc og fo"k; pS r U;
dhmi kf/ vFkokv oPNsnd gksrkgS Aysfdu rc og fo"k; ?kVkofPNUu pS r U;] rFkki VkofPNUupS
r U;
bR;kfn : i l sv fHkUu gksusi j Hkh pS
r U; esadkYi fud Hksn dkst Ue nsrk gS A
bl çdkj l srhu çdkj dk pS
r U; çfri kfnr fd; k x; k gS
A

i kBxr ç' u 6-2

1- çR;{k çek D; k gksrh gS
\
2- l fUud"kZD; k gksrk gS
\
3- O;ki kj dk y{k.k D; k gksrk gS
\
4- bfUæ; dk dj.kRo esadkS
u l k O;ki kj gksrk gS
\
5- dj.k dk D; k y{k.k gS
\
6- oÙ̀; kRed Kku fdl dk / eZgS
\
7- dke / f̀r rFkk bPNk bR;kfn fdl osQ/ eZgksrsgS
\
a
8- KkusUæ;k¡ fdruh rFkk dkS
u&dkS
u l h gkrsh gS
\
a
9- eu bfUæ; gS
a; k ugha
\
10- eu osQv fufUæ;Ro esaJq
fr dk D; k çek.k gS
\
11- bZ
' oj dk v uq
eku fd; k t krk gSv Fkok ugha
\
12- çR;fHkKk fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
13- l k{kh fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
14- çek.k pS
r U; D; k gksrk gS
\
15- çekr` pS
r U; D; k gksrk gS
\

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 85
 i kB&6 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k

i zR;{k [ k. M esa 6-3-1) Kku çR;{k d k ç; kst d

i zR;{k i zek. k bl osQckn Kkuxr çR;{k dk ç; kst d D; k gksrk gSbl dk v kykspu fd; k t k jgk gS
A
çek.kpSr U; dkfo"k; v ofPNUu pS r U; osQl kFkHkn
s ghKkuxr çR;{kdkç; ktsd gS Aft l dk
fo"k; kofPNUu pS
r U; rFkkv fHkUu çek.kpS r U;Ro bl çdkj l sv FkZgkrskgS
Av FkkrZ~t c fo"k; kofPNUu
pSr U; dk çek.k pS r U; l sv Hksn gksrk gSrc ogk¡ t ksKku mRiUu gksrk gSog çR;{k Kku dgykrk
gS
A

è; ku nsa
% og bl çdkj l µ s ?kV eB l sckgj gksrk gS] rc ?kVkofPNUu v kdk' k eBkofPNUu v kdk' k
l sfHkUu gksrkgS At c ?kV dkseB esaLFkkfi r fd; kt krkgSrc ?kVkdk' keBdk' kl sfHkUu ughagksrk
gS Av FkkZ
r ~t ks?kVkdk' kgksrkgSog gheBkdk' kgksrkgS AHkysght kseBkdk' kgSog gh?kVkdk' kgks
, slkughagS Afi Qj Hkhl Hkh?kVkdk' keBkdk' kghgksrsgSA?kV rFkkeB v kdk' kdhnksmi kfèk; k¡gksrh
a
gS Arc v kdk' k gh mi fgr dgykrk gSv Fkok mi / s; Hkh dgykrk gS
a Anksuksami kf/ ; k¡ , dns'k gksus
l smi fgr dk ( mi / s; dk) v kdk' k l sv Hksn gksrk gSA
, slsght c fo"k; pS r U; rFkk çek.k pS r U; , dns'k esagksrsgSrc mi fgr nksuksapS
r U; fHkUu
ughagksrsgS] mu nksuksapsrU;ksaesav Hksn gh gksrk gSA
t c fo"k; cká gksrsgSarc ml fo"k; osQl kFkbfUæ; dkl fUud"kZgksrkgSrksof̀Ùkfo"k; ns'k
esapyh t krh gS
At c of̀Ùk fo"k; kns'k t krh gSrc nksuksami kf/ ; k¡ , dns'kL; gkst krh gS
A
a
; g ?kV gS
Abl çR;{kKkuLFky esafo"k; ?kV gksrkgSrFkk og cká , oav U;ns'kL; gksrk gS A
bfUæ; dk v FkZosQl kFk l fUud"kZgksusl sv Ur%dj.k bfUæ; }kj l sckgj t krk gS ] ?kVns'kL; gksrk
gSArFkk ml dk ?kVkdkj osQl kFk i fj.kke gksrk gS Arc ?kVkdkj of̀Ùk gksrk gS Aml ns'k esafLFkr ; g
of̀Ùk ghçek.k gksrhgS ArFkk og v ofPNUu pS r U; ghçek.kpS r U; gksrk gSAt c ?kVkdkj of̀Ùk gksrh
gSrc ?kV v ofPNUu pS r U; dkçek.kpS r U; l sv Hksn gkst krkgS Arc ; g ?kV gSbl çdkj dk?kV
fo"k; d Kku mRiUu gkrsk gS A?kV eB esagSv FkkZ r ~nksuksadk , dns'kLFkRo gSft l l s?kBkdk' k rFkk
eBkdk' k esa, sD; gksrk gS A; g ?kV gS] bl Kku LFky esa?kV pS r U; dh mi kf/ gSrFkk of̀Ùk pS r U;
dhmi kf/ gS At c of̀Ùk ?kVkdkj gksrhgS?kV of̀Ùk esagksrk gSv FkkZ r ~?kV of̀Ùk dk , dns'kLFkRo gSA
rc mi / ; nksuksapSr U; dk v Hksn gksrk gSA?kV Hkw r y i j gksrk gS ] of̀Ùk Hkw
r y esaughagksrh gS ] of̀Ùk
?kVkdkj ?kV esav kfJr gksrh gS Abl fy, nksuksmi kf/ ; k¡ Hkysgh , dns'k esaughagS Afi Qj Hkh of̀Ùk
fo"k; kdkj gksrhgSArc fo"k; rFkkof̀Ùknksuksami kf/ ; k¡Hkh, dns'kL; gSbl çdkj dkO;ogkj fd; k
t krkgSA

v uq
fer LFky esaçR;{kRo gksrk gS
i oZ
r osQofÉeku / w eku~bR;kfn v uq eku LFky gksrsgS Aog i oZ
a r ofÉeku gSbl çdkj dk
v uqeku mRiUu gksrk gS Av uq eku l si jks{k Kku gksrk gSu dh çR;{k KkuA; gk¡ i oZ r ] ofÉ rFkk mu
nksuksaesal EcU/ ; g Hkkfl r gksrkgSAHkysghi oZ r dkbfUæ; osQl kFkl fUud"kZgksrkgSrFkkofÉ dk
ughagksrkgS Aof̀ÙkosQckgj xeu dkgsrqghbfUæ; dkv FkZosQl kFkl fUud"kZgS Aog l fUud"kZi oZr
osQl kFk gSv fXu osQl kFk ughagS Abl fy, of̀Ùk i oZ r kdkj gksrh gSofÉ; kdkj ughagksrh gS Afo"k;
gh i oZ r rFkk og mi kf/ gS Aof̀Ùk Hkh mi kf/ gSAnksuksami kf/ ; k¡ , dns'k esagksrh gS
Abl fy, mi / s;
rFkk pS r U; esav Hksn gksrk gS
Aysfdu ofÉLFky esa, dns'kLFkRo ughagksrk gS Abl fy, i oZ r ofÉeku~

86 mPpr j ekè; fed

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k i kB&6
gS
Abl LFky esai oZ
r fo"k; d çR;{kKku mRiUu gksrk gS
] rFkk ofÉfo"k; d i jks{kKku HkhmRiUu gksrk i zR;{k [ k. M esa
gS
A
i zR;{k i zek. k
KkuksadkghçR;{krFkkmuos Qfo"k; ka
sdkçR;{kRo rFkki jk{skRo gksrkgS AçR;{k] v uqeku]mieku]
' kCn] v FkkZ
i fÙk] rFkkv uq
i yfC/ ; sN%çdkj osQKku osnkUr osQer esagksrsgS AmuosQdkj.k HkhN%
a
çdkj osQgksrsgS AosgS
a açR;{k] v uqeku] mi eku] v kxe ( ' kCn) ] v FkkZ
i fÙk rFkk v uq
i yfC/ A
l HkhKku çR;{kosQ}kjkt kust krsgS
Av FkkZ
a r ~buosQKku fo"k; d Kku çR;{kgksrsgS at ksl k{kkr~
v k• ksa}kjk t kust krsgS
Ai jUrqmuesaçR;{k Kku osQfo"k; ?kVkfn Hkh çR;{k gh gksrsgS
a Av uq
a eku esa
v kfl r ofÉ; kfn fo"k; çR;{k ughagksrsgSAog rksv uq
a es; rFkki jks{k gksrsgS
Abl hçdkj v U; Kkuksa è; ku ns
a a
%
esaHkhl e>ukpkfg, Abl fy, t c ?kVkfn fo"k; d Kku mRiUu gksrkgSrc og Kku ?kVka ' k esaçR;{k
dgk t krk gS AKku fo"k; d Kku ges'kk çR;{k gksrk gSysfdu çR;{k Kku dk fo"k; gh çR;{k rFkk
v U;ksadk fo"k; i jks{k dgykrk gSA

çes;
t c Kku mRiUu gksrk gS
] rc dkS
u l sfo"k; mRiUu gksrsgS
arFkk dkS
u&dkS
u l sçes; gksrsrks
fo"k; osQl kd
S; ZosQfy, ; g dg l drsga Sfdµ
 ckáfo"k; v FkkZ
r ~i k¡p KkusfUæ;ksaosQ}kjk Ks; fo"k; æO; gksrsgS
arFkk muosQxq
. k]
ew
rZ
æO;xr fØ; k] t kfr] mi kf/ : i / eZv kfn gksrsgS A
a
 v Ur%dj.k esafo| eku / eZt S
l sl q
• nq
%• / eZv / eZbR;kfn gksrsgS
A
a
 v Ur%dj.k Hkh Lo; afo"k; gksrk gSrFkk v Ur%dj.k esat ksof̀Ùk t Ue ysrh gSog Hkh
fo"k; gksrhgS
A
 çfrHkkfl r jt rkfndAv HkkoA
 l k{khAv kRekA
; sfo"k; t kuuspkfg, AbuesadkS
u çR;{k gksrkgS
] dkS
u i jks{k gksrkgS
] bl çdkj dk foospu
Hkhçpfyr gS A
l •q kfn fo"k; çR;{k gksrsgS
A
a
l •q kfnd çkfrHkkfl dj t rkfnd t kst c fo"k; gksrsgS
arc oS
Q
l sçR;{k mRiUu gksrsgS
\
a
l •q kfnd rksv Ur%dj.k osQ/ eZghgS Av kUrj fo"k; ughagS av kS
j u cká fo"k; gS Abl fy,
a
bfUæ; }kjkof̀Ùk dkckgj xeu v ko' ; d ughagS Abl fy, fo"k; rnkdkj of̀Ùk : i esa gksrsgSrFkk
l nk, dns'kesajgrsgS Aml l srnofPNUu rFkkpS r U; esav Hksn gksrkgS
Abl fy, l q• kfnfo"k; d çR;{k
Kku mRiUu gksrk gS Al q• kofPNUu pS r U; rFkkl q
• kdkj oR̀;ofPNUu pS r U; l nk , dns'kesav ofLFkr
jgrk gSAbl fy, l q • kfn; ksadk l nk çR;{k Kku ghmRiUu gksrk gS AdHkh Hkhi jks{k Kku mRiUu ugha
gksrk gS
ALokxr l q • Lef̀r esagh v frO;kfIr gkrsh gS A
t c Lo v rhr l •q dhLef̀r gksrhgSogk¡l q • fo"k; gksrkgS
Aog vrhr gksrkgSys fdu vUr%
dj.kghml dkns'kgksrkgS Al q
• kdkj Lef̀r : i of̀Ùkmn; gksrhgSAof̀Ùkns'kHkhv Ur%dj.kghgksrk
gS
Abl fy, l •q kRed mi kf/ rFkkoR̀;kRed mikf/ , dns'kesaghgksrhgS Abl fy, l q• kofPNUu pS
r U;

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 87
 i kB&6 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k

i zR;{k [ k. M esa dkrnkdkjoR̀;ofPNUu pS r U; l sges'kk v Hksn gksrkgS

Aml l sv rhrl q
• dhLef̀r HkhçR;{k Kku gS
bl çdkj dhv ki fÙk gksrh gSA
i zR;{k i zek. k
lq• rFkkLef̀r rksçR;{kKku gksrk gS; g fl ¼kUr l oZ=k çpfyr gS Abl fy, v frO;kfIr osQ
okj.k osQfy, fo"k; dkorZekuRo fo' ks"k.kgksuk pkfg, Av FkZt c fo"k; kdkj of̀Ùkmn; gksrhgSrc
og fo"k; ; fn orZeku gksrksrf}"k; dKku çR;{k gh gksrk gS; g v Ä~ xhdkj djuk pkfg, A
lq• Lef̀r LFky esaHkysgh l q • kRed mi kf/ gksrh gSrFkk oq
QN LeR̀;kRed mi kf/ , dns'k
esagksrhgSfi Qj Hkhog l q• kv rhr gSorZ eku ughagSAbl fy, v rhr l q
• fo"k; d Lef̀r esaçR;{kRo
% dh v ki fÙk ughagksrh gS
è; ku nsa A
bu l c l s; g fl ¼ gksrk gSfd ; fn fo"k; orZ eku gSysfdu nksmi kf/ ; k¡ , dns'k esagSrks
mi / s; pS
r U; dkv Hksn gksrkgSrksKku çR;{kgksrkgS Av FkkZ
r ~çek.kpS
r U; dkorZ eku fo"k; pS r U;
l sv Hksn gksrk gSrFkk çR;{kRo ç; kst d gksrk gS
A
Loxr / ekZ
/ eZosQKku esav frO;kfIr gksrh gS
osn fofgr deZl sdkb
sZl a
Ldkj fo' ks"kmRiUu gksrkgSog / eZrFkki .q; bl çdkj l sdgykrk
gS
Aog v Ur%dj.k esa#drk gSA
t c pS
=k/ kfeZd eS
=kl sdgrkgSfd rq e / kfeZ
d gkA
s rc pS=kdkokD; eS =kdkLo/ eZfo"k; d
Kku mRiUu djrk gS Aml Kku esafo"k; / eZgksrk gSAog / eZeS =k osQv Ur%dj.k esagksrk gSAbl
çdkj l sokD; Jo.kek=kl s/ ekZd kj of̀ÙkeS=kosQv Ur%dj.kesamRiUu gksrhgS Abl fy, v Ur%dj.k
/ eZ
ns'kgksrkgS
ArFkkml dkof̀Ùkns'kHkhv Ur%dj.kghgksrkgS AD; ksa
fd / eZv Ur%dj.kesagksrkgS
rFkk/ eZesaorZ
ekuRo gS Abl fy, çek.kpS r U; dkorZ eku pS
r U; l sv Hksn ; gk¡gksrkgS
A; gk¡çR;{k
Kku dk çksÙkQç; kst d gS
Aml / eZosQfo"k; esabl Kku esaçR;{kRo v ki fÙk gksrh gS A
Hkysgh/ eZrFkk v / eZv Ur%dj.kesaghgksrsgS Afi Q
a j Hkhml osQfo"k; d çR;{k Kku dHkh
fdl h euq
"; esamRiUu ughagksrk gS
A/ eZrFkk v / eZv uq
eku , oav kxe l sgh t kust krsgS
a
Au dh
çR;{kçek.kl sA
v r%v frO;kfIr osQfuokj.kosQfy, ; ksX; Ro fo"k; dkfo' ks"k.knsukpkfg, Av FkkZ r ~; fn ; ksX;
fo"k; orZeku gSrksoq QN nksmi kf/ ; k¡ , dns'k esagksrh gS
Arksmi / s; pS
a r U; esav Hksn gksrk gSft l l s
Kku HkhçR;{k ghdgykrk gS Av FkkZr ~çek.k pS r U; dk ; ksX; orZ
eku fo"k; pS r U; l sv Hksn gksrk gS
t ksçR;{kRo dk ç; kst d gksrk gS
A
lq• rFkk nq% • v Ur%dj.k esagksrsgSA/ eZrFkk v / eZHkh v Ur%dj.k esagksrsgS
a Afi Q
j Hkh
lq• rFkk nq
%• esaçR;{k Kku mRiUu gksrk gS A/ eZrFkk v / eZrksçR;{k Kku osQfo"k; gSgh ughaA
bl çdkj l s; gk¡ i j i kFkZ
D; dk D; k dkj.k gS
\ rc dgrsga &
S
iQ
ycydYI; LoHkko fo' ks"kç; kst d gksrkgS Ai Q y ; gk¡i j çR;{kKku rFkkv uq eku Kku gS A
ogk¡l q • dkçR;{kgksrkgS Abl fy, l q • esaçR;{kRo dkç; ktsd gS AçR;{kRo dkç; ktsd mn~ Hkwr Ro
gSA/ eZdkrFkkv / eZdkçR;{kughagksrkgS Abl fy, ogk¡i j çR;{kRo dkç; kst d mn~ Hkwr Ro ugha
gksrk gSA; g gh LoHkko fo' ks"k gksrk gSt ksdksbZmn~
Hkw
r Ro gksrk gSrFkk dksbZughagksrk gSAmn~ Hkwr Ro
rksykS fdd fo"k; kRo v Fkok çR;{kRo ç; kst d / eZfo' ks"k gksrk gS
Av FkkZ
r rkn`' k èkeZfo' ks"k gksrk gS
ft l l sml / eZdk fo"k; d çR;{k Kku mRiUu gksrk gS A
88 mPpr j ekè; fed
i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k i kB&6
Kkuxr çR;{kRo osQ fo"k; esa ; g fuxZ fyr v FkZgSfd& rÙkRçR;{k&; ksX; &orZ
eku& i zR;{k [ k. M esa
fo"k; kofPNUupS
r U;kfHkUuRoarÙknkdkjoÙ̀; ofPNUuKkuL; rÙkna
' ksçR;{kRoe~
A
i zR;{k i zek. k
pk{k"qk çR;{k ; ksX; orZ
eku ?kV dk fo"k; gksrk gS
] rnofPNUupS r U; dk ?kVkdkjoR̀;ofPNUu
pS
r U; l sv Hksn gh rc mRiUu Kku osQ?kVka ' k esaçR;{kRo : i esal efUor gksrk gS
A

i kBxr ç' u 6-3

1- osnkUr er osQv uq
l kj ; g ?kV gSbl dk p{kql sfdl çdkj çR;{k gksrk gS
\
è; ku nsa
%
2- i oZ
r ~ofÉeku gS/ q
, ¡ osQdkj.k bl çdkj osQv uq
eku LFky esafdl dk çR;{k gksrk gS
\
3- Kku dk çR;{k] v uq
eku v Fkko ' kCn bl esal sdkS
u&l k gksrk gS
\
4- v uq
eku çR;{k osQ}kj t kuk t krk gSv Fkok ugha
\
5- l •q dh Lef̀r çR;{k gSv Fkok ugha
\
6- i .q; dk dkj.k D; k gS
\
7- i ki fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
8- / eZçR;{k osQ}kjk t kuk t krk gSv Fkok ugha
\
9- v / eZçR;{k osQ}kjk t kuk t krk gSv Fkok ugha
\
10- Kkuxr çR;{k dk fuxZ
fyRo y{k.k D; k gS
\

6-3-2) fo"k; xr çR;{kRo d k ç; kst d

bl l si w
oZKkuxr çR;{k D; k gksrk gSbl dk v kykspu foLrkj i w
oZ
d fd; k x; kAbl osQckn
fo"k; x çR;{k D; k gksrk gSbl dk foLrkj i w
oZ
d mi LFkki u djrsgS
A
a
çekRofHkUuRo ghfo"k; dkçR;{kdgykrkgS AçekRofHkUuRo bl dkv FkZgSafd çekrl̀ rkRo
osQv frfjÙkQl ÙkkdRo dk v HkkoAçekrl̀ Ùkk ghçekrp̀S r U; dhl Ùkk gksrh gSAçekrk dht ksl Ùkk
gksrhgSml l sv frfjÙkQl Ùkk gksrhgSft l dhog çekrl̀ ÙkkfjÙkQl Ùkkd%dgykrkgS ArRo dhnf̀"V
l sog çekrl̀ ÙkkfjÙkQ
l ÙkkRo / eZ; q
ÙkQgksrk gS
Aml çdkj dk çekrl̀ ÙkkfjÙkQ
l ÙkkdRo dk v Hkko gh
çekr` Hksn gksrk gS
A; g Hkko ft l fo"k; esagksrk gSog fo"k; çR;{k dgykrk gS A

fooj . k
osnkUr osQer esal Ei w . kZt xr~czã esav è; Lr gSv fo| k l smi fgr ?kVkfn; ksafo"k; ksa l s
v ofPNUu t kspS r U; gSml esal Hkhçi ×k~p v è; Lr gS
Aogk¡v f/ "Bku pSr U; gksrkgS
Av è; Lr ?kVkfn
fo"k; gksrsgSAl Hkhv è; Lr fo"k; feF; k gksrsgS
a Abl fy, ml dhLo; adhdksbZHkhpS
a r U; l sfHkUu
l ÙkkughagksrhgSAv f/ "Bku pS r U; v è; Lru dhl ÙkkgksrhgSAv fo| kl smi fgr ?kVkofPNUu pS r U;
gh?kV dk v f/ "Bku gS Aog pS r U; dhl Ùkk gh?kB dhl ÙkkgS Aml l sfHkUu ?kV dhdksbZHkhl Ùkk
v Ä~xhdkj ughadht krh gS A
t c v Ur%dj.k ?kVkdjk gksrk gS
A rc t S
l sçek.kkofPNUu pS
r U; fo"k; kofPNUu pS
r U;

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 89
 i kB&6 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k

i zR;{k [ k. M esa , dns'kL; gksrsgS aoSl sghv Ur%dj.kkofPNUu pSr U; v FkZ

kr~çekrp̀Sr U; Hkhfo"k; ns'kLFkgksrkgS
Abl
çdkj l s fo"k; pS r U; çek.kpS
r U;] çek.kpS
r U;] rFkkçekr`pS r U; , dns'kLFkgksrsgSArc bu rhuksa
a
i zR;{k i zek. k pSr U;ksadk , sD; gksrk gS
A
bl çdkj fo"k; dhl Ùkkghog v f/ "Bku gksrkgS ] t ksog fo"k; kofPNUu pS
r U; gkrskgS
Açekr`
pSr U; dkfo"k; pS
r U; l s, sD; gksrkgS
A; gk¡çekr`pS
r U; dht ksl ÙkkgSog ghl Ùkkfo"k; kofPNUu
pSr U; dhgksrhgS
Afo"k; dhl Ùkkghfo"k; kofPNUu pS r U; gksrkgSAbl fy, çekr`l Ùkkl sv frfjÙkQ
l Ùkkfo"k; dhughagksrhgSAbl çdkj l sçekrl̀ ÙkkfjÙkQl ÙkkdRo Hkko ghfo"k; esagksrkgS Av r%ml
çdkj dk fo"k; gh çR;{k dgykrk gS A
è; ku nsa
%
l eUo;
?kVfo"k; pk{kq "kçR;{kLFky esa?kVkofPNUu pS r U; dht ksl ÙkkgksrhgSog l Ùkk?kVdhl Ùkk
dgykrhgS At c p{kqrFkk?kVdkl fUud"kZgksrkgS Arc v Ur%dj.kesa?kV ns[kkt krkgSt ks?kVkdkj
of̀Ùk; Ù
qkQgksrkgS Arc ?kVkdkjpS r U; ?kVkdkjoR̀;ofPNUu çek.kpS r U; rFkkçekrp̀S r U; , dns'kL; gkrsk
gS] ysfdu muesav Hksn gksrk gS Aogk¡ ?kV dh l Ùkk gh ?kVkofPNUu pS r U; dh l Ùkk gksrh gSrFkk
?kVkofPNUu pS r U; , oaçekrp̀S
r U; , d ghgksrkgS Abl fy, çekrl̀ ÙkkfjÙkQ l ÙkkdRo dkv Hkko gh?kV
dkgksrkgS ] bl çdkj l s?kVghçR;{kfo"k; dgykr gS AçR;{kfo"k; ghvi jks{kfo"k; Hkhdgykrk
gS
A
t c i oZr ofÉeku bR;kfn v uq eku mRiUu gksrsgS arc bfUæ; dk i oZ r l sl fUud"kZgksrk gSu
dh ofÉ osQl kFk gksrk gS Abl fy, v Ur%dj.k i oZ r sns'k esapyk t krk gS
Au dh ofÉ ns'k esat krk
gS
Ai oZ r kdkj of̀Ùkt Ue ysrhgSofÉ; kdkj mRiUu ughagksrhgS Av r%çekrl̀ ÙkkfjÙkQ
l ÙkkdRokHkko i oZ
r
esagksrk gS] ofÉ esaughagksrk gS
] ft l l si oZ
r gh çR;{k fo"k; dgykrk gS ] ofÉ çR;{k fo"k; ugha
gksrhgSA

/ ekZ
fn; ksad k çR;{k fo"k; Ro fuokj . k
pS=k / eZ
oku gSrFkk l q • h gSbR;kfn v uq eku LFkyksaesa/ eZv uq
eku l sKku gksrk gS Arc / eZ
dhl Ùkk/ ekZ fofPNUu pS r U; ghgksrhgS Av Ur%dj.kdhdghaHkht kusdhv ko' ; ÙkQ kughagksrhgS ]
D; ksa
fd / eZgh v Ur%dj.k esajgrk gS Av r%çekrp̀S r U; dh l Ùkk gh / ekZ
ofPNUu pS r U; dh l Ùkk
gksrhgS Abl fy, ghçekr` l Ùkk osQv frfjÙkQl ÙkkdRo Hkko / eZesagksrk gS Aml l s/ eZdhçR;{kRo
v ki fÙkgksrhgS A/ eZdHkhHkhçR;{kughagksrkgS Av r%ml osQokj.k osQfy, ; ksX; Ro ghfo"k; dk
fo' ks"k.k nsuk pkfg, Av FkkZ
r ~çekrl̀ Ùkk l sv frfjfÙkQl ÙkkdRokHkko ; fn çR;{k ; ksX; fo"k; esagksrks
og fo"k; çR;{kght kuukpkfg, Abl çdkj / eZçR;{k; kX s; ughagkrskgS
Avr%çekr`l ÙkkfjÙkQl ÙkkdRokHkko
/ eZesagksrk gS Afi Q j Hkh çR;{k; ksX; Ro / eZesughagksrk gSrFkk u ; gk¡ i j v frO;kfIr gksrh gSA
v rhr l q
• dk v uq eku gksrk gSrksl q
• kdkj of̀Ùk mRiUu gksrh gSAl q• v Ur%dj.k esarFkk
of̀Ùk Hkh v Ur%dj.k esagksrh gS
Arc çekrp̀S r U; dk fo"k; pS r U; l sv Hksn gksrk gS
Arc nksuksadh
l ÙkkfHkUu ughagksrhgS
Av kSj çekrl̀ ÙkkfjÙkQ
l ÙkkdÙokHkko oqQN çR;; ; ksxRo fo"k; esal q
• gksrkgS ]
bl çdkj l sv frO;kfIr gksrh gS Aml osQokj.k osQfy, orZ ekuRo fo"k; dk fo' ks"k.k nsuk pkfg, A
çR;{kRoorZ ekuRo l ekukf/ dj.kgksrsgSrFkkçekrl̀ ÙkkfjÙkQ
l ÙkkdRokHkko fo"k; xr çR;{kdkç; kst d
gksrk gSA v rhr osQl q• esaorZekuRo osQv Hkko l sv frO;kfIr ughagksrh gS A

90 mPpr j ekè; fed

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k i kB&6
uhyk ?kV bl çR;{k LFky esa?kVxr uhyRo çR;{k gksrk gS AD; ksa fd : i esaçR;{k; ksX; Ro] i zR;{k [ k. M esa
orZ ekuRo rFkk çekrl̀ ÙkkfjÙkQ l ÙkkdRokHkko gksrk gS Aft l ?kV es?kV uhyRo gksrk gSml ?kV esagh
?kV dk i fjek.kkfnd Hkko Hkh gksrk gS AuhyRo v kS j i fjek.k ?kV esav FkkZ r , dns'k esagksrsgS Av r%
a
i zR;{k i zek. k
uhyRokofPNUu pS r U; i fj.kkekofPNUu pS r U; l s v Hksn gS A v FkkZr ~uhyRokofPNUu pS r U; dk
çekrp̀S r U; l sv Hksn gksrkgS
AuhyRo dhl ÙkkrksuhyRokofPNUu pS r U; dhl ÙkkgksrhgS Aml hçdkj
i fjek.k dh l Ùkk Hkh i fjek.kkofPNUu pS r U; dh l Ùkk gh gS Abl çdkj l si fjek.k esaorZ ekuRo
çR;{k; ksX; Ro rFkkçekrl̀ ÙkkfjÙkQ l ÙkkdRokHkko gkrskgSAv r%i fjek.kdhçR;{kRoki fÙkgksrhgS AfdUrq
t c : i dk çR;{k gksrk gSrc i fjek.k dk çR;{kRo v Ä~ xhdkj ughafd; k t krkgS Av frO;kfIr osQ
okj.kos Qfy, rÙknkdkj oÙ̀; q i fgrRo çekrp̀S r U; dkfo' k"sk.kfuos' kfd; kt krkgS Abl çdkj l sçR;{k è; ku ns a
%
; ksX; Ro orZ ekuRo rFkk rÙknkdkjof̀Ùk mi fgr çekrl̀ Ùkk osQv frjÙkQl ÙkkdRo v Hkko ft l fo"k; esa
gksrk gSog fo"k; çR;{k gksrk gS ] bl çdkj l sl e>uk pkfg, Av FkkZ r ~ft l fo"k; esaçR;{k; ksX; Ro
orZ ekuRo gksrkgSgksrkgSrFkkrnkdkj ght ksof̀ÙkgksrhgS ] rnq
i fgr t ksçekrp̀S r U; ml dkl ÙkkdRo
v frfjÙkQl ÙkkdRokHkko Hkh ml fo"k; esgh ; fn gksrksog fo"k; çR;{k gksrk gS A
t c uhyk ?kV bl çdkj l s pk{kq "k çR;{k gksrk gSrc p{kq dk uhyRo osQ l kFk
la;qÙkQrknkRE; l EcU/ mRiUu gksrkgS Arc uhyRo p{kq "kdhv kS j mu nksuksaosQl EcU/ dhLoHkko o' k
uhyRokdkj of̀Ùk mRiUu gksrhgS ] xU/kfn v kdkj okyhof̀Ùk mRiUu ughagksrhgS At c uhyk ?kV bl
çdkj dk Kku gksrk gS ] rc uhyk ?kV , d egku ?kV gSbl çdkj dk Kku Hkhl EHko gksrk gS A, d
ghKku es a, d ghKku es auhyRo egRo rFkk, dRo Hkkfl r ughagksrsgS Av r%i fj.kkekdkj of̀Ùkl EHko
a
gksrhgS Ai jUrq; fn çekrk osQ oy uhy ?kV ghv fHkyk"kk dhbPNk djrk gSrc i fj.kke fo"k; ugha
gkrskgS At c i fj.kke fo"k; ughagksrkgSrc ; g ç' u mRiUu gksrkgS Aogk¡i j uhyRo osQv kdkjokyh
of̀Ùk l sçekrp̀S r U; mi fgr gksrk gSAv r%uhyRo çR;{k; ksX; Ro orZ ekuRo uhyRokdkj of̀Ùk mi fgr
çekrl̀ ÙkkfjÙkQl ÙkkdRo Hkko gksrkgS Abl fy, uhyRo çR;{kfo"k; ghgksrkgS Ai fj.kkekdkj of̀Ùkugha
gS
Abl fy, i fj.kkekdkj of̀Ùkl smi fgr pS r U; HkhughagS Abl fy, Hkysghi fj.kke esaçR;{k; ksX; Ro
orZ ekuRo gSfi Q j Hkhi fj.kkekdkj of̀Ùkmi fgr çekrl̀ ÙkkfjÙkQl ÙkkdRokHkko ughagSrFkki fjek.kçR;{k
fo"k; Hkh ughagS A
U;k; osQer esa; g ?kV gSbl çdkj dkçFke Kku O;ol k; dgykrkgS AO;ol kf; d fo"k; d
çR;{k Kku v uq O;ol k; dgykrk gS A ysfdu osnkfUr O;ol k; osQKku dksv uq O;ol k; osQ}kjk
v Ä~xhdkj ugha djrsga Abl çFke Kku ghçerkçfersrFkkçes; rhuksa: i ksesaHkkfl r gksrkgS
S At c
?kV Kku esaHkkfl r gksrk gSrc ?kVkdkj of̀Ùk Hkh ml h Kku esaHkkfl r gksrh gS
A
t c ?kV fo"k; d çR;{kKku mRiUu gksrkgSrc ?kVkdkj of̀Ùkfo"k; d çR;{kHkhmRiUu gksrk
gS
Ai jUrq?kV osQKku osQfy, ?kVkdkj of̀Ùk rFkk of̀Ùk osQKku osQfy, oR̀;kdkj nw l jh of̀Ùk gksrh
gS
ArFkkf}rh; of̀ÙkosQKku osQfy, rhl jhof̀Ùk bl çdkj l sughagksrhgS Av FkkZ
r ~f}rh; rr̀h; kfn
of̀Ùk; k¡mRiUu ughagksrhgSAysfdu ?kVkdkj Lo; afo"k; ksadkst Ue nsrhgS
a ArFkk?kVkdkj of̀ÙkghLo; a
v HkhLo; adkfo"k; gksrhgS Abl fy, oR̀;q
i fgr çekrl̀ ÙkkfjÙkQml dhl ÙkkughagksrhgS Av FkkZr ~ml esa
oÙ̀; i fgr çekrl̀ ÙkkfjÙkQl ÙkkdRo Hkko gksrk gS; bl hçdkj ml esaorZ ekRo rFkk çR;{k; ksX; Ro Hkh
gksrk gSAog of̀Ùk gh çR;{k fo"k; gS A
1- v Ur%
dj.ke] 2- r¼eZl q
• kfn] 3- of̀Ùk] 4- çkfrHkkfl djt rkfnd v kS j 5- l k{kh ; sbl
çdkj osQçR;{kKku dksmRiUu djrsgSA
aysfdu t S l s?kVkfn çR;{kLFky esabfUæ;kFkZl fUud"kZl svUr%
dj.kfo"k; ns'kesapykt krkgSrc fo"k; kdkj çek.kof̀ÙkmRiUu gksrhgS ArFkkbu l Hkhfo"k; ksaesa
Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 91
 i kB&6 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k

i zR;{k [ k. M esa ughagksrhgS

Abudkfdl hHkhbfUæ; osQl kFkl fUud"kZughagksrkgS
Abl fy, rnkdkj çek.kof̀Ùkugha
gksrhgSA
i zR;{k i zek. k
fo"k; v Kku l sv koÙ̀k gksrk gS At ksfo"k; v Kku l sv koÙ̀k gksrk gSml fo"k; esagh l a ' k;
foi ; Z
; v kfn mRiUu gksrsgS Afo"k; osQKku osQfy, bl çdkj osQv Kku dk HkÄ~ x v ko' ; d gksrk
gSrFkkl k{khpS r U; osQl kFkl EcU/ Hkhv ko' ; d gkrskgSAbl çdkj v koj.kHkÄ~ x rFkkl k{khpS r U;
osQl kFk l EcU/ ; snksukas, d l kFk oS Q
l sl EHko gS
At c bfUæ;kFkZl fUud"kZgksrk gSrc v Ur%dj.k
bfUæ;ksaosQ}kjk fo"k; ns'k esapyk t krk gSrFkk fo"k; kdkj çek.kof̀Ùk mRiUu gkst krh gS Arc nksuksa
pSr U; esav Hksn gksrk gSft l l sv koj.kHkÄ~ x gkst krkgS
Av kS
j çek.k of̀ÙkosQ}kjkl k{khpS r U; dk
è; ku nsa
% fo"k; osQl kFk l EcU/ Hkh gksrk gS Abl çdkj v koj.k HkÄ~ x l k{kh l EcU/ dksl Ei kfnr djrk gS A
t ksfo"k; v Kku l sv kor̀ ughagSrFkft udkl k{khpS r U; l sl EcU/ gS Amu nku sksaosQçdk' ku
osQfy, dksbZHkh çek.k of̀Ùk v i sf{kr ughagS Aosfo"k; gS µ 1- v Ur% dj.ke] 2- r¼eZl q • kfn] 3-
of̀ÙkrFkkçkfrHkkfl d jt rkfn] bu fo"k; ksaesafdl hdkHkhl a ' k; foi ; Z; kfn ughagksrsgS Abl fy, ; s
a
v Kku l sv kor̀ ughagkrssgS Aysfdu ; sl k{khpS
a r U; esav kfJr gksrsgSft l l sbudk l k{khosQl kFk
l k{kkr~l EcU/ HkhgksrkgS AbuosQKku osQfy, t c rd l k{khpS r U; fo"k; kdkj ughagksrkgSrc rd
çR;{k mRiUu ughagksrk gS Al k{kh pSr U; fujkdkj gksrk gS
Aml dk l q • kfn v kdkjRo Lo; adk l EHko
ughagksrk gS Av r%pS r U; osQpS r U; osQfo"k; v kdkjRo osQfy, v fo| k of̀Ùk mRiUu gksrh gS A; g
è; ku j• uk pkfg, fd çek.k of̀Ùk rFkk v fo| kof̀Ùk fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gS arFkk v fo| kof̀Ùk v Ur%
dj.kof̀Ùk ughagksrhgS A
çR;{k; ksX; Ro orZ
ekRo rÙknkdkjof̀Ùkmi fgr çekrl̀ ÙkkfjÙkQl ÙkkHkko ft l fo"k; esagksrkgS
og fo"k; çR;{k gh gkrsk gS A, slk dgk t k pqd k gS
Al q
• kfn orZ eku çR;{k ; ksX; gksrs gSysfdu
rÙknkdkj v fo| kof̀ÙkHkhmRiUu gksrhgS Av r%rÙknkdkjof̀Ùkmi fgr çekr`l ÙkkosQv frjÙkQmudh
l Ùkk ughagksrh gSA; g y{k.k l eUo; gksrk gS
AHkysghl q • kfn osQfy, bfUæ; osQ}kjk ckgj v Ur%
dj.kdhckgj xeu osQv Hkko l sçek.kof̀ÙkmRiUu ughagksrhgSfi Q j Hkhv fo| kof̀ÙkmRiUu gksrh
gSA
oqQN fo"k; l k{kh dgykrsgS arFkk oqQ
N fo"k; osQ oy l k{kh dgykrsgS Aft udh bfUæ; osQ
a
l fUud"kZosQ}kjk rÙknkdkjof̀Ùk gksrhgSog og çek.kof̀Ùk gksrhgS Aft uosQçdk' ku osQfy, çek.k
of̀Ùk v i sf{kr gSv Fkok v uq
ekukfnd O;ki kj v i sf{kr gSosl k{khos| dgykrsgSAft uosQçdk' ku osQ
fy, çek.kof̀Ùkv i f{kr ughagSrFkkv uq ekukfnd çek.kO;ki kj Hkhvi sf{kr ughagS
] osQoy vfo| kof̀Ùk
gh v i sf{kr gSososQ oyl k{khos| dgykrsgS A
ogk¡i j ; g dgk x; kgSfd& LokdkjoÙ̀; q i fgr] çekr`] pS
r U;] l ÙkkfrfjÙkQ
] l ÙkkdRo' kwU;Ros
l fr ; ksX; Rosl fr orZekuRoafo"k; xraçR;{kRoe~( v FkkZ r~
& LokdkjoR̀;qi fgr çekr`pS r U; l ÙkkfrfjÙkQ
l ÙkkdRo ' kw U;Ro gksusi j rFkk; ksX; Ro gksusi j orZ
ekuRo fo"k; xr çR;{kRo gksrkgS A) bl çdkj l s
; gk¡i j fo"k; gksrk gS A
bl çdkj l sKkuxr çR;{kRo dkç; ktsd D; kgkrskgSrFkkfo"k; xr dk] çR;{kRo dkç; ktsd
D; k gksrk gSbl dk v fr foLrkj i w
oZ
d foospu fd; k x; k gS
A

