SECOND QUARTER
Senior High School
EARTH & LIFE REVIEWER
General Science
> Lesson 1 - The Concept of Life
BIOLOGY - The Study of Life.
Characteristics of Life:
1. Response to Stimuli - Ability to react.
2. Metabolism - Total of chemical reactions taking place.
3. Reproduction - Ability to produce a new generation.
4. Growth and Development - Ability to grow and mature into a full organism.
5. Homeostasis - Ability to maintain balance in their systems.
6. Adaptation - Ability to survive on their natural accord.
7. Organization - Organism composed of cells which are composed of
organelles.
Theories on the Origin of Life:
1. Special Creation Theory - Life was created by supernatural power.
2. Panspermia Theory - Life began from rocks, debris with highly resistant
spores such as meteorites.
3. Abiogenesis Theory - Life arose from non-life, simple and became complex
through time.
4. Biogenesis Theory - Deals on the concept of reproduction.
5. Coacervate Theory - By A.I Oparin, life form of the mixed colloidal units.
6. Primordial Soup Theory - Alexandra Oparin and John Haldane, energy
from lightning combined with chemicals to make amino acids.
SECOND QUARTER
Senior High School
7. Miller-Urey Hypothesis - Lighting operated the synthesis reactions in
Earth’s early atmosphere.
8. Fossil Evidence - Life appeared 3.5 billion years ago in the ocean.
9. Early Forms of Life - Bacterias cyanobacteria an example of a
photosynthetic organism believed to be formed.
> Lesson 2 - Unifying Themes of Life
Themes of Life - Basic ideas that apply to all organisms.
1. Biological Systems - A system has properties/functions that makes the
body move.
> Ecosystems require a steady supply of certain chemicals to live.
2. Cellular Basis of Life - All organisms are made up of cells.
3. Structure and Function - Body parts depend on how it would serve them.
> Analogous - Different functions, similar structure.
> Homologous - Similar structure, different functions.
4. Reproduction and Inheritance - Genetics and Heredity are few of the
foundation of evolution.
5. Environmental Interactions - No Organisms are isolated from its
surroundings.
> Niche - Interaction of an organism within its habitat.
> Habitat - Physical space occupied by species.
6. Energy and Life - Moving, growing, reproduction and other activities in life
requires Energy.
7. Regulation
8. Evolution and Diversity - Distribution and survival rate of an organism.
9. Scientific Inquiry
10. Science, Technology and Society - The application of all theories in
science.
11.
SECOND QUARTER
Senior High School
> Lesson 4 - Genetics and Heredity
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- Carries genetic information of an organism.
- It is a complex biomolecule that is made of nucleotides.
Mutations
- Is a change in a DNA sequence.
Chromosomal Mutations
- Inversion: The order of genes on chromosomes is inverted.
- Translocation: Movement of a chromosome to a non-homologous
chromosome.
- Deletion: Loss of large regions of a chromosome.
- Angelman Syndrome
- Prader–Willi Syndrome
- Duplication: Duplicates larger regions of a chromosome.
Genetic Abnormalities
Karyotype
- Individual’s complete set of chromosomes.
Pedigree Analysis
- Studying specific traits in a given bloodline.
Autosomal Dominant/Recessive Inheritance
- DOMINANT: Affected parents, could not have unaffected offsprings.
- RECESSIVE: Unaffected parents, could not have affected offsprings.
Sex-Linked Inheritance
- Diseases are passed down through one of the X or Y chromosomes.
> Lesson 5 - Genetics and Heredity (Part II)
Genetics and Heredity
The science of how traits are passed from one generation to another.
Domestication
- Process of gene alteration, in the process of manipulating animals for the
benefits of humans.
Genetic Engineering
- Direct manipulation of an organism’s genes using biotechnology.
Recombinant DNA Technology
- Process of mixing DNA from two different sources.
- Genetic sequence will be removed or inserted to another organisms genetic
sequence.
SECOND QUARTER
Senior High School
Genetically Modified Organism (GMOs)
- Genetic materials are altered or manipulated through biotechnology, an
example of this is a tomato.
> Lesson 6 - Organ Systems of Representative Animals
The Animal Organ Systems
Digestive System
- Complete: The mechanism of ingestion depends on their
evolutionary adaptation to their food.
- Incomplete: A gastrovascular cavity could be seen.
Respiratory System
- A system that facilitates breathing and respiration.
Circulatory System
- Different ways to transport substances (blood) across their bodies.
Excretory System
- In order to remove wastes, animal must have this system
a. Filtration
b. Reabsorption
c. Secretion
d. Excretion
Immune System
- Defends the body against infection.
Endocrine System
- Control the glands and hormones that can cause reactions to the cells.
Nervous System
- Responsible for the data or information processing of the body.
Muscular System
- To support the bone structure and aid an organism’s movement.
Skeletal System
- Provide support, protection and attachment points for the muscles.
- Provide framework for movement.
