College Physics 2

THERMAL PHYSICS
MPS Department І FEU Institute of Technology
 College Physics 2

THERMAL EXPANSION
MPS Department І FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

§ Explain the basic concepts of thermal physics

§ Define temperature and thermal expansion
§ Solve problems related to thermal expansion
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Temperature – it is the degree of hotness of an object
and it can be measured by thermometer.

Usually expressed in Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin

Scale.

Heat – it is the energy which travels from high

temperature to low temperature in a matter. It is also
called thermal or internal energy.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Thermal Physics is the branch of physics that deals
with the study of temperature, heat energy and their
relation to matter.

When objects are heated or cooled, the temperature

changes and some properties of the materials change.
This is called Thermometric Properties.
Mercury is a common liquid
element used in thermometer.
It freezes at -39°C and boils at
357°C.

Figure 1. A mercury thermometer before and after increasing its temperature. From. Physics for
Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics(pp 570) by Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2019). Australia:
Cengage Learning.
CONVERSION

Conversion of Celsius to Fahrenheit:

Conversion of Farenheit to Celsius:

EXPANSION OF SOLIDS , LIQUIDS and GASES
All matters expand when heated because of the increase in the
vibration of the molecules.

Figure 2 Thermal Expansion of Solids, Liquids and Gases. From. https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/thermal-expansion-of-solids-liquids-and-gases-1458720400-1

LINEAR EXPANSION
A rod of a material has a length Lo at some initial
temperature T0. When the temperature changes by
DT, the length changes by DL.

Figure 3. How the length of a rod changes with a change in temperature. (Length changes are exaggerated for clarity.)From. Sear's & Zemansky's University
Physics With Modern Physics(pp557) by Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A. & A. Lewis Ford(2016). England: Pearson.

For moderate temperature changes, change in length

is directly proportional to change in temperature.
LINEAR EXPANSION
The formula for linear expansion is given as
follows:
D𝐿 = α𝐿! D𝑇
If a rod has length Lo at temperature To, then its length
L at a temperature T = To + DT is,
𝐿 = 𝐿! + D𝐿 = 𝐿! + α𝐿! D𝑇
𝑳 = 𝑳𝒐 (𝟏 + 𝜶D𝑻)
Where: DL – change in length (m)
LO– Initial length (m)
L – final length (m)
DT – change in temperature (C0 )
α – coefficient of linear expansion (/C0)
SAMPLE
1. A Surveyors uses a steel measuring tape is exactly 50
m long at a temperature of 20°C. The markings on the
tape are calibrated for this temperature. What is the
length of the tape when the temperature is 35°C? (αsteel
= 11x 10-6 /C0)
SOLUTION
𝑳 = 𝑳𝒐 (𝟏 + 𝜶D𝑻)
= 50m [1+ (11x 10-6 /C0) (35-20)C0]
= 50.008m
ANSWER: 50.008m
AREA EXPANSION

When an object
undergoes thermal
expansion, any holes in
the object expand as
well.

Figure 4. Thermal Expansion in Holes. From. Sear's & Zemansky's University Physics With Modern Physics(pp557) by Young, H. D.,
Freedman, R. A. & A. Lewis Ford(2016). England: Pearson.
AREA EXPANSION (SUPERFICIAL EXPANSION)
The formula for area expansion is given as follows:
D𝐴 = 2α𝐴! D𝑇
D𝐴 = 𝛾𝐴! D𝑇
If a rod has length Lo at temperature To, then its length L at a
temperature T = To + DT is,
𝐴 = 𝐴! + D𝐴 = 𝐴" + 𝛾𝐴" D𝑇 = 𝐴" + 2α𝐿" D𝑇
𝑨 = 𝑨𝒐 (𝟏 + 𝛾D𝑻)
Where: DA – change in length (m2)
AO– Initial length (m2)
A – final length (m2)
DT – change in temperature (C0 )
α – coefficient of linear expansion (/C0)
γ - coefficient of superficial expansion (/C0)
γ = 2α
SAMPLE
CONCEPT CHECK
We cut a circular piece from the
rectangular plate. Which ones of
the processes given below can help
us in passing through the circular
piece from the hole?
Figure 4. Thermal Expansion in Holes. From. Sear's & Zemansky's University Physics With Modern Physics(pp557) by Young, H. D.,
Freedman, R. A. & A. Lewis Ford(2016). England: Pearson.