92 mPpr j ekè; fed

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k i kB&6
i kBxr ç' u 6-4 i zR;{k [ k. M esa
i zR;{k i zek. k
1- t xr~fdl esv è; Lr gksrk gS
\
2- osnkUr osQer esav uq
O;ol k; v Ä~
xhdkj fd; k x; k gSv Fkok ugha
\
3- l •q v Kku of̀Ùk gSv Fkok ugha
\
4- l k{kh os|k dkS
u&dkS
u gksrsgS
\
a
5- osQ
oy l k{kh oS
| dkS
u&dkS
u gksrsga
\
S è; ku nsa
%
6- fo"k; xr çR;{kRo ç; kst d dk fu"Ñ"V y{k.k D; k gS
\

i kB l kj
çekos QN%Hksn gksrsgS
µ çR;{kçek] vuq
a fefr] mi fefr] ' kkCnh] vFkkiZfÙkrFkkvuqi yfC/ buesa
l sçR;{k çek gh bl i kB esafoLrkj i w oZcrkbZx; h gS Al ko; o v Ur%dj.k p{kqv kfn bfUæ;ksaosQ
}kjk cg t kusi j fo"k; kdkj gksrh gS A; g ?kVkfn fo"k; kdkj l sv Ur%dj.k dk i fj.kke gh of̀Ùk
dgykrkgS Aml l s?kVkfn æO; t kust krsgSAæO;of̀Ùkxq
a . kksadkæO; l sv R;Ur Hksn ughagksrkgS Av r%
ft l çdkj l sæO;kdkj of̀ÙkgksrhgSoS l sghxq . kkfn v kdkj of̀ÙkHkhgksrhgS Av Ur%dj.kdhvoLFkk
fo' ks"k t gk¡ v fLrRo v kfn O;ogkj dk çfrcU/d v Kku dk fuokj.k gksrk gSog v oLFkk gh of̀Ùk
dgykrhgS At c ?kVkfn fo"k; kdkj of̀Ùk gksrhgSrc ?kVkfn fo"k; pS r U; esav fHkO;ÙkQgksrk gS
A; g
v fHkO;ÙkQpS r U; gh çR;{k çek gSu dh mi kf/ jfgr pS r U;A
ft l of̀Ùkos
Q}kjkfo"k; pS r U; v fHkO
; ÙkQgksrkgSml of̀ÙkdkbfUæ; osQfo"k; l st ksl EcU/
mRiUu gksrkgSog l EcU/ l fUud"kZdgykrkgS AbfUæ; ghl fUud"kkZ
Red O;ki kj osQl eku çek osQ
çfr v l k/ kj.k dj.k : i esagksrh gS] bl çdkj l sbfUæ; çR;{k çek dk dj.k fl ¼ gksrh gS A
oR̀;fHkO;ÙkQpSr U; çR;{kçekdgykrkgS ] HkysghpS r U; mRiUu ughagksrkgSfi Q
j Hkhml dh
v oPNsnof̀ÙkmRiUu gksrhgS Abl fy, rnofPNUu pSr U; Hkht U; dgykrkgS AHkysghKku pS r U; gh
gSfi Q
j Hkh v è; ol kr of̀Ùk gh Kku dgykrh gS
Abl çdkj dk O;ogkj gksrk gS A
Kku] l q• ] nq
%• ] bPNk] }s"k] / eZ] v / eZbR;kfn v Ur%dj.kosQ/ eZgksrkgS At gk¡ ^eS al q
•h
gw
¡* bl çdkj dk l q • v kRe / eZçrhr gksrk gS ] rc ogk¡dgk t krk gSfdµ v kRek osQ}kjk v Ur%
dj.kdk, sD; kè; kl gksrkgS Arc v kRekesaKku l q • kfn dk] v Ur%dj.k/ eks±dkv kjksi rFkkv è; kl
gksrk gS
Av è; kl ol gh eS al q
• h gw¡ bR;kfn v uqHko mRiUu gksrsgSAbl çdkj eu bfUæ; ughagksrk
a
gSArFkk v Ur%dj.kksifgr pS r U; l k{kh dgykrk gS Al k{kh l nk çdk' k LoHkko dk gksrk gS
A
dksbZHkh Kku çR;{k gS; gk¡i j çR;{kRo dk ç; kst d D; k gS \ dksbZHkhfo"k; çR;{k gS; gk¡
i j çR;{kRo dkç; ktsd D; kgS \ bl hçdkj Kku xr çR;{kRo dkrFkkfo"k; xr çR;{kRo dkç; ktsd
D; kgSbl çdkj l sbu l Hkhfo"k; ksadkbl i kB esav kykspu fd; k x; kgS Açek.kpS r U; dk; ksX;
oeZ r uku pSr U; l sv Hksn gksrk gS
] çR;{kRo dk ç; kst d fl ¼kUr gksrk gS
A
LohdkjoR̀;q
i fgr çekr` pSr U; l ÙkkfrfjÙkQl ÙkkdRo ' kw
U;Ro gksusi j rFkk ; ksX; Ro gksusi j
orZ
ekuRo fo"k; xr çR;{kRo gksrk gSA; g fl ¼kUr gS &

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 93
 i kB&6 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k

i zR;{k [ k. M esa v ki usD; k l h[ kk

i zR;{k i zek. k
 osnkUr er esai zek osQHksnksadkst kuk]
 N%i zd kj dh i zd k esai zR;{k i zek dkst kuk]
 of̀Ùk dkst kuk]
 bfUnz;kFkZl fUud"kZdkst kuk]
 Kku] l q
[ k] nq
%[ k] / eZrFkk v / eZfdl osQ/ eZgS
a; g t kuk]
è; ku nsa
%  Kkuxr i zR;{k rFkk fo"k; xr i zR;{k dkst kuk]

i kBkUr ç' u
1- v Ur%
dj.k osQl ko; Ro dk çfri knu dhft , A
2- of̀Ùk oS
Q
l smRiUu gksrh gS; g fyf• , A
3- xq
. k fØ; k v kfn v kdkj okyh of̀Ùk oS
Q
l smRiUu gksrh gS
\
4- çR;{k çek dksfoLrkj i w
oZ
d crkb, A
5- bfUæ; osQdj.kRo dk çfri knu dhft , A
6- of̀Ùk eS
aKkuRo mi pkj oS
Q
l sgksrk gS
A
7- v ukfn pS
r U; çek oS
Q
l sgS
\
a
8- Kku v kfn eu osQ/ eZgksrsgS
abl dk çfri knu dhft , A
9- l kf{ky{k.k dk nyÑR; djosQmi LFkki u dhft , A
10- çek.k pS
r U;kfn rhu çdkj osQpS
r U; dk o.kZ
u dhft , A
11- pS
r U; rks, d gh gksrk gS
Afi Q
j ml osQrhu çdkj oS
Q
l sgksrsga
\
S
12- Kkuxr çR;{kRo osQç; kst d dk y{k.k nyÑR; djosQmi LFkkfi r dhft , A
13- i oZ
r ofÉeku gS/ w
, ¡ l s] bR;kfn v uq
ekuLFky esafdl dk çR;{kRo gSrFkk dgk¡ l sgS
\
14- lq
• kfn fo"k; d çR;{k oS
Q
l smRiUu gksrk gS
\
15- çek.kpSr U; dkorZeku pS r U; l sv Hksn rFkkçR;{kdkç; kst d rFkkç; kst d y{k.kesa; fn
orZ
ekuRo fo"k; fo' ks"k.k ughagksrksD; k v ki fÙk gksrh gS
A
16- çek.kpS r U; dk; ksX; orZ eku fo"k; pSr U; l sv Hksn çR;{kRo dkç; kst d ç; kst d y{k.kesa
; ksX; Ro ; fn fo"k; fo' ks"k.k ughagksrksD; k v ki fÙk gS
\
17- ?kVkofPNUu pS
r U; dh l Ùkk ?kV dh l Ùkk fdl çdkj l sgS
|
18- i oZ
r ofÉeku gSbR;kfn v uq
eku LFkyksaesi oZ
r dk çR;{kfo"k; Ro oS
Q
l sughagS
\
19- lq
• kfn l kf{kos|ka
sdk çR;{k oS
Q
l smRiUu gksrk gS
\

94 mPpr j ekè; fed

i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k i kB&6
i zR;{k [ k. M esa
i kBxr ç' uksaosQmÙkj 6-1
i zR;{k i zek. k
1- çek N%çdkj dh gksrh gS
] çR;{kçek] v uq
fefr] mi fefr] ' kkCnh] v FkkZ
i fÙk rFkk
v uq
i yfC/ A
2- çR;{kA
3- çR;{k' kCn dkç; ksx rhu vFkk±
ses
afd; kt krkgS
AçR;{kçek.k] çR;{kKku rFkkçR;{kfo"k; A
4- l ko; oA
è; ku nsa
%
5- vfuR;A
6- muesal seu dk l t̀ u gq
v k bl çdkj l sA

i kBxr ç' uksaosQmÙkj 6-2

1- çR;{k çek pS
r U; gS
A
2- ft l of̀Ùkos
Q}kjkfo"k; pS
r U; v fHkO
; ÙkQgksrkgSml of̀ÙkdkbfUæ; osQfo"k; l st ksl EcU/
mRiUu gksrk gSog l EcU/ l fUud"kZdgykrk gS A
3- rTt U;Rosl fr rTt U;t udRoaO;ki kjy{k.ke~
A
4- l fUud"kZ
5- O;ki kjoku v l k/ kj.kdkj.k dj.kgksrk gS
A
6- v Ur%dj.k dk
7- v Ur%dj.k dk
8- Jks=k] Ropk] p{kq
] ft Þok rFkk ?kzk.k ; si k¡p KkusfUæ;k¡ gksrh gS
A
a
9- ugha
10- eu osQv fufUæ;Ro esaJq
fr dk; g çek.kgS& bfUæ;sH; %i jkáFkkZv FkZ
sH; ' p i jaeu%bfrA
11- ugha
12- rÙksnUrkoxkfg Kku fg çR;fHkKkAdgykrkgS
A
13- v Ur%dj.kksifgr pS
r U; l k{kh dgykr gS
A
14- v Ur%dj.k dh fo"k; kdkj i fj.kkefo' k"sk t ksof̀Ùk gksrh gSml of̀Ùk l sv ofPNUu pS
r U; gh
çek.k pS
r U; dgykrk gSA
15- v Ur%dj.k dk ft ruk v a' k fo"k; kdkj i fj.kke ughagksrk gSml v Ur%dj.k osQv ofPNUu
va' k l spS
r U; v Ur%dj.kkofPNUu pS r U;] çekr` pSr U; rFkk çekrk bl çdkj osQ' kCnksaosQ
ekè; e l sdgk t krk gS
A

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 95
 i kB&6 i zR;{k [ k. M esai zR;{k i zek. k

i zR;{k [ k. M esa
i kBxr ç' uksaosQmÙkj 6-3
i zR;{k i zek. k
1- ; g ?kV gS Apk{kq "kçR;{kLFky esa?kV cká rFk v U; ns'kL; gksrk gSAp{kq
"k dk ?kV osQl kFk
la; ksxo' kv Ur%dj.kp{kqosQ}kjkckgj v krkgSrFkk?kVns'kL; gksrkgSv FkkZ r ~ml dk?kVkdkj
l si fj.kke gksrkgS ArnofPNUu pS r U; çek.kpSr U; dgkt krkgSA; g of̀Ùkghçek.kgS Aml l s
v ofPNUu pS r U; çek.kpS r U; dgkt krkgSAt c ?kVkdkj of̀ÙkgksrhgSrc ?kVkofPNUu pSr U;
dkçek.kpS r U; l sv Hksn gksrkgSrc ^; g ?kV gS* bl çdkj dk?kVfo"k; d pk{k"qkçR;{kKku
mRiUu gksrk gS A
è; ku nsa
%
2- i oZ
r dk
3- çR;{k dk
4- t kukt krk gS
A
5- ugha
6- osnew
y d ' kkL=k fofgr deZ
t U; v Ur%dj.k dk l a
Ldkj fo' ks"k i q
. ; dgykrk gS
A
7- ugha
A
8- ugha
A
9- og çR;{k; ksX; orZeku fo"k; v ofPNUu pS
r U;kfHkuRo rnkdkjoÙ̀; ofPNUu Kku dk Ùkrnka
'k
esaçR;{kRo gksrk gS
A
10- t xn~v ofPNUu pS
r U; esa
A

i kBxr ç' uksaosQmÙkj 6-4

1- ugha
A
2- ugha
A
3- ugha
A
4- ft uosQçdk' ku esaçek.kof̀Ùk v i sf{kr gSv Fkok v uq
ekukfnçek.kO;ki kj v i sf{kr gSosfo"k;
l kf{kos| dgykrsgSA
5- ft uosQçdk' ku osQfy, çek.k of̀Ùkv i sf{kr ughagSrFkk v uq
ekukfn çek.k Hkhv i fs{kr ugha
gS] osQ
oy v o| kof̀Ùk gh v i sf{kr gSosfo"k; osQ
oy l k{kh os| dgykrsgS A
6- Lokdkj oR̀;q
i fgr çekrkpSr U; dkl Ùkkv frfjDr l ÙkkdRo' kw
U;Ro esa; ksX; rkgksusi j orZ
ekRo
fo"k; xr çR;{kRo gksrkgS
A

96 mPpr j ekè; fed

çR;{k [ k. M esai R;{k i zek. k osQHksn i kB&7
çR;{k [ k. M esa
i R;{k i zek. k osQ
Hksn
7

çR;{k [ k. M esai R;{k i zek. k osQHksn

è; ku nsa
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iwoZ
i kB esan' kZ
u osQHksn] çek.krFkkçek.kksaosQHksnksaosQfo"k; esav kykspu fd; kx; kgSAogk¡
çR;{kçekD; kgS \ bl dkfoLrkj i w oZ
d mi LFkki u djosQfdl hHkhKku osQçR;{krFkkçR;{kRo dk
ç; kst u D; k gS
AdksbZHkh fo"k; ; fn çR;{k gksrksml osQçR;{kRo dk ç; kst u D; k gS Av kS
j Kkuxr
çR;{kRo dkrFkk fo"k; xr çR;{kRo dkç; kst d D; k gSbu nksuksafo"k; ksadk foLrkj i w oZ
d v kykspu
fd; k x; k gS A
bl i kB esaçR;{k çek.k osQçdkj fdrusgS \ bl fo"k; dksçLrq r fd; k t k jgk gSAv Ur%
dj.kosQof̀ÙkHksn l scqf¼]eu]v gÄ~
d kj rFkkfpÙkbR;kfn uke oS
Ql sgksrsgS
Abl fo"k; dkHkhl q
a ;q
fÙkQ
çfri knu fd; kt k, xkAçR;{kKku dkl fodYi rFkkfufoZ d Yi Hksn l snksçdkj l smi LFkki u fd; k
t k, xkrFkkrRoefl bl egkokD; esafufoZ d Yi Kku fdl çdkj l smRiUu gksrkgSbl dhHkhO;k[ ; k
dht k, xhA
t ho l k{khrFkkbZ' oj l k{kh: i çR;{kHksnksadkçfri knu fd; kt k, xkAçl Ä~ x l st ho rFkk
t hol k{kh bZ
' oj rFkk bZ
' ojl k{kh bu nksuksafo"k; ka
sdk Hkh Li "Vhdj.k fd; k t k, xkA
çR;{kKku dksçdkjkUrj l sbfUæ; t U; rFkkbfUæ; vt U; bl çdkj l snksHkkxksaesck¡Vkx; k
gS
] bl dk mi LFkki u djosQçl Ä~
x iw
oZd l fUud"kZosQHksnksadk dk Hkh Li "Vhdj.k fd; k t k, xkA

mís';
bl i kB dksi <+
usl sv ki l {ke gka
sxs_
 çR;{k l fodYi rFkk fufoZ
d Yi Hkn
s dkst ku i kusesa
]
 çR;{k çek.k dk bfUæ;t U; rFkk bfUæ; v t U; nksuksaHksnksadkst ku i kusesa
]
 cq
f¼ v kfn of̀ÙkHksnksadksl e> i kusesa
_
 t ho rFkk t ho l k{kh] bZ
' oj rFkk bZ
' ojl k{kh bl fo"k; dkst ku i kusesa
_

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 97
 i kB&7 çR;{k [ k. M esai R;{k i zek. k osQHksn
çR;{k [ k. M esa 7-1) cq ¼~ ; kfn
i R;{k i zek. k osQ
Hksn l oZ
çFke bfUæ; dkv FkZl sl fUud"kZgksrkgS
Al fUud"kZl s v Ur%
dj.kv FkkZ
r ~v FkZns
' kesat krk
gS
Aogk¡l sv FkkZ d kj of̀ÙkmRiUu gksrhgS Aml l sçes; pS r U; rFkkçek.kpS r U; esav Hksn gksrkgS
Arc
v FkZfo"k; d çR;{kKku mRiUu gksrk gS Aogk¡pS r U; v fHkO;×k~
t d of̀Ùk pkj çdkj dhgksrhgS A1)
la' k; 2) fu' p; 3) xoZrFkk4) Lej.ke~Hksn l sAbl dkrkRi; ZgSfd og of̀Ùkpkj çdkj osQKku
okyh gksrh gS AeS afpæwi gw ¡ v Fkok nsg gw¡ bl çdkj dk Kku l a ' k; dgykrk gS AeS afpn~: i gh gw ¡]
bl çdkj dk Kku fu' p; dgykrk gS AxoZen gksrk gS Aog v i usmRd"kZosQKku l sgksrk gSt S ls
eSaegkRekgw ¡] / uoku gw ¡] esjst S
l kl a
l kj esadkSu gS
\ eSaghdrkZgw ¡eSaghHkksÙkQ kgw
¡bl çdkj l sALej.k
è; ku nsa
% ghLef̀r gksrhgS Av rhr esav uq Hkw
r fo"k; osQl aLdkj ek=k dk Kku Lef̀r dgykrhgS Abl fy, dgk
x; kgS A
eukscq f¼j gÄ~ d kj f' pÙkad j . kkUrj eA
la ' k; ksfu' p; ksxoZ %Lej . kafo"k; k besAA
dkfjdk dk v FkZ µla ' k; kdkj v Ur%dj.k dhof̀Ùk gheu gS
Afu' p; kdkj v Ur%dj.k dh
of̀Ùkghcq f¼ gS AxokZd kj v fHkekukfRedkv Ur%dj.kdhof̀Ùkghv gÄ~ d kj gSrFkkLef̀r fo"k; kdkj
v Ur%dj.k dh of̀Ùk gh fpÙk gS Abl çdkj , d gh v Ur%dj.k of̀ÙkHksn l seu cq
f¼ fpÙk rFkk
v gÄ~d kj pkj çdkj l sdgykrk gS A
ft uosQ}kjk of̀Ùkprq "V; dght krhgSmudker bl çdkj l sgS & eu dkfo"k; cká rFkk
v kH; Urj nksuksaghgksrsgS Av gÄ~
a d kj dk fo"k; rksv ukRe mi ; q
Dr v kRek ghgSbl çdkj eu rFkk
v gÄ~ d kj osQfo"k; Hksn l sof̀Ùk Hkhnksçdkj dhgksrhgS Acqf¼ dk fo"k; v i woZgksrk gS
AfpÙk dk
fo"k; rksi wokZ
uq Hkw
r gksrk gSt ksi w
oZughagksrk gSbl çdkj osQfo"k; Hksn l s; gk¡Hkhcqf¼ rFkk fpÙk
nksçdkj osQgksrsgS Abl çdkj l sof̀Ùk pkj çdkj dh dgh t krh gS A
fdUghaosQer esacq
f¼ nksçdkj dhghgksrhgS Arc rksv gÄ~ d kj dk eu esav UrHkkZ
o gksrk
gS
A rFkk fpÙk dk cq f¼ esav UrHkkZ
o gksrk gS
A eu l ad Yi rFkk fodYi kRed gksrk gS Av gÄ~
d kj
lad Yi kRed gksrk gS
Av r%ml dk eu esav UrHkkZo gksrk gS
Acqf¼ fu' p; kfRedk gksrh gS
AfpÙk Hkh
fu' p; kRe ghgksrk gS
A
fooj.k l Eçnk; osQer esaçek.k of̀Ùk rFkkv fo| k of̀Ùk bl çdkj dk of̀ÙkHksn i gysl sgh
çnf' kZ
r fd; k t krkgSAeu v gÄ~d kj rFkkfpÙkçek.kof̀Ùk ughagksrk gS A; sv fo| kfd of̀Ùk; k¡gksrh
gS
Abl fy, pkj çdkj osQof̀ÙkHksn l sHkhosl EHko ughagksrsgS AnksuksaHksn Hkhl EHko ughagksrsgS; g
a
Hkhl e>uk pkfg, A

7-2) çR;{kKku osQçd kj

fofo/ çdkj l sçR;{kKku osQHksn çfri kfnr fd; st krsgS
amudk; gk¡i j Øe l smi LFkki u
fd; k t k jgk gS
A

7-2-1) çFke çd kj
çR;{k Kku l fodYi rFkk fufoZ
d Yi Hksn l snksçdkj dk gksrk gS
A

98 mPpr j ekè; fed

çR;{k [ k. M esai R;{k i zek. k osQHksn i kB&7
l fod Yi Kku çR;{k [ k. M esa
oS
f' k"VÔv oxkfg Kku l fodYi Kku ( l a l xkZoxkfg Kku) dgykrkgS Afo' ks"; rFkkfo' ks"k.k i R;{k i zek. k osQ
dkl EcU/ ( l a l xZ
) ghoS f' k"VÔdgykrkgS AoSf' k"VÔv FkkZr ~l a
l xZdkt ksv oxkgu djrkgSmuosQ Hksn
fo"k; ksadksxzg.kdjrkgSog oS f' k"VÔkoxkfg v FkkZ
r ~l a
l xkZ
oxkfg Kku dgykrkgS Afof' k"VRo osQ}kjk
dfYi r Kku fodYi kRed Kku gksrkgS Aog Kku fo' ks"k.krFkkfo' ks"; osQl EcU/ fo"k; d Kku gksrk
gS
Av FkkZ r ~ft l Kku esaoS
f' k"VÔHkkfl r gksrkgSog l fodYi d Kku dgykrk gS ArFkk fo' ks"k.k dk
çdkj Hkhdgykrk gS A
?kVRo fof' k"V?kV t c ; g okD; gksrkgS Arc ?kVRo oS
f' k"VÔdks?kV esa: i ksaosQ}kjkçdfVr
dj l drsgS A; gk¡ i j ?kV oS
f' k"V gS; g oS
f' k"VÔ ?kVRo dk ?kV osQl kFk l EcU/ fo' ks"k gSu dh è; ku nsa
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N v kSj ]; gk¡i j ?kVRo çdkj gksrk gSA
; g ?kV gSbl çdkj l s, d mnkgj.k çLrq r fd; k t k jgk gS
Abl Kku esa?kVRo fo' ks"k.kRo
l sHkkfl r gksrk gS
ArFkk ?kV fo' ks"; Ro l sHkkfl r gksjgkgS
Abl çdkj l s?kV rFkk ?kVRo esarknkRE;
l EcU/ Hkkfl r gksjgkgS A; g l EcU/ ghoS f' k"VÔdgykrkgS Abl fy, bl Kku esaoSf' k"VÔHkkfl r
gksusosQdkj.k ; g l fodYi kRed Kku gS Aft l Kku esaçdkj çdkjRo l sHkkfl r gksrk gSog Kku
Hkh l fodYi kRed Kku dgykrk gS Av FkkZ
r ~çdkj osQl kFk Kku l fodYi kRed Kku gksrk gS A
eS
abl ?kV dk Kkuoku gw ¡] ; g v i j mnkgj.k fn; k t krk gS Abl Kku esa?kV fo"k; d Kku
fo' ks"k.kRo l sHkkfl r gksrk gS
ArFkk v kRek fo' ks"; Ro l sHkkfl r gksrhgS
Amu nksuksaesarknRE; l EcU/
Hkh Hkkfl r gksrk gS Abl fy, ; g Kku l fodYi d Kku dgykrk gS A

fufoZ
d Yi d Kku
l laxZv uoxkfg Kku fufoZ
d Yi d Kku dgykrkgS
At S
l sog ; g ns
onÙkgS
] og rq
e gksbR;kfnA
v kxe çek.k l s' kCn çek.k l st ksKku mRiUu gksrk gSog ' kkCn Kku dgykrk gS
A
l kekU;r%' kkCnKku l a
l kxkZ
oxkfg Kku gkrskgSv FkkZ
r ~l fodYi gksrkgS Ai jUrqog ; g nsonÙk
gSbR;kfn LFkkuksaesa; g Kku fufoZ d Yi gksrk gS
A; g Kku oS Ql sfufoZ
d Yi gksrk gSbl dk uhpsl s
mi LFkki u fd; k t k, xkAegkokD; osQi nkFkZosQ' kks/u esabl dk egku~mi ; ksx gksrk gS
A
l ks¿; ansonÙk%bfr okD; kn~fufoZ
d Yi d aKkue~
( og ; g nsonÙk gSbl okD; l sfufoZ d Yi d Kku gksrk gS)
nsonÙk osQl Eeq
• fLFkr pS=k Hkhl Unsg esagSfd t ks; g l Eeq
• fLFkr i q
#"kgSog nsonÙk gS
; k ughAa v Fkok l Eeq
• fLFkr i q
#"k nsonÙk ughagS] bl d çdkj osQHkze l sxzfl r gkst krk gS
Aml
pS=k l seS=k dgrk gSfd og ; g nsonÙk gS Abl okD; l spS =k dh çek mRiUu gksrh gSAv r%okD;
t U; ; g Kku ' kkCnKku dgykrk gS A
t c pS=k okD; dks l qurk gSrc ( v knkSrr~ &i nsu rí s'k&rRdkyfof' k"V%bfr] bna
i nsu
, rí s'k&, rRdkyfof' k"V%bfr] nsonÙki nsu nsonÙkO;fÙkQ
%bfr] l %v ; e~bfr }; ks%i n; ks%l ekuk
foHkfÙkQ %] v r%v Hksn%bfr , rspRokj%v FkkZ %mi fr"BUrsA)
v kfn esa rr~bl i n l sog ns'k rFkk og dky fof' k"V] bnabl i n l s; g ns'k]; g dky

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 99
 i kB&7 çR;{k [ k. M esai R;{k i zek. k osQHksn
çR;{k [ k. M esa fof' k"V] nsonÙk i n l snsonÙk O;fÙkQ Al %rFkk v ; e~bu nksuksai nka sesal eku foHkfÙkQgS ] bl çdkj
i R;{k i zek. k osQ l sv Hksn gksusl spkjksav FkZ; gk¡i j mi fLFkr gksrsgS
Ami fLFkr bu i nkFkks±dk mudkv kdkÄ~
a {kkfno' k
Hksn i jLi j v Uo; gksrk gS Arc og ns'k rFkk ml dky l sfof' k"V nsonÙk rFkk ; g ns'k , oabl dky
fof' k"V nsonÙkbl çdkj dkokD; cks/ mRiUu gksrkgS Abl çdkj l s; gk¡i j , rn~( ; g) ns'krFkk
, rn~dky fof' k"V nksuka sosQfojks/ gksusl s l EHko ughagksrkgS Av r%; gk¡i j eq [ ; kFkZdkcks/ gksrk
gSArc pS =keS=kosQrkRi; Zdksl e>dj ^y{k.kk* djrkgS Ay{k.kkesafo#¼ nksuksava ' kksdkR;kx djrk
gS] rFkkosQ oy nsonÙk dkLo: i ek=k xzg.kdjrk gSv FkkZ r ~ml l snsonÙkO;fÙkQek=k dkcks/ gksrk
gSAbl Kku esal a l xZfo"k; hughagksrk gS Abl fy, ; g Kku l a l xkZ
uoxkfg Kku dgykrk gS Abl fy,
; g fufoZ d Yi d gksrk gSA; g Kku ' kCn l smRiUu gksrk gSbl fy, bl s' kkCn Kku dgrsgS afi Qj Hkh
è; ku nsa
% ; g l alxZdkv oxkgu ughadjrkgS At lSsnsonÙki kl esagS] l keusgS] bl fy, ; g Kku nsonÙkfo"k; d
çR;{kKku gS Abl fy, bl Kku dksfufoZ d Yi çR;{kKku dgrsgS Ans
a onÙkes açR;{k; ksX; Ro] orZekuRo]
nsonÙkkdkj of̀Ùk mi fgr çekr` pS r U; l ÙkkfrfjÙkQl ÙkkRo ' kw
U;Ro gSbl fy, nsonÙk çR;{k fo"k; gh
gSA
r r ~Roefl bfr egkokD; kr ~fufoZ d Yi d aKkue~
og rq e gksbl egkokD; osQi n l sfufoZ d Yi Kku mRiUu gksrk gS At S l sl oZçFke rr~Roe~
v fl bl dk v f/ dkjh okD; dk Jo.k djrk gS Aogk¡ i j nksuksai n gh çFkek foHkfÙkQl s; q ÙkQgS a
bl fy, nksuksai nksaosQl ekukf/ dj.kdhmi fLFkfr gksrhgS Aogk¡i j ^rr~ * bl i n l sl oZ KRo fof' k"V
pSr U; bl v FkZdhmi fLFkfr gksrhgS A^Roe~* i n l sv Yi KRo fof' k"V pS r U; osQv FkZosQmi fLFkfr
gksrhgSAçFkekfoHkfÙkQosQdkj.kv Hksn dhmi fLFkfr gksrhgS Av r%ogk¡i j l oZ KRo fof' k"V pSr U;
v Yi Kfof' k"V pS r U; l sv fHkUu gksrkgSbl çdkj fof' k"V nksuksapSr U;ksaesav Hksn cks/ mRiUu gksrkgS A
ysfdu ft l pS r U; esal oZ KRo gksrk gSml ea sgh v Yi KRo Hkh l EHko ughagksrk gS A bl fy,
çfrl U/ku djusi j nksuka sosQfo#¼ / eZrFkk fof' k"V pS r U; fo"k; d v Hksn Kku Hkhckf/ r gksrk gS A
rc y{k.kk osQfo#¼ v 'akksdk R;kx djosQpS r U; ek=k fo"k; d v f/ dkjhdk cks/ mRiUu gksrk gS A
bl Kku esal al xZHkkfl r ughagkrskgS Abl fy, ; g l laxZfo"k; d ughagksrkgS A; g Kku l a l xZvuoxkfg
fufoZd Yi d gksrkgS Abl çdkj l s; g çR;{kKku gksrkgS Abl fy, ; g fuoZ d Yi çR;{kdkmnkgj.kgS A
bl çdkj l sog rq
e gksbR;kfn okD; ksaosQ}kjk mRiUu Kku l a
l xZdk fo"k; ughagksrk gS
A
bl fy, muosQ}kjkv• .MkFkZçfri kfnr gkrskgS; g dgkt krkgS
Abl çdkj ; g okD; ka
sdkv • .MkFkZ
çfri knd dgykrk gSA
bl çdkj v c rd çR;{k Kku osQl fodYi rFkk fufoZ d Yi nksuksaHksnksadk foLrkj i w
oZ
d
çfri knu fd; k x; k gS
Abl osQckn esanw
l jsçdkj dk mi LFkki u fd; k t k jgk gS A
og çR;{k Kku t ho rFkk bZ' oj osQl EcU/ l s nksçdkj dk gksrk gS
ArFkk fi Q
j t ho l k{kh
rFkk bZ
' oj l k{kh osQHkn
s l snksçdkj dk gksrk gSA
t ho dkS
u gS\ rFkkt hol k{khdkS
u gS
\ bZ
' oj dkS
u gS
\ rFkkbZ
' oj l k{khdkS u gS
\ bl Kku osQ
fcukçR;{k osQHksnksadksl e>ukdfBu gSAv r%og fo"k; Hkh; gk¡i j mi LFkkfi r fd; kt kjgkgS
A
çek.k fo"k; d çFke i kB esami y{k.k rFkk mi kf/ fo' ks"k.k bu ' kCnksadh l foLrkj i w
oZ
d
v kykspukdhxbZgS Aml dk; gk¡i q
u%Lej.kvi sf{kr gSAmikf/ rFkkfo' ks"k.kos Ql E; d~Kku osQfouk
t ho rFkk bZ
' oj osQfo"k; esal e>uk dfBu gSA

100 mPpr j ekè; fed

çR;{k [ k. M esai R;{k i zek. k osQHksn i kB&7
t ho çR;{k [ k. M esa
t ho dkSu gS\ v Fkok t hoRo fdl dk gS \ bl dk fu.kZ ; djuk pkfg, Av Ur%dj.k t M gksrk i R;{k i zek. k osQ
gS] ml esat hoRo l EHko ughagksrk gS ] rFkk ' kq¼ pSr U; fufoZ d kj gksrk gSAbl fy, ml esaHkht hoRo Hksn
l EHko ughagksrk gS Aysfdu drZ̀ Ro rFkk HkksÙkQ̀
Ro v fHkekuhv gai n dkokP; rksfdl ht ho dk gh
Lohdkj djuk pkfg, Au rksosQ oy pS r U; dk v ga( eS ) i n okP; gksrk gS
a ] rFkk u osQoy t ho dk
v gai n okP; gksrkgS Amu nksuksaosQfeyusl sghv ga i nokP; gksrkgS At hoRo osQ oy pS r U; esa gh
ughagksrk og v Ur%dj.k esaHkh gksrk gS, slk dgk Hkht k pq d k gS
Au dh l exzpS r U; esat hoRo
dk v Uo; gksrk gS AosQoy v Ur%dj.k l sv ofPNUu pS r U; esagh t hoRo dk v Uo; gksrk gS Av r%
v Ur%dj.korZ eku gksusi j pS
r U; dkO;korZ d gksrkgS Av kS j v Ur%dj.k dkft l pS r U; l sl EcU/ è; ku nsa
%
gksrkgS] ml pS r U; dkO;korZ u fd; kx; kgS Aml pS r U; dkghfo/ s; t kst hoRo gSog ml osQ}kjk
Hkhv fUor gksrk gS Av r%; g v Ur%dj.k fo' k"sk.k gksrk gS Afo' ks"k gh ; gk¡v oPNsnd dgykrk gS A
bl çdkj l sv Ur%dj.kkofPNUu pS r U; t ho dgykrk gS A

t hol k{kh
pSr U; ghfo"k; dkv oHkkl d rFkkfo"k; dkçdk' kd gksrkgS Av Ur%dj.krkst MgksrkgS A
v r%og ml fo"k; dk v oHkkl d ughagksl drk gS A; fn ' kq
¼ pSr U; gh fo"k; v oHkkl d gksrks
l nk fo"k; çdk' k gksrk gS Aysfdu fo"k; Kku dHkhmRiUu gksrk gSdHkhugha Abl fy, ' kq ¼ pSr U;
dk fo"k; v oHkkl dRo v Ur%dj.k osQl EcU/ l sgksrk gS A v Ur%dj.kksifgr pS r U; gh fo"k;
v oHkkl d gSv FkkZ r l k{khgS
Afo"k; v oHkkl dRo dk v Uo; l kf{kRo dk v Uo; pS r U; esaghgksrk
gSu dh v Ur%dj.k esa Aog pS r U; osQ oy v Ur%dj.k osQ}kjk gh O;koÙ̀k u dh l dy ( l dy
dk; ks±l s) Abl fy, v Ur%dj.korZ eku gksrkgq
v kpSr U; dkO;korZ d gksrkgS Aysfdu l kf{kRo t ks
fo/ s; gksrkgSml dkv Uo; pS r U; esaghgksrkgSu dhv Ur%dj.kesa ] v Ur%dj.krksoS Ql sHkhl k{kh
ughagksrkgS Avr%v Ur%dj.kpS r U; dhmikf/ gSu dhfo' ks"k.kAbl çdkj v Ur%dj.kksifgr pS r U;
t hol k{kh dgykrk gS AçR;sd ' kjhj esav Ur%dj.k fHkUu gksrk gSv r%çR;sd v Ur%dj.k osQ}kjk
mi fgr pS r U; HkhfHkUu ghgksrkgS Abl fy, t hol k{khçR;sd ' kjhj esfHkUu gksrkgS
ApS =kft l fo"k;
dk v uq Hko djrk gSml fo"k; dk pS =k gh Lej.k djrk gSu dh eS =kAbl fy, çfr ' kjhj esal k{kh
Hkh fHkUu gh gksrk gSA
Hkysgh , d ghpS r U; dkst ho rFkkt hol k{khnksuksaghdgkx; kgSfi Qj HkbZpSr U; rks, d
ghgksrkgS Aog bl çdkj l st S l snsonÙki kpd gS]nsonÙki kBd gSbl çdkj nksokD; cursgS A; gk¡
i j i kpdRo l si kBdRo fHkUu ghgksrkgS Afi Q
j Hkhmu nksuksadkv kJ; nsonÙk, d ghgksrkgS Abl h
çdkj t hoRo l sHkhl kf{kRo HkysghfHkUu gksfi Q j Hkhmu nksuksadk v kJ; pS
r U; , d ghgksrk gS A

bZ
' oj r Fkk bZ
' oj l k{kh
ek; k, d vpsru vukfn rFkkt M+gS Aml l sv ofPNUu pS r U; ghi jes'oj gS At c ek; kpS r U;
dhfo' k"sk.kgksrhgSrc ek; kvofPNUu pS r U; i jes'oj dgykrkgS At c ek; kpSr U; dhmi kf/ gksrh
gSrc ek; k v ofPNUu pS r U; l k{khdgykrk gS Aek; k v ukfn gksrh gSv r%ml l sv ofPNUu pS r U;
bZ
' oj Hkhv ukfn gksrk gSAek; k , d gksrhgS Abl fy, bZ ' oj Hkh, d ghgksrkgS AbZ ' oj dk bZ' ojRo
l sfoykis gksrkgSAt c pje t ho dkeks{kgksrkgSrc bZ ' oj dkuk' kgkd s j osQml dhek; kl sfuof̀Ùk
gkst krh gSAoq QN bZ
' oj dh ' kq
¼ czã l sv ofLFkfr gkst krh gS A

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 101
 i kB&7 çR;{k [ k. M esai R;{k i zek. k osQHksn
çR;{k [ k. M esa bZ'oj
i R;{k i zek. k osQ ' kq
¼ pS
r U; t xr~dh l f̀"V l a
gkjkfn ughadjrk gSAog rksek; k v ofPNUu pS r U; gh djrk
Hksn gS
At xr~dkfu; UrR̀o rFkkdeZiQ y dkfu; UrR̀o bZ' oj ghgksrkgS
AbZ
' ojRo pSr U; esafo/ s; : i esa
gksrk gS
Ai jUrqek; k dk l EcU/ ft l pSr U; esagksrk gSml esafo/ h; eku bZ
' ojRo / eZHkh ek; k dk
gh v Uo; gksrk gS
Abl fy, ; gk¡ ek; k gh fo' ks"k.k gksrh gS
A

bZ
' oj l k{kh
' kq
¼ pS r U; l k{khughagksrkgS
Aek; kosQl EcU/ l sghml esal kf{kRo l EHko gksrkgS Al kf{kRo
% pS
è; ku nsa r U; esafo/ s; osQ: i esagksrkgS Aysfdu ek; kdkl EcU/ ft l pS r U; esagksrkgSml esafof/ ; eku
bl l kf{kRo / eZesaek; k dk v Uo; ughagksrk gS Abl fy, ; gk¡ i j ek; k mi kf/ gksrh gS
Aek; k t M
gksrhgSAbl fy, ml esal kf{kRo rFkkt xr~dk çdk' kdRo l EHko ughagksrkgS Abl fy, ml esaml dk
v Uo; ughagksrk gS A

czã k fo". kqegs'oj

ek; k f=kxq
. kkfRed k gksrh t S
l sxhr k esad gk x; k gS
nSohás"kk xq . ke; hee ek; k nqj R;; kAbl çdkj l s; gk¡i j xq . k i n dk v FkZjLl hgSu dh
uhyRokfn xq . kAt S
l sjLl h cka
/ rh gSml h çdkj xq . k Hkh cka
/ rsgS
] bl fy, mudh xq . ki nokP; rk gSA
t c l Roxq . kç/ ku ek; k l smi fgr pS r U; gksrk gS] rc og fo".kq %bl çdkj l sdgk t krk gS At c
jt ksxq
. kç/ ku ek; kl smi fgr pS r U; gksrkgSrc og czã kdgkt krkgS ArFkkt c reksxq . kç/ ku ek; k
l smi fgr pS r U; gksrkgSrc og egs'oj dgkt krkgS Ami kf/ fu"B xq . kHksn l smi fgr osQHksn dh
Hkh dYi uk dh t krh gS AoLrqr %og bZ ' oj , d gh gksrk gSA
bl çd kj t ho t hol k{kh r Fkk bZ
' oj bZ
' oj l k{kh ; spS
r U; osQpkj Hksn gksrsgS
A
?kV dkseS a t kurk gw¡Abl çdkj dk Kku mRiUu gksrk gS
] bl Kku esa?kV] ?kVKku]Kkrk t ho
; srhu fo"k; gksrsgSAysfdu t ho dkosÙkkt ho ughagksrkgS
a ] rFkk ukgh?kV ?kVfo"k; d Kku okyk
gksrk gS
Abl fy, t ho osQosÙkk rFkk l k{khbl : i dksv Ä~xhdkj djrsgSAl k{khLo; açdk' k gksrk
a
gSAml osQxzg.kdjusi j fi Q j v i j xzkgd dhdYi ukdjukv uq fpr vuko' ; d rFkkv uoLFkkt ud
gksrkgSA
t ho dkrFkk l k{khdk l fodYi d rFkk fufoZ
d Yi d Kku mRiUu gksrkgSAml hçdkj bZ ' oj
dk rFkk bZ' ojl k{kh dk gksrk gS
Av r%l fodYi rFkk fufoZ
d Yi Kku pkj Hkkxksaesack¡Vk t krk gSA
l fod Yi d e& 1) t ho l fodYi d 2) t hol kf{k l fodYi d 3) bZ ' oj l fodYi d
4) bZ
' oj l k{kh l fodYi dA; gk¡ i j t hokfn Kkrk gksrsgS
au dh fo"k; gksrsgS
A
a
fufoZ d Yi d & 1) t ho fufoZ d Yi d 2) t ho l k{kh fufoZ
d Yi d 3) bZ
' oj fufoZ
d Yi d
4) bZ
' oj l k{kh fufoZ
d Yi ; gk¡ i j t hokfn Kkrk gksrsga
Su dh fo"k; A

