PO L I T I C A L
ID E O L O G Y
IDEOLOGY
• The term "ideology" originates from the French
idéologie, itself derived from the Greek words
idéa (ἰδέα), meaning "idea" or "pattern," and -
logia (-λογία), meaning "the study of" or
"science".
• It was coined in the late 18th century by French
philosopher Antoine Louis Claude, Comte Destutt
de Tracy, to refer to the "science of ideas".
IDEOLOGY
• refers to a system of beliefs about how society
should function, behave, and operate. (Heywood
2007)
• It is a belief that man is generally good and that
his ability to reason allows him to attain
economic, political, and social progress (Dooley,
2013).
IDEOLOGY
• Form the basis of how they view the world
around them and th proper role of government in
the world.
• Largely concerns itself with how to allocate
power and to what ends it should be used.
FUNCTION OF IDEOLOGY
• It offers an account of the existing order by examining
what works and what does not work, as well as other
various issues and problems that the state and the
broader society are confronted with.
• It provides a model of a desired social order, a vision of
the Good Society.
• It outlines how political change or the desired social
order can be achieved.
FUNCTION OF IDEOLOGY
• Ideology address basic human psychological needs such
as safety, freedom and the community.
• Ideology provides its believers with sense of
understanding history and with the clues about what kind
of things they should pay attention.
CHARCTERISTICS OF
IDEOLOGY
• Ideologies have their levels end in – ism
• Ideologies provide an explanation for problems
that confront modern societies by providing
futuristic vision
• Ideology is action –oriented
• Ideology mobilize a large number of people.
A political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals,
principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social
movement, institution, class or large group that explains
how society should work and offers some political and
cultural blueprint for a certain social order.
WHY POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
MATTER?
• Ideologies provide a way for individuals and groups to make
sense of the world, defining their roles and relationships within
society. They offer a structure for interpreting events,
understanding social problems, and formulating solutions.
• Political ideologies shape the policies that governments enact.
• Ideologies influence individual beliefs, values, and behaviors,
affecting everything from consumer choices to social
interactions.
WHY POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
MATTER?
• Ideologies underpin the structure and function of political
systems.
• Ideologies can contribute to both social cohesion and conflict.
Shared ideologies can unite groups and communities, while
conflicting ideologies can lead to social division and political
polarization.
• Ideologies are intertwined with power structures, influencing
how power is acquired, maintained, and used. Politicians often
use ideologies to mobilize support and justify their actions.
MAJOR POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
LIBERALISM
• The term Liberalism derived from the Latin word "liber" which
means "free men" in short, men who were neither serfs nor slaves.
• It was originated from the writings of John Locke who develop the
argument of consent, majority rule, and rights.
• pertains to set of political beliefs emphasizing individual rights and
liberties.
.
Key Ideas Of Liberalism
• Individualism: It is the core principle of liberal ideology.
Individualism is further explained as:
belief in the supreme importance of the human
human beings are seen with equal moral worth; they
possess separate and unique identities
the liberal goal is to construct a society within which
individuals can flourish and develop
Freedom: Individual freedom or liberty is the core
value of liberalism.
Under freedom are the following features:
desire to ensure that each person is able to act as
he or she pleases or
chooses
advocate ‘freedom under the law’, as they
recognize that one person’s
liberty may be a threat to the liberty of others
Reason: Liberals believe that the world has a rational structure,
and that this can be uncovered through the exercise of human
reason and by critical enquiry.
Furthermore, the key idea of reason favors the following:
faith in the ability of individuals to make wise judgments;
individuals as the best judges of their own interests;
belief in progress and the capacity of human beings to
resolve their
differences through debate and argument, rather than
bloodshed and
war.
Political Economic Social
• Constitutionalism • Free Markets • Social Justice
• Democracy • Free Trade • Environmental
• Separation of • Deregulation Protection
Powers • LGBTQ+ Rights
• Freedom of • Reproductive
Speech Rights
• Freedom of
Religion
• Civil Rights
•
CONSERVATISM
refers to set of political beliefs based on preservation of
customs and traditions that define the character of a society.
• It is a political philosophy that tends to support the status quo
and advocates change only in moderation upholding the
value of tradition and seeks to preserve all that is good about
the past (Dooley, 2013).
• A point of view that emphasizes tradition and established
institutions and give greater attention to social entities than to
individuals having the inclination to oppose any change in
political environment.
SOCIALISM
• The term socialism derived from the word 'socialist' in
Latin social meaning to combine or to share.
• socialism is an economic and political doctrine
advocating governmental ownership and direction of
production and services but which would retain
existing institution as the means of regulating them.
• socialism adheres to social equality which is the main
way to attain social stability and cohesion
Distinctive ways of understanding socialism:
❖ Socialism is seen as an economic model.
❖ Socialism as an instrument of the labor movement.
❖ Socialism as a political creed encompasses
community, cooperation, equality, class politics and
collective ownership.
COMMUNISM
• It is an economic, social, and political system seeking
government ownership of the means production and
services directed by a process of scientific administration
and universal asset (Schrems, 2011).
5. FASCISM
• Fascism is a movement that stands for outmoded,
repressive social and political conditions rejecting
democracy, repudiates constitutionalism and stresses
that all values arise from the state against which the
individual has no rights.
• Fascism has a strong anti-rational, ant liberal, anti-
conservative, anti-capitalism, anti-bourgeois, anti-
communist and so on.
Salient Features of Fascism:
❖ Totalitarianism
❖ Nationalism
❖ Anti – liberalism
❖ Militarism and Violence
❖ Leadership
6. RELIGIOUS
FUNDAMENTALISM
•
Religious fundamentalism is an unusual political
ideology. The word fundamentalism is taken from
the Latin word fundamental, meaning base. It is
associated with inflexibility, dogmatism,
authoritarianism or worst violence.
The following are the themes of religious
fundamentalism:
❖ Religion as politics
❖ The fundamentalist impulse
❖ Anti-modernism
❖ Militancy
SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
it is a moderate or reformist brand of socialism
that favor a balance between the market and the
state rather than the abolition of capitalism. it is an
ideological stance that supports a full balance
between market capitalism,
FEMINISM
• Feminism is, derive from a Latin word Femina meaning women
or female, concerned with the attainment of gender equality in
the political, economic and social spheres of life.
• The basic idea of feminism is: that women experience a poor
state in society as a consequence of the patriarchy, male
domination of women, which has historically characterized all
social relationships and that this disadvantage can and should
be overthrown (Heywood, 2012).
ENVIRONMENTALISM
• Environmentalism is an ideology focusing on the idea
that environment is endangered and must be
preserved through regulation and lifestyle changes
(Roskin et.al., 2012).
• Its concern is about the natural environment and
particularly about reducing environmental degradation
that is more of a policy orientation rather than an
ideological stance (Heywood, 2012).
ANARCHISM
• The belief that the best government is
absolutely no government
• This ideology argues that everything about
governments is repressive and therefore must
be abolished entirely.
LIBERTARIANISM
• This is another version of anarchism but
involves the government in a minimal role
such as ensuring the safety of everyone and
fairness in whatever contracts or dealing
(Sargent, 2009).
Learning about political ideologies is advantageous in
understanding certain political contexts. In the
Philippines, different political ideologies like Marxism and
communism have affected different political-historical
events such as the First Quarter storm during the Marcos
dictatorship and the formulation of defend insurgents in
the country like the New People’s Armey (NPA) of the
Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP).