I. Increasing the temperatures of rectangular plate and

circular piece
II. Decreasing the temperature of the circular piece
III. Decreasing the temperatures of the rectangular plate and
circular piece
Coefficients of Linear Expansion of Some Materials

Table 1 . Coefficients of Linear Expansion of Some Materials . From. Sear's & Zemansky's
University Physics With Modern Physics(pp557) by Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A. & A. Lewis
Ford(2016). England: Pearson.
VOLUME EXPANSION
Increasing temperature usually causes increases in
volume for both solid and liquid materials.

D𝑉 = β𝑉! D𝑇
Where: DV – change in volume
VO– Initial volume
DT – change in temperature
β – coeffecient of volume expansion

The relationship between coefficient of linear

expansion and coefficient of volume expansion is:
β = 3α
Coefficients of Volume Expansion of Some Materials

Table 2 . Coefficients of Volume Expansion of Some Materials . From. Sear's & Zemansky's University Physics With Modern Physics(pp557) by Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A. & A. Lewis Ford(2016).
England: Pearson.
SAMPLE
2. A glass flask with volume 200cm3 is filled to the brim with
mercury at 20 °C. How much mercury overflows when the
temperature of the system is raised to 100 °C? (The coefficient of
linear expansion of the glass is 0.40x10-5K-1. The coefficient of
volume expansion of mercury is 18x10-5K-1 )
SOLUTION
𝑉#!"#$%#& − 𝑉#'()** = 𝑉! 1 + 𝛽∆𝑇 $%&'(&) − 1 + 𝛽∆𝑇 *+,--

(Mercury expands faster than glass)

= 200𝑐𝑚. E 1 + 18𝑥10/0/𝐶 1 1001𝐶 − 201𝐶
− 1 + 3 ∗ 0.4𝑥10/0/𝐶 1 1001𝐶 − 201𝐶 F
= 2.688𝑐𝑚.
ANSWER: 2.688cm3
REFERENCES

Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2019). Physics for Scientists and

Engineers with Modern Physics Tenth Edition. Australia: Cengage
Learning.

Young, H. D., & Freedman, R. A. (2016). Sear's & Zemansky's

University Physics With Modern Physics. England: Pearson.

https://www.physicstutorials.org/home/heat-temperature-and-
thermal-expansion/thermal-expansion-and-contraction

https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/thermal-
expansion-of-solids-liquids-and-gases-1458720400-1
 College Physics 2

HEAT TRANSFER
(THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM)
MPS Department І FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

§ Define heat, specific heat and calorimetry

§ Solve problems related to calorimetry
§ State the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
§ Explain the First Law of Thermodynamics
HEAT
Heat – it is the energy which travels from high temperature to
low temperature in a matter. It is also called thermal or
internal energy.

Energy transfer that takes

place solely because of
temperature difference is
called heat flow or heat transfer
and energy transferred in this
way is called heat
Figure 1. The same temperature change of the same system may be accomplished by (a) doing work on it or (b) adding heat to it. From. Sear's & Zemansky's University Physics With Modern
Physics(pp562) by Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A. & A. Lewis Ford(2016). England: Pearson.