102 mPpr j ekè; fed

çR;{k [ k. M esai R;{k i zek. k osQHksn i kB&7
çR;{k [ k. M esa
i kBxr i z'u 7-1 i R;{k i zek. k osQ
1- pS
r U; v fHkO;f×k~
t dk of̀Ùk fdrusçdkj dh gksrh gS
] rFkk dkS
u&dkS
u l h gksrh gS
\ Hksn
2- cq
f¼ D; k gksrh gS
\
3- v gÄ~
d kj D; kgksrk gS
\
4- fpÙk D; k gksrk gS
\
5- eu fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
è; ku nsa
%
6- eukscq
f¼jgÄ~
d kj bl dkfjdk dksfyf• , A
7- of̀Ùk prq
"V; okfn; ksa osQer esacq
f¼ rFkk fpÙk esaHksn dk dkj.k D; k gS
\
8- of̀Ùk prq
"V; okfn; ksaosQer esaeu rFkk v gÄ~
d kj esaHksn dk dkj.k D; k gS
\
9- l fodYi d Kku fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
10- ; g ?kV bl l fodYi d Kku esaD; k Hkkfl r gksrk gS
\
11- ?kV dk Kkuoku eS
] bl l fodYi d Kku esaD; k oS
a f' k"VÔ Hkkfl r gksrk gS
\
12- fufoZ
d Yi d Kku dk y{k.k D; k gS
\
13- og ; g nsonÙk gSbl okD; l sl fodYi d v Fkok fufoZ
d Yi d Kku mRiUu gksrk gS
\
14- rRoefl bl egkokD; l sl fodYi d v Fkok fufoZ
d Yi d Kku mRiUu gksrk gS
\
15- t ho dkS
u gS
\
16- t ho l k{kh dkS
u gS
\
17- t ho l k{kh çR;sd ' kjhj esa, d gSv Fkok v yx v yx\
18- bZ
' oj dkS
u gS
\
19- bZ
' oj dk l k{kh dkS
u gS
\

7-2-2) nw
l j k çd kj
çR;{k Kku fi Q
j çdkjkUrj l sbfUæ;t U; rFkk bfUæ; v t U;
osQHksn l s nksçdkj dk gksrk gS Av Ur%dj.k rFkk rn~ of̀Ùk l q
• kfn / eZbu fo"k; ksaosQKku
esai k¡p KkusfUæ;k¡muosQfo"k; ksaosQl kFkl a
ca
/ osQv Hkko l sdkj.kughagksrhgS Av r%buosQKku osQ
a
fy, bfUæ;t U; çek.kof̀ÙkmRiUu ughagksrhgS Aogk¡osQ oy v fo| kof̀Ùk ghmRiUu gksrhgS Aml of̀Ùk
osQ}kjkl q • kfn çR;{kksadkKku mRiUu gksrkgS Abl fy, ; g çR;{kKku bfUæ; v t U; Kku dgykrk
gS
A
bfUæ; dk fo"k; osQl kFk l EcU/ t ksKku dk t ud gksrk gSog l fUud"kZdgykrk gS
] , slk

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 103
 i kB&7 çR;{k [ k. M esai R;{k i zek. k osQHksn
çR;{k [ k. M esa i woZesa Hkh dgk t k pq
d k gS
Aml dk gh v c uhpsl sfoLrkji w
oZ
d o.kZ
u djrsgS
A
a
i R;{k i zek. k osQ l fUud "kZ
Hksn
bfUæ; dk fo"k; l sl EcU/ gksrk gSrksof̀Ùk mRiUu gksrhgS
Aml of̀Ùk osQ}kjk fo"k; pS
r U;
v fHkO;ÙkQgksrk gS
AbfUæ; rFkk fo"k; dk ml h çdkj dk l EcU/ gh l fUud"kZdgykrk gS A
Jks=k] Ropk] p{kq] ?kzk.k rFkk ft Þok ; g i k¡p KkusfUæ;k¡ dgykrh gS Aosv i usLFkku esafLFkr
a
' kCn] Li ' kZ
] : i ] jl rFkk xU/ osQl kFk l EcU/ dkst Ue nsrh gS AKku osQçR;{kRo osQfo"k; esa
a
çR;{kRo esal fUud"kZghgsrqgksrkgS Aml l fUud"kZdkD; k Lo: i gksrkgS; g ft Kkl kmRiUu gksrh
% gS
è; ku nsa A
dkS u l sfo"k; çes; dgykrsgS & ?kVkfn fo"k; ] bfUæ; rFkkæO; çes; gksrsgS
a A: i jl kfn xq
a .k
gksrsgSAt kfrxq
a . k dekZ
n; æO; fHkUu gksrsgS At kfr æO;kfRedk gksrh gS
a Aosxq . kkfn æO; esrknkRE;
l EcU/ l sgksrsgS Aog rknkRE; l EcU/ ghv Hksn l EcU/ dgykrkgS
a Axekukfn fØ; kgksrhgS AfØ; k
rFkkæO; esarknkRE; l EcU/ l sgksrhgS Axq . kesaxq. kRo : i esa: i Ro rFkk fØ; kesafØ; kRo l kekU;
gksrk gS
Aog rknkRE; l EcU/ l sxq . kkfn; ksaesagksrsgS A
a
; fn bfUæ; dkv FkZosQl kFkl fUud"kZgksrc ghog fo"k; kdkj of̀Ùk mRiUu gksrhgSugharks
ughagksrhgS At c v FkZ?kVkfn æO; gksrk gS ] rc nksuksaæO;ksadk l a
; ksx l EcU/ gksrk gSrFkkbl U;k;
l s?kVkfn æO;ksadk bfUæ; osQl kFk l a ; ksx l EcU/ gksrk gS A; g l EcU/ gh l fUud"kZdgykrk gS A
bl fy, æO;kdkj of̀Ùk osQçfr l a ; ksx l fUud"kZgh dkj.k gksrk gS A
xq
. kl sl kFkrFkkfØ; kosQl kFkbfUæ; dkl a ;qÙkQrknkRE; l EcU/ gksrkgSA D; kfsad bfUæ;l a;ÙqkQ
t ksæO; gksrk gSbl æO; esarknkRE; l EcU/ l sxq . k gksrk gS
At c bfUæ; dk xq . kkfn; ksaosQl kFk
la;qÙkQ
rknkRE; l EcU/ gkrskgS Arc xq
. kkdkj rFkkdekZd kj of̀ÙkmRiUu gksrhgS AæO; esarknkRE; l EcU/
l sorZeku t ksxq . kkfn gkrssgS
Aosrnkdkjof̀Ùk osQçfr l a
a ;q
ÙkQrknkRE; l fUud"kZdkj.k : i esagksrsga A
S
æO; esaxq. krFkkrknkRE; l EcU/ l s( v Hksnl EcU/ l s) gksrkgS Axq . kesaxq
. kRo rknkRE; l EcU/
l sgksrkgSAbfUæ; dk xq . kRo osQl kFk l a;qÙkQ
kfHkUu rknkRE; l EcU/ gksrk gS AbfUæ; l a ;q
ÙkQæO; gksrk
gSAogk¡ v Hksn l sxq. k gkrsk gSbl fy, æO; fHkUu xq . k gksrk gS
AæO;fHkUu xq. k esaxq. kRo dk rknkRE;
l EcU/ osQdkj.kgS Av r%bfUæ; dkxq . kRo osQl kFkl a ;q
ÙkQv fHkUu rknkRE; l EcU/ gksrkgS At c
bl çdkj l EcU/ gkrskgS ] rc xq . kkdkj of̀ÙkmRiUu gksrhgS Abl fy, xq
. kRo v kdkj of̀ÙkosQçfr l a;qÙkQ
v fHkUu rknkRE; l fUud"kZdkj.k gksrk gS A
Hkysgh æO;kfn esav Hkko gksrk gSfi Qj Hkh v Hkko fo"k; d çR;{k Kku mRiUu ughagksrk gS A
D; ksa
fd v Hkkokdkj of̀Ùkdkmn; ughagksrkgS Ap{kqrst dkLoHkko gksrkgS AbfUæ; fo"k; ns
' kdkst krh
gSvFkokughabl çdkj l sfo"k; esav usd erHksn gksrsgS At ksbfUæ; fo"k; ns'kdkst krhgSml bfUæ;
a
dk çkI; dkfjRo gksrk gSbl çdkj l sdgk t krk gS At ksbfUæ; fo"k; ns'k esaughat kdj osQfo"k;
dksxzg.k djrh gSml bfUæ; dk v çkI; dkfjRo gksrk gS Amu esal s, d er dk ; gk¡i j mi LFkku
djrsgS A
a
l fUuÑ"V ?kVkfn rFkkçÑ"Vi oZ r kfn gksrsgSAp{kqdkLo: i rst gksrkgS
a Abl fy, cgqr t Ynh
fo"k; ns'k dkst kdj osQfo"k; kdkj gkst krhgS, slk dgk t k l drk gS Aysfdu l w ; Z cgq
r nw
j gksrk
gS
At c ge l w ; Zdksns• rsgSrc D; k v k¡• sl w ;Z
ns'k dkst krh gS
av kS
j D; k ml dh fdj.ksagekjsns'k

104 mPpr j ekè; fed

çR;{k [ k. M esai R;{k i zek. k osQHksn i kB&7
esav krhgSA; fn v k¡• sl w
;Z ns'kdkspyht krhgS arksog t gk¡gksrhgS
] ; fn bl çdkj dkfpUru djsa
a çR;{k [ k. M esa
rksogk¡ughagksrhgSv fi rqogk¡l sdjksM+ ksa; kst uknw
j gksrhgS
Abl fy, ft l ns'kesal w
a ; ZgS, slkfpUru i R;{k i zek. k osQ
djsarks; g HkzkfUr ghgksrhgS Al w
; Zesaghv Ä~ xhdkj dj fy; kt k, rksl w ; Zdhçrhfr l w; ZosQLFkku Hksn
esagh gksArksoS l k ughagksrk gSAft rusdky esal w ; Zdh fdj.k gekjsans'k esav krh gS
aml dky l s
iw
oZl w; Zt gk¡ Fkk ogh çrhr gksrk gS Au dh Kkudky esat gk¡ gksrk ogk¡A
oq
QN pedusokysrkjsv kfn cgq r nwj gkrssgaAmul sçdk' k osQ; gk¡ v kusaesaçdk' k o"kZbl
S
çdkj dkl e; i fjek.kgksrkgSAvFkkrZ~t gk¡i j ; g ge ns• sarksogk¡ughagkrskgS
] ml LFkku osQl ehi
HkhughagksrkgS
Adnkfpr fou"V Hkhgkst krk gS Abl fy, t ksfou"V i nkFkZLoLFkku esaughagksrk gS ]
ml dksml ns'k esaoSQl sns• l drsgS Abl fy, p{kqfo"k; ns'k esaughat krh gS
a A
è; ku nsa
%
Jks=k ( dku) Hkh fo"k; ns'k dksughat krsgS Ap{kqdk LoHkko rksrst gksrk gSbl fy, dHkh
a
ns'kkUr pyhHkht krhgS, slkdg Hkhl drsgS Aysfdu ' kCn rksdHkhi kl esagksrkgSv kS j dHkhnw jA
bl fy, nw j t kdj osQ' kCn Jo.k , d LFkku l soS Ql sgksl drkgS A; fn ' kCnksRifÙkns'kl sdksbZl a
osQr
Jksri ; Z
Ur v krkgS, slkdgkt k, rks' kCn Hkhv krkgS ] v Fkok' kCn ghog l a osQr gksrkgSbl çdkj
v Ä~ xhdkj djusaesHkhy?kq r kv kt krhgS AJks=kl Hkht xg O;kIr gksrkgSrFkkbl s' kCnns'kçfr t kus
osQfy, mn~ cks/d dhHkhv i s{kkughagksrh gS ]; g Hkhughadgkt kl drkgS Augharksl ehi LFkrFkk
nwj LFk ' kCnksadk , d l kFk Jo.k gks] rksog rksughagksrk gS At S l snw
j , d c<bZydM+ h dksdkVrk
gS] ml dk oq Q
YgkM+h l smRiUu ' kCn l q
ukbZnsrk gS Aysfdu t c oq QYgkM+
hl s' kCn mRiUu gksrk gSml h
{k.k og l u qk ughat krk gSv fi rqml dk foyEc l sxzg.k gksrk gS At S
l sv kdk' k esat ks; ku pyrsgS a
mudk ' kCn egku foyEc l sl q uk t krk gSAv xj ge ' kCn dh fn' kk esafoeku dksns• srksoksogk¡
i j ughagksrkgS Av fi rqcgq
r nwj gksrkgSAft l ' kCn dksl q ursgSaJo.kdky esaml ' kCn osQmRifÙk
LFkku esau rksfoeku gksrk gSv kS j u ' kCnA
v kSj ; fn fo"k; ns'k( fo"k; LFkku) esagh' kCn l qukt krk gS, slkekusrksnw j fLFkr O;fÙkQosQ
dku t c ml ' kCnksfRifÙkns'kdhv kS j t krsgSarc v o' ; ghogk¡gS, slkekuukpkfg, Aysfdu ; fn
nw
j LFk O;fÙkQosQJo.k dky esa' kCnksRifÙk ns'k esa' kCn gksrk rks' kCnksRifÙk LFkku esal ehi ghfLFkr
O;fÙkQnwj LFkO;fÙkQdk, d ghl kFk' kCn l q uA
s i jUrq, slkughagkrskgS
Al ehi LFk' kCn dksi gysl uqrk
gSrFkk nw j LFk dksckn esa Abl fy, Jks=k fo"k; ns'k dksughat krsgS A
a
bl hçdkj ; fn v kS
j HkhbfUæ;k¡fo"k; ns'kdksughat kdj osQghfo"k; ksadksxzg.kdjrhgSarks
nksuksabfUæ;ksadk( dku v k¡• ) fo"k; LFkku esaxeu rFkkv U; bfUæ;ksadk v kxeu bl çdkj fo"kerk
mRiUu gkst krh gS A

i kBxr i z'u 7-2

1- çR;{k Kku dk nw
l jsçdkj l sfoHkkx fyf• , A
2- l •q kfn osQKku esaof̀Ùk D; k dgykrh gS
\
3- bfUæ; t U; Kku D; k gksrk gS
\
4- ?kV xU/ rFkk çR;{k osQKku esaD; k l fUud"kZgksrk gS
\

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 105
 i kB&7 çR;{k [ k. M esai R;{k i zek. k osQHksn
çR;{k [ k. M esa 5- xq
. kRo osQxzg.k esaD; k l fUud"kZgksrk gS
\
i R;{k i zek. k osQ 6- v Hkko osQxzg.k esaD; k l fUud"kZgksrk gS
\
Hksn
i kB l kj
bl i kB esaçR;{k çek.k osQfofo/ çdkjksadk v kykspu fd; k x; k gS Aogk¡gh çl Ä~ x cl
v Ur%dj.kosQof̀ÙkHkn s l sµ cqf¼] eu] v gÄ~ d kj rFkkfpÙkbl çdkj osQuke oS Ql sgksrsgSabl dk
Hkh mi LFkki u fd; k x; k gS A çR;{k Kku osQl fodYi rFkk fufoZ d Yi Hksn l snksçdkj gksrsgS A
a
% t hol k{khrFkkbZ
è; ku nsa ' ojl k{khbl : i l sHkhçR;{kdkHksn crk; k x; kgS Aogk¡Øe çkIr rRoefl bl
egkokD; l soS Ql sfufoZd Yi Kku mRiUu gksrk gS ] bl dhO;k[ ; k dhxbZgS ArFkk çl Ä~xkuq l kj t ho
rFkk t hol k{kh] bZ' oj rFkk bZ
' ojl k{kh bl fo"k; esaHkh foLrkj i w
oZv kykspu fd; k x; k gS A
çR;{k Kku çdkjkUrj l sbfUæ;t U; rFkk bfUæ; v t U; : i l snksçdkj dk gksrk gS
] bl dk
mi LFkki u djosQçl Ä~
xkuql kj l fUud"kZosQHksn Hkh Li "V fd; sx; sgS
A
a

v ki usD; k l h[ kk
 çR;{k i zek.k osQfofo/ i zd kjksadk v kykspu
 l fodYi d rFkk fufoZ
d Yi d osQHksn dkst kuk]
 cq
f¼ v kfn of̀Ùk Hksnksadkst kuk]
 t ho rFkk t ho l k{kh bZ
' oj rFkk bZ
' oj l k{kh dkst kuk]

i kBkUr ç' u
1- pS
r U;kfHkO;×t d of̀Ùk dk o.kZ
u dhft , A
2- pS
r U; v fHkO;f×k~
t dof̀Ùk osQpkj çdkjksadk çfri knu dhft , A
3- l fodYi d Kku dksçdV dhft , A
4- fufoZ
d Yi d Kku dksçdV dhft , A
5- t ho dk o.kZ
u dhft , A
6- t hol k{kh dk o.kZ
u dhft , A
7- bZ
' oj dk o.kZ
u dhft , A
8- bZ
' oj l k{kh dk o.kZ
u dhft , A
9- czã k fo".kqrFkk egs'oj ; sdkS
u gS
\
a
10- l fUud"kZdk v kJ; ysd j osQçcU/ dh jpuk dhft , A

106 mPpr j ekè; fed

çR;{k [ k. M esai R;{k i zek. k osQHksn i kB&7
11- bfUæ;t U;kfn çR;{k Kku osQçdkjksadk o.kZ
u dhft , A çR;{k [ k. M esa
12- bfUnz; fo"k; ns'k dkst krh gSv Fkok ughabl dk o.kZ
u dhft , A i R;{k i zek. k osQ
Hksn
i kBxr i z'uksaosQmÙkj 7-1
1- pS
r U;kfHkO;×t d of̀Ùkpkj çdkj dhgkrshgS
A1) l a
' k; 2) fu' p; 3) xoZrFkk4) Lej.kA
2- fu' p; v kdkj okysv Ur%dj.k dh of̀Ùk gh cq
f¼ dgykrh gS
A
3- xokZ
d kj v fHkeku okyhv Ur%dj.k dh of̀Ùk ghv gÄ~
d kj gksrh gS
A
è; ku nsa
%
4- Lef̀r v kdkj okyh v Ur%dj.k dh of̀Ùk gh fpÙk gksrh gS
A
5- l 'ak; kdkj v Ur%dj.k dh of̀Ùk gh eu gksrk gS
A
6- eukscq f¼jgÄ~ d kjf' pÙkadj.kkUrje~
A
l 'ak; ksfu' p; ksxoZ%Lej.kafo"k; k besA
7- cq
f¼ dkfo"k; v i woZgksrkgSfpÙkdkfo"k; i w oZv uqHkw
r gksrkgSv FkkZ
r ~v i o
wZughagksrkgS
Abl
çdkj osQfo"k; Hksn l scqf¼ rFkk fpÙk esaHksn gksrk gS
A
8- eu dkfo"k; cká rFkkv kH; Urj nksuksaghgksrsgS
av gÄ~
d kj dh rksv ukReksijÙkQv kRekgksrh
gSbl çdkj eu rFkk v gÄ~d kj fo"k; Hksn gksrk gSA
9- oS
f' k"VÔ v oxkfg Kku l fodYi d gksrk gS
10- ; g ?kV gSbl çdkj l fodYi d Kku esa?kV rFkk?kVRo esarknkRE; l EcU/ Hkkfl r gksrkgS
A
; g l EcU/ gh oS
f' k"VÔ dgykrk gS
A
11- ?kV dk Kkuoku eS ] bl çdkj osQl fodYi d Kku esa rFkk v kReKku esarknkRE; l a
a ca
/ gh
oSf' k"VÔ osQ: i esaHkkfl r gksrk gS
A
12- l laxZv uoxkgh Kku fufoZ
d Yi d gksrk gS
13- og ; g nsonÙk gSbl okD; l sfufoZ
d Yi d Kku mRiUu gksrk gS
A
14- rÙoefl bl egk okD; l sfufoZ
d Yi d Kku mRiUu gksrk gS
A
15- v Ur%dj.k v ofPNUu t ho pS
r U; dgykrk gS
A
16- v Ur%dj.k mi fgr pS
r U; t hol k{kh dgykrk gS
17- fHkUu gksrk gS
A
18- ek; k l sv ofPNUu pS
r U; bZ
' oj dgykrk gS
A
19- ek; k l smi fgr pS
r U; bZ
' oj l k{kh dgykrk gS
A

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 107
 i kB&7 çR;{k [ k. M esai R;{k i zek. k osQHksn
çR;{k [ k. M esa
i R;{k i zek. k osQ i kBxr i z'uksaosQmÙkj 7-2
Hksn 1- çR;{k Kku nksçdkj dk gksrk gS
AbfUæ;t U; rFkk bfUæ; v t U; Hksn l sA
2- v fo| kof̀ÙkA
3- t ksKku bfUæ;t U; çek.kof̀ÙkmRiUu ughagksrkgSv fo| kof̀Ùkl smRiUu gksrhgS
Aog bfUæ;
v t U; Kku dgykrk gS A
4- la
;q
ÙkQ
rknkRE; l fUud"kZ
è; ku nsa
% 5- la
;Ù
qkQ
kfHkUurknkRE; l EcU/
6- dksbZHkh l fUud"kZu gh gS

108 mPpr j ekè; fed

v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j mi eku[ k. M i kB&8
v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j
mi eku[ k. M
8

v uq
eku• . M v kS
j mi eku• . M è; ku nsa
%

iw
oZi kBksaesaçR;{k çek] çR;{kçek.k] Kkuxr çR;{kRo dk ç; kst d] fo"k; xr çR;{kRo dk
ç; kst d rFkk çR;{k çek osQçdkj ; sfo"k; v kyksfpr dj fn; sx; sgS A O;fHkpkjn' kZ
a u l srFkk
l gpkjn' kZ
u l sn`"VkUrksaesagsrql kè; O;kI; gSbl çdkj l sO;kfIr fu' p; gksrhgSA; g fu' p; çR;{k
çek.kosQckgq Y; l sgksrkgS Aogk¡i j fdl hi {kesagsrqdksns• dj O;kfIr l a Ldkj l sv uqfefr mRiUu
gksrhgS AgsrqdkçR;{krFkkv uq eku dkmi t hO; gksrkgS AçR;{kkRed mi t hO; dkçkjEHkesafu#i .k
dj fn; k x; k gS Av uq eku osQ}kjk çi ×k~ p feF; kRo l k/ uk pkfg, Abl fy, ; gk¡ i j v uqeku dk
çfri knu fd; kt kjgk gS AJq fr osQ}kjkçi ×k~ p dkfeF; kRo rksdgkght kpq d kgSfi Qj HkhoqQ
N
yksx v kxe çek.kdksLohdkj ughadjrsgS ] ysfdu v uq
a eku çek.kdksLohdkj djrsgSmuosQosQfy,
çi ×k~p dk feF; kRo çfri knu djusosQfy, ; gk¡ i j v uq eku dk çfri knu fd; k t k jgk gS A
v uqfefrdj.k gh v uqeku dgykrk gSt ksLokFkZrFkk i jkFkZosQHksn l snksçdkj dk gksrk gS
A
çk; %uS; kf; d v uq
eku esajr gksrsgS
ArFkkmuosQer osQl kFkosnkfUr; ksadkfojks/ bl çdkj l snksuksa
a
gsrqHkhv uq eku çfØ; kKku osQfy, b"V gS A; gk¡i j bl i kB esai gyk U;k; l Eer LokFkkZ
uq
ekuØe
çnf' kZ
r fd; k t k jgk gS
Abl osQckn osnkUr l Eer v uqekuØe çfri kfnr fd; k t k jgk gS A
v uqfefr dj.kv uq eku rHkhght kukt kl drkgSt c v uq fefr dkKku gksAbl fy, l oZ çFke
v uq fefr D; k gS; g fo"k; çfri kfnr fd; k t k, xkAbl osQckn i jkFkkZ
uq
eku çnf' kZ
r fd; k t k, xkA
v uqeku dkân; ghO;kfIr gS Abl fy, O;kfIr fo"k; dkfoLrkj i w od
Z çfri knu fd; kt k, xkAml osQ
ckn l n~ gsrvq ksadkscrkdj t xr~dkfeF; kRo çfri kfnr fd; kt k, xkAogk¡i j HkhfeF; kRo y{k.kosQ
fcuk t xr~ dk feF; kRo ughat kuk t k l drk bl gsrqosQfeF; kRo y{k.k dk Hkh i fj"dkj fd; k
t k, xkA
v uq
eku osQckn esami eku çek.kHkhbl i kB esaçfri kfnr fd; kt k, xkAl kn`' ; osQKku osQ
fcukmi eku çek.kl ghçdkj l sughat kukt kl drkgSbl fy, l oZ çFke l kn`' ; dkçfri knu fd; k
t krkgS
A

mís';
bl i kB dksi <+
d j v ki l {ke gksa
xs_

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 109
 i kB&8 v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j mi eku[ k. M
U;k; l Eer v uq
eku Øe dkst ku i kusesa
_
v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j 
osnkUr l Eer v uq
ekuØe dkst kudj v uq
eku djusaesa
_
mi eku[ k. M 
 nksuksan' kZ
uksaosQer esaHksn dksl e> i kusesa
_
 LokFkkZ
uq
eku rFkk i jkFkkZ
uq
eku dksl e> i kusesa
_
 O;kfIr dk Kku t kuusesa
_
 l n~gsrqdk Kku t ku i kusesa
_
 feF; kRo osQy{k.k dkst kudj t xr dk feF; kRo fdl çdkj l sgS; g t kuusesa
_
è; ku nsa
%
 l kn`' ; dkst kudj mi eku dkst kuusesa
_

8-1) LokFkkZ
uq
eku
v uq
fefrdj.k gh v uq eku gksrk gSA v uq
fefr O;kfIr osQKku l sO;kfIrKku t U;k gksrh gS
A
LokFkkZ
uq
eku rFkk i jkFkkZ
uq
eku Hksn l sv uq
eku nksçdkj osQgksrsgS
A
a
ml esal cl si gysLokFkkZ
uq
eku D; k gSbl dk mi LFkki u fd; k t k, xkA
v uq
eku Øe osQfo"k; esauS ; kf; d rFkkosnkfUr; ksaesaerHksn gS
Abl fy, l cl suS
; kf; d l Eer
v uq
eku dksçnf' kZ
r fd; k t k jgk gSA

U;k; l Eer LokFkkZ

uq
ekuØe
Lo; av uq
ekrkosQv FkZç; kst u l kè; l a' k; fuof̀Ùk: i ft l l sgksog LokFkkZ uq
eku gksrkgS
Aml h
dkØe LokFkkZ uqeku Øe gksrkgS Al al kj esaO;ogkj osQ: i esat gk¡t gk¡/ q v k¡gksrkgSogk¡ogk¡v kx
dkl gp; Zn' kZ u gksrkgS Abl çdkj l sO;fHkpkj dkvn' ku Z gksrkgSArFkk/ qv k¡ofÉokI; gSbl çdkj
dkO;kfIr fo"k; d çR;{kKku mRiUu gksrkgS A/ q v k¡; gk¡O;kI; gSrFkkofÉ O;ki d gS AofÉ O;kfIr
/ ,qaesagSAbl fy, / qv k¡fyÄ~x rFkkgsrqdgkt krkgS Abl O ; kfIr Kku esafyÄ~x fo"k; gksrkgSbl fy,
; g Kku çFkefyÄ~ xi jke' kZ Hkhdgk t krk gS A
ft l O;fÙkQdks/ q v k¡ofÉokI; gSbl çdkj dkv uq Hko gSdHkhi oZ r osQi kl t krk gS Arc
i oZr esav ofPNUu / w ejs• k dksns• rk gSrc / w eoku i oZ r bl çdkj dk Kku gksrk gS ] rFkk ; g gh
i {k/ eZr kdkKku gksrkgS A; g Kku ghf}rh; fyÄ~ x i jke' kZdgkt krkgS Aogk¡i oZr osQfn• kbZnsus
okysHkkx esadghHkhv kx ughafn• kbZnsrhgS Arc l a' k; ; g gksrk gSfd i oZ
r ofÉeku gS a; kughaA
v FkkZ
r ~i oZr esav kx dkl Unsg mRiUu gkst krk gS Abl fy, i oZ r i {kdgk t krkgSA/ q, ¡osQn' kZ
ul s
ml dhLef̀r t Ue ysrhgSfd t gk¡t gk¡/ q v k¡gksrkgSogk¡ogk¡v kx gksrhgSv FkkZ r ~/ q
v k¡v fXuO;kI;
gksrk gSAml çdkj dk/ w eoku~i oZr v FkkZ
r ~ofÉO;kI; / w eoku~i oZ r bl çdkj dk Kku mRiUu gksrk
gSA; g Kku ghi jke' kZdgykrkgS A; g i jke' kZrhl jkfyÄ~ xi jke' kZdgykrkgSAogk¡l si oZ r ofÉeku
gSbl çdkj dk Kku mn; gksrk gS A; g Kku gh v uq fefr dgykrk gS A
i oZ
r ofÉeku gS/ q
, ¡osQdkj.kbl okD; l si oZ r ofÉeku gS; g v uqeku mRiUu gkrskgS
Avuqeku
es i oZr dk mís'; v kx dk fo/ ku djrk gS Av r%i oZ r mís'; rFkk ofÉ fo/ s; gksrk gS
Av uq
eku
gh mís'; dk i {k gksrk gSv uqeku esafo/ s; l kè; rFkk / q
v k¡ v kS
j fyÄ~
x gsrqgksrk gS
A
i oZ
r ofÉeku gS/ q
, ¡ osQdkj.k] t S
l sjl ksbZbR;kfn v uq
eku ç; ksx LFky esai oZ
r i {k gksrk gS
]

110 mPpr j ekè; fed

v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j mi eku[ k. M i kB&8
ofÉ l kè; gS ] /q v k¡ gsrqgS ] bl çdkj l s; g jl ksbZ?kj ; gk¡ i j n`"VkUr gS A rTt U;Rosl fr v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j
rTt U;t udRoaO;ki kjy{k.ke~ A; gk¡i j rr~i n l sO;kfIr dksxzg.kdjuk pkfg, Abl çdkj l s; gk¡
i jO;kfIrt U; i jke' kZ
] i jke' kZ
t U; v uqfefr gSA bl çdkj l si jke' kZesaO;kfIr {kku t U;Ro v kS j
mi eku[ k. M
O;kfIrKkut U; v uq fefr t udRo gksrkgS Abl fy, i jke' kZO;ki kj gksrkgS
AO;kfIrKku v l k/ kj.kdkj.k
gksrk gS
Abl fy, O;ki kjoku~v l k/ kj.k dkj.k t ksO;kfIrKku gSog v uq fefr osQçfr dj.k gksrk gS A
bl çdkj l sO;kfIrKku rFkk v uq fefrdj.k v uqeku gksrk gSAv uq fefr dk dj.k v uqeku çek.k dks
l e>uk pkfg, Abl fy, O;kfIrKku ghv uq eku çek.k gksrkgS A; g U;k; er l sLokFkkZuqeku gksrk gS
A
ft l Øe l sv uq
eku d k t Ue gksrk gSog Øe uhpsl a
{ ksi fn; k t k j gk gS
A
è; ku nsa
%
1- l kgp; ku
Zq
Hko µ t gk¡&t gk¡gsrqgSogk¡&ogk¡l kè; gS
At gk¡&t gk¡/ q
v k¡gSogk¡&ogk¡v fXu
gS
A
2- O;kIrsjuq
Hko µ l kè; O;kI; gsrqgksrk gS
AofÉokI; / q
v k¡ gksrk gS
A
3- i {k/ eZ
r kKkue~ µ gsrq
eku~i {k gksrk gS
] rFkk / w
eoku~i oZ
r gksrk gS
A
4- O;kfIrLej.ke~ µ l kè; O;kI; gsrqgksrk gSrFkk ofÉO;kI; / q
v k¡ gksrk gS
A
5- i jke' k%
Z µ l kè; O;kI; gsrqeku i {kgksrkgSrFkkofÉokI; / w
eoku i oZ
r gksrkgS
A
6- v uq
fefr% µ i {k l kè; oku gksrk gSrFkk i oZ
r ofÉeku gksrk gS
A

osnkUrl Eer LokFkkZ

uq
ekuØe
t xr esat gk¡&t gk¡/ vq k¡gkrskgS
] ogk&
¡ ogk¡l gp; Zdkn' kZ u gksrkgS
Abl hçdkj t gk¡&t gk¡ofÉ
dk v Hkko gksrk gSAogk¡&ogk¡/ q , ¡ dk Hkhv Hkko gksrk gS
Abl l sO;frjsd l gp; Zdk n' kZ
u gksrk gS
A
rc / vq k¡ofÉ O;kI; gksrkgS Abl l sO;kfIr fo"k; d çR;{kv uq Hko mRiUu gksrkgS
A; g O;kfIr v uqHko
gh O;kfIrKku osQuke l sçfl ¼ gksrk gS A; g çFkefyÄ~ xi jke' kZdgykrk gSA
/ vq k¡v fXu O;kI; gksrk gS
] bl fy, O;kfIr v uq Hkooku~O;fÙkQdHkhi oZ r osQl ehi t krk gS
A
ogk¡/ w
eoku i oZ r bl çdkj l s/ q , ¡dkKku ml dksgkst krkgS A; g Kku ghi {k/ eZ r kKku dgykrk
gS
Av uq eku osQçfr ; g Kku , d dkj.kgksrkgS A; g Kku f}rh; fyÄ~ x i jke' kZdgykrkgS Aogk¡i j
fn• kbZnsusokysHkkx esadghHkhv kx dksughans• dj eu esa; g l a ' k; gksrk gSfd i oZ
r v fXu l s
;qÙkQgS; kugha Abl fy, i oZ r i {kdgkt krkgS A/ q
, ¡osQn' kZ
u l sml dkO;kfIr l a Ldkj mn~cq
¼ gksrk
gS
Aogk¡l si oZ r v fXu l s; q
ÙkQgS] bl l sv fXu fu' p; mRiUu gksrkgS A; g Kku ghv uq eku dgykrk
gS
A
i oZ
r ofÉeku gS/ q , ¡ l st S
l sjl ksbZ?kj ; g Hkh v uq
eku dk ç; ksx LFky gSA; gk¡ O;kfIr osQ
v uq
Hkot U; O;kfIr l aLdkj mn~ cq
¼ gksrsgq , v uq fefr dkt Ue gksrkgSAbl çdkj l sO;kfIrKkut U;Ro
rFkkO;kfIr Kkut U; v uq fefr t udRo mn~ cq
¼ esarFkkO;kfIr l aLdkj esav kt krsgS
Abl fy, mn~
a cq¼
O;kfIr l a
Ldkj O;ki kj gksrk gSAO;kfIr Kku v l k/ kj.k dkj.k gksrk gSAbl fy, O;ki kjoku~v l k/ kj.k
dkj.k t ksO;kfIrKku og v uq fefr osQçfr dkj.k gksrk gS Abl çdkj l sO;kfIr Kku v uq fefr dj.k
v uq
eku gksrkgSAv uqfefr dkdj.kghv uq eku çek.kl e>kt krkgS Abl fy, O;kfIr Kku ghv uq eku
çek.k dgykrk gS ] ; g osnkUrer osQ}kjk LokFkkZ uq
eku gS
A
U;k; er esai {k/ eZ
r kKku l sO
; kfIr Lef̀r gksrhgS
Aml l sl kè; O
; kI; gsrqeku i {k; g i jke' kZ

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 111
 i kB&8 v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j mi eku[ k. M

v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j mRiUu gksrk gS
Aml l sv uq
eku mRiUu gksrk gS
A
mi eku[ k. M osnkUr er esai {k/ eZ
r kKku l sO;kfIrl a
Ldkj mRiUu gksrk gS
Aml l sv uq eku mRiUu gksrk gS
A
O;kfIr Lef̀r rFkk l kè; O;kI; gsrqeku i {k bl çdkj l snks: i ksaesai jke' kZmRiUu ughagksrk gS
A
osnkUr er esaft l Øe l sLokFkZv uq
fefr mRiUu gksrh gSog Øe uhpsl a
{ ksi esaçd fVr gS
A
7- l kgp; kZ
uq
Hko%µ t gk¡&t gk¡gsrqgSogk¡&ogk¡l kè; gS
] t gk¡&t gk¡/ q
v k¡gSogk¡&ogk¡v kx gS
A
8- O;kIrs
j uq
Hko% µ l kè; O;kI; gsrqgksrk gSrFkk ofÉO;kI; / q
v k¡ gksrk gS
A
% 9-
è; ku nsa i {k/ eZ
r kKkue~µ gsrq
eku i {k gksrk gSrFkk / w
eoku i oZ
r gksrk gS
10- v uq
fefr% µ i {k l kè; oku gksrk gSrFkk i oZ
r ofÉeku gksrk gS
A

i kBxr ç' u 8-1

1- v uq
fefr fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
2- v uq
eku osQHksnksadksfyf• , A
3- U;k; osQer esai oZ
r ofÉeku gksrk gS/ q
, ¡ l s; gk¡ i j v uq
fefr dk v kdkj D; k gS
\
4- çFkefyÄ~
x i jke' kZfdl sdgrsgS
\
a
5- f}rh; fyÄ~
x i jke' kZfdl sdgrsgS
\
a
6- v uq
fefr osQt uu esaO;kfIrKku dk O;ki kj D; k gksrk gS
\

v uq
fefr
v uq
fefr dj.kghv uq eku gksrkgS
At c rd v uqfefr D; kgSbl dkKku ughagksrkgSrc rd
v uq
eku D; k gksrk gSbl dksHkhl e>k ughat krk gS
Abl fy, v uqfefr D; k gSbl dk çfri knu fd; k
t k jgk gSA
O;kfIr KkuRo gh O;kfIr Kku t U;k v uq
fefr gS, slk i w
oZesadgk t k pq
d k gS
A
og bl çdkj l sgSt S l spS
=knsonÙkdki q =kgSApS =kxq#oq Q
y dkNk=kgS ApS=kex/ dkukxfjd
gSAbl çdkj l spS =k esapS
=kRo i q
=kRo Nk=kRo rFkk ukxfjRo bl çdkj l sfofo/ / eZgS Aysfdu pS =k
Nk=kRo o' kkr~ghxq#oqQy esai <+l drkgSu dhnsonÙki q =ko' kkr~
ApS
=kesaekx/ Ro HkhgSbl fy, og
ex/ ns'k esajgk l drk gS ] O;ogkj dj l drk gS ] u dhNk=kRo osQdkj.kAbl , d ghpS =k ml osQ
/ eZ
o' k gh ml dk; Zdksdjusesal eFkZgksrk gS A
O;kfIr Kku osQfofHkUu / eZ
o' k fofHkUu dk; ks±dkst Uensrk gS
Aogk¡i j O;kfIr Kku / eZo' k
l sO;kfIrKku v uqfefr dk t Ue gksrk gSAbl dk gh uhpsl foLrkji w oZ
d mi LFkki u fd; k t k, xk
O;kfIr Kku l sO;kfIr Kku] v uq
O;ol k; ] O;kfIr fo"k; d Lef̀r ] O
; kfIr Kkuèoa
l rFkkv uq
fefr
mRiUu gksrsgS A O;kfIr Kku t ud rFkk v uq O;ol k; t U; gksrsgS A O;kfIr Kku esat udrk rFkk
a
v uq
O;ol k; kfn esat U;rkgksrhgSA; fn t ud fHkUu fHkUu gksrk gSrc t udrk HkhfHkUu fHkUu gksrh
gS
Ai jUrqv osQykO;kfIr Kku ght ud gksrkgS Abl fy, O;kfIr Kku esa, d ght udrkgksrhgS A; fn

