LESSON THREE: Heart - the major pumping organ and
part of the circulatory system that
TRANSPORT AND pumps blood into different parts of the
CIRCULATION body system.
FUNCTIONS OF CIRCULATORY Chambers of the heart:
SYSTEM ● Left atrium.
● Circulate the blood ● Right atrium.
throughout the entire body. Right ventricles.
● Transport oxygen to the cells Left ventricles.
● Transport the carbon dioxide Valves of the Heart
away from the cells. To prevent regurgitation, or
● Movement of immune system the
components
● Transport of endocrine gland
secretions
TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Open Circulatory System - The blood
flows freely through cavities since
there are no
blood vessels to
conduct the backward flow of the blood.
blood. Pulmonary Valve
Prevents the backflow of the
blood from the lungs to the
Close
Circulatory
System - The
blood flows through the arteries and
veins
connected by
the capillaries.
…OF ANIMALS
Simple left atrium of the heart.
Organisms Aortic Valve
have a Prevents the backflow of the
two-cell layer covering, get blood from the left ventricle
their supply of gases. to the aorta,
excrete wastes through it opens when the ventricles
diffusion. contract.
Pulmonary Circulation
Blood flows between the
heart and the lungs and
become oxygenated.
Tricuspid Valve
Systemic Circulation Prevents the backflow of the
Blood flows or are blood from the right ventricle
distributed to the tissues to the right atrium, and just
and other systems of the like the pulmonary valve, it
body. opens when the atria
contracts.
PARTS OF THE CIRCULATORY Mitral Valve –
SYSTEM
Prevents the backflow of the Inferior Vena Cava
blood from the left ventricle The blood from the lower
to the left atrium. extremities is being
Opens when the ventricles transported through inferior
vena cava to the right
contract. atrium.
Capillary - A
tiny one-cell COMPONENTS OF THE BLOOD
thick vessel
that Erythrocyte - Red blood cells that
connects the remove waste and deliver oxygen.
arteries and
the veins Leukocyte - White blood cells help
together. defend the body against infection.
Artery - A thick and elastic, red-
colored muscular wall that carries Thrombocyte - Platelets that form a
blood away from the heart. clot and prevent bleeding.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ARTERIES
Aorta - The biggest artery in the heart
and transports the blood to the
different parts of the body.
Carotid - Transports the oxygenated
blood from the head to the neck, then
to the right arm.
Pulmonary Artery - Transports the
blood from the right atrium to the
lungs.
Vein - A thinner, blue-colored
muscular walls that returns blood
back to the heart.
HOW DOES THE
HOW IS THE BLOOD BEING
TRANSPORTED IN THE HEART? BLOOD GET FILTERED?
● Blood gets
filtered inside
the capillaries
DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEINS found in the
Superior Vena Cava kidney.
Transports the blood from ● Useful substances will be
absorbed back by the blood
while the wastes will be
removed in the form of urine.
VASCULAR SYSTEM OF PLANTS
Transports water and
nutrients from the roots to the
different parts of the plants.
Xylem - Carries water and minerals
upward, from the root to the different
parts of the plants.
the upper extremities to the
right atrium.
Phloem - Moves water and nutrients
throughout the different parts of the
plants.
HOW DOES THE VASCULAR
SYSTEM WORK IN PLANTS?
Xylem
● The roots absorb the water
and minerals coming from
the soil
● The water and minerals foes
to the stem.
● The water and minerals
enters the leaf and flower for
photosynthesis.
● Sugar, starch, and other
nutrients were produce
during photosynthesis LESSON FOUR:
Phloem REGULATION OF BODY
● Sugar, starch, and other
nutrients goes to the
FLUIDS
different parts of the plants. REGULATION OF BODY FLUIDS
● Sugar, starch, and other WHAT IS PLANT?
nutrients foes to the stem. ● A living organism that
● Sugar, starch, and other typically grows in permanent
nutrients goes back to the site, absorbing water, and
roots. inorganic substances through
its roots, and synthesizing
nutrients in its leaves.
WHAT IS AN ANIMAL?
● A living organism that feeds
on organic matter typically
have specialized sense
organs and nervous system
and able to respond rapidly
to stimuli.
GROUPS OF ANIMALS
● Mammals
● Birds
● Reptiles
● Amphibians
● Fish
● Invertebrates
Body Fluids
● Refers to any fluid produced
by a living organism.