According to Joule, the temperature rise is directly proportional to the amount of work
done.
HEAT TRANSFER
Calorimetry means measuring heat.
CONDUCTION
• Transfer of heat energy by molecular and electron collision
within a substance (especially solid))
• Materials that transfer heat through this manner is referred
to as conductors
• Solids are good conductors because their molecules are far
from each other and liquids and gases are poor conductors
since their molecules are far from each other
HEAT TRANSFER

CONVECTION
• Transfer of heat energy in a gas or liquid by means
of currents in the heated fluid. The fluid moves
carrying energy with it
Example: hot air rising

Figure 2. Heat Transfer. From.

https://www.simscale.com/docs/simwiki/heat-transfer-thermal-
analysis/what-is-heat-transfer/
HEAT TRANSFER
RADIATION
• Refers to the transfer of energy at
the speed of light through
electromagnetic waves
• Radiant Energy- energy that is so
radiated in a form of
electromagnetic waves
• Dark, rough surfaces absorb
more radiant energy and produce
heat. Light, smooth materials
reflect radiant energy and
produce less heat
QUANTITY OF HEAT
Calorie – is defined as the amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) – is the quantity of heat

required to raise the temperature of 1 pound (weight) of
water 1°F

1 cal = 4.186 J
1 kcal = 1000 cal
1 Btu = 778 ft lb = 252 cal
QUANTITY OF HEAT
The quantity of heat Q required to increase the temperature of a
mass m of a certain material from T1 to T2, is found to be
proportional to the change in temperature and the mass of the
material.
Where: Q – heat required (J)

𝑸 = 𝒎𝒄D𝑻 m – mass (kg)

c – specific heat (J/kg C0 )
DT – change in temperature (C0)

Specific heat (c) is the amount of heat required to raise the

temperature by 1°C for the mass of 1kg.

Specific heat (c) of water:

Cwater = 4186 J/kg C0 = 1cal/g C0 = 1Btu/lb F0
ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
If C is initially in thermal equilibrium with both A and B, then A and B are also in
thermal equilibrium with each other.

Figure 3. The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics. From. Sear's & Zemansky's University Physics With Modern Physics (pp553) by Young, H. D., Freedman, R.
A. & A. Lewis Ford(2016). England: Pearson.
ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Two systems are in thermal equilibrium if and only if they have the same
temperature.

Figure 4. Thermal Equilibrium . Fromhttps://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/physics/thermal-equilibrium.html

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Conservation of energy requires that the
amount of energy that leaves a body is equal the
amount of energy that enters another body in an
isolated system.

𝐐𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧 + 𝐐𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬 = 𝟎
SAMPLE
1. A 80-kg man has ran a fever of 39°C instead of the normal body
temperature of 37°C. Assuming that the human body is mostly
water, how much heat is required to raise his temperature by that
amount? (Cwater = 4186 J/kg C0)
SOLUTION

Q = mcDT
= 80 kg (4186 J/kg C0) (2C0))
= 669,760 J

ANSWER: 669.76 kJ
SAMPLE
2. What is the final temperature when 625 grams of
water at 75°C loses 7.96 x 104 J?
SOLUTION

Q = mcDT
- 7.96 x 104 J = 0.625 kg (4186 J/kg C0) (TF -75C0)
TF= 44.6 0C

ANSWER: 44.6°C
SAMPLE
3. A 65 g piece of iron at 525°C is put into 635 grams of
water at 15°C. What is the final temperature of the
water and the iron? (ciron = 0.444 J/g-C)
SOLUTION

Q !"#$ + Q %&'' = 0
Q (")*+ + Q #+&$ = 0
𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 ,-./0 + 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 1023 =0
[0.635kg(4186J/kgC0)(Tf -15C0)]+[0.065kg(444J/kgC0)(Tf -525C0)]=0
Tf = 20.5 0C
- A branch of science that deals with the properties of matter and
their changes due to the effects of heat and work (Shavit and
Gutfinger, 2009).

- Comes from the Greek word which means the power of heat
(Shavit and Gutfinger, 2009).

- is the study of heat and work

• Temperature – degree of hotness
• Pressure – force per unit area
• Density – mass per unit volume
If C is initially is in thermal equilibrium with both A
and B, then A and B are also in thermal equilibrium
with each other.