112 mPpr j ekè; fed

v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j mi eku[ k. M i kB&8
t U; fofHkUu gksrkgSrkst udrk HkhfofHkUu gksrhgS Av uq
O;ol k; Lef̀r ]èoal rFkkv uq fefr ; spkj v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j
dk; Zt U; dgykrsgS Avr%muesafo| eku t U;rkfHkUu ghgksrhgSu dhv osQ yhAbl çdkj l sO ; kfIr
Kku esat udrk gSbl fy, O;kfIr KkukuqO;l k; esaO;kfIr Lef̀r esaO;kfIr Kkuèoa l esarFkk v uqfefr
mi eku[ k. M
esaHkht U;rk gksrhgSAbl çdkj l st udrk t U;rk dhfu: fi dk gS AO;kfIr Kku fu"B t kst udrk
gSml dhfu: fi rkt U;rkv uq O;ol k; esaLef̀r esaèoa
l esarFkkv uq fefr esagksrhgSAbl fy, O;kfIr
Kku fu"B t udrk fu: fi r t U;rkoku~v uq O;ol k; gksrk gS A O;kfIr Kkufu"B t udrk fu: fi r
t U;rkorh Lef̀r gksrh gS
A
O;kfIr Kku fu"B t udrk fu: fi r t U;rkoku~èoa
l gksrk gS
A
è; ku nsa
%
O;kfIr Kku fu"B t udrk fu: fi r t U;rkorh v uq
fefr gksrh gS
A
O;kfIr Kku rksv uq
Hko dgykrk gSArFkk çFkekuqHko O;ol k; dgykrk gS AO;kfIrKkuoku eSa
bl l sO;kfIrKkufo"k; d v uq
O;ol k; mRiUu gkrsk gS
A ml O;ol k; esaO;kfIrKku fo"k; gksrk gS A
O;kfIrKku fo"k; gksrkgSbl fy, v uq
O;ol k; mRiUu gksrkgS
Av FkkZ
r ~O;kfIrfo"k; Ro v uq
O;ol k; osQ
çfr t ud gksrk gSA
O;kfIr Kku v uq
Hko gSAml esafo"k; O;kfIr gksrh gSt c O;kfIr Lef̀r gksrh gSrc Lef̀r dk
fo"k; Hkh O;kfIr ghgksrhgS Av uqHko t ksfo"k; gSog ghLef̀r dkHkhfo"k; gS ] ; fn v uq
Hko fo"k;
Lef̀r fo"k; l sfHkUu gSrksLef̀r osQçfr og v uq Hko dkj.k ughagksrk gS
A; fn ?kVkuqHko ughagksrks
?kVLef̀r Hkhughagksuhpkfg, AO;kfIr Lef̀r dkt ksfo"k; gSog ghO;kfIr KkukRed v uq Hko dkHkh
fo"k; gS Abl fy, O;kfIrKkukRed v uq Hko Lef̀r osQçfr t ud gksrk gSAbl h çdkj O;kfIr Kku Hkh
O;kfIr fo"k; d v uqHkoRo osQ: i esaO;kfIrLef̀r osQçfr t ud gksrk gS A
O;kfIrKku O;kfIrKkuRo osQ}kjkv uqfefr osQçfr dkj.kgksrkgS AO;kfIrKku çfrèoal osQçfr
çfr; ksfxRo : i l sdkj.k gksrk gS
Av FkkZ
r ~O;kfIrKku çfr; ksxhgksrk gSbl fy, ml dk èoal gksrk gS
A
èoa
l osQçfr çfr; ksxh dh dkj.krk gh fu; e dgykrh gS A
ft l : i osQ}kjk O;kfIrKku t ud gkrsk gSml : i osQ}kjk O;kfIrKkufu"Bt udrk dk
v oPNsnd O;korZ d v Fkok Hksnd gksrk gS Abl fy, O;kfIr Kkufu"B t udrk osQv oPNsnd pkjksa
/ eZgksrsgS At udrk Hkh pkjksa/ eks±osQ}kjk v ofPNUu gksrh gS
a Abl çdkj O;kfIrKku esafo"k; Ro
v ofPNUu t udrkgksrhgS ] vuq HkoRo v ofPNUu t udrk] O; kfIrKkuRo v ofPNUu t udrk] çfr; kfsxRo
v ofPNUu t udrk bl çdkj l s; spkj t udrk gksrhgS Aml hçdkj dht udrk prq "V; fu: fi rk
t U;rkHkhpkj ghgksrhgS AosgSfo"k; Ro v ofPNUu t udrkfu: fi rkt U;rkAv uq HkoRo v ofPNUu
t udrkfu: fi rkt U;rkAO;kfIrKkuRo vofPNUu t udrkfu: fi rkt U;rkv kS j çfr; kfsxRo v ofPNUu
t udrkfu: fi rk t U;rkA
O;kfIr Kku t U; v uq
O
; ol k; fu"B t U;rkosQçfr O;kfIr Kku fu"B fo"k; Ro v ofPNUut udrk
ç; ksft dkgksrhgS A
O;kfIr Kku t U;kt ksLef̀r gksrhgSrfUu"Bt U;rkosQçfr O;kfIr Kkufu"B v uq
HkoRo vofPNUu
t udrk ç; ksft dk gksrhgS
A
O;kfIr Kku t U; v uq fefr fu"B t U;rk osQçfr O;kfIr Kku fu"Bk O;kfIr KkuRo v ofPNUu
t udrk l s; fqÙkQç; ksft dk gksrh gS
A

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 113
 i kB&8 v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j mi eku[ k. M

v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j O;kfIr Kku t U; èoa
l fu"B t U;rk osQçfr O;kfIr Kku fu"B çfr; ksxRo v ofPNUu t udrk
ç; ksft dk gksrh gS
Abl çdkj l sO;kfIr Kku t U;k t ksO;kfIr Lef̀r gksrh gS
] rfUu"Bt U;rk osQçfr
mi eku[ k. M osQ
oy O;kfIrKkufu"Bk v uq HkoRo v ofPNUu t udrk gh ç; ksft dk gksrh gS
A
bl çdkj l sO;kfIr Kku t U;kt ksO;kfIr Lef̀r gksrhgSrfUu"B t U;rkosQçfr osQ oy O;kfIr
Kku fu"Bkv uq
HkoRo v ofPNUu t udrkghç; kfst dkgS Abl fy, vuq HkoRo vofPNUu t ud fu: fi rk
t U;rk osQ
oy O;kfIrLef̀r eS
agh gksrh gS
] u dhv uq O;ol k; esa
] u v uqfefr esav kS
j u gh èoa
l esa
A
oS
l sghO;kfIrKkut U;kt ksv uq
fefr gksrhgSog rfUu"Bt U;rkosQçfr osQ oy O;kfIrKkufu"Bk
% O;kfIrKkuRo v ofPNUu t udrk gh ç; ksft dk gksrh gS
è; ku nsa A bl fy, O;kfIrKkuRo v ofPNUu t udrk
fu: fi r t U;rk osQ
oy v uq fefr esagh gksrsgS
Au v uq
a O;ol k; esa
] u Lef̀r esa
] u gh èoal esa
A
ft l dk; ZosQçfr t ksoLrqft l : i l sv FkkZ
r ~ft l / eZl sfof' k"V gksrh gq
bZt ud gksrh
gS
Ar}Lrq fu"BkrFkkr¼ekZ ofPNUukt kst udrkgkrshgSml l sfu: fi r t U;rkHkhml hdk; Zes a#drh
gS
] ; g] fu; e gS
A
v uq
fefr osQçfr O;kfIr Kku O;kfIr KkuRo: i l sv FkkZ
r ~O;kfIrKkuRo fof' k"V l r~ght ud
gksrk gS
AO;kfIr Kku fu"Bk O;kfIr KkuRo v ofPNUu t kst udrk gSml l sfu: fi r t U;rk v uq fefr
esagh : drh gSAv U;=k ugha: drh gS A
bl fy, O;kfIr KkuRo v ofPNUu t udrkfu: fi r t U;rkon~Kku v uq
fefr gksrkgSAv kS
j dgk
x; k gS
&
O;kfIr KkuRokofPNu&t ud r k fu: fi r &t U;r koTKkuRoafg v uq
fer s%y {k. ke~
A
v uq
fefr y {k. k d k ny ÑR;
mi jksÙkQy{k.k dk nyÑR; uhpsl sçLrq r fd; k t k jgk gS
A; fn KkuRo gh v Hkh rd ek=k
v uq
fefr dk y{k.kgSrksczã esaKku gksusl sczã esav frO;kfIr gksrhgS A¶l R;aKku euUraczã ¸ ; s
Jq
fr opu gS Abl osQokj.k osQfy, t U;rkoTKkuRoe~bl çdkj dk v uq fefr dky{k.k fd; k t krk
gS
Aft l l sv frO;kfIr ughagksrhgSA czã KkuLo: i ghgksrkgSt U; ughagkrskgS
] ; gk¡i j v fr O;kfIr
ughagSA
; fn t U;rkoTKkuRo brukek=ky{k.kdjsarkst U;çR;{kKku esat U;rkoTKkuRokr~v frO;kfIr
gksrhgS
] ml osQokj.kosQfy, O;kfIr Kku fu"B t udrkfu: fi r&t U;rkoTKkuRo vuq fefr dky{k.k
djukpkfg, AHkysghçR;{kKku esat U;rkoTKkuRo gSfi Q j Hkhog rksbfUæ; fu"Bt udrkfu: fi r
t U;rkoTKkRo gS Au dhO;kfIr fu"B t udrk fu: fi r t U;rkoTKkuRoAbl fy, v frO;kfIr ughagSA
O;kfIr Kku fu"B t udrk fu: fi r t U;rkoTKkuRo ; fn v uq fefr dk y{k.k djs rks
v uqO;ol k; O;kfIrLef̀r esav frO;kfIr gksrhgS
Av uq
O;ol k; rFkkO;kfIrLef̀r O;kfIrKku l smRiUu gkrss
gSAv r%mu nksuksadk O;kfIr Kku fu"B t udrk fu: fi r t U;rkoTKkuRo gS
a Abl fy, v frO;kfIr gS
ml osQokj.kosQfy, O;kfIr KkuRokofPNu&t udrkfu: fi r&t U;rkoTKkuRoe~ - ; sv uq
fefr dky{k.k
djuk pkfg, Aml l sv frO;kfIr ughagksrh gS Aml h çdkj v uqfefr osQçfrO;kfIr Kku rFkk O;kfIr
KkuRo : i l sO;kfIr KkuRo fof' k"V l r~t ud gksrkgS AO;kfIr Kku fu"BkO;kfIr KkuRo v ofPNUu
t kst udrkml l sfu: fi r t U;rkv uq fefr esagh#drsga Su dhv uq O;ol k; esav kS
j u O;kfIr Lef̀r
esa
Abl fy, O;kfIrKkuRo v ofPNUu t udrkfu: fi t U;rkoTKkuRo dk v uq O;ol k; esarFkk O;kfIr

114 mPpr j ekè; fed

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eku[ k. M v kS
j mi eku[ k. M i kB&8
Lef̀r esav Hkko osQdkj.k v frO;kfIr ughagksrh gS
A v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j
mi eku[ k. M
i kBxr ç' u 8-2
1- Loèoa
' k osQçfr O;kfIrKku fdl : i l sdkj.k gksrk gS
\
2- v uq
fefr osQçfr O;kfIrKku fdl : i l sdkj.k gksrk gS
\
3- O;kfIr Lef̀r osQçfr O;kfIrKku fdl : i l sdkj.k gksrk gS
4- O;kfIrKkuRo v ofPNUu O
; kfIrKkufu"Bkt kst udrkgkrshgSml l sfu: fi r t U;rkfdl esagkrsh è; ku nsa
%
gS
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5- v uq
fefr dk fu"Ñ"V y{k.k D; k gS
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i oZ
r ofÉeku gSft l d ; g fu' p; gS Aml osQdksbZv i j çfroknh ; fn i oZ r esav kx gSbl
çdkj l sl Unsg djrk gq v ki wNrk gSrksi oZr i j v kx gS; k ugha
Av c fu' p; oku t u l Unsg djus
okysosQl 'ak; dksfuokj.kosQfy, v o; o okD; ksaosQç; ksx l sv uq eku çek.kçnf' kZ r djrkgS A; g
i jkFkku
Zq
eku dgykrkgS Ai j dkv FkZgSç; ktsu l kè; l a' k; dhfuof̀Ùk: i i jkFkkZ
ue
qkuAbl i jkFkkZ
ue
qku
osQ}kjk çfrokfn dh l a ' k; fuof̀r gksrh gS
ArFkk l kè; fu' p; Hkh mRiUu gksrk gS A; g fu' p; gh
i jkFkkZ
uq
fefr dgykrkgS Ai jkFkkZ
uq
fefr osQt uu osQfy, , d okD; dkç; ksx gksrkgSml osQØe l s
v o; o ; gk¡ i j fn; st k jgsgS A
a

i j kFkkZ
uq
eku Øe
ft l dkl kè; fu' p; kRed gksrkgSog v i j ft l dkl kè; l a
' k; gksrkgS
Aml osQçfr Øe l s
okD; dgrk gSt Sl s&
i oZ
r v kx l s; q
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D; k gSbl dk Kku gksrk gS At Sl sofÉl kè; gS; g t kuk t krk gS
Av kS
j l fUnX/ l kè; oku~i oZ
r gksrk gS
; g Kku Hkh mRiUu gksrk gS Al fUnX/ l kè; dk v kJ; gh i {k dgykrk gS Abl fy, çfr{kk okD; l s
i {kKku HkhmRiUu gksrkgS Ai {kKku osQfcuki {k/ eZr kdk Kku l EHko ughagksrkgS Abl fy, i {kKku
i {k/ eZ
r k Kku dk ç; kst d gksrk gS
A
çfrKk dksl q udj osQçfroknhft Kkl kdjrk gSfd t ksi oZ r ofÉeku gSog oS Ql sgS
Av FkkZ
r~
rqe fdl dkj.k l si oZ r dksofÉeku dgrsgksArc oknhft Kkl qosQçfr f}rh; v o; o dksdgrk
gS/ weRokn~( / q, ¡ osQdkj.k) A; g i ×k~pE; Ur i n gS] LokFkkZ
uq
eku esa/ w
eRo gh gsrqgksrk gSAysfdu
i jkFkkZ
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eku esai j / q, ¡dksughans• rk gSAv r%/ q, ¡osQn' kZ
u l sv kx dk çfri knu ughagksrk gS
] og
rks/ weRokn~bl i ×k~ pE; Uri n osQJo.k l sv fXu dk çfri knu gksrk gS Abl fy, i ×k~
pE; Ur i n gh
gsrqgksrk gS
Abl osQ}kjk gh çfroknhdksKku gkrsk gS afd i oZr /w
eoku gS Abl fy, bl i n osQKku
dksi {k/ eZr k Kku HkhdgrsgS ai ×k~
pE; Ur okD; gsrqdgykrk gS Abl fy, bl Øe l sf}rh; v o; o
gh gsrqgksrk gSA
v c v xj ft Kkl qdgrkgSfd eku Hkhfy; kfd / q
v k¡i oZ
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v k¡i oZ
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Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 115
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çfr rr̀h; v o; o çLrq r fd; k t krk gS At gk¡ t gk¡ / q
v k¡ gksrk gSogk¡ ogk¡ v kx gksrh gS Afi Qj Hkh
mi eku[ k. M çfroknhft Kkl kdjrkgS afd ; g dgk¡ns• kx; kgS \ rc ml dkscrkrkgSfd t S l sjl ksbZ?kj esa
] bl
çdkj l sArc l a iw. kZokD; gksrkgS ]; =k; =k/ w
e%r=kr=kofÉ%; Fkkegkul e~ Av FkkZ r ~t gk¡&t gk¡/ qv k¡
gksrk gSogk¡ ogk¡ v kx gksrh gS ] bl okD; osQ}kjk Jksrk dk ofÉO;kI; / q v k¡] bl çdkj dk
O;kfIrl a
Ldkj mn~ cq¼ gkrsk gS A; g rr̀h; v o; o mnkgj.kdgykrk gS Abl çdkj l sçfrKkgsrqrFkk
mnkgj.kbl Øe l sv o; oksadkç; ksx fd; kt krkgSrksçfroknhdksØe' k%i {kKku i {k/ eZ r kKku
rFkkO;kfIrl aLdkj dkmn~ cks/ gksrkgS Aml l si oZ
r ofÉeku gS; g fu' ; p; mRiUu gksrkgS A; g Kku
% v uqfefr dgykrkgS
è; ku nsa Ai j dh; g v uq fefr og i jkFkkZ
uqfefr dgykrhgS Aml osQçfr dj.ki jkFkkZ uqeku
dgykrk gS Arhuksav o; oksadk l eq nk; U;k; dgykrk gS AU;k; osQ}kjk t ksv uq eku mRiUu gksrk gS
og U;k; ç; ksT; kuqeku rFkk i jkFkkZuqeku dgykrk gS Abl çdkj l sU;k; l st ks v uq eku mRiUu ugha
gksrk gSog U;k; ç; ksT; v uq eku LokFkkZ uq
eku dgykrk gS A
la
{ksi l si jkFkkZ
uq
eku dk Øe bl çdkj l sgS
&
çfrKk& i oZ
r ofÉeku gS
gsrq
&/ q
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mnkgj.k& t gk¡&t gk¡/ q
v k¡ gksrk gSogk¡&ogk¡ v kx gksrhgS
At S
l sjl ksbZ?kj esa
A
çfrKkgs r qrFkkmnkgj.kbu rhukasv o; oksaosQ}kjki jkFkkZ
uq
fefr l EHko gksrhgS
Av Fkokmnkgj.k
mi u; rFkk fuxeu bu rhuksav o; oksaosQ}kjk i jkFkkZ
uq
fefr l EHko gksrh gSA
osv o; o gS
A
mnkgj.kµ t gk¡&t gk¡/ q
v k¡ gksrk gSogk¡&ogk¡v kx gksrh gSt S
l sjl ksbZ?kj esa
A
mi u; µ ; g i oZ
r /w
eoku gS
A
fuxeuµ i oZ
r v kxoku gS
v uq
fefr esafd l v a
' k d k v uq
fefr Ro gksrk gS
A
i oZ
r ofÉeku gS/ e w osQdkj.kbR;kfn v uq eku LFky gksrsgS Aogk¡i oZ r ofÉeku gS; g v uq eku
mRiUu gksrkgS Av uq fefr i jks{kKku dksdgrsgS ] u dhçR;{kKku dksA; gk¡i oZ
a r fo' ks"; Ro l srFkkv kx
çdkjRo l srFkkmu nksuksadk l EcU/ l a l xZRo l sHkkfl r gksrkgS Ai oZr dk bfUæ; osQl kFkl fUud"kZ
gksrk gS
] ofÉ dk ughagksrk gS Aof̀Ùk dk ckgj t kusdk gsrqbfUæ; dk v FkZosQl kFk l fUud"kZgksrk
gS
Aog l fUud"kZi oZ r osQl kFkgS ]ofÉ osQl kFkughagksrkgS Abl fy, i oZr kdkj of̀ÙkgksrhgS AofÉ; kdkj
ughagksrh gS Afo"k; ghi oZ r gksrk gSrFkk og gh mi kf/ dgykrk gS Aof̀Ùk Hkh mi kf/ gksrh gS ] bl
çdkj nksuksami kf/ , dns'kesagksrhgS Abl fy, budkmi / s; psrU; l sv Hksn gksrkgS Aysfdu ofÉLFky
esa, dns'kRo ughagS Av r%i oZ r ofÉeku gSbl LFky esai oZ r fo"k; d çR;{k Kku mRiUu gksrk gS ]
ofÉfo"k; esai jks{kKku mRiUu gksrkgS Ai oZ r ofÉeku gS; g v uq eku rksi oZr fo' ks"; Ñr ofÉç dkjd
Kku ghgksrkgS Av uq fefr dkofÉçdkjdka ' kghO;kfIrt U;Kku gkrskgS Abl fy, ml v 'akes avuq fefrRo
gS
A i oZr fo' ks"; dka
' k bfUæ;kFkZ l fUud"kZ
t U; gksrk gSu fd O;kfIrt U;A bl fy, i oZ r fo' ks"; dka
' k esa
v uqfefrRo ughagksrkgS Av r%ofÉçdkjd i oZ r fo' ks"; d v uq
fefr dkl okZ ' kesaO;kfIrKkut U;KkuRo
a
ughagksrk gSA

116 mPpr j ekè; fed

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, ¡ osQdkj.k ; gk¡ i j fdl v a
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8-4 O;kfIr
è; ku nsa
%
O;kfIrKku osQfy, oq
Q
N i kfjHkkf"kd ' kCnksaosQi fjp; l sl jyrk gksbl fy, mudks; gk¡ i j
çLrq
r fd; k t k jgk gS
A
ft l Hkrwy esa?kVgksrkgSogk¡i VHkhgksrkgSrks?kVosQl kFkl eku , d ghv f/ dj.kft l dk
gksrk gSog ?kVl ekukf/ dj.k i V gksrk gS
Av Fkok t ks#drk gSog i V gksrk gSAl ekukf/ dj.; gh
, dkf/ dj.kof̀r Ro okyk gksrk gS
Al ekukf/ dj.k bl dk v FkZgSLokf/ dj.k esaorZ
ekuA?kV rFkk i V
Hkw
r y esagksrsgSArc fuEuçdkj l sokD; ksadk ç; ksx dj l drsgS A
1- ?kVl ekukf/ dj.k i V gS( v FkkZ
r ~?kVkf/ dj.kof̀Ùk gh i V gS
)
2- ?kVl ekukf/ dj.; i V esagksrk gS
A
3- i Vl ekukf/ dj.k ?kV gksrk gS
A
4- i Vl ekukf/ dj.; ?kV esagksrk gS
A
O;kfIry{k.k v Ur esal exz: i l smi LFkkfi r gS
AçkjEHk esaNksVsNksVsy{k.k djosQnks"kkfn dks
mn~
?kkfVr djosQmudkl a ' kks/u fd; kx; kgSAbl fy, i fjfuf"Br y{k.kfdl dkj.kl snh?kZgS arFkk
çR;sd nyksadh D; k v ko' ; ÙkQk gS
Aml dks; gk¡ i j çdV fd; k t k jgk gS A
l kè; osQv f/ dj.kesat ksgksrkgSog l kè; l ekukf/ dj.kdgyrkgSrFkkml l kè; l ekukf/
dj.kesat ksgksrkgSml sl kè; l ekukf/ dj.; dgrsgS Al kè; l ekukf/ dj.; ghO;kfIr dky{k.kgS A
i oZ
r ofÉeku gS/ q , ¡ osQdkj.k ; gk¡ LFky esai oZ
r gS
] l kè; ofÉ gS ] rFkk gsrq/ w
e gksrk gS
Abl fy,
/we esofÉl ekukf/ dj.; gksrk gS Abl fy, ; gk¡i j l kè; l ekukf/ dj.kO;kfIr dghx; hgS AO;kfIr
/we esagksrhgSAft l gsrqesaO;kfIr gksrhgSrFkkt ksgsrqosQi {kesa#drhgSog gsrql n~ gsrqdgykrk
gSAft l esaO;kfIr : drh gSog O;kI; gksrk gSbl fy, / q v k¡ ofÉO;kI; gksrk gS
A
v c dgrsgS afd rIr yksgsosQxksy sesav kx : drh gSysfdu / q v k¡ ughagksrk gS
Abl fy,
ofÉl ekukf/ dj.k / q v k¡ughagksrk gSv kS
j ofÉl ekukf/ dj.; esaHkh/ q v k¡ ughagksrk gSAv r%/ we esa
y{k.kxeuHkkok l sv O;kfIr gksrh gS Aml osQfuokj.k osQfy, l k/ ukJ; kfJr& l kè; l kekukf/ dj.;
O;kfIr y{k.kdjuk pkfg, ] l k/ u ; gk¡i j gsrqrFkkfyÄ~ x gksrk gS
Al k/ u dkv kJ; ghl k/ ukJ;
dgykrk gS A l k/ kukJ; esa v kfJr l k/ ukfJr dgykrk gS A l k/ ukJ; kfJr t ks l kè; gSog
l kèkukJ; kfJrl kè; gksrkgSAml çdkj dkl kè; l ekukf/ dj.; O;kfIr gksrkgS Abl çdkj dky{k.k
djusi j mÙkQLFky esav frO;kfIr ughagksrhgS AyksgsosQxksy sesa/ vq k¡ughagksrhgSbl fy, og xksy d
/wekRedl k/ ukJ; gksrk gS Aysfdu jl ksbZ?kj v kfn / q, ¡osQv kJf; r gksrh gS Ayksgsesafo| eku v kx
fdl hl k/ u i j v kfJr ughagksrhgSrFkkegkul ( jl ksbZ?kj) v kfn esafo| eku v kx l k/ u i j v kfJr

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 117
 i kB&8 v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j mi eku[ k. M

v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j gksrhgS Abl çdkj l s/ e wkJ; kfJrofÉl ekukf/ dj.; / q , ¡esagksrkgS
] bl fy, ; gk¡i j v O;kfIr ugha
gksrh gSArFkk / q, ¡ osQv kJ; egkul v kfn gksrsgS Abl fy, v kx osQv f/ dj.k esaegkul v kfn esa
mi eku[ k. M /qv k¡ gksrk gh gSAbl fy, ; g / qv k¡ l k/ ukJ; kfJr l kè; l ekukf/ dj.k dgykrk gS Abl çdkj l s
l k/ ukJ; kfJrl kè; l ekukf/ dj.; gksusl s; gk¡ i j v O;kfIr ughagksrh gSA
i oZ
r /qv k¡ l s; Ù
qkQgSbl v uq eku LFky esai oZ r i {k gSrFkk / qv k¡ l kè; gSv kx gsrqrFkk
l k/ u gS Av kx dk v kJ; t S l sjl ksbZv kfn rFkk rIr yksgsdk xksy d v kfn gS A/ qv k¡ yksgsosQxksy s
esaughagksrkgS A/ ,q¡os Qv Hkko v f/ dj.kes aorZ eku v kx l kè; kHkkokf/ dj.kesaorZ eku v fl ¼gsrqgksrk
gSAbl çdkj l sv kx v fl ¼ gsrqgS; g fl ¼ gksrkgS Av fl ¼ gsrqdky{k.kgkst kusi j v frO;kfIr
è; ku nsa
% ughagksrhgS A; gk¡i j l k/ u ofÉ gSrFkkml osQv kJ; egkul v kfn gS Aml esav kfJr / q v k¡gksrk gS
ml / q , ¡dkl ekukf/ dj.; ofÉ esagksrkgSbl fy, l k/ u v kJ; kfJr l kè; l kekukf/ dj.; v kx esa
gksrk gS Abl fy, v frO;kfIr gksrhgS Aml osQfuokj.k osQfy, l k/ u dk v ' ks"kRo rFkk fo' ks"k.k dk
fuos'kgksukpkfg, Arc v' k"skl k/ ukJ; kfJrl kè; l kekukf/ dj.; O ; kfIry{k.kgksrkgS Av' ks"kl srkRi; Z
gS; koRl k/ ukJ; kfJrl kè; l kekukf/ dj.; ] ml l sv frO;kfIr ugha gksrhgS At ksl kè; l k/ u osQl Hkh
v kJ; ksaesagksrk gSog gh ; koRl k/ kukJ; kfJr l kè; gksrk gS AçÑfr esal k/ u ofÉ gksrh gSml dk
ml dkv kJ; yksgsdk xksy kgksrk gS Aml esa/ qv k¡ughagksrk gS
Abl fy, / q v k¡ofÉ osQmu v kJ; ksaesa
ughagksrk gS Av r%v ' k"skofÉ~ ; kJ; kfJr / q v k¡ ughagksrk gSAml sv ' ks"k ofÉ osQv kJ; osQv kfJr
/ qv k¡ l kekukf/ d j . ; v fXu esa ugha gksrk gS bl l s v fr O; kfIr ugha gS A bl fy ,
v ' ks"kl k/ ukJ; kfJrl kè; l kekukf/ dj.; O;kfIry{k.kdgykrkgS AHkysghO;kfIry{k.kesav usd nks"k
gkrssgS AmuosQl ek/ ku os Qfy, egku ç; kl fd; kt krkgS Aysfdu og l HkhHkhçi ×k~ p mUur d{kkvksa
t kuukpkfg, A
O;kfIr oS
Ql st kuht krhgS
At xr esat gk¡&t gk¡/ q
v k¡gksrkgS aogk¡&ogk¡vkx gkrshgSAogk¡l gp; Z
dk n' kZu gksrk gSrFkk O;fHkpkj dk v n' kZ
u gksrk gSrc / q v k¡ ofÉokI; rFkk O;kfIrfo"k; d çR;{k
v uq
Hko mRiUu gksrk gS A; g O;kfIr dk v uqHko gksrk gSt ksO;kfIr uke l sçfl ¼ gksrk gS Abl fy,
O;k[ ; krk gh O;kfIr dgykrh gS A
l n gsrq
ft l es
aO;kfIr gSrFkkt ksgsrqi {kesagksrkgSog l n~
grsqdgkt krkgS
AgsrqghfyÄ~
x dgykrk
gS
AfyÄ~x rFkk v Uo; , d çdkj osQgh gksrsgS A

i kBxr ç' u 8-4

1- ^?kVl ekukf/ dj.k i V* bl dk D; k v FkZgksrk gS
\
2- i fj"Ñr O;kfIr dk D; k y{k.k gS \
3- l n~gsrqfdl sdgrsgS \
a
4- fyÄ~ x fdrusçdkj dk gksrk gS \

8-5) t xfUeF; kRo

¶; gk¡i j ukukçdkj dkoqQN HkhughagŞ bl çdkj l scgq r çdkj dhJqfr; ksaosQ}kjkfl ¼
gksrk gSfd t xr~feF; k gSAfi Q
j Hkht ksukfLrdoknhgksrsgS
aosv kxeçek.; dksLohdkj ughadjrs
118 mPpr j ekè; fed
v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j mi eku[ k. M i kB&8
gSysfdu v uq eku dksçek.kRo osQ: i esav Ä~
xhdkj djrsgS AmudksHkh l e>kusosQfy, v uq
a eku v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j
os
Q}kjkt xr dkfeF; kRo fl ¼ fd; kt krkgS Av }S
r l k{kkRdkj esat xr dkfeF; kRo v uq
eku dkeq
[;
ç; kst u gksrkgS
A mi eku[ k. M
og v uq eku gS& czã fHkUu l c feF; k gS ] czã l sfHkUu gksusosQdkj.kAt kst Sl k og oS
l k gh
gS]tS l s' kq
fÙkQosQ: i esaA; g v uq eku ; gk¡eq
[ ; gSAbl v uq eku dkv k/ keq [ ; v uqeku gksrkgS
Abl
: i osQ}kjk Hkh oq QN mYys• djsa xsAoqQ
N feF; kRo v uq eku gksrk gSbl dk Hkh mYys• gksxkAbl
v uqeku esa^czã fHkUual oZ e~* ; g i {kgksrkgSAfeF; kRo ghl kè; gksrkgS Aczã fHkUuRo ghgsrqgksrkgSA
n`"VkUr esat gk¡ t gk¡ czã fHkUuRo gSogk¡&ogk¡ feF; kRo gS; gh bl dk rkRi; ZgS A
è; ku nsa
%
; fn l c czã l sfHkUu gS, slk ughadgdj osQoy l c feF; k gSAbl çdkj dk ghi {kj• saxs
rksml esaHkhczã v UrfuZfgr gksrkgSAml osQ}kjkczã esaHkhfeF; kRo dhv ki fÙkgksrhAbl fy, dgk
x; k gSl c czã l sfHkUu gS A
gsrqesal kè; dhO;kfIr gSrksml gsrql sv U; t xg Hkhl kè; dk v uq eku fd; k t k l drk
gSAt Sl s/ w
e esa; fn v kx dhO;kfIr xzg.k djrsgS arksv U; t xg Hkht gk¡/ w e gSogk Hkhv kx dks
l k/ l drsgS Abl çdkj l sfeF; kRo dh O;kfIr Hkh czã l sfHkUu esaxzg.k djrsgS
a arksv U; LFkku
i j t gk¡czã l sfHkUuRo gSogk¡i j HkhfeF; kRo gSbl dk v uq eku fd; k t k l drk gSAbl fy, ; fn
fdl h Hkh çek.k l sfeF; kRo O;kI; rFkk czã fHkUuRo bl dk Kku gksrk gSrksog i jh{k.kh; gS Aogk¡
; g mnkgj.kgksrkgS' kq fÙkQesajt rA' kfqÙkQ
jt r czã l sfHkUu gS; g Li "Vgksghx; kgS A; fn ' kq
fÙkQjt r
esafeF; kRo fl ¼ ughagksrkgSrksn`"VkUr fl f¼ ; g nks"kmRiUu gkst krk gS' kq fÙkQesat ksjt r Hkkfl r
gksrk gSA; fn l qfÙkQjt r esafeF; kRo fl ¼ ughagksrkgSrksn`"VkUrfl f¼ nks"k mRiUu gksrkgS A' kqfÙkQesa
t ksjt r Hkkfl r gksrkgSog ' kq fÙkQjt r dgykrkgS An`"VkUr esagsrqrFkkl kè; esal gpkj n' kZ
u l sO;kfIr
fu' p; gksrkgS Aysfdu ; fn n`"VkUr jt r esafeF; kRo ughagksrksO;kfIrfu' p; ughagksrkgS Abl fy,
jt r esafeF; kRo gSbl çdkj l sfopkj djuk mÙke gksrk gS A
' kq
fÙkQesajt r dhdHkhçrhfr gksrhgS Aysfdu ; g ' kqfÙkQghjt r v f/ "Bku osQçR;{kKku l s
' kfqÙkQfo"k; d v Kku rFkkv Kkudk; Zjt r dkfuokj.kgksrkgS Arc jt r dhmi yfC/ ughagksrhgS A
ml osQi ' pkr~bl v uq i yfC/ osQ}kjk; gk¡jt r ughagSbl çdkj osQjt r osQv Hkko dkKku mRiUu
gksrk gS Aml jt r osQ}kjk feF; kRo fl ¼ gksrk gS Abl fy, ' kq fÙkQrFkk jt r czã fHkUuRo l sfeF; k gS
bl n`"VkUr dhv fl f¼ ughagS Aml l sfeF; kRoO;kI; czã fHkUuRo ; g Kku mRiUu gksrkgS ArFkkv U;
t xg czã osQfHkUuRon' kZ u l sfeF; kRo dk v uqeku djuk pkfg, A

v k{ksi
çkfrHkkfl d jt r es at S
l sczã fHkUuRo gSoS l sv fo| kt U;Ro rFkknk"skt U;Ro HkhgksrkgS AD; ksa
fd
çkfrHkkfl d jt r dkmi knku dkj.kghv fo| kgS Abl çdkj p{kqv kfn osQnks"ko' kghjt r Hkkfl r
gksrkgSAbl çdkj l HkhçkfrHkkfl d i nkFkks±esavfo| kt U;Ro rFkknks"kt U;Ro gSrFkkfeF; kt U;Ro Hkh
gSA; gk¡ ; fn dksbZfeF; kRoO;kI; czã fHkUuRo dksughat kurk gS ]i jUrqfeF; kRoO;kI; v fo| kt U;Ro
v FkokfeF; kRo O ; kI; nks"kt U;Ro bl O ; kfIr dkst kurkgS Aog O;fÙkQczã fHkUuksa
easv fo| kt U;Ro : i
gsrqdksns• dj feF; kRo dkv uq eku djrkgS ArFkknks"kt U;gsrq
Ro dksns• dj osQHkhfeF; kRo v uq eku
djrk gS AoS l sczã fHkUuRoKku osQfouk ghfeF; kRo dk Kku mRiUu gksrk gSrksdgk¡l sczã fHkUuRo
dhgs rR
qo l sdYi ukdht k, ] ; g vk{kis gksrkgS Arc dgkt krkgS AvKkut U; çkfrHkkfl d jt rkfnd
tSl sfeF; k gksrsgSoS l sv ukfn v Kku HkhfeF; k ghgksrk gS Abl fy, Jq fr esv rks¿U;nkrZe~( bl fy,

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 119
 i kB&8 v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j mi eku[ k. M

v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j czã l sfHkUu l c feF; k gS ) dgk x; k gS Abl Jq fr osQ}kjk czã fHkUu l Ei w
. kZt xr~feF; k gS; g
çfri kfnr fd; kt krkgS Ajt r esav Kkut U;Ro rFkknks"kt U;Ro gksrkgSysfdu v Kku esav Kkut U;Ro
mi eku[ k. M rFkk nks"k t U;Ro ughagksrk gSD; ksafd v Kku v ukfn gksrk gS
Aog t U; ughagksrk gS Aysfdu ml esa
feF; kRo gS Arksv Kku dk feF; kRo l k/ u osQfy, dksbZgsrqdYi uh; gksuk pkfg, At S l sjt r dk
feF; kRo feF; kRo l k/ u esaczã fHkUuRo v uÄ~
xhdkj djosQv Kkut U;Ro rFkk nks"kt U;Ro dksghgsrq
osQ}kjk v k{ksi drkZusv Ä~ xhdkj fd; k x; kgSAml hçdkj ; g nksuksa; gk¡feF; kRo osQl k/ u ugha
gksrsgSA i jUrqv Kku esaczã fHkUuRo ughagksrk gS
a A v r%v Kku esafeF; kRo l k/ u osQfy, t S ls
czã fHkUuRo gsrqRo osQ}kjk v Ä~ xhdkj djuk pkfg, gh oS l sv U; t xg Hkh jt rkfn esaczã fHkUuRo
% v Ä~xhdkj fd; k x; k gSbl l syk?ko Hkh gksrk gS
è; ku nsa A
t c rd l kè; t ksfeF; kRo gS
Aog D; k gS; g ughat kuk t k, xkArc rd fdl hHkh i nkFkZ
osQfeF; kRo dk v uq
eku ughayxk l drsgS Abl fy, l cl si gysfeF; kRo dk y{k.k çLrq
a r fd; k
t k jgk gS
A

8-6 feF; kRo

LokJ ; Rosu v fHker &; kofUu"BkR;UrkHkko&çfr ; ksfxRoe~feF; kRoL; y {k. ke~
A
LokJ; Ro l sv fHker ; kor~fu"BkrR;UrkHkkoçfr; ksfxRo gh feF; kRo dk y{k.k gS
A
; gk¡Øe' k%bl y{k.k dki nÑR; çLrq r fd; kt kjgkgS Ay{k.k dk, dka
' kv R;Ur v Hkko
çfr; ksfxRo gksrk gSml v a
' k dksysd j i nÑR; mi LFkkfi r fd; k t k jgk gS
A
; fn v R;UrkHkko; ksfxRo bruk gh feF; kRo dk y{k.k djsarksczã l sfHkUu gksusosQdkj.k
czã fHkUu l c feF; k gS] bl feF; kRo osQv uqeku esafl ¼l k/ u nks"k mRiUu gksrk gS
A
v o; oksaosQdkj.k ?kV v fuR; gS ] v o; oksaosQdkj.k] bl çdkj l sbl v uq eku esav fuR;Ro
D; k gSrksdgrsgS afd v fuRoRo gh dk; Z Ro gSArc og gh v uq eku ?kV dk; Zgksrk gSv o; oksaosQ
dkj.kbl çdkj l sdg l drsgS Aml hçdkj feF; kRo v uq
a eku esaHkhv uq eku dkv kdkj bl çdkj
dk ghgksrk gS & czã fHkUu l c oq Q
N v R;Ur v Hkko çfr; ksxhgksrsgS aczã fHkUuRo osQdkj.kA; gk¡ i j
fl ¼l k/ uRo nks"kgS Aog oS Ql \s rc dgrsagSafd ?kVkfn , d=kgksrsgSarksv U;=kml dkv R;UrkvHkko
gksrkgSAbl v R;Ur v Hkko osQçfr; ksxh?kVkfnd gksrsgS Açfr; ksfxRo ?kVkfn; ksaesagksrkgS
a Abl çdkj
l s?kVkfn; ksaesav R;Ur v Hkko çfr; ksfxRo fl ¼ gksrk gS
Aml osQl k/ u osQfy, dgrsgS adh czã l s
fHkUu l c v R;UrkHkko çfr; ksfxRo gksrk gSczã l sfHkUu gksusosQdkj.k] bl v uq eku fl f¼ dk
l k/ u djrsgS arksml dk fl ¼l k/ uRo nks"k mi fLFkr gksrk gS
A
bl fy, feF; ky{k.k esaoq
Q
Nla
l ks/u djrsgS
A og gS
a & LokJ; fu"BkR;UrkHkkoçfr; ksfxRoa
feF; kRoe~A
ft l esafeF; kRo l k/ uk gS^Lo* i n l sml dk xzg.k djuk pkfg, A ?kVkfn esafeF; kRo
l k/ uk gSrksLo; a?kVkfnd gksrsgS ALo; aosQft l v kJ; esarknkRE; l EcU/ osQl kFk gksrk gS
a ] ml
v kJ; esaLo dkv R;Ur v Hkko dHkhughagksrkgS ALo osQv kJ; esafo| eku v R;UrkHkko dkLo; a
çfr; ksfxRo ughagksrk gS Abl fy, Lo; aesaLokJ; fu"BkR;UrkHkkoçfr; ksfxRo dghaHkh çfl ¼ ughagSA
v r%bl çdkj dk çfr; ksfxRo fl ¼ ughagksrk gSrFkk ml l sçksÙkQfl ¼ l k/ uRo nks"k mRiUu gksrk