● Can be classified into two
major types according to
location: intracellular and
extracellular fluid.
●
THE REGULATION OF BODY FLUID
Body Fluids
● Liquids originating from
inside the bodies of living
humans. They include fluids ● Is a measure of the tendency
that are excreted or secreted of water to move into one
from the body. solution from another by
● Major component of our body osmosis.
that serves a vital role in our ● The higher the osmotic
health as a medium for pressure of a solution, the
metabolic reactions. more water tends to move
into it.
THE REGULATION OF ANIMAL
BODY FLUID
Homeostasis Two types of animals based on
● the generally stable state the osmolarity of their body fluids
that exists within an animal’s in relation to the environment.
body. Osmoconformers
● Internal conditions that are ● Are marine organisms that
maintained homeostatically maintain an internal
are blood glucose levels, environment that is isosmotic
body temperature, and to their external
calcium levels in the environment.
blood stream. Osmoregulators
● Stimuli and receptors ● Tightly regulate their body
detect changes in the osmolarity, maintaining
internal environment; the constant internal conditions.
systems reaction is to alter Three types of nitrogenous
its actions to bring the value wastes excreted by animals.
back closer to its set points. Ammonia – the primary nitrogenous
Osmoregulation
● The process of maintaining a
balance between salt and
water in the body is referred
to as osmotic
equilibrium
across
membranes.
● It maintains
the fluid
waste for aquatic invertebrates. It is
balance and
readily soluble in water.
the concertation of
Urea – produced by mammals, most
electrolyte to keep the fluids
amphibians, some reptiles, some
from becoming too diluted or
fishes, and some terrestrial
too concentrated.
invertebrates.
○ Electrolyte - a
Uric acid – excreted by birds, insects,
chemical that, when
and other terrestrial organisms.
dissolved in water,
EXCRETORY PROCESS
dissociates into ions.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN
Osmotic Pressure
INVERTEBRATES
Cell surface or cell membrane - allows
passage of wastes in unicellular
organisms.
bladder with an open channel called
urethra to the body surface.
Mechanism of urine formation in
mammalian nephrons
Urine formation involves three
processes:
● Filtration
● Tubular reabsorption
Contractile Vacuole - A ● Tubular secretion
specialized THE REGULATION OF BODY FLUID
cytoplasmic OF PLANTS
Plants
● Plants as a living organism
are known for their
production of relatively little
waste because they have
less active metabolism as
compared to animals.
organelle in many
freshwater protists that expels excess
water out of the cell to prevent lysis.
Protonephridia or flame bulb system -
Network of tubules that lack internal
opening but have external openings at
the body surface called
nephridiopores.
Metanephridia - The excretory tubule
of most annelids and adult mollusks.
● Stomata are the tiny
The tubular network has a funnel-like
openings found at the back
internal opening called nephrostome
portion of the leaf to allow
that collects body fluids. the entrance of water and
Malpighian Tubules - The excretory carbon dioxide into the plant.
tubules of insects and other terrestrial Evapotranspiration
arthropods attached to their digestive ● While there are no specific
tract (midgut). osmoregulatory organs in
higher plants, the stomata
EXCRETORY are important in regulating
SYSTEM IN water loss through
MAMMALS evapotranspiration, and on
The mammalian the
urinary system
consists of two
kidneys, each with a
cellular level, the vacuole is
crucial in regulating the
concentration of solutes in
the cytoplasm.
ureter, a tube leading to urinary DIFFERENT KINDS OF PLANTS
Mesophytes Main Function: to allow rapid
● Plants grows in moist soil
● Able to quickly compensate
for water lost via
transpiration by absorbing an
increased amount of water.
Xerophytes
● Plants that survive in dry
environments
● Store communication to the external
water environment.
in Nervous System
Central nervous system
● Referred to as the “central”
because it combines
information from the entire
body and coordinates activity
vacuoles across the whole organism
● Have thick cuticles Peripheral Nervous system
Halophytes ● Consists of the nerves that
● Plants that live in salty branch
environment. out from
● Manage not only their water the brain
intake and loss. and
Hydrophyes spinal
● Plants that grow in or near cord;
water or wet settings and form the
have the ability to absorb
water throughout their whole
surface. communication network
between the central nervous
system and the body parts.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Brain
● The brain weighs 1.5 kg in an
average human
● Enclosed in a bone structure
called the skull
● Central processing center
that oversees other organ
system’s functioning
mechanisms.