Figure 5 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics. From. Sear's & Zemansky's University Physics With Modern Physics (pp553) by Young, H. D.,
Freedman, R. A. & A. Lewis Ford(2016). England: Pearson.
 PHASE CHANGE
results when heat is absorbed or released without a change in temperature

Melting/Freezing

To calculate for the amount of heat associated with a change in

latent heat of
the object’s phase, we use: fusion amount of heat

𝑄 = ±𝑚𝐿!
required to
heat change a
substance from
solid to liquid

Use +Lf for melting and –Lf for freezing mass

 PHASE CHANGE
results when heat is absorbed or released without a change in temperature

Melting/Freezing

To calculate for the amount of heat associated with a change in

latent heat of
the object’s phase, we use: vaporization amount of heat

𝑄 = ±𝑚𝐿"
required to
heat change a
substance from
liquid to gas

Use +Lv for melting and –Lv for freezing mass

A plot of temperature versus energy added when 1.00 g of ice
initially at 30.0°C is converted to steam at 120.0°C.

Figure 6 Plot of Temperature vs Energy. From. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics(pp 599) by Serway, R. A., & Jewett,
J. W. (2019). Australia: Cengage Learning.
Heats of Fusion and Vaporization
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Calculate the total energy needed for a 100 g
piece of ice at -40°C to convert it into steam of
110°C.
SOLUTION
𝑄!"!#$ = 𝑚𝑐%&' ∆𝑇 + 𝑚𝐿( + 𝑚𝑐)#!'* ∆𝑇 + 𝑚𝐿+ +𝑚𝑐+#,"* ∆𝑇
= 0.1𝑘𝑔 2090 -U./0 + 0𝐶 1 − −40𝐶 1 +
0.1𝑘𝑔 3.35𝑥102 -U./ +
0.1𝑘𝑔 4186 -U./0 + 100𝐶 1 − 0𝐶 1 +
0.1𝑘𝑔 2.26𝑥103 -U./ +
0.1𝑘𝑔 2110 -U./0 + 110𝐶 1 − 100𝐶 1
= 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑱
The change in the internal energy Δ𝑈 of a closed system is
equal to the energy added to the system through heat
𝑄 minus the work done by the system on its surroundings
𝑊.
𝚫𝑼 = 𝑸 − 𝑾
Sign Conventions
Closed System – a system Internal Energy – the sum of the kinetic +Q – heat added
that can exchange energy, energies of all its constituent particles plus
-Q – heat loss
but not matter, with its the sum of all the potential energies of the
surroundings interaction among the particles. +W – by the system
-W – on the system
Let’s Try!
Tell whether the change in internal energy is due to heat
(Q) or work (W):
1. The soup in a pan sitting on an electric stove gets hot.
2. Your hands are warmed when they’re placed near fire.
3. The atmosphere warms a re-entering spacecraft.
1. 3000 J of heat is added to a system and 2500 J of work is
done by the system. What is the change in its internal
energy?

Solution:
The equation of the first law of thermodynamics
ΔU = Q-W The sign conventions :
ΔU = 3000-2500 Q is positive if the heat added to the system
ΔU = 500 Joules W is positive if work is done by the system
Internal energy increases by 500 Joules. Q is negative if heat leaves the system
W is negative if work is done on the system
2. Suppose there is a heat transfer of 40.00 J to a system,
while the system does 10.00 J of work. Later, there is a
heat transfer of 25.00 J out of the system while 4.00 J of
work is done on the system. What is the net change in
internal energy of the system?
Solution:
The net heat transfer is the heat transfer into the system minus the heat transfer out of the system, or
Q = 40.00 J − 25.00 J = 15.00 J.
Similarly, the total work is the work done by the system minus the work done on the system, or
W = 10.00 J − 4.00 J = 6.00 J.
Thus the change in internal energy is given by the first law of thermodynamics:
ΔU = Q − W = 15.00 J − 6.00 J = 9.00 J.
 REFERENCES
Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2019). Physics for Scientists and
Engineers with Modern Physics Tenth Edition. Australia: Cengage
Learning.

Young, H. D., & Freedman, R. A. (2016). Sear's & Zemansky's

University Physics With Modern Physics. England: Pearson.

https://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/physics/thermal-
equilibrium.html

https://www.simscale.com/docs/simwiki/heat-transfer-thermal-
analysis/what-is-heat-transfer/