120 mPpr j ekè; fed

v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j mi eku[ k. M i kB&8
gSysfdu bl çdkj dk çfr; ksfxRo v çfl ¼ feF; kRe v uq
eku dk v l EHkonks"k v Fkok l kè; çfl f¼ v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j
nks"k gh mRiUu gksrk gS
A
mi eku[ k. M
( v çfl ¼ bl dk v FkZgSfd v yhd i nkFkZ ] v Fkok ml çdkj osQi nkFkZçek ughagksrsgS A
a
feF; kRo osQv uqeku esafeF; kRo l k/ ukpkfg, Aysfdu LokJ; fu"BkR;UrkHkkoçfr; ksfxRo feF; kRo gksrs
gS
] bl çdkj l s; fn ; sfeF; kRo gksrsgS
a arksml çdkj dkfeF; kRo v çfl ¼ gksrkgS Av r%; gk¡l kè;
v çfl f¼nks"kmRiUu gksrkgS A
l kè; v çfl f¼ nks"k osQfuokj.k osQfy, y{k.k bl çdkj l si fj"Ñr fd; k t krk gS
&LokJ; Rosu v fHker&fu"BkR;UrkHkko&çfr; ksfxRoafeF; kRoe~( LokJ; Ro osQ}kjk v fHker fu"Bk] è; ku ns a
%
v U;Ur v Hkko çfr; ksfxRo feF; kRo dgykrk gS ) bl çdkj l sy{k.k fd; k t krk gS A; gk¡ ft l dk
feF; kRo gSog Lo i n l scks/ djus; ksX; gS Av FkkZ
r ~Lo dkv kJ; : i l sv fHker i nkFkZesaorZ eku
t ksv R;Ur v Hkko çfr; ksfxRo gksrk gSog feF; kRo gksrk gS Aft l çdkj l s' kq fÙkQ
jt rLFky esarFkk
iqj ksofrZ
uhi nkFkZesabnajt re~( ; g jt r gS ) bl çdkj dhçrhrhgksrhgS A; gk¡i j bnafo' ks"kgSrFkk
jt r çdkj gS Ajt r dk v kJ; oLrq r %bnai n ughagSysfdu jt r dk v kJ; : i bnaçrhr gksrk
gSAv FkkZ r ~jt rçdkjd çrhfr dkfo' ks"; bnaçrhr gksrkgS Abl esajt r dkv R;UrkHkko gS Abl çdkj
l sv R;UrkHkko dh^; g jt r ughagS * bl çdkj dhçrhfr gksrhgS Abl v R;Ur v Hkko dkçfr; ksxh
jt r gksrkgS Açfr; ksxhjt Ro esagksusosQdkj.kjt r esafeF; kRo gksrkgS A; gk¡i j Lo dkv FkZgSjt r
dk] v kJ; dkv FkZgSi w j orhZi nkFkZ
]v fHker dkv FkZgSbl esa
] LoL; dkv FkZgSjt r dk] bl çdkj
l sv R;UrkHkko gksrk gS Av r%LofLeu~LokJ; Rosu v fHkerfu"BkR;UrkHkkoL; çfr; ksfxRoe~bfr bl
y{k.kl sjt r dk feF; kRo fl ¼ gksrkgS Abl çdkj , slkl kè; çfl ¼ gksrk gSft l l smi jksÙkQnks"kksa
dk fuokj.k gkst krk gS A
LokJ; Rosu v fHker&fu"BkR;UrkHkko&çfr; ksfxRoafeF; kRoe~ ] bl çdkj dky{k.kdjusi j Hkh
fl ¼l k/ uRonks"k mRiUu gksrk gSAt S l sµ o`{k dh' kk• k esa, d t xg cUnj cS Bk gS Abl fy, ; gk¡i j
cUnj dk l ;aksx o`{ki j ' kk• k v oPNsnu osQ}kjk gksrk gS A; gk¡ i j l a; ksx v k/ s; gSrFkk o`{k v k/ kj
gSAv r%v k/ s;rk l EcU/ osQ}kjk o`{k l a ; ksxoku gSbl çdkj dh çrhfr mRiUu gksrh gS Av k/ s;rk
l EcU/ ew y koPNsn l sdfi dkl a ; kxs ughagksrkgS Abl fy, l ;aksx dkv Hkko o`{kbl çdkj dhçrhfr
mRiUu gkrshgS Al ;akxs os
QvkJ; Ro l sv fHker o`{kes al a; kxs dkv Hkl o HkhgksrkgS Avr%l ;akxskJ; Ro
l sv fHker o`{kesat ksv R;Ur v Hkko gksrkgS ]ml dkçfr; ksfxRo l a ; ksx esarkst kukt kpq d kgSAml osQ
Kku osQfy, feF; kRo v uq eku dhv ko' ; ÙkQ k ughagksrhgS Abl fy, bu LFkyksaesafeF; kRo fl f¼ gh
gS] ft l l sfeF; kRo v uqeku esafl ¼l k/ Ronks"k mRiUu gksrk gS A
feF; kRo v uqeku osQ}kjkfeF; kRo l k/ ukpkfg, ysfdu ; fn LokJ; Ro l sv fHker fu"BkR;Ur
v Hkko çfr; ksfxRo gksrk gSog feF; kRo dgykrk gS Abl çdkj l s; g y{k.k Hkh feF; kRo dksugha
l k/ rk gSAfeF; kRo rksl R;Ro osQfo#¼ gksrk gS Aysfdu ; g y{k.k l R;fo#¼ feF; kRo osQfcuk
l k/ sgh v FkkZ
Urj dh dYi uk djrk gS Aog v FkkZ Urj D; k gSAbl y{k.k l sfdl dk feF; kRo v krk
gSAdgrs dfi l ;aksx dkAdfi dkl ;akxs Lo v R;Ur v Hkko çfr; ksxhgSbl fy, vFkkZ Urj dhdYi uk
gksrhgSAi nkFkZft l v f/ dj.kesagksrsagSml v f/ dj.kesa; fn ml dkv R;Ur v Hkko Hkhgksrksog
i nkFkZv O;kI; of̀Ùk; Ù
qkQdgykrkgS Adfi l a ; ksx esaLokR;kUr vHkko çfr; ksfxRo ghbl v O;kI; of̀r Ro
dk l k/ u djrk gS ] ; g bl dk y{k.k gksrk gS Abl çdkj l sgh ; fn feF; kRo gksrk gSrksog l R;
osQfo#¼ Hkhughagksrk gS Av O;kI; of̀ÙkRo: i v FkkZUrj dhHkhdYi uk gksrhgS Aysfdu ; g Hkh, d

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 121
 i kB&8 v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j mi eku[ k. M

v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j nks"k gS
Abl fy, bl nks"k osQfuokj.k osQfy, y{k.k esav kS j Hkhi fj"dkj dk fo/ ku fd; k t krk gS A
LokJ; Rosu v fHker&; kofUu"BkR;UrkHkko&çfr; ksfxRoafeF; kRoe~ ] ; g y{k.k fd; k t krk gS A ; kor~
mi eku[ k. M i nkFkZdkv FkZ; gk¡i j l kdY; gSv FkkZ r ~l eLr v o; oAv kSj LokJ; Ro l sv fHker esal Ei w
. kZi nkFkks±
esal eLr v o; kRed esafLFkr t ksv R;Ur v Hkko gksrk gS; fn ml dk çfr; ksxhRo Lo gksrksLo dk
feF; kRo gksrk gSA l Ei .wkZv o; oksaesa' kq
ÙkQ
~
; kRe oLrq
v ksaesaorZeku gksrk gSt ks v R;Ur v Hkko
rRçfr; ksfxRo jt r dk gksrk gSAbl fy, jt r dh feF; kRo fl f¼ gksrh gS A
bl çdkj l s& LokJ; Rosu v fHker&; kofUu"BkR;UrkHkko&çfr; ksfxRoe~bfr feF; kRoL; ; g
y{k.k fl ¼ gksrk gS
A
è; ku nsa
%
Loav FkkZr ~feF; kRo l sv fHker i nkFkZ
Aml dkv kJ; Ro l sv fHker t ksoLrq; kor~oLrqgksrh
gS
Aml esafu"B t ksv R;Ur v Hkko gkrskgS ] rRçfr; ksfxRo feF; kRo dgykrkgSAt Sl sLo; a?kVkfnd rFkk
ml d
s v kJ; Ro l sv fHker dki kykfndAml esafu"B vR;Ur vHkko ?kV v kfn dkvR;Ur vHkko gksrk
gS
Aml osQçfr; ksfxRo ?kVkfn gksrsgS Av r%?kVkfn dk feF; kRo fl ¼ gkspq
a d k gS
AO;kogkfjd ?kVkfn
di kykfn gksrsghgS Abl fy, mu di kykfn esav R;Ur v Hkko ughagksrkgS Afi Q
j Hkhi kjekfFkZ
d Ro osQ
}kjk ?kVkfn dHkh Hkh di kykfn esaughagksrsgS A bl fy, i kjekfFkZ
d Ro l sdi ky esa?kVkfn dk
v R;UrkHkko gksrkgS A

i kBxr ç' u 8-5

1- fdl Jq
fr osQ}kjk t xr~dk feF; kRo t kuk t krk gS
\
2- t xr~osQfeF; kRo esaD; k v uq
eku gksrk gS
\
3- feF; kRo dk i fj"Ñr y{k.k D; k gksrk gS
A

8-7) mi eku
mi eku osQKku osQfy, l kn`' ; dk Kku v i sf{kr gksrkgSbl osQckjsesaykS
fdd n`"VkUr osQ
ekè; e l soqQ
N fy• rsgS A

8-7-1) l kn`' ;
lal kj esav usd i nkFkZgksrsgS amuesal k/ j.k/ eZgksrsgS at S
l soVo`{kv keo`{kAoVo`{kdkcht
gksrk gScht k jksi.k l soVo`{k v Ä~ oqQ
fjr gksrk gSrFkk Øe' k%c<+ r k gSml l s' kk• k mRiUu gksrhgSA
rFkkmuesai ÙksgksrsgS A' kk• kv ksal sçl k• kmRiUu gksrhgS
a ArFkkNk; kHkhgksrhgS Ao`{kÅi j dhv kS j
c<+ r sgS
Abl çdkj l sv kezo`{k osQfo"k; esa HkhgS Abl çdkj l soV osQv usd / eZv kezo`{k esaHkh
gksrsgSA; s/ eZft l çdkj l soV esagksrsgS aoSl sghv kezo`{kesaHkhgksrsgS Abl fy, oVl n`' kv kezo`{k
a
gksrk gSbl çdkj dkO;ogkj l a l kj esadj l drsgS AO;q
a RØe l sv keo`{k osQv usd / eZoV esagksrs
gSbl fy, dksbZdgusdk bPNq d gSrksv kezo`{k osQl n`' k oV o`{k gksrk gSbl çdkj dk HkhokD;
cu l drkgS Aysfdu oV osQoq QN v l k/ kj.k/ eZgksrsgS at ksv kezo`{kesaughagksrsgSA; gk¡oVo`{kfu"B
a
t ksv l k/ kj.k / eZgksrsga Amul sfHkUu oVo`{kxr/ eZgh l kn`' ; gksrsgS
S Abl fy, l kn`' ; dk y{k.k
a
crk; k x; k gS afd ^v l k/ kj.kkU;rn~ xrcgq/ eZoÙoe~ * bfrA v l k/ kj.kksal sv U; t ksml esacgq r ls
/ eZgksrsgS aosv l k/ kj.kkU;rn~xr/ ekZdgykrsgS ] v kS
a j ; sft l esagSog v l k/ kj.kkU;rn~ xrcgq/ eZoku~
]

122 mPpr j ekè; fed

v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j mi eku[ k. M i kB&8
dgykrk gS
Aml dk Hkko v l k/ kj.kkU;rn~
xrcgq
/ eZ
Ro gksrk gS
A v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j
bl dkv i j Hkhy{k.kgSrfn~ HkUuRosl fr rn~
xrHkw; ks/eZoÙoe~( ml l sfHkUu gksusi j Hkhml esa mi eku[ k. M
gksusokyk / eZ A) t S
l sv ke dk o`{k oV o`{k l sfHkUu gS] bl fy, ml esaoVfHkUuRo gS AoV osQt ks
v f/ d / eZgksrsgS aosv kezo`{kesaHkh; gk¡i j y{k.k l eUo; gksrkgS At S
l sxk; l sfHkUu HkSl esaHkhA
a
pkj i Sj] i w
¡N] nksl ha
x] bR;kfn v f/ d / eZxk; osQ/ eZHkS l esaHkh gksrsgS
a Av r%xk; l sHkS
a l dh
a
fHkUurk Hkh gSrFkk xksxr v f/ d / eZml esagku ssl sHkSl esaxkslkn`' ; Hkh gS
a Al kn`' ; l EcU/ fo' ks"k
gksrk gSAbl fy, ml dk , d çfr; ksxh gksrk gSrFkk v i j v uq ; ksxhA
t c xkxsr / eZHkS l esagkrssgS
a avFkkrZ~xkslkn`' ; efg"kesagksrkgSbl çdkj l sfoo{kkgksrhgS ]rc è; ku ns
a
%
xkSfu: fi r l kn`' ; dk çfr; ksxh] rFkk efg"k l kn`' ; dk v uq ; ksxh dgykrk gS Axksfu#fi r l kn`' ;
efg"kfu: fi r l kn`' ; l sfHkUu ghgksrk gS Augharksxksln`' k efg"k osQn' kZ u esaefg"k l n`' k ns• rk gw¡
bl çdkj dh ç; ksxki fÙk v k t krh gS Axksn' kZ
u l sxksl n`' k ns• rk gw ¡ ; g ç; ksxkfIr gksrh gS
A

8-7-2) mi eku
pS
=k uke dkdksbZO;fÙkQxk; dkst kurkgS Aysfdu xo; ( t a xyhxk; ) fdl sdgrsgS a; g
ughat kurkgS Axo; dksbZoU; i ' kqfo' ks"kgksrkgS
ApS =kou esat krkgq
v kou osQfdl hO;fÙkQl sft l s
xo; dk Kku gSi w Nrk gSfd xo; D; k gksrk gS Arc ml l sog O;fÙkQdgrk gSfd t S l sxkSgksrh
gSoS l sgh xo; Hkhgksrk gS Abl okD; l s^xksln`' k xo; gksrk gS * bl çdkj dk i jks{k Kku mRiUu
gksrk gS Aml osQckn ou esat kusi j pS =k , d i ' kq
v ksaosQ>q
. M dksns• rk gS
AokLrfod : i l sog
i ' kqxksln`' kgkrskgS
Abl fy, xksl n`' kxo; gksrkgSbl okD; dkspS =kLej.kdjrkgSApS =kdhLef̀r
esaHkhxkslkn`' ; gSrFkk l Eeq• fLFkr i ' kqHkhxkslkn`' k gS Arc og l Eeq • fLFkr i ' kqesaxksl kn`' ;
dkçR;{khdj.kdjrkgS Abl çdkj l sLej.kkRed Kku l sxksl kn`' ; fo"k; d çR;{kKku l s; g Kku
mRiUu gksrk gSfd ; sl Hkh i ' kqt kfr okysl Hkh i ' kqxo; i n l sokP; gS A
xo; esaxkslkn`' ; gku
ssl sxksnsg esaxo; l kn`' ; dkKku gksrkgS
Axo; l fUufgr gksrkgSysfdu
xkSv l fUufgr gksrk gS Axk; osQl kFk fdl h HkhbfUæ; dk dksbZHkh l fUud"kZughagksrk gS Afi Q
j Hkh
bl vl fUufgr xk; es agksusokyk; g xo; l kn`' ; ghmifefr dgykrkgS Axo; esaxkslkn`' ; osQt kuus
i j ghxk; esaxo; l kn`' ; dkKku gksrkgS; g v Uo; l gp; ZgksrkgS Axo; esaxkslkn`' ; osQv Kkr
gksusi j xk; esaHkhxo; l kn`' ; ughat kukt krkgS Abl çdkj dkO;frjsd l gp; ZgksrkgS Abl fy,
xk; esaxo; l kn`' ; Kku osQçfr xo; fu"Bxkslkn`' ; Kku dj.kgksrk gS Aog ghmi eku dgykrk gS A
pS =k t xay esai ' kqosQnsg esaxkslkn`' ; dksns• rk gSAxksln`' k ; fn xo; dkst ku ysrksog
ml i ' kn
qsg esaxkslkn`' ; dksughans• sAbl fy, xksln`' k xo; gksrk gS A; g Kku v i sf{kr gSA; gk¡i j
mi es; xo; gksrk gS ApS =k osQmi es; v kdkj okyhv Ur%dj.k of̀Ùk dk t Ue gksrk gS Ab; of̀Ùk gh
mi eku dgykrh gS Axo; fu"B xkslkn`' ; osQfouk ; g of̀Ùk mRiUu ughagksrh gS ] bl of̀Ùk dk t ud
xo; fu"B xkslkn`' ; Kku gksrk gS Abl fy, ; g l kn`' ; Kku xkS. k mi eku dgykrk gS Aeq [ ; mi eku rks
mi es; v kdkj okyhof̀ÙkghgksrhgS A; g of̀Ùkghmi eku çek.kdgykrhgS Aml osQckn pS =kl ksprk
gSfd esjhxk; xo; l n`' kgS Av c xksfu"B xo; l kn`' ; Kku ml dksgksrkgS A; g Kku ghmi ferhgS ]
; fn mies; vkdkj okyhof̀ÙkmRiUu ughagksrksxkfsu"B&xo; l kn`' ; Kku HkhmRiUu ughagksxkAbl fy,
og of̀Ùk mi eku çek.k dgykrh gS A
l fUufgr xo; esaxkslkn`' ; Kku mi ekuçek.kgksrk gSrFkkv l fUufgr xk; esaxo; l kn`' ; Kku

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 123
 i kB&8 v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j mi eku[ k. M

v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j mi fefr dgykrk gS
A
mi eku[ k. M xksfu"B xo; l kn`' ; dksçR;{kçek.kl srksughat kukt kl drkgSD; ksa fd bfUæ; dkxk; osQ
l kFkdksbZHkhl fUud"kZughagksrkgS Axk; / ehZgksrhgSArFkkxo; l kn`' ; / eZgksrkgS A/ feZosQbfUæ;
osQl kFk l fUud"kZosQv Hkko esa/ eZosQl kFk bfUæ; l fUud"kZl a Hko ughagksrk gSAbl çdkj l sxks
xr l kn`' ; osQ}kjkbfUæ;kFkZ l fUud"kZosQv Hkko l sxksfu"Bl kn`' ; fo"k; d çR;{kKku mRiUu ughagksrk
gSAxo; esaxkslkn`' ; ghxk; esaxo; l kn`' ; gS, slk ughadg l drsgS Axksln`' k xo; osQn' kZ u esa
xo; l n`'kns • rkgw¡; g ç; ksxki fÙkgkrshgSrFkkxksn' ku
Z es
axklsn`' kdksns• rkgw¡; g ç; kxski fÙkgksrhgS
A

è; ku nsa
%
i kBxr i z'u 8-6
1- l kn`' ; dk D; k y{k.k gS
\
2- dkS
u l kn`' ; dk çfr; ksxh gksrk gS
\
3- xksfu: fi rl kn`' ; l sxo; fu: fi rl kn`' ; , d gSv Fkok fHkUu\
4- D; k mi eku çek.k gksrk gS
\
5- mi fefr fdl sdgrsgS
\
a

i kB l kj
bl i kB esavuq eku rFkkmi eku bu nkusksaçek.kksadkv kykspu fd; kx; kgS Aogk¡v uq fefrdj.k
v uq
eku LojkFkZrFkk i jkFkZosQHksn l snksçdkj dk gksrk gSAuS; kf; dksaosQer osQl kFk osnkfUr; ksaosQ
er dkfojks/ gS Abl fy, nksuksan' kZ
uksadhHkhv uqeku çfØ; k; gk¡i j çnf' kZr dhxbZgS Aogk¡l cl s
i gysU;k; l Eer LokFkkZ
uqekuØe çnf' kZ r gS
Aml osQckn osnkUr l Eer v uq eku Øe çfri kfnr fd; k
x; kgS
A
; fn v uq
fefr dkKku gksrc ghvuqfefrdj.kv uq eku t kukt kl drkgS Abl fy, l cl si gys
v uqfefr fdl sdgrsgSbl dkv kykspu fd; kx; kgS Aml osQckn i jkFkkZuq
eku çnf' kZ
r fd; kx; kgSA
v uqeku dk ân; O;kfIr gksrk gSAbl fy, ; gk¡i j O;kfIr l e>kbZxbZgSrFkk ml osQckn ml osQl n~
gsrqv ksadksdgdj t xr~dk feF; kRo dgk x; k gS Av FkkZr ~t xfUeF; kRo dk v uq
eku çnf' kZ
r fd; k
x; kgS Aog feF; kRo osQy{k.kosQfcukt xr~dk feF; kRo ughat kukt kl drk gS ] bl fy, gsrqosQ
feF; kRo y{k.k dksHkh i fj"Ñr fd; k x; k gS
A
v uq
eku osQckn mi eku çek.k çfri kfnr fd; k x; k gS
Al kn`' ; Kku osQfcuk mi ekuçkek.k
v PNh çdkj l sughal e>k t k l drk gSbl fy, l cl si gysl kn`' ; dkscrk; k x; k gS
A

v ki usD; k l h[ kk
 U;k; l Eer v uq Øe dkst kuk]
 osnkUr l Eer v uq ekuØe dkst kudj v uq
eku djusesai zoh.krk dh v ksj v xzlj]
 nksuksan' kZ
uksaesaer dkst kuk]
 LokFkZ uq
eku rFkk i jkFkkZ
uq
eku dkst kuk]
124 mPpr j ekè; fed
v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j mi eku[ k. M i kB&8
 O;kfIr rFkk l n~gsrqdkst kuk] v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j
 l kn`' ; dkst kudj mi eku dkst kuk_ mi eku[ k. M
i kBkUr ç' u
1- U;k; l Eer v uq ekuØe çfri kfnr dhft , A
2- osnkfUrl Eer v uqekuØe çfri kfnr dhft , A
3- O;kfIrKku dk v uq eku osQçfr dj.kRo çfri knu dhft , A
4- osnkUr rFkk U;k; dk v uq eku Hksn fyf• , A
è; ku nsa
%
5- O;kfIrKkuRo l sO;kfIrKkut U;k v uq fefr dk foLrkj i w
oZ
d o.kZu dhft , A
6- v uq fefr osQy{k.k dk nyÑR; djosQçLrq r dhft , A
7- v uq fefr dk v kykspu dhft , A
8- i kjkFkku
Zq
eku dk o.kZu dhft , A
9- v uq fefr esafdl v a' k dk v uq
fefrRo gksrk gSmnkgj.k l fgr çfri knu dhft , A
10- feF; kRo dk i fj"Ñr y{k.k l nyÑR; djosQfyf• , A
11- feF; kRo osQi fj"Ñr y{k.k dk l eUo; fyf• , A
12- l kn`' ; dk o.kZu dhft , A
13- mi eku dk fu: i .k dhft , A
14- mfi fefr dk fu: i .k dhft , A
15- mi eku çR;{k osQ}kjk oS Q
l sxrkFkZ
d gksrsgSA
a

i kBxr i z'uksaosQmÙkj 8-1

1- v uq
fefr osQO;kfIruRo osQ}kjk O;kfIrKkut U; gksrh gS
A
2- LokFkku
Zq
eku rFkk i jkFkkZ
uq
eku osQHksn l sv uq
eku nksçdkj dk gksrk gS
A
3- i oZ
r ofÉeku gS
4- t gk¡&t gk¡/ q
v k¡gksrk gSogk¡&ogk¡v kx gksrhgSAl gp; ZosQn' kZ
u esa/ q
v k¡O;kfIr O;kI; gksrk
gSAbl çdkj l sO;kfIr fo"k; d çR;{k v uq Hko mRiUu gksrk gS
A
; g O;kfIr dk v uq
Hko gh O;kfIrKku osQuke l sçfl ¼ gksrsgS
A ; g çFkefyÄ~
a xi jke' kZ
dgykrkgS A
5- i {k/ eZ
r kKkuA
6- mn~
c/qO;kfIr l a
LdkjA

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 125
 i kB&8 v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j mi eku[ k. M

v uq
eku[ k. M v kS
j i kBxr i z'uksaosQmÙkj 8-2
mi eku[ k. M
1- çfr; ksfxRo : i l sA
2- O;kfIrKku osQ}kjk
3- v uq
HkoRo osQ}kjk
4- v uq
fefr esa
5- O;kfIrKkuRokofPNu&t udrkfu: fi r&t U;rkoTKkuRoafg v uq
fers%y{k.ke~
A
è; ku nsa
%
i kBxr i z'uksaosQmÙkj 8-3
1- i j dk v FkZç; kts u l kè; l a
' k; fuof̀Ùk : i gksrk gS
A
2- rhuA
3- ofÉçdkjdka ' kesAa

i kBxr i z'uksaosQmÙkj 8-4

1- ?kV rFkk i V l ekukf/ dj.k esagksrsgS A
2- v ' ks"kl k/ ukJ; kfJrl kè; l kè; l kekukf/ dj.; aO;kfIry{k.ke~
A
3- ft l gsrqesaO;kfIr gSrFkk t ksgsrqosQi {k esaog gsrql n~gsrqdgk t krk gS
A
4- v Uo; , d gh çdkj dk gksrk gS A

i kBxr i z'uksaosQmÙkj 8-5

1- usg ukukfLr fd×k~puAv rks¿U;nkrZ e~
A
2- czã fHkUual oZ
afeF; k czã fHkUuRokr~
A
3- LokJ; Rosu v fHker&; kofUu"BkR;UrkHkko&çfr; ksfxRoe~feF; kRoL; y{k.ke~
A

i kBxr i z'uksaosQmÙkj 8-6

1- l kn`' ; y{k.k v l k/ kj.kkU;rn~xrcgq / eZ
oÙoe~bfrA nw l jk Hkh y{k.k gS & rfn~
HkUuRos l fr
rn~ xrHkw; k/seZoÙoe~ A
2- ; n~xrHkw ; ka
l ks/ ekZ
%v U;fLeu~l fUr bfr foo{kk; L; / ekZ %l %çfr; ksxhHkofrA; Fkkxksxrk%
Hkw
; ka
l ks/ ekZ %xo; sl fUr bfr foo{kk rnk xks%/ ekZ %bfr xkS%çfr; ksxhA
( ft l esacgq r v f/ d / eZgksrsgS]v U; esaHkhgksrsgS bl çdkj dhfoo{kk gksrhgSft l dh
og çrh; ksxhgkrsk gS At S
l sxksxr v f/ d / eZxe; esagksrsgSbl çdkj dhft Kkl k ft l dks
gksrh gSrc og xks/ eZbl çdkj l sxkSçfr; ksxh dgykrk gS A
3- fHkUuA
4- ; fLeu~l kn`' ; e~mi ferkSHkkl rsrfUu: fi rl kn`' ; kdkjk çek.kof̀Ùk%mi ekue~
A
5- v l fUufgrsl fUufgrfu: fi rl kn`' ; Kkue~mi fefr% A
126 mPpr j ekè; fed
v kxe[ k. M i kB&9
v kxe[ k. M

v kxe• . M è; ku nsa
%

osnkUr' kkL=k esaN%çek.k gksrs gS A os gS

a açR;{k] v uq eku] mi eku ' kCn] v FkkZ i fÙk rFkk
v uq i yfC/ Açek i k¡p çdkj dh gksrh gS & çR;{kçek] v uq fefrçek] mi fefrçek] ' kkCncks/çek rFkk
v FkkZi fÙkçekAbuesal sçR;{kçek.krFkkçR;{kçek] v uq eku çek.krFkkvuq fefr çek] miekuçek.krFkk
mi fefr çek] bu l c dki w oZi kB esafoLrkj l sçfri knu fd; kt kpq d kgSAbl i kB esa' kCn çek.k
rFkk' kkC/ cks/ çek çLrq r dht kjghgS A' kCn çek.kdkghv i j uke v kxe çek.k gS^v kl E; d~
xE; rsKk; rsv FkZ %v usu bfr v kxeksokD; fo' k"sk%bfr v kxei nO;qRifÙk%
* v FkkZ
r ~ft l osQ}kjkl E; d~
çdkj l sv FkZt kukt k, og v kxe fo' ks"kgksrkgS A; g v kxe i n dhO;q RifÙkgS Abl fy, O;k[ ; ku
dky esadghai j ' kCnçek.k rFkkdghai j v kxe çek.k bu ' kCnksadk ç; ksx fd; k t krkgS Abl fy,
ogk¡ l Unsg ughadjuk pkfg, Aogk¡ i j ' kCn çek.k osQeq [ ; çfri k| fo"k; gksrsgS a' kCn çek.k]
' kfÙkQLo: i ] y{k.kkLo: i rFkk ' kCn t U;cks/ esal gdkjhAmudk ; gk¡ i j çLrq frdj.k dj jgsgS A
a

mís';
bl k i kB dksi <+
d j osQv ki l {ke gksa
x_
s
 v }S
r osnkUr osQer esa' kCn çek.k dksl e> i kusesa
_
 ' kCnçek D; k gS; g t ku i kusesa
_
 of̀Ùk dkst kudj osQ' kfÙkQosQy{k.k rFkk ml osQHksnksadkst kuusesa
_
 y{k.kk osQcht dksl e> i kusesa
_
 ' kkCncks/ esaD; k l gdkjh gksrsgS
] budkst ku i kusesa
a _
 osnkUrer osQ}kjk osn osQi kS
#"k; Ro rFkk v i kS
#"k; Ro osQfopkj dksl e> l osQ
xs_
a

9-1) ' kCnçek d k y {k. k

' kCn çek.k bl dk v FkZgksrk gS' kCn çek dk dj.kArks' kCn fdl çek dk dj.k gksrk gS
D; kfsad osnkUr ' kkL=kesarksçR;{kçek] v uq
fefrçek] mi fefrçek] ' kkCncks/çekrFkk v FkkZ
i fÙkçekbl

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 127
 i kB&9 v kxe[ k. M

v kxe[ k. M çdkj l si k¡p çekcrkbZx; hgS ArksdgrsgS

a afd bl esat ks' kkCncks/ çekgSml dkdj.kgh' kCnçek
gksrhgSrFkkog ' kCnçekdk çfri Q y: i gksrkgS Abl çdkj ' kCnçekdkl kekU; y{k.k^' kkCncks/
a
dj.kRoa' kCnçek.kRoe~ * dg l drsgS Abl y{k.kosQl eUo; esai w
a oZ' kkCncks/ D; kgksrkgSrksdgrs
gSafd ' kCn l smRiUu gksusokyk cks/ gh ' kCn cks/ gksrk gS Aog ' kkCncks/ gh ' kCnçek] ' kCnhçek
v Fkok' kkCncks/ dgykrkgS Abl çdkj l s' kkCnck/s: i çekdkdj.kgh' kCnçek.kgksrkgS Arksogk¡
D; k' kCnek=kgh' kCnçekdkdj.kgksrkgSv Fkok dksbZfof' k"V ' kCn gksrkgS ] bl çdkj l sft Kkl k
djusi j çek.kHkw r ' kCn dky{k.kgksrkgS & ; L; okD; L; rkRi; Z fo"k; hHkwrl a
l xks±ekukUrjs.ku ckè; rs
rn~okD; açek.ke~( ft l okD; dkrkRi; Z fo"k; hHkw
r la l xZekukUrj l sckf/ r ughagksrkgSog okD;
% çek.k dgykrk gS
è; ku nsa )
; gk¡ i j okD; dk v Uo; rkRi; ZesagS A rkRi; ZrRçrhfrt uu; ksX; Ro gksrk gSft l dk v kxs
l foLrkj o.kZ u fd; k t k jgkgS ArkRi; ZokD; fu"B gksrk gS AekukUrj l srkRi; ZosnkUr brj çek.k gS A
rkRi; Zfo"k; hHkrwghl laxZfo' k"sk.kgksrkgSAl al xZ
i n dki nkFkkZUo; vFkZgkrskgS Al laxZi n dkokD; kFkZ
gh ; gk¡ i j v FkZgSAokD; esat S l si nt U;i nkFkZHkkfl r gksrsgSarFkk i n esami fLFkr v Fkks±esai jLi j
lal xZHkhHkkfl r gksrkgS ] og v kdkÄ~ {kkosQ}kjkHkkfl r gksrkgS Abl çdkj l sl a l xZHkhokD; kFkZosQ
v UrxZr ghgksrk gS Abl fy, mi jksÙkQy{k.k esal a l xZ
i nokD; kFkZ
i jd gS Au ckè; rsbl dk v FkZgSfd
ck/ d çek osQ}kjk fo"k; ughagksrk gS A
bl çdkj l sos nkUrsrj çek.kosQ}kjkvckf/ r oq
Q
N okD; fu"B t ksrkRi; ZgS
Aml dkfo"k; hHkw
r
okD; kFkZ( l a
l xZ
) ft l okD; dk gksrk gSog okD; v kxe çek.k bl v FkZesagksrk gS A v FkkZr~
v FkZ
fo"k; d cks/ dkst ksokD; t Ue nsrk gS Aog okD; v kxeçek.k dgykrk gS A
ml osQ}kjkos
nkUrsr jçek.kkf/ r&rkRi; Z
fo"k; hHkw
r okD; kFkfZo"k; dçrhfrt uu; ksX; Roe~vkxeçek.k
dk y{k.k i Q
fyr gksrk gS
A
v c uhy ?kV ; gk¡i j bl dk l eUo; çLrq r djrsgS AoS
a l suhy ?kV bl okD; dk v FkZgksrk
gSuhy l sv fHkUu ?kVAml l srkRi; Zfo"k; Hkw r okD; kFkZuhy v fHkUu ?kV gksrk gS
A; g v FkZfdl h
HkhosnkUr brj çek.kl sckf/ r ughagS Abl fy, ; g v FkZekukUrj l sHkhvckf/ r gS
] rFkk; g ekukUrj
v ckf/ r rkRi; Z
fo"k; hHkw
r okD; kFkZHkhgS
Arf}"k; dçrhfr dk t uu; ksX; ghuhy ?kV ; g okD; gksrk
gS
Abl fy, ; g çek.k gS A

okD; y {k. k d k i nÑR;

; gk¡ i j ; g fopkj fd; k t krk gSfd ; fn okD; Ro bl dk ' kCnçek.kRo y{k.k djrsgS arks
^t y osQ}kjk l ha prk gS * bR;kfn esaHkhokD; Ro osQl Ro gksusl sogk¡y{k.kt krk gS Aog t : jhHkh
gSysfdu nl v ukj]N%i q , bR;kfn fujFkZd i nl eq nk; ksaesaHkhokD; Ro os
Ql Ro osQ}kjkogk¡Hkhy{k.k
pyk t krk gS Aysfdu mudk çek.k rksb"V ughagS Abl fy, y{k.k osQogk¡t kusl sogk¡ v fr O;kfIr
gksrhgSAml os Qokj.kosQfy, rkRi; Z fo"k; hHkw
r okD; kFkZ fo"k; cks/dt udRoabl okD; esafo' ks"k.kfn; k
x; k gSAogk¡ i j rkRi; Z fo"k; Hkw
r okD; kFkZ
fo"k; cks/t udRo ' kCnçek.kRo ; g y{k.k gksrk gS Aft l l s
ml dh fujFkZ d okD; ksaesav frO;kfIr ughagksrh gS ] ml çdkj osQokD; ksaosQ}kjk fdl h Hkh cks/ osQ
v t uu l srkRi; Z fo"k; hHkrwkFkZfo"k; cks/dt udRo os Qogk¡i j v l EHko gksusl s( v frO;kfIr ughagksrh
gS
) ys fdu rkRi; Z fo"k; hHkrwokD; kFkZ
fo"k; dcks/dt udRo ' kCnçek.kRo dgkx; kgSrksHkzekRed rkRi; Z
fo"k; h Hkw
r cks/t ud esa' kkD; v kfn okD; esav frO;kfIr gksrh gS Abl fy, ogk¡ i j nks"k osQfuokj.k

128 mPpr j ekè; fed

v kxe[ k. M i kB&9
osQfy, ekukUrjckf/ rrkRi; Z
fo"k; hHkw
r cks/t udokD; Ro ' kCnçek.kRo ; g y{k.k fd; k x; k gS
A v kxe[ k. M
fuf' pr : i l s?kV dksykv ks] LoxZdhdkeukosQfy, ; K djks]bR;kfn ykfSdd rFkkoS fnd
okD; ksadh v çek.; ki fÙk gksrh gSAfdl çdkj l sgksrh gSrc dgrsgS ausg ukukfLr fd×k~
pu bfr
v rks¿U;nkrZ feR;kfnJq r; %A ml dk v FkZgSczã fHkUu l c feF; k gSv FkkZ r ~ckf/ r gS
A bl fy,
rÙk}kD; rkRi; fZo"k; hHkw
r rÙkrRlxZos
Qckf/ Ro gksrsgS
Arc ; gk¡i j dgkx; kgSfd ; gk¡i j ekukUrji n
l s osnkUrsrjçek. k osQ xzg. k l s dksbZnks"k ugha gksrk gS A Hkys gh bu okD; ksa dk l a l xZ
ckf/ r gSfi Q j Hkh og osnkUr çek.k l sckf/ r gSu dh fdl h v kS j fHkUu çek.k l sA

9-2) of̀Ùk è; ku nsa

%
' kCnt U; cks/ osQçfr ' kCn ek=k ghdkj.kgksrk gS ] ysfdu ' kCnfu"B of̀Ùk Kku Hkh' kCnt U;
cks/ osQçfr dkj.k gksrk gS; g l Hkhçdkj l sfl ¼ gS AD; ksa
fd ' kCn Jo.k ek=k l scks/ ughagksrk
gSAysfdu ml hçdkj osQgh' kCn osQ}kjkcks/ mRiUu gksrkgSft l dhof̀ÙkJksrkt kursgS Abl fy,
a
' kkCncks/ esadkj.khHkwr of̀Ùki nkFkZD; kgS; g ft Kkl kgksrhgSArc dgrsgS ai n osQv FkZosQl kFkt ks
cks/kuqdw y l EcU/ gksrkgSog ghcq f¼eku yksxkasosQ}kjkof̀Ùkdghx; hgS Abl fy, ' kkCncks/kuq
dw y
i ni nkFkZl EcU/ bl çdkj dk ' kkL=kksaesaof̀Ùky{k.k çfri kfnr fd; k x; k gSAt Sl xÄ~ xk bl i n dk
t yçokg : i bl v FkZosQl kFk dksbZl EcU/ gSft l osQ}kjkxÄ~ xki n dkst ksof̀Ùkt kurk gSml dks
xaxk i n dksl u qdj osQml osQfo"k; esacks/ mRiUu gksrk gS Aog l EcU/ gh of̀Ùk dgykrk gS Abl h
çdkj l Hkhi nksadkLokFkZosQl kFkv FkZ fo"k; d cks/kuq
dwy dksbZl EcU/ gksrkgS ] og l EcU/ ghof̀Ùk
bl çdkj l sl e>kt krkgS Aog of̀ÙkosnkUr osQer esanksçdkj dhgksrhgS ArFkk' kfÙkQy{k.kkgksrh
gSA; gk¡ i j Øe l snksuksaosQHksn osQl kFk Lo: i i zfri kfnr fd; st k jgsgS A
a
, d gh ' kCn dh of̀Ùk nksçdkj dh gku
ssosQdkj.k ' kCn osQv FkZHkh nksçdkj osQgksrsgS
A

