LIFE PROCESS
NUTRATION
NAME :- SAGOON PATRO
CLASS :- 10 A
ROLL NO :- 13
SUBJECT :- SCIENCE
NAME OF THE TEACHER :- MRS MANISHA KUMARI
SCHOOL :-KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GOPALPUR MS
LIFE PROCESS:- life process are the basic processes in living organism which are necessary for
maintaining their life the basic life processes are :-
1. Nutriation
2. Respiration
3. Transportation
4. Excreation
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPRTATION :- is this process by which food , oxygen , water , waste prod-
ucts are carried
from one part of the body to other part of the body
A. TRANSPORTATION IN HUMAN BEINGS :-
The main transport system in human beings is the circulatory system it con-
sists of blood
arteries , veins capillaries and heart
Why Do We Need Lungs
In unicellular organisms like an amoeba exchange of gases takes place through a general body surface
by osmosis.
In lower animals like an earthworm, the gaseous exchange takes place through their moist skin.
The requirement for oxygen is sufficiently met in these ways.
But as the animal starts becoming more and more complex, for example, humans, the requirement of
oxygen cannot be met alone by diffusion.
But as the animal starts becoming more and more complex, for example, humans, the requirement of
oxygen cannot be met alone by diffusion.
This difficulty has led to the evolution of a more complex mechanism of gaseous exchange and that is
the development of lungs.
The alveoli present in the lungs provide a large surface area required for the necessary gas exchange.
Transportation in Human Beings
Transportation in humans is done by the circulatory system.
The circulatory system in humans mainly consists of blood, blood vessels and the heart.
It is responsible for the supply of oxygen, and nutrients, and the removal of carbon dioxide and other
excretory products.
It also helps to fight infections.
Heart
The muscular organ which is located near the chest slightly towards the left in the thoracic region.
The heart is the main pumping organ of the body.
The human heart is divided into four chambers which are involved in the transportation of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood.
The upper two chambers are called atria whereas the lower two chambers are called as ventricles.
Blood Vessels
Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body.
There three types of blood vessels; arteries, veins and blood capillaries.
Arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood.
Gaseous exchange takes place between blood and cells at capillaries.
Blood Pressure
The pressure exerted by the blood when it flows through the blood vessels is called blood pressure.
There are two different variants of blood pressure; systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
The pressure exerted on the walls of arteries when the heart is filling with blood is called dia-
stolic pressure. It constitutes the minimum pressure on arteries.
The normal range of diastolic blood pressure should be 60 – 80 mm Hg.
The pressure exerted on the walls of arteries when the heart is filling with blood is called dia-
stolic pressure. It constitutes the minimum pressure on arteries.
The normal range of diastolic blood pressure should be 60 – 80 mm Hg.
[Subject]
Bleeding
Bleeding occurs when the blood vessels rupture.
Bleeding is stopped by the platelets that help in the clotting of blood at the site of the injury.
Blood Clotting is the process of forming a clot in order to prevent excess loss of blood from the body.
It is a gel-like mass which is formed by the platelets and a fibre-like protein in the blood.
Double Circulation
In the human body, blood circulates through the heart twice.
Once it goes through the heart during pulmonary circulation and second time during systemic circula-
tion.
Hence, circulation in human beings is called double circulation.
Transportation in Plants
Transportation is a vital process in plants.
The process involves the transportation of water and necessary nutrients to all parts of the plant for its
survival.
Food and water transportation takes place separately in plants.
Xylem transports water and ph
loem transports food.
Phloem
The phloem is responsible for translocation of nutrients and sugar like carbohydrates, produced by the
leaves to areas of the plant that are metabolically active.
Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, and phloem parenchyma cells are the components of this
tissues
The flow of material through phloem is bidirectional.
Translocation
Transport of food in the plant through phloem via a process such as mass flow is called as transloca-
tion.
Photosynthates i.e. sugars and organic molecules such as amino acids, organic acids, proteins and in-
organic solutes like potassium, magnesium, nitrate, calcium, sulfur and iron from source tissues (ma-
ture leaves) to the sink cells (areas of growth and storage) are transported through the phloem.
Material like sucrose is loaded from leaves to phloem using the energy of ATP.
Such a transfer increases the osmotic pressure causing the movement of water from nearby cells into
phloem tissue and the material gets transported through the phloem.
The same pressure is also responsible for the transfer of substances from phloem to tissues where
food is required.
Thus the bulk flow of material through phloem takes place in response to an osmotically generated
pressure difference.
Xylem
Xylem tissue transports water in plants from root to all other parts of the plant.
Xylem tissue is made up tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma.
The flow of water and minerals through xylem is always unidirectional.
Root Pressure
Conduction of water through the xylem, from roots to upper parts of plants, is due to many forces acting
together.
One of the forces responsible for this is root pressure.
Root pressure is osmotic pressure within the cells of a root system that causes sap to rise through a
plant stem to the leaves.
Root pressure helps in the initial transport of water up the roots.
Transport of Water
Water is absorbed by the roots and is transported by xylem to the upper parts of the plant.
Imbibition, osmosis, root pressure and transpiration are the forces that contribute towards the upward move-
ment of water, even in the tallest plants.
Imbibition is a process in which water is absorbed by the solids. E.g. seeds take up water when soaked.
Osmosis is a process where water moves from the area of its lower concentration to the area of its
higher concentration.
At the roots, the cells take up ions by an active process and this results in the difference of concentra-
tion of these ions.
It leads to movement of water, in the root cells, by osmosis.
This creates a continuous column of water that gets pushed upwards. This is root pressure.
Transpiration contributes to the upward movement of water by creating a staw effect.
It pulls the water column upwards as there is a continuous loss of water from leaves.
All these forces act together for water transport through the xylem
