Philippine Politics and Governance
1st Periodical Examination Reviewer
Politics, Government and Governance
-Politics was derived from the Greek word “polis” which means city state.
- Politics is the study of government structures, organizations, operations and activities
and identifies the possibilities to use or achieve power.
The values of politics.
1. Politics helps you to know your rights
2. Politics is a living, breathing subject.
4. Politics helps you to understand our nation’s parties.
5. Politics prepares you for adult life. Politics clarifies what you yourself believe.
-Government- Group of people with the authority to govern a country or a state.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
-seeks to study the origin, nature and functions of the state, government and its all
organs - universal studied by few
-study of politics, political systems, and governments.
Governance- Manner of steering or governing, directing or controlling a group of people
or state.
-As the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are
implemented.
Characteristics of good governance:
( UNESCO for Asia and the Pacific)
1. Participation- Everyone can directly or indirectly partake in governmental processes
2. Rule of Law- There’s impartiality of the legal framework and full protection of human
rights and dignities.
3. Transparency- Information is freely accessible
4. Responsiveness- involves that institutions respond to their stakeholders within a
reasonable time frame.
5.Consensus Oriented- Boards should aim to land on a decision of broad consensus
that will serve the best interests of the government and its community.
6. Effectiveness and efficiency-
7. Accountability- an assurance that an individual or organization is evaluated on its
performance or behavior related to something for which it is responsible.
Private corporations- group of people that can provide financial support to the
government and considered as the lifeline of governance.
Political ideologies
Ideology- A set of conscious ideas which make up one’s beliefs, goals, expectations and
motivations.
Liberalism- The belief in the importance of the individual, respect for his uniqueness and
freedom, and his equality with other people, are among the fundamental elements of
liberalism.
Communism- The idea that mankind is ultimately destined to create a society where
there are no social classes. Communists openly criticized social and economic
inequality and advocated for a classless society.
Fascism- A political system based on a very powerful leader, state control, and being
extremely proud of country and race, and in which political opposition is not allowed.
Example: President X believes that the only way for his country to become “great” again
is to impose solidarity among his citizens using propaganda, repression, and
expansionist policy towards its neighboring countries.
Socialism- Socialism developed as reaction to industrial capitalism, and became
associated with the interest of the growing working classes. Its goal was to abolish the
privatization.
Conservatism- For Conservatives, tradition based on values, practices and institutions
are essential for society to function properly.
Example- Augusto believes that the best way to achieve economic development is the
restoration and preservation of traditional values which is the foundation of social
stability.
Environmentalism- A political and ethical movement that seeks to improve and protect
the quality of the natural environment through changes to environmentally harmful
human activities.
Anarchism- A political theory advocating the abolition of hierarchical government and
the organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or
compulsion.
Feminism- This political ideology focuses on the position of women in society and the
roles they play.
Example: The men work outside the home for wage. If the man’s wage is enough, the
woman does not work, but if the man’s wage is not enough to pay for the helpers, the
woman has to work in the house without pay. If the woman works outside the home, she
still has to do the housework.
Democracy- A political system that gives power to the people as a whole.
Importance of political ideologies
1-It influences our political behavior
2. It is the “lens” through which we see and explain the world where politics plays an
important role.
3. It shapes our views towards local, national and international issues
Power
The ability to get what you want.
Kinds of power
Power to- ability to do something
Power with- Is the ability to work with other to get something done by cooperation.
Power over- ability to dominate other person or group.
Dimensions of power
Physical- from material or physical advantage
Informational- power comes from the access of information.
Ex. Student Y always read books because he believes that “power is knowledge”.
Emotional- social power of affect using emotions to get what you want.
Types of power
Legitimate Power- formal authority delegated to the holder of position.
Ex. The president of the Philippines
Referent Power- Is the power or ability of individuals to attract others and build loyalty.
Expert Power is an individual’s power deriving from the skills or expertise of the person
Reward Power is the capability to compensate other person for compliance.
Ex. 13th month pay, pay rise, promotion
Coercive Power -is the power of person to punish incase of non compliance.
Ex. Marlon is a happy child, often he wears smile on his face during the class however
this behavior create destruction to his classmates, that is why his teacher give him a
warning.
Consequences of power
Compliance- act of agreeing to do something.
Commitment – sense of loyalty dedication or devotion.
Ex. Doctors dedication in their job is beyond the work they are expected to perform,
their expertise and knowledge are being used to solve difficult health problems that
make their job more challenging than any other career.
Resistance- means is refuse or oppose.
NATION,STATE AND GLOBALIZATION
Globalization- the process of international integration arising from the interchange of
world views, products, ideas and mutual sharing and other aspects of culture.
Nation- Sharing a common language, religion, history, and usually occupy the same
geographical area.
State- is the political unit which has sovereign power over a piece of land
Elements of state
-People
-Territory
-Government
-Sovereignty
ORIGIN OF THE STATE
EVOLUTION THEORY – state evolve from family units
FORCE THEORY – government emerged when people were bought under the control
of some power.
DIVINE RIGHT THEORY – belief that kings are chosen to rule the ancient state by a
deity.
SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY – according to John Locke man entered into a contract
to assure safety and peace that life, liberty, and property may be enjoyed to the fullest.
Inherent power of the state
POLICE POWER – power of the state to enact and enforce laws and to regulate
property and liberty in the promotion of the general welfare of the people
Ex. public safety, public health, public moral
EMINENT DOMAIN –
power to take private property for public use upon payment of just compensation
TAXATION – power to impose tax on individuals and properties to support the
government.
Ex. Every year every individual may it be full time or free-lance work are obliged to pay
for an income tax
Aspects of globalization
1. POLITICAL – includes political cooperation and dialogue among nations. It also
concerns security and military.
2. ECONOMIC – involves economic integration, treaties and international policies
among nation.
3. CULTURAL- promotes cultural exchange among nations.