9-2-1) ' kfÙkQ

i nkFkks±esai k; ht kusokyheq [ ; of̀Ùk' kfÙkQdgykrhgS Av FkkZr ~i nksaosQv Fkks±esat kseq
[ ; of̀Ùk
gkrshgSog gh' kfÙkQbl çdkj l sdght krhgS At Sl s?kVi n dhi F̀kqcqèu mnj v kfn v kÑfr fof' k"V
oLrqfo' ks"k esaof̀Ùk gksrh gSA' kfÙkQrFkk rÙkn~i n t U; i nkFkkZKku: i dk; Zv uq es; dgyrk gS A
unhbl v uq iwohZKku esaft l v FkZdkck/s mRiUu gksrkgSrFkknhu bl i n dksl q uusaesafHkUu
v FkZdk cks/ gksrk gS AHkysgho.kZrksl eku ghgSysfdu muesaØe Hksn gS Abl çdkj unhbl i n
l st yçokg: i v FkZdhmi fLFkfr esat ksof̀Ùk l gdkfj.khgksrhgSml l sfHkUu of̀Ùk gh nhu i n osQ
v FkZdhmi fLFkfr esal gdkfj.khgksrh gS Abl çdkj l s; g fl ¼ gksrk gSdhgj i n esaof̀Ùk fHkUu
fHkUu gksrh gS ArFkk of̀Ùk Hksn osQ}kjk fu; ked v Fkok fu: i d v uqiw
ohZghgksrk gSAof̀Ùk ft l v FkZ
dksLej.k djokrh v Fkok mi LFkkfi r djrh gS A og v FkZgh of̀Ùkfo"k; gksrh gS A bl fy, of̀Ùk
fu: i dRol EcU/ l si n esa#drh gS ArFkkfo"k; rkl EcU/ l sog vFkZesa#drh gS Aof̀Ùkfu: i dRo
l EcU/ l st gk¡: drhgSog ' kÙkQdgyrkgS ArFkkof̀Ùkfo"k; rkl EcU/ l st gk¡#drhgSog ' kD;
dgykrkgSbl fy, i n ' kÙkQrFkkvFkZ' kD; gksrkgS A' kÙkQbl dk' kfÙkQ
er v FkZgkrskgS
AKku osQmRiUu
gksusesa' kfÙkQrFkkl keF; Zv FkZgksrkgSAog Hkh( Lo' kD; kFkZ
fo"k; d) Kkut uul eFkZi n gksrkgSv FkZ
Lef̀r v uq dwy i nr nFkZl EcU/ ' kfÙkQgksrh gSA

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 129
 i kB&9 v kxe[ k. M

v kxe[ k. M ; g Hkko
dkbsZ' kCn Lofu"Bof̀ÙkosQ}kjkoq QN HkhvFkZmi LFkkfi r djrkgS Aof̀ÙkosnkUr' kkL=kesanksçdkj
dhgksrhgS A, d ' kfÙkQrFkk nw l jhy{k.kkAogk¡i j ' kfÙkQD; k gS \ rc dgrsgSt kseq [ ; of̀Ùk gksrh
gSog gh' kfÙkQgksrh gSbl çdkj l sl e>uk pkfg, A; gk¡i j eq [ ; Ro D; k gSrksdgrsgS at ksof̀Ùk
v Urj rFkkfuji s{kgksrhgSog gheq [ ; gksrhgSAt S l sxÄ~xkesa?kks"kgSbR;kfn esaxÄ~ xk' kCn dh, d
ghof̀Ùk t yçokg bl çdkj dk v FkZgksrk gS Av i jk of̀Ùk rV ; g v FkZgksrk gS Aogk¡ft l of̀Ùk osQ
}kjk t yçokg dh mi fLFkfr gksrh gSog gh ' kfÙkQgksrh gS A dkj.k t yçokg: i #i v FkZdh
mi LFkkfi dk t ksof̀Ùk gkrshgSog v U; of̀Ùk osQfoukght yçokg: i of̀Ùk dkmi LFkki u djrhgS A
è; ku nsa
% bl fy, t yçokg: i v FkZdh mi LFkkfi dk t ksof̀Ùk gksrhgSog gh ' kfÙkQgksrh gS ArV: i osQv FkZ
dh mi LFkkfi dk t ksof̀Ùk gksrh gSog rks' kfÙkQughagksrh gS A D; ksafd t ksof̀Ùk rV : i v FkZdks
mi LFkkfi r djrhgSog , d çdkj l st yçokg: i v FkZosQKkukUrj ghrVkfn v FkZdkHkhmi LFkki u
djrhgS Abl fy, og of̀Ùkv Urj mi fLFkr fuji s{kughagksrhgS ] v r%og ' kÙkQughagksrhgS A; gk¡; g
Hkko gSAv FkokçR;sd ' kCn osQnksHkko gksrsgS Aeq
a [ ; rFkkveq [ ; Aogk¡i j eq [ ; D; kgS arFkkv eq[;
D; k gSArksdgrsgSfd ft l osQ}kjkl Hkhyksx t ku l osQog v FkZeq [ ; gSrFkk ft l osQ}kjk osQ oy
fo}ku yksx ght ku l osQog v FkZv eq [ ; gSAt Sl sxÄ~ xk' kCn dk; g , d v FkZgSrFkkrV; g v i j
v FkZgSAbl esat y çokg : i v FkZeq [ ; gS
] D; ksa
fd og gh l Hkh yksxksaosQ}kjk t kuk t k l drk gS
rFkk rV : i kFkZv eq [ ; gSdkj.k D; ksafd l Hkhyksx ughat kursgS afd xÄ~ xk i n dk; g v FkZHkhgS
osQoy fo}ku yksx gh t kursgS Abl çdkj eq [ ; v FkZt ksof̀Ùk mi LFkkfi r djrk gS ] og eq [ ; of̀Ùk
gksrh gSrFkk t kseq [ ; of̀Ùk gksrh gS' kfÙkQbl çdkj l sl e>h t krh gS Abl fy, t y çokg dh
mi LFkkfi dk t ksof̀Ùk gSog ' kfÙkQ: i esav k xbZgS A

' kfÙkQt kfr : i ea

sr Fkk O
; fÙkQ: i esagksrh gS
A
ogk¡' kCnksaesaeq
[ ; kFkZfu: fi r of̀Ùk#drhgS Aml dk uke gh' kfÙkQgksrkgS A v c og ' kfÙkQ
fdl v FkZosQ}kjk fu: fi r gksrh gS ] bl çdkj dh ft Kkl k mRiUu gksrh gS Av FkkZr ~' kfÙkQosQ}kjk
dkSu&l k v FkZmi LFkkfi r fd; k t krk gS \ v Fkok dkS
u&l k v FkZokP; gksrk gS \ ; g gh ' kfÙkQfdl esa
: drh gSrFkk fdl okD; osQ}kjk çdV gksrh gS Arksogk¡ bl ç' u osQmÙkj osQfo"k; esa' kkL=kKksa
esacgqr çdkj osQerHksn gksrsgS AdksbZdgrk gSdh og t kfr esagh #drh gS
a Av U; oq Q N dgrsgSa
fd og O;fÙkQesa#drhgS Av U; oq Q
N dgrsgSfd og t kfr fof' k"V O;fÙkQesa#drhgS Arc dgrs
gSafd bu i {kksaesaosnkUr l Eer i {k dkS u&l k gS
\ rc mÙkj nsrsgq , dgrsgSfd ' kfÙkQt kfr esagh
#drhgS AD; ksa
fd O;fÙkQesa' kfÙkQLohdkj djusi j O;fÙkQ ; ksaosQv kuUR; l sxkS
j o gksrk gS] bl çdkj
l sl e>uk pkfg, AO;fÙkQ Hkku rksv k{ksi l sy{k.kk osQ}kjk gh gksrk gS A

9-2-2) y {k. kk
Locksè; l EcU/ y{k.kkdgykrkgS A; g f}rh; kof̀ÙkgksrhgS
Abl dkv i j uke v eq
[ ; of̀Ùk
gkrskgSAbl st ?kU;kof̀ÙkHkhdgrsgS AosnkUrer esaLokè
a s; l EcU/ y{k.kgksrkgS
Ay{k.kl eUo; dky
esaft l i n dhy{k.kkb"V gksrhgSml i n dksLoi n l sxzg.kdjukpkfg, At S l sxÄ~xkesa?kks"kgS
; gk¡i j l eUo; çLrqr gksrkgS AoSl sdgusi j xÄ~ xki n dhrV esay{k.kkb"V gksrhgSAv r%; gk¡i j
LoaxÄ~ xki n gksrkgSAml dk cksè; v FkZt yçokg: i gksrkgS Aml dkrV osQl kFkl kehI; l EcU/
gksrkgSv r%çÑr Lockè s; l EcU/ l kehI; l EcU/ gksrkgSAog ghy{k.kkof̀ÙkgksrhgS Abl y{k.kk

130 mPpr j ekè; fed

v kxe[ k. M i kB&9
of̀ÙkosQ}kjkghxÄ~ xk' kCn rV: i v FkZdkmi LFkki u djrkgS Aml osQ}kjkxÄ~ xk; ka?kks"k%bl okD; v kxe[ k. M
l srV of̀Ùk : i cks/ ghgksrk gS Abl hçdkj xa Hkhj unhesa?kks"kgS( xgjhunhesaoq QVh; k gS) bR;kfn
esaHkhxa Hkhj i n l sxHkhjkFkZdh rFkk unh i n l su| FkZ d dh mi fLFkfr gksrhgS Axa Hkhj i n dk unh
i nkFkZosQl kFk v HksnkUo; gksrkgS Aml osQ}kjkxa Hkhj fHkUu unh; g cks/ rFkkxa Hkhj unhesa; g cks/
nksuksai nksal sgksrk gS
Aysfdu rnFkZ?kks"k osQl kFk rkRi; Zv uq i i fÙk gksrh gS
Aml osQdkj.k ; gk¡ i j
y{k.kkof̀Ùkdk v kJ; fy; k t krkgS Aft l l sxa
Hkhj unhesa; g v FkZgksrkgS Aml l scksè; v FkZxaHkhj
fHkUu unh bl çdkj osQv kdkj okyk v FkZgksrk gS ] ml osQrV l sl ehi okyk v FkZfy; k t krk gS A
bl fy, Locksè; l kehI; l EcU/: i y{k.kkof̀Ùkos Q}kjkxgjhunh; snksuksai n rVkFkZ d osQmi LFkki d gkrss
gSAml l sxgjh unh esaoq Q
fV; k bl okD; l sxgjh unh l sfHkUu rV osQi kl oq QfV; k bl çdkj dk è; ku ns
a
%
v FkZgksrk gS A

y {k. kk cht
y{k.kkof̀ÙkosQ}kjkl Hkht xg v FkZdkcks/ ughagksrkgS Aysfdu oq QN LFkyksaesay{k.kkdk
cks/ mRiUu gksrk gS Aml y{k.kk osQcht D; k gS abl çdkj osQoq Q
N ç' u mRiUu gksrsgS Aogk¡ oq
a QN
rksv Uok; kuq i i fÙky{k.kk dkcht gS, slkdgrsgS Av Uo; v uq
a i fÙk; gk¡i j v Uo; dkl EcU/ v FkZ
l EcU/ gksrkgSrFkkv uq i i fÙk' kCn dkv FkZck/ gksrkgS] ml l svUo; v uq i i fÙk' kCn dkv FkZl EcU/
ck/ gksrk gS Aml osQ}kjk ; g fu"d"kZfudyrk gSdh y{k.kk dk l EcU/ ck/ cht gS At Sl sxÄ~xk
esa ?kks"k( oqQfV; k) bl çdkj l sfdl husdgkAbl okD; esaxÄ~ xki n v f/ dj.kcks/d gSrFkk?kks"k
i n v k/ s; cks/d gS Aogk¡xÄ~ xki n dkl eFkZv FkZt yçokg gksrkgSrFkkv f/ dj.kl Irehdk' kD;
v FkZof̀r Ro gksrk gS A?kks"k bl dk v FkZxg̀ l eqnk; gksrk gS
Aml l sbl okD; dkt y çokg of̀Ùk xg̀
l eq nk; v FkZgksrk gS Abl v FkZosQ}kjk t y çokg rFkk ?kks"k osQchp esav k/ kj rFkk v k/ s; l EcU/
iQ fyr gksrkgS Aysfdu t y çokg rFkk?kks"kosQeè; v k/ kj rFkkv k/ s; Hkko l EcU/ ughagksl drk
gSAml l sçÑr osQl EcU/ esack/ gksrkgS Av r%l EcU/ck/ dksghy{k.kkdkcht djosQv Uo; ck/
osQi fjgkj osQfy, çÑrxÄ~ xk i n esay{k.kk dht krhgS Aml osQ}kjk Locksè; l EcU/ : i y{k.kk
of̀ÙkosQ}kjkxÄ~ xki n l srV dhmi fLFkfr gksrhgS Aml osQ}kjkrVof̀Ùkxg̀l eq nk; dkcks/ xÄ~ xk; ka
?kks"k%bl okD; osQ}kjk gksrk gS Abl çdkj l sv U; t xg Hkhgksrk gS Abl çdkj l sy{k.kk esacht
v Uo; v uq i i fÙkfl ¼ gksrkgS Abl fy, t gk¡i j v Uo; dhvuq i i fÙkgksogk¡i j y{k.kkdjuhpkfg, A
oqQN yksx rkRi; Zv uq
i i fÙkdksy{k.kkesacht ekursgS ArkRi; Zv uq
a i i fÙkbl dkv FkZgSrkRi; Z
cks/ArkRi; Zv FkkZ
r ~oÙkQ
k dhbPNk fo' ks"k gksrhgS
Aogk¡ i j oq
QN yksx dgrsgSfd oÙkQ k dhbPNk
dk ck/ gh y{k.kk dk cht gksrk gS A
tSl sfdl h oÙkQ k usrVof̀Ùk oq QfV; k dksl e>kusosQfy, xÄ~ xk esa?kks"k gS
] ; g okD; dgkA
; gk¡i j xÄ~ xki n dk' kD; v FkZgksrkgS At y çokg v kS j v f/ dj.kl Irehl s' kD; v FkZgSof̀r RoA
?kks"k bl dk v FkZgSxg̀ l eq nk; Abl çdkj l sbl okD; dk Jksrk t y çokg of̀Ùk xg̀ l eq nk; bl
cks/ dkv uq Hko djrkgS Arc oÙkQ kosQrkRi; Zdkcks/ gksrkgS Adkj.k; g dhoÙkQ kusrVof̀Ùk?kks"k
okysbl rkRi; Zl sxÄ~ xk esa?kks"k gS; g dgkAml l s' kD; v FkZdksysd j t y çokg of̀Ùk?kks"k bl
çdkj dkv FkZdjusl srkRi; Zdkck/ gksrkgS Abl fy, rkRi; Zck/ : i y{k.kkosQcht osQfo| kekuRo
l srkRi; Zck/ osQi fjgkj osQfy, çÑrxÄ~ xki n esay{k.kk dh t krhgS Aml l sLocksè; l EcU/ : i
y{k.kk of̀Ùk osQ}kjk xÄ~ xk i n l srV dh mi fLFkfr gksrh gS Aml osQ}kjk rVof̀Ùkxg̀l eq nk; bl dk
cks/ xÄ~ xk esa?kks"k gSbl okD; l sgksrk gS Abl çdkj nw l jh t xg Hkh t kuuk pkfg, Abl çdkj l s

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 131
 i kB&9 v kxe[ k. M

v kxe[ k. M rkRi; Zv uq
i i fÙky{k.kkesacht fl ¼ gksrkgS
Aml os
Qckn t gk¡rkRi; Zdhv uq
i i fÙkgkrshgSogk¡y{k.kk
djuhpkfg, A

; gk¡ fl ¼kUr i {k
y{k.kk esav Uo; dhv uq i i fÙk gksusl scht Hkh , d er gksrk gS ArkRi; Zv uq i i fÙk bl h dk
ghv i j uke gS Abl çdkj l snksuksaerksaosQfo| eku gksusi j dkS u l k; q ÙkQgS] ; g ç' u mRiUu gksrk
gSAv r%' kkL=kdkjksausbl osQfujkdj.kosQfy, dgkgSfd y{k.kkesarkRi; Zv uq i i fÙkghcht gSu
dhv Uo; v uq i i fÙkAoghrRo çÑr esal dkj.kçLrq r fd; kt krkgS Arc dgrsgS adh; fn y{k.kk
è; ku nsa
% esav Uo; v uqii fÙkbl çdkj l scht dksLohdkj fd; k t k, rksxÄ~xkesa?kks"k gSbR;kfn esay{k.kk
osQv l EHko gksusl sHkh dkS v ksal snf/ dh j{kk djks] ; gk¡ i j y{k.kk ughagksuh pkfg, Adkj.k ; g
gSfd xÄ~ xkesa?kks"kgSbR;kfn esaft l çdkj l sv Uo; v uq i fÙkgksrhgSoS l sdkS v ksal snf/ cpkv ks]
; gk¡ i j v Uo; v uq i fÙk ughagS A D; ksa
fd bl okD; dk v FkZgSdkd : i h v i knku] nf/ deZ d
çsj.kkfo"k; hHkw
r j{k.kAbl l sfdl hHkhi nkFkZdk fdl hHkhi nkFkZosQl kFk l EcU/ dk ck/ ughagS A
ml l sdgrsgS afd ; gk¡y{k.kkughagksuhpkfg, Aysfdu çÑr esay{k.kkb"VgS AD; ksfd osQ oy dkS v ksa
l snf/ dkscpkukghb"VughaFkkv fi rql Hkhnf/ uk' kd çkf.k; ksal snf/ dhj{kkb"V FkhAbl çdkj
l s; gk¡v Uo; dhv uq i i fÙkgksrhgS A; gk¡i j ; g ghb"V FkhAbl çdkj l sv Uo; v uq i i fÙk y{k.kk
esabl çdkj l scht dksLohdkj djusi j çÑr y{k.kkughagksuhpkfg, Abl fy, y{k.kkesav Uo;
v uqi i fÙkcht ughagSysfdu rkRi; Zv uq i fÙkghcht gS Aml l sdkS v ksal snghdhj{kkdjks; gk¡i j
' kD; v FkZdksysd j ck/s Lohdkj djusi j rkRi; Zv uq i i fÙk gksrh gS
Aml l s; gk¡ i j dkd i n dh
nè; qi ?kkr esay{k.kkdht kfr gS Aml osQ}kjkçÑr okD; dhnf/ osQmi ?kkrdksal snghdhj{kkdjks
; g cks/ gksrk gS A

9-2-3) y {k. k osQHksn

y{k.kk dk nksçdkj l sfoHkkt u fd; k t krk gS
Ai gyk çdkj osQ oy yf{kr Hksn gS
A rFkk
nw
l jk 1- t gr~2- v t gr~3- t gr~
& v t gr~
] bl çdkj l snw l jsHksn esay{k.kk rhu çdkj dhgksrh
gS
A

osQ
oy y {k. kk
' kD; osQl k{kkr~l EcU/ okyhy{k.kkosQoy y{k.kkdgykrhgSv FkkZ r ~' kD; osQl k{kkRlEcU/
: i ht ksy{k.kk gksrhgSog osQ oy y{k.kk dght krh gSAt S
l sxÄ~
xk esa?kks"k gS] ; gk¡i j xÄ~xk osQ
rhj esay{k.kk gS Aog y{k.kk osQ oy y{k.kk bl çdkj l sdght krhgSAt S l sLoaxÄ~ xk i n gksrk gS
ml dk' kD; t yçokg gksrkgSml t y çokg dkrV osQl kFkl kehI; l EcU/ gksrkgS Abl fy, ; gk¡
i j t ksl kehI; l EcU/ : i ht ksy{k.kkgksrhgSog osQ
oy y{k.kkdgykrhgS Abl çdkj v U; t xg
Hkhl e>uk pkfg, A

y f{kr y {k. kk
Locksè; rFkk i jEi jk l EcU/ yf{kr y{k.kk dk gksrk gS At S
l HkkS
j k jksrk gS
a A; gk¡ i j yf{kr
y{k.kkgSA; gk¡i j y{k.kdkl eUo; çLrq r fd; kx; kgS ] ft l çdkj l sft l i n dhy{k.kkdjuh
gksrhgSml i n dksLoi n osQ: i esaxzg.kdjrsgS At S
a l sçÑr f}jsiQi n dhe/ q d j esay{k.kkb"V
gSml l sLoi n osQ}kjkf}jsiQxzká gksrkgS A; gk¡i j Lo i n f}jsiQgksrkgSft l cksè; v FkZgSnksjsiQ
132 mPpr j ekè; fed
v kxe[ k. M i kB&9
( i •a ) ; q
ÙkQ] ml dk eq /q
d j osQl kFk jsiQ
}; ?kfVri nokP; Ro: i i jEi jk l EcU/ gksrk gS Aft l çdkj v kxe[ k. M
l sjsiQ}; ?kfVri n Hke
zj i n gkrskgSml dkokP; e/ d q j gkrskgS
Abl fy, çÑr es ajs
iQ}; ?kfVri nokP; Ro:
i i jEi jk l EcU/: i k y{k.kk gS Abl fy, ; gk¡ i j yf{kr y{k.kk gS ] ; gk¡ i j osQoy y{k.kk f}jsiQ in
okP; f}jsiQdk e/ q d j osQl kFk l k{kkr~l EcU/ osQv l EHko gksusl sl EHko ughagS A

t gYy {k. kk
t gk¡i j ' kD; dkv uUrHkkZO; rFkkv FkkU
Zrj dhçrhfr gksogk¡i j t gr~y{k.kkgksrhgS Aft l
y{k.kk osQ}kjk v i us' kD; v FkZdk R;kx fd; k t krk gSog t gr~y{k.kk dgykrhgS Av FkkZr ~t gk¡
i j osQ
oy y{; kFkZ ek=kdhçrhfr gksrhgSrFkk' kD; kFkZdkl oZ Fkki fjR;kx gksrk gSogkat gr~y{k.kk è; ku ns
a
%
gksrh gS
] bl çdkj l sO;ogkj fd; k t krk gS Aft l l s^çÑri nk' kD; ek=kfo"k; dcks/kuq dwy k y{k.kk
t gYy{k.kk* bl çdkj dk y{k.k fd; k t krk gS At Sl s ^t gj • kv ks* bl okD; l s Hkys gh
fo"kdeZ d Hkkst u : i hv FkZdkcks/ gksrkgSAysfdu bl okD; dk' k=kq xg̀kf/ dj.kdHkkst u Hkko: i esa
y {k. kk gksrh gS A og gS çÑr i nksa d k v ' kD; v FkZ gksrk gS A bl fy , ; gk¡ i j
çÑri nk' kD; kek=kfo"k; dcksèkuq
dwy k y{k.kk gSbl fy, ; gk¡ i j t gr~y{k.kk bl çdkj dk O;ogkj
fd; k t krk gS A

v t gr ~y {k. kk
t gk¡i j ' kD; kFkZosQv UrHkkZ O; esaghv FkkZ Urj dhçrhfr gksrhgSogk¡i j v t gr~y{k.kkgksrh
gS
Aft l osQ}kjkvi uk' kD; v FkZR;kxkughat krkgSog v t gr~y{k.kkgksrhgS A; g ghv t gr~LoFkkZ
y{k.kkHkhdgykrhgS Abl sLokFkZ la
ofyri jkFkkZfHk/ kf; dkv t gRLokFkkZHkhdgrsgS At S
a l s' kD
qy(l i Q n
s)
oL=k; gk¡i j ' kD qy' kCn osQ' kDqyor~æO;esay{k.kkdht krhgS Abl çdkj l sLo i n ; gk¡i j ' kD
qy' kCn
gS
] og ' kD; ' kq Dy: i kRed xq . kof̀Ùk: i Ro gS
] og v U; ' kq Dyxq . kkJ; i V gS
Aog nksuksaosQcks/ osQ
v uqdw y ' kD
qyRo fu"Bk y{k.kk esagS At Sl soq
QUrka
sdksçfo"V djokv ks] ; gk¡i j oq QUr' kCn l soqQUrkL=k
fof' k"V i #
q"kksaesay{k.kkgksrh gS Aml l s; gk¡i j Lo ' kCn] oq QUr' kCn gSrFkkml dk' kD; kFkZoqQUrkL=k
fo' ks"k gS
Aml v FkZl sv UrHkkZ O; v FkkZ Urj i q
#"k dkcks/ gksrk gSbl fy, ; gk¡i j v t gr~y{k.kk gS A
bl hçdkj ; f"V dksços'kdjokv k]sNf=k; t krsgS ] dkS
a v ksal snghdhj{kkdjksbR;kfn es aHkhl e>uk
pkfg, Ay{; rkv oPNsnd: i l sy{; rFkk' kD; nku saksosQv FkZdkcks/ djokusokyhy{k.kkv t gr~
y{k.kkgksrhgS At Sl sdkSv ksal snghdhj{kkdjkA s ; gk¡i j dkS v kbl i n dhnghmi ?kkrd esay{k.kk
gS
A; gk¡ i j y{; ngh osQmi ?kkrd gS Ay{; rk v oPNsndRo gh ngh mi ?kkrRo gS
a A' kD; dkd osQ
dkdRo dkcks/ ughadjosQy{; rkv oPNsnd: i sl snghmi k?kkrdRo l s' kD; dkd dkscks/ gksrk
gS
Av kS j Hkhy{; rk v oPNsnd : i l s' kD; fHkUu v U; ngh mi ?kkrdksadk Hkhcks/ mRiUu gksrk gS A
Hkysghdkd esadkdRo gSfi Q j Hkhdkd l snghdhj{kk u djsv fi rqdkd nghdk mi ?kkrdRo
gSbu dkS v ksal sngh dh j{kk djuh pkfg, A

t gnt gYy {k. kk

t gk¡i j fof' k"V okpd ' kCn v i usv FkZosQ, dns'kdksNksM+ d j , dns'kesajgrsgS
aogk¡t gr~
vt gr~y{k.kkgksrhgS At lSk; g] og ns
onÙkgS A; gk¡i j y{k.kkos Qi o
wZokD; dhfLFkfr t kuukpkfg, A
rc dgrsgSfd bl çdkj osQokD; dkç; ksx dc gksrkgS ] t c fdl h O;fÙkQusokjk.kl hesansonÙk
uke dkdkbZi # q"kns• kv kSj fi Q
j og ml dksghv ; ksè; kesans• rkgSrc dgrkgSfd ; g og nsonÙk
gS
A; gk¡i j og i n l sokjk.kl hesafLFkr nsonÙk dk xzg.k djuk pkfg, rFkk ; g i n l sv ; ksè; k esa

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 133
 i kB&9 v kxe[ k. M

v kxe[ k. M fLFkr nsonr~dkxzg.kdjukpkfg, Abl fy, ; gk¡i j og i n dkv FkZokjk.kl hfLFkr nsonÙkgSrFkk
; g i n dk v FkZv ; ksè; k fLFkr nsonÙk gS Al ks¿; ansonÙk%
] ; gk¡ i j l %i n Hkh çFkekUr gSrFkk ; g
i n HkhçFkekUr gS A nksuksai nksaesal eku foHkfÙkQgksusosQdkj.kl ekufoHkfÙkQi nksaosQmi LFkkfi r v FkZ
esav Hksn gksrkgS ] bl çdkj dkfu; e gS At S
l suhy%?kV%bR;kfn esagksrkgSoS l kghv HksnkUo; ; gk¡
Hkhgksuk pkfg, Aysfdu çÑr esarksokjk.kl hesafLFkr nsonÙk dkv ; ksè; kesafLFkr nsonÙk l sv Hksn
l EHko ughagksrkgS ] bl ' kÄ~ d kosQl ek/ ku osQfy, ; gk¡i j y{k.kkLohdkj dht krhgS Aft l srr~
i n dh osQ oy nsonÙk esay{k.kk rFkk bnai n dh Hkh osQ oy nsonÙk esay{k.kk dh t krh gS Aft l l s
l %rFkk v ; abu nksuksai nksadk v FkZnsonÙk gksrk gS A; gk¡i j t ksy{k.kk gSog t gr~v t gr~y{k.kk
% gSD; ksfd çÑr esafof' k"V okpd ' kCn rr rFkk bne~gS
è; ku nsa A; gk¡i j y{k.kk osQ}kjk rr~i n okjk.kl h
: i v FkZdksNksMdj fo' ks"; v a ' knsonÙkdkghcks/ djkrkgS Abl hçdkj bnai n Hkhfo' ks"k.kka ' kHkw
r
v ; ksè; k; kLFk: i dksNkM sdj fo' ks"; ka' knsonÙkdkghcks/ djkrkgS Abl çdkj nksuksai n v i usv FkZ
osQ, dns'k dksNksM+ d j , dns'k esagksusl s; gk¡ i j t gr~v t gr~y{k.kk gksrh gS A

osnkUr i kfj Hkk"kkd kj d k er

dkS
v ksal sngh dh j{kk djks; gk¡ i j oÙkQ
k osQ}kjk dgsx; sngh mi ?kkrdksal sngh dh j{kk
djksbl çdkj l sJksrkl e>rk gS AugharksosQ oy dkS v ksl snghdhj{kkdjksrFkk fcYyhv kfn l s
j{kk er djksAbl fy, ; gk¡ i j dkd i n dh dkd rFkk dkd l sfHkUu l k/ kj.k ngh mi ?kkrdksaesa
y{k.kkt kuuhpkfg, Av kSj og nghmi ?kkrdRo l s' kD; Hkw r dkS
, xzg.kl s' kD; v FkZosQv i fjR;kx
l st gr~y{k.kkughagksrhgSArFkk; fn dkd i n os Q' kD; dkdRo dk i fjR;kx djsarksvt gr~y{k.kk
Hkh ughagS
Abl fy, ; gk¡ i j v t gr~y{k.kk gS A

9-3) ' kkCncks/ esal gd kfj d kj . k

t y l sl haprk gS ] bl okD; l scks/ gksrk gSysfdu v kx osQ}kjk l ha prk gS
] bl okD; l s
cks/ ughagksrk gS Aogk¡D; k dkj.k gS \ rc dgrsgSfd t S l scks/ osQçfr dj.k okD; gksrk gSrFkk
dkj.k of̀ÙkKku gksrk gS Aml h çdkj cks/ osQçfr oq Q
N l gdkfjdkj.k Hkh gksrsga AosgS
S av kdkÄ~
{kk]
; ksX; rk] v kl fÙk rFkk rkRi; ZKku bl çdkj l spkj çdkj osQgksrsgS A; gk¡ i j Øe l sbuosQLo: i
a
dk çfri knu dj jgsgS A
a

9-3-1) v kd kÄ~
{ kk
ogk¡ i j i nkFkks±dh i jLi j ft Kkl k osQfo"k; esav kdkÄ~ {kk gksrh gSAv FkkZr ~, di nkFkZ
Kku
t U;ki ji nkFkZKkusPNkfo"k; Ro; ksX; Roe~( , d i nkFkZKku t U; v i ji nkFkZosQKku dh bPNk rFkk
v fo"k; ; ksX; Ro v kdka {kkdky{k.kgS At Sl sfd nnkfr ( nsrkgS ) bl çdkj l sdgusi j dku S nsrkgS ]
oSQl snsrkgS ] fdl dksnsrkgS ] fdl l snsrkgS] fdl esansrkgS ] rÙkRdkjd fo"k; ksaesaft Kkl kmRiUu gksrh
gSA, slsghnsonÙk, slkdgdj D; kdjrkgS a; gk¡i j fØ; kfo"k; hft Kkl kgksrhgS Abl çdkj l sfØ; k
osQKku osQ}kjk dkjd dh rFkk dkjd osQKku osQ}kjk fØ; k dh ft Kkl k mRiUu gksrh gS Aml l s
fØ; k rFkk dkjd osQeè; v kdkÄ~ {kk mRiUu gksrh gS A, slsgh t S
l s^jkt k dk* bl çdkj dgusi j
dkS u rFkk^i q #"k* bl çdkj dgusi j fdl dkbl çdkj dhft Kkl kmRiUu gksrhgS Abl l sjkt krFkk
iq#"kbu nksuka si nka
sesai jLi j v kdkÄ~{kkgksrhgSAbl hçdkj vU; t xg Hkhl e>ukpkfg, Av kdkÄ~ {kk
osQl Ro gksusi j ' kkCnck/s gksrkgS At gk¡i j v kdkÄ~ {kkughagksrhgSogk¡i j ' kCn cks/ Hkhughagksrk
gS
A
134 mPpr j ekè; fed
v kxe[ k. M i kB&9
9-3-2) ; ksX; r k v kxe[ k. M
rkRi; Zfo"k; l a l xZdkv ck/ ; ksX; rkdgykrhgS A; gk¡i j rkRi; Zfo"k; bl i n dkv FkZgS
oÙkQ kdhbPNkdkfo"k; Al a l xZbl dkv FkZgS, d i nkFkZesav i j i nkFkZl EcU/ rFkkv ck/ bl dk
v FkZgSck/ dk v HkkoAbl çdkj y{k.kk dk v FkZgksrk gSoÙkQ k fd bPNk osQfo"k; hHkw r t ks, d
i nkFkZesav i j i nkFkZosQl a ca/ osQck/ dkv Hkko gksrkgS A; g gh; ksX; rkdgykrhgS At S l st y osQ
}kjkl hpakt krkgS; g okD; gS A; gk¡i j t y i n dkvFkZt y gSrFkkfl ×k~ p / krqdkv FkZgSl ha pukA
ogk¡i j t y osQl hp auses al spu dj.kRo l EcU/ l sv Uo; gksrkgS A/ kRoFkZdkv Uo; djusi j v Uo;
gksrkgS Aml okD; dkt ydj.kl spu v uq dw
y Ñfreku ; g v FkZgksrkgS Abl l s; g Li "V gksrkgSfd
t y osQl hp ausl sdj.kRo l EcU/ osQ}kjk v Uo; gksrk gS Aml l sçÑr okD; esaoÙkQ k dhbPNk osQ è; ku ns
a
%
fo"k; Hkw
r l EcU/ dj.kRo l EcU/ gksrkgS Aml dkdksbZck/ ughagksrkgS Adkj.k; g gSdhl spu dk
dj.k æo æO; i nkFkZghgksrk gS ArFkk t y æO; ghgksrk gS Aml l st y l haprk gSbR;kfn esarkRi; Z
fo"k; l al xZck/ osQ l Ro l s; ksX; rkgS Abl fy, ; g okD; ; ksX; dgyrkgS ArFkk; ksX; o' kghçÑr
l scks/ gksrkgSysfdu v kx l ha prhgS; g okD; fdl hosQ}kjkdgkx; kA; gk¡i j ofÉ i n dk v FkZ
v kx gksrkgSrFkkfl ×k~ p / krqdkv FkZl ha pukgkrskgS Aogk¡ofÉ osQl hp auses adj.kRol cU/ l sv Uo;
gksrkgS A/ kRoFkZdkfrcUr v FkZdjusi j v Uo; gksrkgS Aml osQ}kjkbl okD; dkv FkZofÉdj.kd
l spukuqdwy Ñfreku gksrk gS Aml l sçÑr okD; esaoÙkQ k dh bPNk osQfo"k; Hkw r l EcU/ dj.kRo
l EcU/ osQ: i esav krkgS Av kSj ml dkck/ HkhgksrkgS Adkj.k; g gSfd l spu dkdj.kæo æO;
i nkFkZghgksrkgS AofÉ æo æO; ughagksrhgS Aml l s; gk¡; ksX; krkughagksrhgSAbl çdkj l s; g okD;
; ksX; ughagSav fi rqv ; ksX; gS Abl fy, ; gk¡i j ; ksX; rk: i dkj.kosQv Hkko l sofÉ osQ}kjkl ha prk
gSAbl çdkj osQokD; dk cks/ ughagksrk gS A

9-3-3) v kl fÙk
v O;o/ ku l si nt U;i nkFkZd h mi fLFkfr v kl fÙk d gy kr h gS
A
; gk¡i j ; g Hkko gSfd ' kCn cks/ esai nt U; i nkFkZdhmi fLFkfr dkj.k gksrhgS Aogk¡ft u
nksuksai nkFkks±osQ}kjk i jLi j v Uo; b"V gksrk gSAmu nksuksai nkFkks±dhv O;o/ ku osQ}kjk mi fLFkfr
v kl fÙk dgykrh gS Arc ç' u djrsgS adh i nkFkks±v O;o/ ku l smi fLFkfr dc gksrh gS ArFkk dc
O;oèkku l sgksrhgS Arc dgrsgS afd ; gk¡i j O;o/ ku dksi nkUrj djosQdkyÑr dk xzg.k djuk
pkfg, A v FkkrZ~ft u nksuksai nkFkks±osQeè; sv Uo; b"V gksrk gSr}kpd nksi nksaosQchp esa; fn
i nkUrjÑr rFkkdkyÑr O;o/ ku ughagksrkgSrc ogk¡i nksaosQLokFkZdhv O;/ ku l smi fLFkfr ugha
gksrhgS Aml l sogk¡v kl fÙk#drhgSrFkkml l s' kkCncks/ gksrkgS At Sl i oZr v kx ; q
ÙkQgSbR;kfn esa
fxfj i nkFkZrFkkofÉeku i nkFkZbu nksuksaosQcht esai jLi j v Uo; b"V gksrkgSrFkkr}kpd i n fxfj
rFkkofÉ osQchp esafdl hv U; i nkUrj v Fkokdky dkO;o/ ku ughagksrkgS Abl fy, i woZfxfji n
l si oZ r dh mi fLFkfr gksrh gSrFkk ml osQO;/ ku l sghv fxze i n l sv fXu; q ÙkQv FkZdh mi fLFkfr
gksrhgS Abl fy, ; gk¡i j v kl fÙk gS Aml osQ}kjk i oZ r v kx; q
ÙkQgSbl okD; l sv fXueku l sv fHkUu
i oZr gSbl çdkj dk cks/ gksrk gS Abl hçdkj l snsonÙk osQ}kjk • k; k x; k] , slk dgusi j nsonÙk
i nkFkZrFkkHkkst u i nkFkZesai jLi j v Uo; b"V gkrskgSrFkkr}kpd i n nsonr~rFkkHkq ÙkQi n osQchp
esafdl hv U;i nkUrj dk rFkk dky dk O;o/ ku ughagksrkgS Abl fy, i woZnsonÙk i n l snsonÙk : i
v FkZdh mi fLFkfr gksrh gS ArFkk ml osQO;o/ ku osQ}kjk gh ^• k; k x; k * Hkkst u: i v FkZdh Hkh
mi fLFkfr gksrh gS Aml l s; gk¡ v kl fÙk djosQbl okD; dk nsonÙk drZ̀ d Hkkst u ; g cks/ gksrk gSA

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 135
 i kB&9 v kxe[ k. M

v kxe[ k. M ysfdu t gk¡ ft u nksuksai nkFkks±esai jLi j v Uo; b"V gksrk gSmuosQokpd i nksa osQchp esai nkUrj
Ñr rFkkdkyÑr ; fn O;/ ku gksrkgSrksogk¡v kl fÙk ughagksrhgS ArFkk v kl fÙkosQv Hkko esaogk¡
' kCn cks/ HkhughagksrkgS At S l sfdl hO;fÙkQosQ}kjk; fn ; g dgkt k, dh( fxfj%Hkq ÙkQ
e~v fXueku~
nsonÙksu bR;qÙkQ
e~
) i oZr • krkgSrFkknsonÙkv fXu l s; q ÙkQgSA; gk¡i j fxfj i n l si oZ
r osQv FkZdh
mi fLFkfr gksrh gSrFkk v fXu i n l sv fXueku~v FkZdh mi fLFkfr gksrh gS ] nsonÙk i n l snsonr osQ
v FkZdhmi fLFkfr gksrhgSv kS j rr̀h; kfoHkfÙkQosQdkj.kdj.kv FkZdhmi fLFkfr gksrhgS Abl çdkj
dhmi fLFkfr gksusi j fxfji n osQv FkZdkv fXuoku i n osQl kFkv FkZb"V gSysfdu r}kpd fxfji n
rFkkvfXui n os Qchp es aHkq
ÙkQi n osQO;o/ ku l sfxfji nkFkZrFkkvfXui nkFkZesavO;o/ ku l smifLFkfr
% ughagksrhgS
è; ku nsa Abl fy, bl LFky esav kl fÙkughagksusl s' kCn cks/ ughagksrkgS Abl hçdkj Hkq ÙkQi nkFkZ
dk nsonÙk i nkFkZosQl kFk v Uo; b"V gS Aysfdu r}kpd nsonÙk rFkk Hkq ÙkQi n osQchp esav fXui n
osQO;o/ ku l sHkqÙkQ
i nkFkZrFkknsonÙki nkFkZesav O;o/ ku l smi fLFkfr ughagksrhgS Abl fy, ; gk¡i j
Hkh v kl fÙk ugha gksusosQdkj.k ' kCn cks/ ughagksl drk gS Aml h çdkj t gk¡ i j fdl hO;fÙkQosQ
}kjk fxfj i n dg fn; k t k, rFkk fi Q j , d ?k.Vsckn esa; fn v fXu i n dgk t k, rksogk¡i j fxfj
rFkkv fXui n osQchp esadkyÑr O;o/ ku osQgksusl snksuksai nksaosQchp esadkyÑr v O;o/ ku dh
mi fLFkfr ughagksrh gS Abl fy, ml çdkj osQLFkyksaesaHkh ' kCn cks/ ughagksrk gS A