Forebrain; Divided into…
● Thalamus
○ Processes
information and
relays it to the
LESSON FIVE: NERVOUS cerebrum.
● Hypothalamus
SYSTEM
○ Responsible for medulla and
homeostatic control cerebellum.
of most organs. ● Medulla
○ Links or connects ○ Regulates
our nervous breathing, blood
systema and the pressure, and heart
endocrine system. rate.
○ Regulates the ● Cerebellum
temperature, heart ○ Controls posture
rate, water balance, and balance
and blood pressure. ○ Largest part of the
● Cerebrum hindbrain
○ Controls the Spinal Cord
qualities of the ● A tube that emerges right
mind: personality, below the base of the brain.
intelligence, ● Tracts of nerve fibers that
learning, perception, allow two-way conduction of
and emotion. nerve impulses.
○ Divided into two ● Can be divided into cervical,
hemispheres thoracic, and sacral which
interconnected by a are also covered with a bony
nerve fiber called structure called the vertebral
corpus callosum. column.
○ Left hemisphere. What covers the
○ Right hemisphere brain and the
○ Frontal lobe – spinal cord?
olfactory bulb and ● Solid
motor cortex bone
○ Parietal lobe –
processes
somatosensation
and proprioceptor
○ Occipital lobe –
vision
structure (skull) that covers
○ Temporal lobe –
the brain and the spinal cord
processes sound
is what we call the
and memory
meninges.
functions
○ Dura mater
○ Arachnoid
Brainstem (midbrain and hindbrain);
○ Pia mater
Divided into…
● Pons Peripheral nervous system
● A network of nerves across
the body.
● Has 43 pairs of nerves.
● 12 pairs of cranial nerves –
emerges on the base of the
brain.
● 31 pairs of spinal nerves –
arises from the spinal cords.
Neurons
○ ○ Connects
the forebrain with
● Basic unit of nervous system ● Receives information from
● Transmit electrical signal to the sensory neurons; process
the brain. and generate message to the
● Dendrites motor neurons.
● Cell body Divisions of peripheral nervous
● Axon system:
● Myelin sheath • Sensory somatic nervous
Dendrites
● Receives system
signals. o Voluntary control of
● Sorted skeletal muscles.
branch o Most of the control
extensions of the neurons
that transmits and receives
information.
Dendrites
● Receives signals.
● Sorted branch extensions of are in the skeletal.
the neurons that transmits
and
receives
• Autonomic nervous system
o Controls bodily
function without
conscious control
o Involuntary.
o Examples:
information. • Glands –
Axon liver,
• Conducts nerve impulses kidney,
away from the cell body. skin
Myelin sheath • Smooth
• Part of the axon that is not muscles –
covered by it. lungs,
• The one responsible for intestine,
faster transmission or stomach,
conduction of impulses that
bladder
carries signals from neurons
to another.
Categories of neurons:
Sensory neurons (the senses) • Sympathetic nervous system
● Mechanoreceptors – touch
● Thermoreceptor –
temperature
● Nociceptors – pain
● Chemoreceptors – oxygen,
glucose, electrolytes.
Interneurons
• “fight or flight”
response. Plants Nervous System
Plants do not have nervous
system, but they can sense changes
in their environment and respond to
it.
Photoreceptors
• Detects the quality and
quantity of light that the
plants absorb.
Phototropism
• Wherein it determines the
• • direction of plants’ growth in
Parasympathetic nervous system relation to the positioning of
• Returns the body the plants.
into normal bodily • Negative
functions. phototropism (faces
• “rest and digest” away from the sun)
response. • Positive
phototropism (face
towards the sun)
Gravitropism
•
Directional
growth of
the plants
in relation
to gravity
Invertebrates’ nervous (gravitational pull of the
system earth).
Cnidaria • Positive
• Jellyfish. gravitropism (root
• They lack true nervous growth)
system. •
• They do
not have
brain at
all.
Echinoderms
• Starfish Negative gravitropism
• they have nerve cells that (stem growth)
are bundled Thigmotropism
also in a • The directional growth and
fiber called response of the plants
nerves. relative to touching of its
Planaria solid structure.
• Flatworms • Mimosa pudica
• They have (m
central nervous system and aka
peripheral nervous system. hiy
a)
• Venus’ flytrap