9-3-4) r kRi; Z
rkRi; ZHkh' kCnt U; cks/ esal gdkjhdkj.kgksrkgS AoÙkQ
kosQrkRi; Zdkst kudj osQJksrkHkh
; g fu' p; dj ysrkgSfd bl okD; dk; g v FkZgSrFkkbl v FkZesadksbZrkRi; ZughagS Abl çdkj
l s' kCnt U;cks/ esadkj.khHkwr rkRi; ZdkD; ky{k.kgSrksdgrsgS arRçrhfrt uu; ksX; RoarkRi; Z
e~
Aml
v FkZdhçrhfr osQKku dkt uu ; ksX; rkghrkRi; ZgS A, slkdgkt krkgS A; gk¡i j v FkZi jd okD;
gh l k/ uk pkfg, rFkk ml osQi n l s ml osQv FkZdk gh xzg.k djuk pkfg, A bl çdkj l s
rnFkkZuqHkot uuLo: i ; ksX; Ro gh rkRi; Zdk y{k.k çfri Q fyr gksrk gS
At Sl s?kj esa?kV gS( xsgs?kV%
v fLr) ; gk¡ i j xsg ' kCn l sxsg esal IrehfoHkfÙkQof̀r Ro rFkk ?kV ' kCn l s?kV dh mi fLFkfr] xsg
rFkk?kV os Ql laxZl svk/ kj v k/ s; Hkko dkxsgof̀Ùk?kV bl çdkj os Qv kdkj dkcks/ gksrkgS Abl fy,
?kj esa?kV gSbl okD; dkxsgof̀Ùk?kV bl çdkj osQv kdkj i j v FkZl k/ u djukpkfg, Aml çdkj
osQv FkZdht ksçrhfr gkrshgSml dht uu ; ksX; rkbl okD; esagksrhgSD; ksa fd ; g okD; xsgof̀Ùk?kV
bl çdkj v kdkj osQcks/ dkst Ue nsrk gS Aml l sxsgof̀Ùk?kV bl çdkj osQv kdkj okyk v uq Hko
t uuLo: i ; ksX; xsg ?kVl a l xZ
t uu Lo: i ; ksX; gksrsgSAog ghrkRi; Zgksrk gS
a Abl fy, ?kj esa?kV
gS( xsgs?kV% ) bl okD; dk xsgof̀Ùk?kV bl : i esarkRi; Zgksrk gS ArFkk , slk O;ogkj Hkh gksrk gSA
( xsgs?kV%
) ?kj esa?kV gSbl okD; l sxsgof̀Ùk : i i V bl çdkj osQv kdkj dk cks/ ugha
gksrkgSAbl fy, ; g okD; xsgof̀Ùki êðbl çdkj osQv kdkj dkv uq Hko t uu Lo: i ; ksX; ughagksrk
gS
Afdl çdkj l sughagksrk gSrc dgrsgS abl okD; dk xsgof̀Ùki V~ V bl v FkZesarkRi; Zughagksrk
gS
AD; ksafd ; fn ?kj esa?kV gSbl okD; dk xsgof̀Ùki V bl v FkZesarkRi; Zgksrk gSrks; g okD;
xsgof̀Ùki V bl çdkj osQv kdkj osQv uqHkot uuLo: i ; ksX; Hkhgksukpkfg, Aml osQ}kjkbl okD;
dk xsgof̀Ùki V bl çdkj osQv kdkj dk cks/ gksrk gS Aysfdu xsgs?kV%bl okD; l sxsgof̀Ùk: i i V
esarkRi; Zughagksrk gS
Abl fy, oS l k cks/ ughagksrk gS
A
rRçrhfr t uu ; kX
s; Ro ghrkRi; Zdky{k.kgSl R; gksusi j Hkht c dksbZi q
#"kHkkst u osQl e;
esayo.kykusdhbPNkl s^l S U/oe~v ku; * ; g okD; dgkgSArc ^l S U/oe~v ku; * ; g okD; yo.k

136 mPpr j ekè; fed

v kxe[ k. M i kB&9
ykusosQfo"k; esarkscks/i jd gSysfdu v ' o ( ?kksM+
s) ykusosQfo"k; esaHkh gksus; ksX; gS
Aml osQ v kxe[ k. M
}kjk yo.k ykusdh bPNk osQ}kjk mPpkfjr l S U/oe~v ku; okD; l srksv ' oe~v ku; bl çdkj
osQv FkZdh Hkh çrhfr Hkh gksrh gS
Aysfdu Hkkst u dky esav ' oku; ufo"k; d cks/ b"V ughagS A
bl h çdkj fdl h i q#"k us; k=kk dky osQl e; v ' o dksykusdh bPNk l sl S U/oe~v ku;
; g okD; dgkArc l S U/oe~vku; i w oZor~; g okD; v ' o v ku; u fo"k; d cks/ i jd gksrkgq v kued
ykusosQfo"k; esaHkh cks/ i jd gksrk gS Aft l l sv ' o ykusdh bPNk l smPpkfjr okD; dh ued
ykv ksbl bl çdkj osQv FkZdhHkhçrhfr gkrsh gS ] ysfdu ; k=kk osQl e; ued ykusokyk fo"k;
cks/ b"V ughagSArksrRçrhfrt uu; ksX; Ro rkRi; yZ{k.knks"k; qÙkQfn• kbZnsrkgSAbl fy, nf' kZ
r nks"kosQ
fuokj.kosQfy, osnkfUr; ksaosQ}kjkrkRi; Zdky{k.ki fj"Ñr fd; kx; kgS Ai fj"Ñr y{k.kdkLo: i è; ku nsa
%
gSrRçrhfrt uu; ksX; Rosl fr rnU;çrhrhPN; kuq PpfjrRoarkRi; Z RofefrArRoçrhfrt uu; ksX; Ro gksusi j
rnU;çrhr bPNkosQ}kjkt ksv uq Ppfjr rRo gkrskgSog rkRi; ZdgykrkgS Abl çdkj l sHkkst u osQ
l e; esaç; qÙkQ' kCn ^l S
U/oav ku; * ; g okD; ued ykusokysv FkZdhbPNk l scksy kx; k] u dh
v ' o dksykv ksbl bPNkl scksy kx; kAbl fy, Hkkst u osQl e; esaç; q ÙkQl SU/oe~v ku; ; g okD;
yo.kv ku; bl çdkj dhçrhfrt uu ; ksX; Ro okykgS ] v kS
j ued ykv ksbl l sfHkUu v ' o dksykv ks
bl çdkj dh Hkh çrhfr djkrk gS Abl fy, Hkkts u osQl e; esal S U/oe~v ku; bl okD; l syo.k
v ku; u fo"k; d ghcks/ gksrkgS Au dhv ' o v ku; u fo"k; cks/Abl hçdkj ; k=kkdky osQl e;
esaç; q
ÙkQl S
U/oe~v ku; ] ; g okD; v ' oe~v ku; ] bl çdkj osQv FkZl e>usokyhbPNkl smPpfjr
fd; k x; k Fkk u dh ued ykusdh bPNk l sAbl fy, ; k=kk dky esal S U/oe~v ku; ] bl okD; l s
v ' o vku; u fo"k; d ghcks/ gksrkgS Au dhyo.kv ku; u fo"k; cks/Abl çdkj l s; g ; k=kkdky
osQl e; l S U/oe~v ku; ; g okD; v ' o dksykusosQfo"k; esagh cks/ dksmRiUu djrk gSu dh
yo.k dksykusosQfo"k; esa A

uS
; kf; d er • . Mu
uS; kf; d yksx rRçrhfr bPNkosQ}kjk mPpfjrRo dksrkRi; ZdgrsgS Aml dkv FkZ; g gSfd
a
oÙkQkv U; t xg Locks/ l n`' kv U;cks/ dhmRifÙkosQfy, bu okD; ksal s; g v FkZt kuukpkfg, bl
dkfjdkosQ}kjkbPNkl sokD; dkmPpkj.kdjrkgS Aogk¡i j okD; dh, rn~v FkZçrhfr gksusokyh
bPNk osQ}kjk mPpkj.k l st ksJksrk dhrRçrhfr bPNk osQ}kjk mPpfjr rRo dk v o/ kj.k gksrk gS ]
ml çdkj dh rRçrhfr bPNk osQ}kjk mPpfjr rRo gh rkRi; Zdgykrk gS A
uS
; kf; dksaosQbl y{k.kesanks"kgS Aoks; sgS afd t ksosnkFkZdksughat kurkgS] ysfdu osn okD; ksa
dk mPpkj.kdjrk gSrc ; fn Jksrk osnkFkZdksl e>usaesav f/ dkjhgksrkgSrksml dksv FkZdk cks/
rksgksrk ghgS A; gk¡i j oÙkQ k dhbPNk ughagS Aog rksv FkZdksHkhughat kurk gS ] bl fy, dgk¡l s
ml smPpkfjr okD; osQv FkZcks/ dhbPNkmRiUu gksxhAml osQ}kjkogk¡i j rRçrhfr bPNkosQ}kjk
mPpfjrRo dksrkRi; Zdk y{k.kLohdkj djsarksJksrkdksml okD; l sv FkZcks/ ughagksukpkfg, A
ysfdu ml l srksv FkZcks/ gksrk gS Abl fy, rRçrhfr bPNk osQ}kjk mPpfjr rRo rkRi; Zdk y{k.k
ughagS Aogk¡i j uS ; kf; d v i usi {k dksn`<+djrsgq , dgrsgS afd oÙkQk v FkZt kurkgS; k ugha; g
rksJksrkughat kursgS AoqQN Jksrk Hkzeo' krkRi; Zdksxzg.k djrsgS Abl çdkj l srkRi; ZosQKku l s
a
' kkCncks/ l EHko gksrk gS Abl fy, ; g nks"k ughagS Arc fl ¼kUrh t u dgrsgS afd t c oÙkQ k t kurk
gS; k ugha; g ckr Jksrk ughat kurk gSrksogk¡ i j rkRi; ZosQHkze l s' kCn cks/ gksAfi Q j Hkh ; fn
oÙkQ k v FkZughat kurk gSrksJksrk fu' p; i w oZ
d t kurk gSfd ml LFky esaD; k djuk pkfg, AoÙkQ k

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 137
 i kB&9 v kxe[ k. M

v kxe[ k. M osQv FkZKku ' kw

U;Ro osQv o/ kfjr gksusosQdkj.k Jksrk dksrkRi; Z
Hkze gksuk l EHko ughagS
AHkysgh
oÙkQ
k v FkZ
Kku' kw
U; gS; g Kku rkRi; ZHkze osQfo#¼ gS A
v c uS
; kf; d v i usi {kdki q
u%LFkki u djrsgq
, dgrsgS afd oÙkQ kv FkZughaHkht kusysfdu
osn osQfdl okD; l sD; kv FkZl e>ukpkfg, bl çdkj l sbZ ' oj dkrksrkRi; ZgksrkghgS Abl fy,
ml çdkj osQrkRi; ZKku osQ}kjk' kkC/ cks/ gksukpkfg, Arc fl ¼kUrhdgrkgSfd t ksi w oZehekald
bZ
' oj dksughal e>rsgSysfdu ososnokD; ksadksl qursgS
arksO;R
qi Uuka
sdks' kkCncks/ gksrkghgSAbl fy,
; g oSQl sHkh fl ¼ ughagksl drk gS A

è; ku nsa
% 9-4) v kxe Hksn
osnkUr' kkL=kesav kxeçek.kosQnksHksnksadko.kZ u gS ai kS
#"ks; rFkkv i kS
#"ks;Aogk¡i kS#"ks; ' kCn
dk O;q RifÙkyH; v FkZgkrsk gS ] iq
#"k osQ}kjk fd; k x; k i kS #"ks; dgykrk gS Aml l sfHkUu v i kS #"ks;
dgykrk gS Abl fy, jkek; .k egkHkkjr v kfn xzUFk okYehfd l sysd j i q #"kksaosQ}kjk fd; sx; sgS
bl fy, ; si kS #"ks; dgykrsgS Aysfdu osnksaosQfo"k; esa' kkL=kKksaesaerHksn gS
a Aml fo"k; esa feeka ld
dgrsgS afd osn fuR; gS arFkk mudk jpf; rk dksbZHkh ughagSbl fy, osn fdl h Hkh i q #"k osQ}kjk
fd; sx; sughagS Abl fy, osn v i kS
a #"ks; gS AuS; kf; d dgrsgS adh osn bZ' oj osQ}kjk cuk; sx; sgS A
bl fy, osn i kS #"ks; gS
AosnkfUr yksx dgrsgS adhosn i jes'oj i q #"kosQ}kjkghcuk; sx; sgS afi Qj Hkh
osv i k#S"ks; gS
Aysfdu ; fn osn i #
a q"kos Q}kjk jpsx; sgSrksi q #"kosQ}kjkt ksfd; kt k, og rksi k# S"ks;
dgyrkgSfi Q j osn fdl çdkj l svi kS #"ks; gq
, ] bl çdkj dkç' u mRiUu gksrkgS Arc osnkfUr dgrs
gSai q
#"k osQ}kjk fd; k x; k i kS #"ks; rFkk ml l sfHkUu v i kS #"ks; ughagksrk gS Av fi rqosnkUr ' kkL=k es a
i kS
#"ks; dhrFkkv i kS #"k;s dhfHkUu ghi fjHkk"kkgS Aft l osQ}kjk osnksadksi kS
#"ks; rFkk osnfHkUukasdk
v i kS
#"ks; fl ¼ gksrkgS A
oksbl çdkj l sgS

i kS
#"ks;
i kS
#"ks; fdl sdgrsgS \ rksdgrsgS
a afd l t krh; ksPpkj.kkui s{kksPpkj.kfo"k; i kS
#"ks;%v FkkZ
r ~t ks
mPpkj.kl t krh; mPpkj.kdgykrkgSrFkkog v i usl eku v uq iw ohZmPpkj.kdhv i s{kkughadjrk
gSog l t krh; mPpkj.kv ui s{kmPpkj.kgksrkgSml çdkj osQmPpkj.kdkt ksfo"k; gSog i kS #"ks;
dgykrk gS Al t krh; l s; gk¡ i j v uq iw
ohZdk xzg.k djuk pkfg, ArFkk ft l okD; dk l ekukuq iw
ohZ
okD; v UrjksPpkj.k fuji {skmPpkj.kfd; k t krkgSog i kS #"ks; dgykrk gS At Sl segkHkkjr v kfn dk
l ekuq
iwohZ
okD; UrjksPpkj.k fuji s{k gksrk gS
A dkj.k ; g gSfd egkHkkjr osQl eku v uq iw
ohZf}rh;
egkHkkjr ughagS Av kS
j v i usl eku v uq iw
ohZl ki s{kmPpkj.kesai Q y HkhughagS Aml l segkHkkjr v kfn
dkmPpkj.kLol eku v uq iw
ohZokD; Urj mPpkj.kfuji s{kghfd; kt krkgS Abl hçdkj jkek; .kv kfn
dkHkhAbl fy, jkek; .k] egkHkkjr] v "Vkn' ki jqk.krFkkdkfynkl ç.khr dkO; i k# S"k;s gSosn l sfHkUu
osn okÄ~e; e Hkh i kS#"ks; gS
A

ew
y Hkko
O;kl okYehfd v kfn ½f"kgj l f̀"V esafHkUu&fHkUu egkHkkjr rFkkjkek; .kkfn dhjpukdjrs
gS
Aml l sbu xzUFkksadhv uq
a iw
ohZgj ; q
x esafHkUu&fHkUu gksrhgS
Abl fy, O;kl usi gysdhl f̀"V esa

138 mPpr j ekè; fed

v kxe[ k. M i kB&9
t ksegkHkkjr dhjpukdhFkhml l sfHkUu egkHkkjr dhjpuknw l jhl f̀"VesadhgS Abl hçdkj v U;ksa v kxe[ k. M
dksHkhl e>ukpkfg, Aogk¡l segkHkkjr v kfn dkmPpkj.kLol ekukuq iwohZ
okD; kUrjksPpkj.kfuji s{kgh
gksrkgS
Aml l s; sxzUFki kS #"ks; dgykrsgS
] ysfdu ; sxzUFkv kIri q
a #"kksaosQ}kj jpsx; sgS Abl fy, ; s
l Hkhçek.kHkwr xzUFk gksrsgSA

v i kS
#"ks;
v i kS
#"ks; fdl s d gr s gS a\ r c dgr s gS a fd t ks okD; fu; e osQ } kj k l eku
v kuq
iwohZ
l ekukuqiwohZ
okD; kUrjksPpkj.kl ki s{k gh mPpkfjr gksrk gSog v i kS #"ks; dgykrk gS At Sls
osnokD; Adkj.k i jes'oj i w oZl xZ
fl ¼ osn l eku v kuq iw
ohZ
d osn nw l jsl xZesaHkh jprk gSAu dh è; ku ns
a
%
iw
oZl xZ
fl ¼osnfHkUu v uq iwohZosn dksAml l sçfrl xZesaosn dhv uq iw
ohZfHkUu ughagksrh gS
Av kSj og
rksl eku ghjgrhgS Abl fy, i w olZxZfl ¼ os Ql eku v uqiwohZosnkUrj osQl Ro l sml hosQl eku v uqiw
ohZ
osn dknw l jsl xZ( ; xq) easi jes'oj fi Qj l smPpkj.kdjrkgS ] ml l sosnksadkl eku v uq
iwohZokD; Urj
mPpkj.k l ki s{k mPpkj.k gksrkgS Abl fy, osn v i kS #"ks; gSA

ew
y Hkko
i jes'oj osQ}kjkl f̀"V osQfuekZ. kdky esaosn dhHkhjpukdhxbZ ] ysfdu mUgksa
usuohu osn
dhjpukughadhv fi rqi w oZ fl ¼ osn dhghjpukdhvFkkZ r ~t ksv kuq
iw
ohd
Z osnokD; i gysFkkml osQ
l eku v kuq iwohd
Z dh gh jpuk dhA bl fy, osnksadhjpuk osQfo"k; esadgk Hkh x; k gS afd t S
ls
fo/ krkesai w oZadYi ukdhFkhAt S l si gysFksmudhdYi ukdhxbZu dhuohu dhAbl fy, osnkUr
i fjHkk"kk esaHkh dgk x; k gSafdµ
^rFkkp l xkZ| dkysi jes'oj%i w oZfl ¼osnkuqiw
ohlZekukuq
iw
ohZ
d aosnajfproku~ ] u rqrf}t krh; fefr
u l t krh; ksPpkj.kkui s{kksPpkj.kfo"k; Roai kS
#"ks;Roe~
AHkkjrknhukarql t krh; ksPpkj.kkui s{; S
oksPpkj.kfefr
rs
"kkai k#
S"k;sRoe~
A*
v FkkZ
r ~l f̀"V osQv kfndky esai jes'oj usi w
oZfl ¼ osnksaosQv uq
iw
ohZosQl eku v uq iw
ohZosn dh
jpukdhog jpukmul sfHkUu ughaFkhv kS j ughal t krh; mPpkj.kvui s{kmPpkj.kfo"k; Ro i k# S"k;sRo
okyhFkhAegkHkkjr v kfn dkrksl t krh; mPpkj.kv ui s{; mPpkj.kgksusl sosi kS #"ks; l s; q
ÙkQgksrh
gSAosQ}kjk i w oZØel n`' kØeo}snjk' khosQmRiUuRo l sbl okD; dk i w oZl xZ
fl ¼l ekukuqiw
ohZ
okD; ksUrj
l ki s{k ghmPpkj.k gksrk gS Abl fy, osn v i kS
#"k;s gSA
l oZ
K v kfn bZ
' oj

i kBxr ç' u 9-1

1- osnkUrer esafdrusçek.k gksrsgS
\
a
2- ' kCn çek.k dk D; k y{k.k gS
\
3- of̀Ùk dk D; k y{k.k gksrk gS
\
4- ' kfÙkQfdl sdgrsgS
\
a

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 139
 i kB&9 v kxe[ k. M

v kxe[ k. M 5- y{k.kk fdl sdgrsgS

\
a
6- osQ
oy y{k.kk fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
7- t gr~y{k.kk fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
8- v t gr~y{k.kk fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
9- t gr~v t gr~y{k.kk fdl sdgrsga
\
S
10- v kdkÄ~
{kk fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
è; ku nsa
%
11- v kl fÙk fdl sdgrsgS
\
a
12- rkRi; Zdk D; k y{k.k gS
\
13- i kS
#"ks;Ro fdl sdgrsga
\
S
14- v i kS
#"ks;Ro fdl sdgrsgS
\
a

i kB l kj
bl i kB esa' kCn çek.kdkfu#i .kfd; kx; kgS Aml esa' kkCncks/ osQdj.kdksgh' kCnçek.k
dgrsgS arFkk ' kCn l smRiUu cks/ gh ' kkC/ cks/ bl çdkj l st kuk t krk gSrFkk ' kCnt U; cks/ osQ
çfr of̀ÙkKku dkj.kgkrskgS Aof̀ÙkosnkUr ' kkL=kesa' kfÙkQ
y{k.kHksn l snksçdkj dhgksrhgS Aogk¡i j
i nkFkks±esat kseq[ ; of̀ÙkgksrhgSog ' kfÙkQuke l sdght krhgS ALockè s; l EcU/ y{k.kkgksrhgS
Aml osQ
ckn y{k.kk osQHksnksadk fu: i .k fd; k x; kAml osQckn ; gk¡ i j ' kkCncks/ osQçfr l gdkfjdkj.kksa
dkfu: i .kfd; kx; kAospkj gksrsgS Av kdkÄ~
a {kk; kX
s; rk] v kl fÙkrFkkrkRi; ZKkuAml osQckn v kxe
osQHksnksesai kS : "ks; rFkk v i kS
#"ks; dk o.kZ
u fd; k x; k gS A

v ki usD; k l h[ kk
 v }S
r osnkUr osQer esa' kCn i zek.k]
 ' kCn i zek
 of̀Ùk dkst kudj ' kfDr osQy{k.k rFkk Hksnksadkst kuk]
 y{k.kk osQcht dkst kuk]
 ' kkCncks/ esaD; k l gdkjh gksrk gS; g t kuk]
 osnkUrer esaosn dsui kS
: "ks;Ro rFkk v i kS
: "k; sRo dkst kukA

140 mPpr j ekè; fed

v kxe[ k. M i kB&9
v kxe[ k. M
i kBkUr ç' u
1- ' kCn çek.k osQy{k.k dk çfri knu dhft , A
2- ' kfÙkQosQLo: i dk çfri knu dhft , A
3- y{k.kk osQLo: i dksfyf• , A
4- y{k.kk osQHksnksadksfyf• , A
5- yf{kr y{k.kk osQLo: i dk mnkgj.k l fgr çfri knu dhft , A è; ku nsa
%
6- rkRi; ZosQLo: i dk çfri knu dhft , A
7- i kS
#"ks;Ro rFkk v i kS
#"ks;Ro dk o.kZ
u dhft , A
8- v kdkÄ~
{kk osQLo: i dk çfri knu dhft , A
9- v kl fÙk osQLo: i dk çfri knu dhft , A
10- t gr~y{k.kk osQLo: i dk çfri knu dhft , A
11- v t gr~y{k.kk osQLo: i dk çfri knu dhft , A
12- t gr~v t gr~y{k.kk osQLo: i dksfyf• , A
13- ; ksX; rk osQLo: i dk çfri knu dhft , A
14- y{k.kk esacht fdl çdkj gksrk gS
\ bl dk çfri knu dhft , A
15- v Uo; dh mi i fÙk rFkk y{k.kk osQcht er dk fujkdj.k dhft , A

i kBxr ç' uksaosQmÙkj 9-1

1- osnkUru; s"kV~çek.kkfu l fUrA
2- ekukUrjkckf/ rrkRi; Z
fo"k; hHkw
r l laxkZ
uq
HkkodokD; Roa' kCnçek.kRoe~
3- ' kkCncks/kuq
dwy i ni nkFkZ
l EcU/Ro of̀r Ro gksrk gS
A
4- i nkFkks±esat kseq
[ ; of̀Ùk gksrh gSog ' kfÙkQdgykrh gS
A
5- Locksè; l EcU/ y{k.kk dgykrk gS
A
6- ' kD; dk l k{kkr~l EcU/ osQ
oy y{k.kk gksrk gS
A
7- ' kD; osQv uUrHkkZ
O; esat gk¡ i j v FkkZ
Urj dh çrhfr gksrh gSogk¡ i j t gr~y{k.kk gksrh gS
A
8- t gk¡ i j ' kD; kFkZosQv UrHkkO; v FkkZ
Urj dh çrhfr gksrh gSogk¡ i j v t gr~y{k.kk gksrh gS
A

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 141
 i kB&9 v kxe[ k. M

v kxe[ k. M 9- t gk¡ i j fof' k"V okpd ' kCn v i usv FkZosQ, d ns'k dksNksM+
d j nw
l jsns'k esajgrsgSogk¡
t gr~rFkk v t gr~y{k.kk gksrhgS A
10- i nkFkks±dh i jLi j ft Kkl k fo"k; Ro v kdka
{kk dgykrhgS
A
11- v O;o/ ku osQ}kjk i nt U; i nkFkks±dh mi fLFkfr v kl fÙk gksrh gS
A
12- rkRi; Z
fo"k; l a
l xZdk cks/ ; ksX; rk dgykrh gS
A
13- rRçrhfr t uu; kX
s; Ro gksusi j rnU;çrhfr dhbPNkosQ}kjk mPpfjr rRo rkRi; Z
Ro gksrk gS
A
è; ku nsa
% 14- l t krh; mPpkj.kv ui s{k mPpkj.k fo"k; i kS
#"ks; gksrk gS
A
15- l ekukuq
iw
ohZ
d okD; kUrjksPpkj.kl ki s{kes
oksPpk; Z
r srn~v i k#
S"ks;e~
A

142 mPpr j ekè; fed

v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk v uq
i y fC/ [ k. M i kB&10
v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk
v uqi y fC/ [ k. M
10

v FkkZ
i fÙk• . Mr Fkk v uq
i y fC/ • . M è; ku nsa
%

osnkUr' kkL=k esaN%çek.kgksrsgSAosgSçR;{k] v uq eku] mi eku] ' kCn] v FkkZ

i fÙk] v uq
i yfCèkA
buesaçR;{k v uq eku mi eku ' kCn bu çek.kksaosQfo"k; ksaesai w
oZi kB esafoLrkj l si <+fy; k gS Abl
i kB esav FkkZ
i fÙkçek.k osQfo"k; esarFkk v uqi yfC/ çek.k osQfo"k; esai <+ xsA
sa

mís';
bl i kB dksi <+
d j v ki l {ke gksa
xs_
 v FkkZ
i fÙk çek dkst ku i kusesa
_
 v FkkZ
i fÙk çek.k dkst ku i kusesa
_
 v FkkZ
i fÙk osQHksn dkst ku i kusesa
_
 v uq
i yfC/ çek.k dkst ku i kusesa
_
 v Hkko osQHksnksadkst ku i kusesa
_
 çkek.; okn dk l kekU; i fjp; çkIr djusesa
_

10-1) v FkkZ
i fÙkçek. k
v FkkZ
i fÙk çek.kbl ' kCn dk v FkZgksrkgS
] v FkkZ
i fÙkçekdj.kAogk¡i j fdl çekdk dj.k
gS, slk ç' u gksusi j v FkkZ
i fÙk çek dk ghdj.k ; gk¡i j xzg.k djuk pkfg, A
dkj.k ; g gSfd v FkkZ i fÙk' kCn çekokpd HkhgSrFkk çek.k okpd HkhgS AD; ksa
fd t c v FkZ
dhv ki fÙkgksrhgSrc ml sv FkkZ i fÙkdgrsgS abl çdkj l s; gk¡i j "k"Bhl ekl Lohdkj fd; kt krk
gS
] rc ; g ' kCn çekokpd gksrk gS A; gk¡i j v ki fÙk ' kCn dkv FkZgSdYi ukgksuk] v FkkZ r v FkZdh
dYi ukdjukAt c vFkZdhvki fÙkgkrshgSft l l A s , slkv FkZdjusi j ; gk¡i j cgq
ozhfg l ekl LohÑr
gksrkgS
] rc ; gk¡i j ; g ' kCn çek.kokpd gksrkgS Av kSj bl dkvFkZgkrskgS AvFkZdhdYi ukdjukA

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 143
 i kB&10 v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk v uq
i y fC/ [ k. M

v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk ml l sv FkkZi fÙk çek dk t ksdj.k gksrk gSog gh v FkkZ i fÙk çek.k dgykrk gSA bl çdkj l s
v FkkZ
i fÙkçekdj.kghv FkkZ i fÙkçek.kRo gksrkgS
] ; g y{k.ki Qfyr gksrkgS
Aml os
Qckn v FkkZ
i fÙkçek.k
v uqi y fC/ [ k. M osQKku osQfy, v FkkZ i fÙk çek dk Kku v ko' ; d gksrk gSAbl fy, i gysv FkkZ
i fÙk çek dk y{k.k
çfri kfnr fd; k t k jgk gS A

10-2) v FkkZ
i fÙkçek
^mi i k| Kkusuksii knddYi ue~v FkkZ i fÙk%* v FkkZ
r ~mi i k| Kku osQ}kjkmi i knd dhdYi ukgh
v FkkiZfÙkçekgS Aogk¡i j mi i k| fdl sdgrsgSrFkkmii knd D; kgksrkgS Arc dgrsgSft l osQfcuk
è; ku nsa
% t ksmRiUu gksrkgSog ogk¡i j mi i k| dgykrk gS Aft l osQv Hkko esaft l dhv uq i i fÙkgkrshgSog
ogk¡ i j mi i knd gksrk gS At S
l s; g eksVk nsonÙk fnu esaugha• krk gS AbR;kfn esafnu esaugha• kus
okyk i huRo mi i k| gS A( i hu LFkw
y bl çdkj l s) rFkk jkf=k Hkkst u mi i knd gS Aogk¡ i j mi i k|
y{k.k esa; su bl i n l smi i knd dk xzg.k djuk pkfg, At S l sçÑr esaft l jkf=k Hkkst u osQfcuk
t ksfnu esafnok¿Hkq ×k~t kufu"Bi huRo gSog mi i k| gS Ami i knd y{k.k esaçFke osQ}kjk ^; L; * bn
i n os Q}kjkmii knd dkxz g.kdjukpkfg, t S l sft l jkf=kHkktsu osQvHkko esafno¿Hk× qk~t kufu"Bi huRo
v uqi i fÙk gS
] og jkf=k Hkkst u ghmi i knd dgk t krk gS A

v k' k; ; g gS
fnu esaHkkst u djusokyk ; fn jkf=k esaHkkst u ughadjsxk rksog i huRo ( eksVki k) dksçkIr
ughagksxkAysfdu ml esai huRo ns• k t k jgk gSbl fy, ml osQi huRo osQmi i fÙk osQfy, ( l eFkZ u
osQfy, ) jkf=kosQHkkst u dhdYi ukdjuhpkfg, Aml jkf=kosQHkkst u osQ}kjki huRo dhmi i fÙk
gksrkgSrFkkjkf=kosQHkkst u osQv Hkko esai huRo dhv uq i i fÙkgksusosQdkj.ki huRo mi i k| gksrkgSA
v FkkZ
r ~v FkkZ
i fÙkçek.k gksrkgS
A; gkami i knd l a
Kki Q y gksrkgS Av FkkZ
r ~mi i nd Kku çek gksrhgS A
ft l l seksVk ; g nsonÙkfnu esaugha• krkgSbR;kfn esafno¿Hkq ×k~
t kufu"Bi huRo Kku v FkkZ
i fÙkçek.k
dgykrk gSrFkk jkf=k Hkkts u v FkkZ
i fÙkçek gksrhgS
A

10-2-1) mi i k| Roy {k. k

ft l osQfcuk t ksmRiUu gksrk gSog mi i k| dgykrk gS ] bl çdkj l smi i k| dk Lo: i
çfri kfnr fd; kt kpq d k gSAml dkghi fj"Ñr y{k.k; g gS& rnHkkoO;ki dhHkw r kHkkoçfr; ksfxRoe~
mi i k| Roe~ Aml osQv Hkko dksgh; gk¡ i j ^rnHkko* dgk x; k gS ArnHkko dk O;kdi d v Hkko bl
çdkj l s rnHkkoO;ki dhHkw r kHkkok dgk t krk gS A rnHkkoO;ki dhHkw r kHkko dk çfr; ksxh gh
rnHkkO;ki dhHkw r kHkkoçfr; ksxhdgk t krk gS A; g ml i n osQmi i kndRo osQ}kjk v fHker oLrqdks
i jke' kZdgrsgS Abl çdkj l seksVk ; g nsonÙk fnu esaugha• krk gS
a ] bR;kfn esaml i n l smi i knd
osQjkf=kosQHkkst u dkxzg.kgksrkgS Aml dkv Hkko ; gk¡i j jkf=kosQHkkstu dkv Hkko gksrkgS Aml dk
O;ki dhHkw r kHkko ghfnok¿Hkq ×k~
t kufu"Bi huRokHkko gSAD; ksa
fd ; gk¡t gk¡jkf=kHkkst u dk v Hkko gSogk¡
ogk¡fnok¿Hkq ×k~
t kufu"Bi huRokHkko gksrkgSbl çrhfr osQ}kjkjkf=kHkkstu osQvHkko dkO ; ki dhHkrwkHkko
fnok¿Hkq ×k~
t kufu"Bi huRokHkko gksrkgS A; gk¡i j fnu esaugha• kusi j jkf=kHkkst u osQvHkko gksusi j i # q"k
l kekU; esafnok¿Hk× qk~
t kuRo l ekukf/ dj.ki huRoHkko n' ku Z ghçek.kgS Aog jkf=kHkkst u vHkko O ; ki dh
Hkw
r kHkko fnok¿Hkq ×k~
t kufu"Bi huRokHkko gksrkgSrFkkml dkçfr; ksxhfnok¿Hkq ×k~
t kufu"Bi huRo gksrkgS
bl fy, çÑr esafnok¿Hkq ×k~t kufu"Bi huRo mi i k| gS A

144 mPpr j ekè; fed

v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk v uq
i y fC/ [ k. M i kB&10
10-2-2) mi i knd Roy {k. k v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk
ft l osQv Hkko esaft l dhv uq
i i fÙk gksrhgSog mi i knd gksrk gSrFkk mi i knd dk Lo: i v uqi y fC/ [ k. M
çfri kfnr fd; kt kpq d kgSAml dkghi fj"Ñr Lo: i ; g gS& mii k| kHkkoO ; kI; Hkw
r kHkkoçfr; ksfxRoe~
mii kndRoe~ A
tS l seksV nsonÙkfnu esaugha• krkgSbR;kfn esami i k| fnok¿Hkq×k~
t kufu"Bi huRo gSrFkkml dk
v Hkko fnok¿Hkq ×k~
t kufu"Bi huRo dkv Hkko dgykrkgSv kS j ml dkO;kI; Hkw
r v Hkko jkf=kHkkst u dk
v Hkko gksrk gSAt gk¡&t gk¡jkf=k Hkkst u dk v Hkko gksrk gSogk¡ogk¡fnok¿Hkq×k~
t kufu"Bi huRo dk Hkh
v Hkko gksrkgS] bl çrhfr l sjkf=kHkkst u dkv Hkko O;kI; Ro gksrkgSAml dkçfr; ksxhjkf=kdkHkkst u è; ku nsa
%
gksrk gS
Abl fy, jkf=k dk Hkkst u mi i knd gS A

10-2-3) v FkkZ
i fÙkHksn
v FkkZ
i fÙk osQnksçdkj gksrsgS
An`"VkFkkZ
a i fÙk rFkk Jq
r kFkkZ
i fÙkA

n`"VkFkkZ
i fÙk
n`"Vl s' kCnsrj çek.kçfefr v FkZos Q}kjkv n`"Vv FkZdhdYi ukn`"VkFkkZ i fÙkdgykrhgS Aft l
çdkj dksbZO;fÙkQdHkh l eq ærV i j x; kAogk¡ ml usl eq ærV i j i M+ h gq
bZl w
fÙkQdksns• kAysfdu
nf̀"Vnks"kosQdkj.kog v PNhçdkj l s; g ughat ku i k; k dh; g l w fÙkQgS
Aysfdu ml usl kspkdh
; g pka nhgS Abl çdkj l snf̀"Vnks"ko' kml dks' khfi esapk¡nhdkKku gksx; kAml osQckn t c ml us
i kl esat kdj osQns• k rc ml osQHkze dk fujkdj.k gksx; k dh ; g pk¡nhughagSv fi rq' kq fÙkQgh
gSA; fn ' kqfÙkQ
dkfn esaçrh; eku jt r l R; gksrk rksml O;fÙkQdh , slh fu"ks/ cq f¼ ughagksrh dh
; g jt r ughagS Aysfdu ogk¡i j ml dhfu"ks/ cq f¼ gksrkgS Abl fy, l hi hv kfn esafn• kbZnsusokyh
pk¡nhl R; ughagSv fi rqHkze gS ] bl çdkj dhfu"ks/ cq f¼ ml O;fÙkQdhgkst krhgS Abl fy, ; gk¡
i j n`"V v FkZosQ}kjk v n`"V feF; kRo : i dhog O;fÙkQdYi ukdjrk gSbl fy, ; g n`"VkFkkZ i fÙk
dgykrh gS A; g pk¡nh ughagSbl çdkj osQfuf"kè; ekuRo dk Kku çek.kHkw r v FkkZ i fÙk gksrk gS A
çrh; eku jt r feF; k gS ] ; g fu' p; i Q yHkw
r gksrkgSv FkkZ r ~; gk¡i j çekHkw
r v FkkZ i fÙk gksrhgS Abl
çdkj l sv U; LFkku i j Hkht kuukpkfg, At S l s' kq
fÙkQesa; g jt r ughagS' kq fDr esa; g jt r ughagS
; g mi i k| gksrk gSrFkk feF; kRo mi i knd gkrsk gS Aogk¡ i j mi i k| osQy{k.k esa; su bl i n l s
mi i knd dk xzg.k djuk pkfg, At S l sçÑr esaft l feF; kRo osQfcuk ; g jt r ughagSbl çdkj
l sfl ¼ gksrkgS Abl fy, ^; g jt r ugha * gS; g mi i k| dgykrkgS Ami i knd osQy{k.kesal oZ çFke
; L; bl i n osQ}kjkmi i knd dkxzg.kdgukpkfg, At S l sft l feF; kRo osQv Hkko esaft l dk; g
jt r ughagSbl çdkj dh mi i fÙk gksrh gS ] bl fy, og feF; kRo mi i knd gS A

Jq
r kFkkZ
i fÙk
Jq
r v FkZl st ksv ki fÙkdhdYi uk dht krhgS Aog Jq r kFkkZ
i fÙkbl çdkj osQO;ogkj okyh
gksrhgS At S
l sv kReKku ; qÙkQO;fÙkQ' kksd dksi kj dj t krk gS
Av FkkZ r ~v kReKku okyk O;fÙkQcU/u
jfgr gksrk gS; gk¡ v FkZ; gk¡ i j bl Jq fr okD; dk gSAbl çdkj l sbl Jq fr osQ}kjk v kReKku&
cU/foxegsrqbl çdkj l sçfri kfnr gksrk gS Aysfdu ; g ' kCnh çrhfr rc gh mi i Uu gksrh gSt c
' kksd ' kCnokP; dk cU/ufeF; kRo gksu dhv U; çdkj l sAdkj.k ; g gSfd okLrfodrk osQ( rRo

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 145
 i kB&10 v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk v uq
i y fC/ [ k. M

v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r FkkosQ] l R; osQ ) v FkZdk ft l fdl hHkhKku l suk' k gksus; ksX; ughagS Aysfdu Jq fr okD; rksçek.k
ghgS Abl fy, Jq frokD; çek.kosQ}kjkdYi ukdht krhgSdhcU/u l R; ughagSv fi rqog feF; k
v uqi y fC/ [ k. M gh gS A ; gk¡ i j v kReKkuh O;fÙkQ' kksd l srj t krk gS ] bl okD; kFkZcks/ dh v uq i i fÙk osQ}kjk
cU/u feF; kRo dfYi r gksrk gS Abl çdkj l s; gk¡ i j cU/ufeF; kRo mi i knd gSrFkk ' kCn çrhfr
mi i k| gS Aml l s çÑr escU/ufeF; kRo l sosQfcuk' kCn çrhfr v uq i i Uu gksrhgSAbl fy, og cU/
ufeF; kRo mi i knd gS Aft l cU/ufeF; kRo v Hkko esaft l ' kCnKku dh v uq i i fÙk gksrh gS og
' kCnKku ogk¡ i j mi i k| dgykrk gS A bl çdkj l smi i kndRo cU/ufeF; kRo dk uke çek gS A
mi i k| Rokr~' kCn çrhfr dj.kçek.kdgykrhgS Abl hçdkj Jq r kFkkZ
i fÙkdkv U; mnkgj.kgS At hfor
% nsonÙk?kj esaughagS
è; ku nsa A; g Hkko gksrkgSdht hfor O;fÙkQ; krks?kj esa#drkgS; kfi Q j ckgj rhl jh
dksbZxfr gS agh ugha Aogk¡ t hfor nsonÙk ?kj esaughagS, slk l quusi j t hfor osQ?kj esaughagksusl s
cfg% l Ro ( ckgj gku sk) fcukv uq i i Uu osQvi usv ki fl ¼ gksrkgS AnsonÙkckgj gS; g fu' p; gksrk
gSAbl fy, ; gk¡i j dkb sZfoçfri fÙkughagS Aogk¡i j ft l osQfcuk t hfor xg̀ esav l Ro v uq i i Uu
gSbl fy, og cfg%l Ro ; gk¡i j mi i knd gS Aft l osQv Hkko esacfg%l Ro dkv Hkko gksrkgS ArFkk
cfg%l Ro osQv Hkko esaft l dhv uq i fIr gksrhgSog xg̀l Ro dhv uq i i fÙkdgykrhgS Abl fy, og
t hfor xg̀kl Ùo ; g mi i k| gS Abl çdkj mi i k| osQxg̀kl ÙoKku l smi i knd osQcfg%l Ùo dh
dYi ukdht krhgS Abl fy, ; gk¡i j t hforxg̀l ÙoKku dj.kghv FkkZ i fÙkçek.kgksrkgS ArFkkcfg%
l RoKku osQi Q y dk uke gh v FkkZ i fÙkçek gSA

Jq
r kFkkZ
i fÙk osQHksn
Jq
r kFkkiZfÙkHkhnksçdkj dhgkrshgS Av fHk/ kukuq
i i fÙkrFkkvfHkfgrkuq i i fÙkA' kkCnck/s v uq
i i fÙk
LFky esaJq r kFkkZ
i fÙkgksrhgSt ksçfri kfnr dht k pq d hgS Aog ' kkCncks/ v uq i i fÙkHkhnksçdkj dh
gksrh gS' kCn v uq i i fÙk rFkk v FkZv uq
i i fÙkAbl fy, ml osQHksn l sJq r kFkkZ
i fÙk osQHkh nksçdkj osQ
v ko' ; d gksrsgS A
a

v fHk/ kukuq
i i fÙk
t gk¡okD; osQ, dns'kosQJo.kesav Uo; v uq i i fÙkosQ}kjkv Uo; v fHk/ ku mi ; ksxhi nkUrj
dh dYi uk dh t krh gSogk¡ v fHk/ kukuq i i fÙk gksrh gSAv fHk/ ku v uqi i fÙk dk nw l jk uke rkRi; Z
v uqi i fÙkHkhgSAt Sl sfdl hO;fDr osQ}kjk^}kj cUn djks* bl okD; osQLFkku i j okD; osQ, dns'k
osQ
oy }kj dkç; ksx fd; kx; kAysfdu oÙkQ k; g l e>ukpkgrkgSfd }kj cUn djksAv FkkZ r ~oÙkQk
dk; gk¡i j }kj dkscUn djuk; g rkRi; ZgS Abl çdkj l sJksrkçdj.kkfn osQekè; e l sl e> t krk
gS
Aysfdu oÙkQ k osQ}kjk ç; qÙkQokD; esacan djks; g i n ughagS Aml l s}kj : i h deZesa}kj cUn
djks] ; g v FkZrksgksus; ksX; ughagS
Abl fy, ; gk¡i j oÙkQ kdkrkRi; Zv uq i i Uu dgykrkgS Abl fy,
rkRi; Zdh mi i fÙk osQfy, cUn djksbl i n dk Jksrk v è; kgkj dj ysrk gS Aml osQ}kjk }kj dks
cUn djks; g v FkZçÑr okD; l syxkfy; kt krkgS Aft l l srkRi; Zdhv uq i i fÙkdki fjgkj gkst krk
gS
A; gk¡i j }kj cUn djks; g rkRi; ZgksrkgS ] cUn djks; g mi LFkki d i n fcuk v uq i i Uu gksrsrFkk
fcuk l q usbl dhi nkUrj l sdYi uk dj yht krhgS Aft l dk }kj cUn djks; g rkRi; Zmi i k| gksrk
gS
Aml dk Kku v FkkZ i fÙk çek.k dgykrk gSAcUn djksbl i n dk v è; kgkj mi i knd dgykrk gS A
bl fy, cUn djksbl i n dk Kku ; gk¡ i j v FkkZ i fÙk çek gS A

146 mPpr j ekè; fed

v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk v uq
i y fC/ [ k. M i kB&10
v fHkfgr kuq
i i fÙk v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk
t gk¡i j okD; xr dkv uq i i UuKkRo gksusl sl r~vFkkZ Urj dhdYi ukdht krhgSogk¡v fHkfgrk v uqi y fC/ [ k. M
v uq i i fÙkns• uhpkfg, At S l sLoxZdhdkeukosQfy, T; ksfr"Vkse ; K dkv k; kst u djks; g Jq fr dk
opu gS Abl dk v FkZgSfd LoxZdhdkeu djusokysi q #"k dksT; ksfr"Vkse ; K dk v k; kst u djuk
pkfg, Abl fy, bl v FkZosQ}kjkT; ksfr"Vkse ; K dkLoxZ l k/ uRo l e>ukpkfg, AT; ksfr"Vkse ; K dh
l ekfIr osQcgq r l e; ckn ; t eku dksLoxZdk ykHk çkIr gksrk gS Abl fy, LoxZykHk osQçfr
T; ksfr"Vkse; kx l k{kkr~dkj.kgksus; ksX; ughagS Arksfi Qj T; ksfr"Vkse ; K LoxZdkoS Q
l sgS
Abl fy, ; gk¡
i j T; ksfr"Vkse; K LoxZ l k/ u gSbl okD; osQv FkZdhv uq i i fÙk gksrhgS
Abl fy, v uqi i Uu gksrsgq
,
ml v i w oZ: i l sv FkkZ Urj dhdYi ukgksrhgS ArFkkml v FkkZ Urj l sLoxZdhçkfIr gksrhgS; g i Q y è; ku ns
a
%
gksrkgS AvFkkZ r ~T; ksfr"Vkse v i w
oZdkst Ue ns r kgSrFkkog v i w oZv Ur%dj.kesafo| eku i q . ; dgykus
oky xq . k fo' ks"k gksrk gSArFkk og i q . ; LoxZosQykHk rd #drk gS A
çÑr esaT; ksfr"Vkse LoxZdkl k/ u gS; g bl okD; dkv FkZ mi i k| gS Av i w oZmi i knd gS
A
bl fy, T; ksfr"VkseLoxZ
l k/ u ; g okD; kFkZKku dkj.k gS
Abl fy, ; gk¡ i j v FkkZ
i fÙk çek.k gSrFkk
vi woZ
Kku çek gS Abl fy, v FkkZ i fÙk ghçek gS
A

; gk¡ i j ; g fo' ks"k gS

uS; kf; d yksx pkj çek.kekursgS
AçR;{k]v uq eku]mieku v kjS' kCnAmuosQ}kjkv FkkZ
i fÙkçek.k
Lohdkj fd; kughat krkgS AosdgrsgS afd v FkkZ
i fÙkçek.kosQv uq
eku esaghv UrHkkZo gksrkgS AmuosQ
er esav FkkZ
i fÙk çek.k dk osQ
oykUo; hv UrHkko
Z gSAysfdu osnkUr fl ¼kUr esaosQ
oykUo; hi nkFkZgh
Lohdkj ughafd; k t krk gS Abl fy, ogk¡ i j v UrHkkZ
o ughagksl drk gS A

i kBxr i z'u 10-1

1- v FkkZ
i fÙki n osQnksv FkZdkS
u&dkS
u l sgS
\a
2- v FkkZ
i fÙkçek dk y{k.k D; k gS
\
3- v FkkZ
i fÙkçek.kdk y{k.kD; k gS
\
4- ; g nsonÙk eksVk gSrFkk ; g fnu esaugha• krk gSbl mnkgj.k esami knd rFkk mi i k| D; k
gS\
5- mi i k| dk y{k.k fyf• , A
6- mi i knd dk y{k.k fyf• , A
7- v FkkZ
i fÙk osQfdrusHksn gksrsgS
\
8- Jq
r kFkkiZfÙk osQfdrusHksn gksrsgS
\
9- Jq
r kFkkiZfÙk dk mnkgj.k D; k gS
\

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 147
 i kB&10 v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk v uq
i y fC/ [ k. M

v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk 10-3) v uq i y fC/
v uqi y fC/ [ k. M N%çek.kksaesal cl sv U;re çek.kv uq
i yfC/ gS
Av uq
i yfC/ bl ' kCn esau×k~ rRiq#"kl ekl
gSAml dkfoxz g gSu mi yfC/ v uq i yfC/ Aft l dkv FkZgSmi yfC/ dkvHkkoAmi yfC/ osQv Hkko
osQ çek. k l s v Hkko fo"k; d k Kku mRi Uu gksrk gS A ml d k y {k. k gksrk gS &
Kkudj.kkt U;kHkkokuq Hkokl kèkj.kdkj.ke~v uq i yfC/ : i açek.ke~Av FkkZ
r ~Kku: i ht ksdj.krFkkml l s
mRiUu t ksv Hkko dk v uq Hko ml dk l k/ kj.k dkj.k] bl çdkj dk foxzg gksrk gS Av FkkZr ~Kku : i
dj.kosQ}kj t ksmRiUu gksrkgSog Kkudj.kt U; dgkt krkgS AKkudj.kt U; dkt ksv Hkko fo"k; d
% Kku ml dkt ksv l k/ kj.kdj.k og ghv uqiyfC/ çek.kdgkt krkgS
è; ku nsa Abl dkv FkZgSfd Kku: i
t ksdj.kgksrkgSml l smRiUu t ksv Hkko dkv uq Hko gksrkgSog v Hkko dkKku dgykrkgS Aml dk
t ks v l k/ kj . k d kj . k ou v uqi y fC/ çek. k l e>uk pkfg, A bl çd kj l s
Kkudj.kkt U;kHkkokuq Hkokl k/ kj.kdkj.kRo vuq i yfC/ çek.kdky{k.ki Q fyr gkrskgS A; gk¡i j ; g Hkko
gSfd ogk¡v uq fefr çek dkdj.kO;kfIrKku gksrkgSrFkkmi fefr çek dkdj.kl kn`' ; Kku gksrk
gS] v kS
j ' kCn çek dk dj.k i nKku gksrk gS Aogk¡ i j bu Kku: i dj.kksaosQ}kjk v t U; t ksv Hkko
fo"k; d v uq Hko gkrskgSAml dkv l k/ kj.kdkj.kghv uq i yfC/ çek.kdgykrkgS At Sl sHkw
r y esa?kV
dk v Hkko gksrk gS Aml dk Kku ?kV dhv uq i yfC/ gksrk gSAbl hçdkj ?kV dhv uq i yfC/ l s?kV
osQv Hkko dk Kku gksrk gS Abl hçdkj i V dhv uq i yfC/ l si V osQv Hkko dk Kku gksrk gS Abl h
çdkj v U; LFkkuksai j Hkh l e>uk pkfg, Abl fy, ?kVkfnoLrqosQKku osQv Hkko l s?kVkfnoLrqosQ
v Hkko dk Kku gksrk gS Abl çdkj l sml ml oLrqosQKku dk v Hkko gh dj.k dgykrk gS ArFkk
ml ml oLrqosQv Hkko dk Kku gh i Q y gS; g fl ¼ gksrk gS Abl çdkj ?kVkfnoLrqosQKku dk
v Hkko dj.kdgykrkgSv FkkZ r ~v uqi yfC/ çek.kgksrkgSft l l s?kVkfnoLrqdkv Hkko i Q y gksrkgS
v FkkZ
r ~çek gksrkgS A

; gk¡ i j ; g fo' ks"k gS

; fn v Hkko fo"k; d Kku osQçfr v uq i yfC/ dj.kLohdkj fd; kt k, rkst S l st kxzr v oLFkk
esa?kVkfn osQv Hkko dkKku v uq i yfC/ }kjkgksrkgS AoS l sgh' k; u dky esaHkh?kV osQv Hkko v kfn
dkKku gksukpkfg, D; kfsd ml l e; Hkh?kVkfn; ksafd v uq i yfC/ l Ro gksrhgS Aysfdu ' k; u dky
esav Hkkofo"k; d Kku ughagksrk gS Av kS
j / ekZHkkofo"k; d Kku rFkk v / eZHkko fo"k; d Kku Hkh
v uqi yfC/ osQ}kj gh gksrk gS A ysfdu dgrsgSfd osnkfUr; ksaosQ}kjk rks/ ekZ Hkkokkfo"k; dKku
v / ekZHkkofo"k; dKku rksv uq eku çek.k osQ}kjkgksrkgSu fd v uq i yfC/ osQ}kjk, slkçfri kfnr
Hkh gSAbl fy, ; gk¡i j ç' u gksrk gSdh ; fn v uq y fC/ çek.k gS arks' k; u dky esaKku D; ksaugha
gksrkgSv kSj / eZv Hkko fo"k; d Kku rFkkv / eZv Hkko fo"k; d Kku v uq y fC/ osQ}kjkD; ksaughagksrk
gSA; gk¡ i j osnkfUr dgrsagSafd osQ oy v uqi yfC/ ek=k osQ}kjk gh v Hkko dk Kku mRiUu ughagksrk
gSv fi rq; ksX; v uqi yfC/ osQ}kjk v Hkkofo"k; d Kku mRiUu gksrk gS A; fn ; ksX; v uqi yfC/ ughagS a
rksv Hkko fo"k; d Kku HkhughagksrkgS Abl çdkj v Hkko fo"k; dKku osQçfr ; ksX; v uq i yfC/ dkj.k
fl ¼ gksrh gS A
rc dgrs gS a fd ; ksX; v uq i yfC/ fdl s dgrs gS A rks ; gk¡ i j dgk t krk gS&
rfdZr &çfr; ksfxl Ùo&çl f×k~t r&çfr; ksfxdRoav uq i yC/ s%; ksX; Roe~
Av FkkZ
r ~rfdZ r l s( v i kfnr l s)
çfr; ksfxRol Ro l sçl f×k~
t r çfr; ksxhft l dk v uq i yEHkgksrkgSog rfdZ r &çfr; ksfxl Roçl f×k~
pr&
çfr; ksfxd dgykrk gSml dk Hkko rfdZ r &çfr; ksxfrl Ùo&çl f×k~t r&çfr; ksxRo gksrk gS A v FkkZr~
148 mPpr j ekè; fed
v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk v uq
i y fC/ [ k. M i kB&10
ft l dkvHkko xzg.kfd; kt krkgSml dkt ksçfr; kxshgksrkgS ] ml osQl Ro osQv f/ dj.kesardZ io d v FkkZ
wZ i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk
çl f×pr v i knku; ksX; çfr; ksxh mi yfC/ Lo: i ft l v uq i yEHkd gksrk gSog rfdZ r &çfr; ksfxl Ro
çl f×pr çfr; ksfxd gksrk gS A ml dk Hkko rfdZ r & çfr; ksfxl Ùo&çl f×pr&çfr; ksfxdRo gksrk gS A
v uqi y fC/ [ k. M
bl dk; g Hkko gSfd çdk' k; q ÙkQHkw
r y esa; fn ?kV ughagSrksogk¡i j ?kV dkv Hkko gksrkgS Abl
çdkj l sogk¡i j fo| eku ?kV osQv Hkko dk Kku ?kV dhv uq i yfC/ osQ}kjk gksrkgS Abl fy, ; gk¡
i j t ksv uqi yfC/ gksrh gSog ; ksX; v uq i yfC/ dgh t krh gS AD; ksa
fd çÑr esa?kV osQv Hkko dk
xzg.kgksrkgS Abl fy, ml dkçfr; ksxh?kV gksrkgS Aml osQl Ro l sv f/ dj.kesaçl f×pr v i knk; ksX;
çfr; ksxh mi yfC/ Lo: i gksrk gS Adkj.k çÑr esadg l drsgS afd ; fn ; gk¡ i j ?kV gksrc gh
mi yfC/ gksA; gk¡i j t ksv uq i yfC/ gksrhgSog ; ksX; v uq i yfC/ dght krhgS Aml osQ}kjk gh?kV è; ku ns a
%
oQ kv Hkko fo"k; d Kku mRiUu gksrkgS Abl dk; g Hkko gSfd ft l v f/ dj.kesa; g dgkt kl drk
gSfd ; fn ; gk¡?kV gksrk rksml dhmi yfC/ gkrshAi jUrq( og) ughagS Abl fy, ml dhv uq i yfC/
gSbl fy, ml v f/ dj.kesat ksv uq i yfC/ gSog gh; ksX; v uq i yfC/ gS Aft l çdk' kl sçd' k; q ÙkQ
Hkwr y esa?kV osQv Hkko dhn' kkesa; g dgkt kl drkgSdh; fn ; gk¡i j ?kVgksrksml dhmi yfC/
gksrk rksml dh mi yfC/ gksrhAughagS Abl fy, ml dhv uq i yfC/ gS Abl fy, çdk' k; q Dr Hkwr y esa
?kV dh t ksv uq i yfC/ gksrh gSog gh ; ksX; v uq i yfC/ dgh t krh gS Abl fy, ml osQ}kjk ?kV osQ
v Hkko dk Kku gksrkgS Av U/dkj ; q ÙkQHkwr y esarks?kV osQv Hkko osQl Ro gksusdhn' kk esaHkh; g
ughadg l drsgS adh; fn ; gk¡i j ?kV gksrk rksml dhmi yfC/ gksrhAbl fy, v U/dkj; q ÙkQHkw ry
esat ksmi yfC/ gksrh gS Aog ; ksX; v uqi yfC/ ughagksrh gS Abl fy, ml osQ}kjk ?kV osQv Hkko dk
Kku ughagksrk gS Abl fy, ' k; udky esaHkh ?kV osQv Hkko l Ro gksusdh n' kk esaHkh ; g ughadg
l drsga Sdh; fn ; gk¡i j ?kV gksrkrksml dhmi yfC/ gksrhAbl fy, ' k; u dky dht ksv uq i yfC/
gksrh gSog Hkh ; ksX; v uq i yfC/ ughagksrh gS Abl fy, ml l sHkh ml ?kV osQv Hkko dk Kku ugha
gksrkgS Abl fy, / eZrFkkv / eZdhl Ro n' kkesaHkh; g ughadg l drsgS a fd ; gk¡/ eZgksrkv Fkok
v / eZgksrk rksml dh mi yfC/ gksrh] og ughagS Abl fy, ml dh v uq i yfC/ gSAbl fy, / eZdh
rFkk v / eZdht ksv uq i yfC/ gksrhgSog ; ksX; v uq i yfC/ ughagksrhgS Av fi rqv ; ksX; v uq
i yfC/
ghgksrh gS A

10-3-1) v HkkoHksn
v uq
i yfC/ çek.kl sv Hkko fo"k; d Kku gksrkgS; g çfri kfnr fd; kt kpq
d kgS
Aml çdkj
osQv Hkko fo"k; okyk Kku osQfo"k; dk v Hkko osnkUr er esapkj çdkj dkgksrk gSAosbl çdkj
gS
& çkxHkko% ] çèoa
l kHkko%
] v R;UrkHkko%
] rFkk v U;ksU;kHkko%
A

çkxHkko
^gksxk* bl çdkj dhçrhfr dk t ksv Hkko gksrk gSog çkxHkko dgykrk gS Aft l çdkj l s
bl feêð hosQfi .Mesa?kM+
kgksxkbl çdkj l sfeêð hosQfi .Mkfn dkj.kesafo| keku dk; Zdkv Hkko
ghçkxHkko dgykrkgS Abl hçdkj rUrqesai V gksxk; gk¡i j Hkhçrhfr fo"k; dkv Hkko rUrqesai V
dk çkxHkko gksrk gS Abl çdkj l sdk; Zdh mRifÙk l si woZdkj.k esafo| keku dk; Zdk t ksv Hkko
gksrk gSog çkxHkko dgykrk gS A; g v Hkko v ukfn rFkk ' kkUr gksrk gS
A

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 149
 i kB&10 v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk v uq
i y fC/ [ k. M

v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk çèoalkHkko
v uqi y fC/ [ k. M çèoal kHkko dkv i j uke èoa
l kHkko gS
At U;fouk' ; HkkoRoe~bl èoa l kHkko dky{k.kgSAv FkkrZ~
t U; rFkk fouk' kh t ksv Hkko gksrk gS
Aog gh i zèoa
l kHkko bl çdkj l sdgykrk gS At S
l sfeêðh osQ
fi .Mkfn esaeq
n~
xji kr osQckn esa?kV dk uk' k gksusi j ?kV dk çèoal kHkko mRiUu gksrk gS
Av kS
j Hkh
di ky osQuk' kl sbl osQv Hkko dkuk' kgksrkgS Abl fy, ; g Hkko t U; rFkkfouk' khnksuksaçdkj dk
gksrkgSAbl çdkj dkt ksvHkko gksrkgSog çèoa l kHkko dgykrkgSA; g ?kVosQu"VgksusokykvHkko
çrhfr fo"k; dgykrk gS A
è; ku nsa
% v R;UrkHkko
pkj çdkj osQv Hkkoksaesal cl sv U;re v Hkokv R;UrkHkko gksrkgS At ksoLrqdHkhughagksxh
rFkk dHkh ughagqbZv kS
j dHkh ughagSbl çdkj l sHkw r Hkfo"; rFkk orZeku esaughagksusokyhoLrq
dkv Hkko v R;UrkHkko dgykrkgS Av FkkZ
r ~t gk¡i j v f/ dj.kesarhuka
sdkyksadkv Hkko gSog v R;Ur
v Hkko gS
At S
l ok; qesa: i ughagS ] bl çdkj dhçrhfr l k{; okykv Hkko ok; qesa: i dkv R;UrkHkko
dgykrk gS AHkw
r y esa?kV ughagS bl çdkj dh çrhfr dk l k{kh Hkw r y esa?kV dk v Hkko gS
Abl
çdkj v U; t xgka
si j l e>ukpkfg, Abl çdkj l s=kd SkfydkHkkoRo dksvR;UrkHkko y{k.kdg l drs
gS
A
a

v U;ksU;kHkko
v U; dkv U; esat ksv Hkko gksrkgS Aog v U;ksU; v Hkko dgykrkgS Av FkkZr ~; g ughagSbl
çdkj dhçrhfr fo"k; dk t ksv Hkko gksv U;ksU;kHkko dgykrk gS A?kV i V ughagksrk gS] bl çdkj
dh çrhfr l sfl ¼ t ks?kV dk v Hkko gSog ?kV dk v U;ksU;kHkko gS A; g v U;ksU;k Hkko v kfn Hkh
gSrFkkv ukfn HkhgS Abl çdkj l st gk¡i j v U;kU s; kHkko dkv f/ dj.kv kfn gksrkgSogk¡v U;ksU;kHkko
Hkhv kfn gksrkgS At S
l s ?kVi V ughagS ] ; gk¡i j i V: i kf/ dj.kvkfn gS
Abfl y, ; gk¡i j v U;ksU;kHkko
v kfn gSAt gk¡i j vU;ksU;kHkko dkvf/ dj.kv ukfn gkrskgSogkv U;ksU;kHkko Hkhv ukfn gksrkgS At lSs
czã t ho ughagS A; gk¡i j v U;ksU;kHkko dkt ho: i kf/ dj.kv ukfn gS Abl fy, ; gk¡i j t ksv Hkko gS
og v ukfn gS A; g v Hkko Hksn rFkkfoHkkx rFkki F̀kÙkQ ~
o bl çdkj l sdgkt krkgS Abl çdkj l st S ls
; g ; g çrhfr dk fo"k; ughagS ] bl çdkj dk t ksv Hkko gSog v U;ksU;kHkko gS AoS l sgh; g bl
l sv yx gq v k gS
] ; g bl l sv yx gS ] ; g bl l si F̀kd~gS Abl çdkj dhçrhfr fo"k; dk v Hkko
Hkh v U;ksU;kHkko bl çdkj l sdgykrk gS A

v U;ksU;kHkko Hksn
v U;ksU;kHkko nksçdkj dk gksrk gS
Al ksikf/ d rFkk fu: i kf/ d

l ksikf/ d
mi kf/ l ÙkkO;kI; l ÙkkdRoal ksikf/ dRoEAv FkkZ
r ~l ÙkkO;kI; l Ùkkft l dkHksn gSog Hksn mi kf/
l ÙkkO;kI; l Ùkkd%dgykrkgS Aml dkHkko mi kf/ l ÙkkO;kI; l ÙkkdRo gksrkgS At S
l s?kVkdk' keBkdk' k
ughagS; g Hksn mi kf/ l ÙkkO;kI; l ÙkkdRo l sl ksikf/ d gS At gk¡t gk¡ i j v kdk' kkfn Hksnl Ùkk gksrhgS
ogk¡ogk¡i j ?kVkfn mi kf/ Hksn l Ùkk bl çdkj l sHksn l Ùkk ?kVkfn mi kf/ Hksnl ÙkkosQ: i esaO;kI;
gksrhgSArFkk?kVkfn mi kf/ Hksn l ÙkkO;kfi dkgksrhgS Aft l çdkj l sv kdk' k, d ghgksrkgSysfdu

150 mPpr j ekè; fed

v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk v uq
i y fC/ [ k. M i kB&10
?kVkfn mi kf/ Hksn l sv kdk' k osQHkhHksn gkst krsgSAbl fy, ; gk¡i j dg l drsgS
a afd mi kf/ Hksn l s v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk
t gk¡t ksHksn gksrk gSogk¡t ksv U;ksU;kHkko gksrk gSog l ksikf/ d dgykrk gSAbl hçdkj l s, d gh
czã osQv Urdj.k osQHksn gksusl st ksHksn gkrsk gSog l ksikf/ d Hksn dgykrk gS AD; ksa
fd czã esa
v uqi y fC/ [ k. M
Hksn ughagksrsgSaysfdu ml dhmi kf/ d v Ur% dj.kdkHksn gksusl sczã esaHksn çrhr gksrkgSAbl fy,
ft rusv Ur%dj.k osQHksn gksrsgS amrusgh czã osQHkh Hksn gksrsgS A
a

fu: i kf/ d
mikf/ l ÙkkO;kI; l ÙkkdRokR;UrkHkkooÙo fu#i kf/ dRo dky{k.kgS Amikf/ l ÙkO;kI; kl Ùkkft l
Hksn dhgksrh gSog Hksn] mi kf/ l ÙkkO;kI; l Ùkkd dgykrk gS Aml dk Hkko mi kf/ l ÙkkO;kI; l ÙkkdRo è; ku ns
a
%
gksrkgSArFkkml dkv R;Ur v Hkko v i kf/ l ÙkkO;kI; l ÙkkdRokU;UrkHkko dgykrkgS Aog bl çdkj l s
mikf/ l ÙkkO;kI; l ÙkkdRoR;UrkHkkooÙkgksrkgS Av FkkrZ~mi kf/ l ÙkkO;kI; l ÙkkdRo osQHksn dkv Hkko t gk¡
gksrk gSogk¡ t ksHksn gksrk gSog fu: i kf/ d Hksn dgykrk gS At S l s?kV i V ughagksrk gS; g Hksn
fu#i kfèkd gS A D; ksa
fd ; gk¡ i j fdl h dh Hkh mi kf/ ugha gS A bl fy, bl Hksn esa mi kf/
l ÙkkO;kI; l ÙkkdRo ughagS Aysfdu mi kf/ l ÙkkO;kI; l ÙkkdRo v R;Ur v HkkoRo gS Abl fy, ?kV rFkk
i V esat ksHksn gksrk gSog fu#i kf/ d Hksn gksrk gS Av FkkZr ~t gk¡ i j LoHkkfod gh Hksn gksrk gSog
fu: i kf/ d Hksn bl çdkj l sdgk t krk gS Abl çdkj l s?kV eB ughagSbR;kfn Hksn Hkh fu: i kf/
d Hksn gksrsgS Abl çdkj l sv U; t xgksai j Hkh t kuuk pkfg, A
a

10-4) çkek. ; okn

çek.k fo"k; d i kBksaesaçek.krFkk çek eq [ ; fo"k; gksrsgS
Aogk¡i j çek esafo| eku çekRo
dksoSQl st kuk t k, ; g ft Kkl k fuja
r j mRiUu gksrh gSAbl fy, gh çek.; okn dksHkh çek.k fo"k;
osQv UrxZr ekuukpkfg, A
og çek.; rFkk v çek.; Lor%gh xzg.k fd; st krsgSv Fkok i jr%xzg.k fd; st krsgS abl
fo"k; esaHkh' kkl zKksaesaerHksn gS
A; gk¡i j osQ
oy i fjp; osQfy, fo"k; dksçLrq r fd; kt kjgkgS A
ogk¡ fo"k; esa, d i n çfl ¼ gSft l dk l kjka ' k osQ: i esafo"k; dk ; g foospu gksrk gS

i| µ
çek. kRokçek. kRosLor %l ka [ ; k%l ekfJ r k%A
uS ; kf; d kLr si j r %l kSxr k' pj eaLor % AA
çFkeai j r %çkgq %çkek. ; aosnokfnu% A
çek. kRoaLor %çkgq %i j r ' pkçek. kr ke~ AA
l k[a; ' kkL=k esaçek.; rFkk v çek.; dk Lor% xzg.k gksrk gS AuS; kf; dksaosQer esaçkek.;
rFkkv çkek.; dki jr%xzg.kgksrkgS Ack¼ Ska
sosQer esaçkek.; dki jr%xzg.kgksrkgS ArFkkv çkek.;
dkLor%xzg.kgksrkgS Aeheka l kosQer esaçkek.; dkLor%xzg.kgksrkgSrFkkv çkek.; dki jr%
xzg.kgksrkgS A
tSl s^; g ?kV gS
* ; gk¡i j ?kVfo"k; d çekmRiUu gksrhgSArFkk; g çekgSbl çdkj dkçek
fo"k; d fopkj mRiUu gksrkgS At Sl s?kV Kku dhdksbZl kexzh( ekè; e) gksrk gSml hçdkj çekdk
Kku HkhdksbZl kexzhgksrk gSAçekesaçekRo gksrkgS A; g çekRo ghçek.; dgykrkgS Aft l çdkj

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 151
 i kB&10 v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk v uq
i y fC/ [ k. M

v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk l sçekdkKku mRiUu gksrkgSml hçdkj çekRo dkHkhKku mRiUu gksrkgS At S
l sçekfo"k; d Kku
dhdksbZl kexzhgksrhgSoS l sghçekRo fo"k; dKku dhHkhdksbZl kexzhgksrhgS Aft ud er esaçek
v uqi y fC/ [ k. M fo"k; d Kku dht ksl kexzhgksrhgSog ghçekRofo"k; d Kku dhHkhl kexzhgksrhgSosLorRooknh
dgykrsgS Aft uosQer esaçekfo"k; dKku dhl kexzhrFkkml l sfHkUu çekfRo"k; d Kku dhl kexzh
gksrhgSosi jrLRookfn dgykrsgS Av FkkZ
a r ~Kku nksçdkj dkgksrkgS Aft uesa, d Kku dkfo"k; çek
gSrFkkv i j Kku dkfo"k; çekRo gS AnksuksaKkuksadhHkhdksbZl kexzhgksrhgSA; fn nksuksaKku l kexzh
l ekukgksrhgS arksLorRo dgykrhgS A; fn l kexzhfHkUu gksrhgSrksog i jrÙo dgykrhgS At ksçek
; gk¡ xzg.k dh xbZgSml esafu"BkçekRo Hkh gksrk gS A
è; ku nsa
%
i kBxr i z'u 10-2
1- v uq
i yfC/ çek.k dk y{k.k fyf• , A
2- v uq
i yfC/ osQ; ksX; Ro dk D; k y{k.k gS
\
3- v Hkko osQfdrusHksn gksrsgS
\
a
4- çkxHkko dk y{k.k fyf• , A
5- çkxHkko dgk¡i j gksrk gS
\
6- çèoa
l kHkko dk y{k.k fyf• , A
7- çèoa
l kHkko dgk¡i j gksrk gS
\
8- v R;UrkHkko dk y{k.k fyf• , A
9- v R;UrkHkko dgk¡i j gksrk gS
\
10- =kS
d kfyd v Hkko fdl sdgrsgS
\
11- v U;ksU;kHkko osQLo: i dksfyf• , A
12- v U;ksU;kHkko osQHksn dkS
u&dkS
u l sgS
\
a
13- l ksikf/ d v U;ksU;kHkko dk y{k.k D; k gS
\
14- fu: i kf/ d v U;kU
s; kHkko dk y{k.k D; k gS
\
15- çkek.; okn osQçek.kRo esaçekRo dk D; k v FkZgS
\
16- osnkfUr LoLrRoonh gSv Fkok i jrLRookfnA

i kB l kj
bl i kB esav FkkZ i fÙk çek.k dk rFkk v uq i yfC/ çek.k dk fu: i .k fd; k x; k gS Aogk¡ i j
v FkkZ
i fÙk; g ' kCn O;q RifÙkHksn l sçekokpd rFkkçek.kokpd : i es açfri kfnr fd; kx; kgS Amii k|
dk Kku v FkkZ i fÙk çek.k osQ}kjk gksrk gS ArFkk mi i knd dk Kku v FkkZ i fÙk çek osQ}kjk gksrk gS A
rnHkkoO;ki dhHkw r kHkkoçfr; ksfxRo mii k| Ro gksrkgSAbl hçdkj mii k| kHkkoO ; kI; Hkw
r kHkkoçfr; ksfxRoe
mi i kndRo gksrk gS Av FkkZ i fÙk osQnksHksn gksrsgS
aJqr kFkkZ
i fÙk rFkk n`"VkFkkZ
i fÙk rFkk Jq r kFkkZ
i fÙk osQ
152 mPpr j ekè; fed
v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk v uq
i y fC/ [ k. M i kB&10
v fHkèkukuq
i i fÙk rFkk v fHkfgrkuq
i i fÙk bl çdkj osQnksnksHksn gksrsgS
A
a v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk
ml os
Qckn vuq i yfC/ çek.kdkfoos pu fd; kx; kgS Aogk¡Kkudj.kkt U;kHkkokuq v uq
Hkokl kèkj.kdkj.kRo i y fC/ [ k. M
gh v uq i yfC/ çek.kL; y{k.kgS Av uqi yfC/ çek.kosQ}kjkv Hkkofo"k; Kku mRiUu gksrkgS A; gk¡i j
ml ml oLrqosQKku dkv Hkko dj.krFkkml ml oLrqosQv Hkko dkKku i Q y : i esafl ¼ gksrk
gS
Abl hçdkj ?kVkfn oLrq v ksaosQKku dkv Hkko dj.kgksrkgSv FkkZ r ~v uq
i yfC/ çek.kgksrkgS A?kVkfn
oLrqv ksadkv Hkko Kku i Q y gksrkgS Av FkkZ
r ~çekgksrhgS Aysfdu v uq i yfC/ ek=kl sv Hkko dkxzg.k
ughagksrkgSv fi rq; ksX; vuq i yfC/ osQ}kjkghgkrskgS A/ eZrFkkv / eZv Hkko fo"k; d Kku rksv uq eku
çek.k l sgksrk gS] bu nksuksaesa; ksX; v uqi yfC/ osQv Hkko l sAv uq i yfC/ osQ}kjk ft l v Hkko dk
Kku gkrskgS Apkj çdkj dkgksrkgS AçkxHkko] çèoal kHkko] v R;UrkHkko rFkkv U;ksU;kHkkoAft l esagksxk è; ku ns
a
%
bl çdkj dhçrhfr osQfo"k; dkt ksv Hkko gksrkgSog çkxHkko dgykrkgS Au"V gkspq d k gSbl
çdkj dhçrhfr dkt ksv Hkko gksrkgSog çèoa l kHkko dgykrkgS At ksçrhfr dkfo"k; ghughagS
og v Hkko v R;Ur v Hkko dgykrkgS A; g ughagSbl çdkj dhçrhfr osQfo"k; dkt ksv Hkko gksrk
gSog v U;ksU;kHkko dgykrk gS Ai kB osQv Ur esaçkek.; okn osQl kekU; fooj.k dk o.kZ u gSA

v ki usD; k l h[ kk
 v FkkZ
i fÙk] v FkkZ
i fÙki zek] i zek.k
 v uq
i yfC/ i zek.k
 v Hkko Hksn v kS
j
 i zkek.; okn dk l kekU; i fjp; t kuk]

i kBkUr ç' u
1- v FkkZ
i fÙkçek.k osQy{k.kdk çfri knu dhft , A
2- n`"VkFkiZfÙk osQy{k.k dksfyf• , A
3- Jq
r kFkZ
i fÙk osQLo: i dk çfri knu dhft , A
4- v fHk/ kukuq
i i fÙk osQy{k.k dksfyf• , A
5- v fHkfgr v uq
i i fÙk osQLo: i dk çfri knu dhft , A
6- v uq
i yfC/ çek.k dk Lo: i fyf• , A
7- v Hkko osQHksnksadk o.kZ
u dhft , A
8- ; ksX; v uq
i yfC/ dk çfri knu dhft , A
9- çkxHkko rFkk çèoa
l kHkko osQLo: i dk çdk' ku dhft , A
10- v R;UrkHkko rFkk v U;ksU;kHkko osQLo: i dk çdk' ku dhft , A
11- çkek.; dk çfri knu dhft , A

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 153
 i kB&10 v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk v uq
i y fC/ [ k. M

v FkkZ
i fÙk[ k. M r Fkk
i kBxr ç' uksaosQmÙkj 10-1
v uqi y fC/ [ k. M
1- v FkkZ
i fÙkçek rFkk v FkkZ
i fÙkçek.k; snksv FkZv FkkZ
i fÙki n osQgksrsgS
A
a
2- mi i k| osQKku osQ}kjk mi i knd dh dYi uk djuk gh v FkkZ
i fÙk çek gksrh gS
A
3- v FkkZ
i fÙkçekdj.ke~ghv FkkZ
i fÙkçek.kdgykrkgS
A
4- i huks¿; ansonÙk%fnok u Hkq Ä~
ÙkQ
s bl mnkgj.k esajkf=kHkkst u mi i knde~rFkk mi i k|
fnok¿Hkq ×k~
t kufu"Bi huRo gS
A
è; ku nsa
%
5- ft l osQfcuk t ksmRiUu gksrk gSog mi i k| dgykrk gS
A
6- ft l osQv Hkko esaft l dh mi i fÙk gksrh gSog mi i knd dgykrk gS
A
7- v FkkZ
i fÙk osQnksHksn gksrsgS
an`"VkFkkZ
i fÙk rFkk Jq
r kFkkZ
i fÙkA
8- Jq
r kFkkZ
i fÙk osQnksHksn gksrsgS
av fHk/ kukuq
i i fÙk rFkk v fHkfgrkuq
i i fÙkA
9- rjfr ' kksd ekRefor~bfr Jq
fr%
A

i kBxr ç' uksaosQmÙkj 10-2

1- Kkudj.kkt U;kHkkokuq
Hkokl k/ j.kdkj.kv uq
i yfC/ : i çek.kdgykrkgS
A
2- rfdZ
r &çfr; ksfxl Ùo&çl f×k~
t r&çfr; ksfxdRoav uq
i yC/ dk; ksX; Ro gksrkgS
A
3- v Hkko osQpkj Hksn gksrsgS
AçkxHkko] çèoa
a l kHkko] v R;UrkHkko rFkk v U;ksU;kHkkoA
4- v ukfnRosl fr v HkkoRo çkxHkko dk y{k.k gksrk gS
A
5- çkxHkko mi knkudkj.k esafo| eku gksrk gS
A
6- t U;fouk' ; HkkoRo çèoa
l kHkko dk y{k.k gksrk gS
7- çèoa
l kHkko dk; Z
èoa
l osQckn esau"V dk; ZosQv o; oksaesagksrk gS
A
8- =kS
d kfydkHkkoRo v R;UrkHkko dk y{k.kgksrk gS
A
9- v R;UrkHkko] t ksoLrqorZ
eku] Hkw
r rFkk Hkfo"; esau gksv R;UrkHkko gksrk gS
A
10- v R;UrkHkko dks
11- v U; dk v U; esat ksv Hkko gksrk gSog v U;ksU;kHkko dgykrk gS
A
12- l ksikf/ d] fu: i kf/ d
13- mi kf/ l ÙkkO;kI; l ÙkkdRoal ksikf/ dRoe~
A
14- mi kf/ l ÙkkO;kI; l ÙkkdRokR;UrkHkkoRo fu: i kf/ dRoA
15- i zkek.; i n dk i e
zkRo v FkZgS
A
16- LoLrRooknh
17- çkek.; i n dk çekRo v FkZgksrk gS
A
18- osnkfUr t u LoLrRooknh gksrsgS
A
a
154 mPpr j ekè; fed