Python Operators

The operator can be defined as a symbol which is responsible for a particular operation between two operands.
Operators are the pillars of a program on which the logic is built in a particular programming language. Python
provides a variety of operators described as follows.

o Arithmetic operators
o Comparison operators
o Assignment Operators
o Logical Operators
o Bitwise Operators
o Membership Operators
o Identity Operators

Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations between two operands. It includes +(addition), -
(subtraction), *(multiplication), /(divide), %(reminder), //(floor division), and exponent (**).

Consider the following table for a detailed explanation of arithmetic operators.

Operator Syntax Description

+ (Addition) Operand1 + It is used to add two operands.

operand2 For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a+b = 30

- (Subtraction) Operand1 - It is used to subtract the second operand from the first operand. If
operand2 the first operand is less than the second operand, the value result
negative.
For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a - b = 10

/ (divide) Operand1 / It returns the quotient after dividing the first operand by the second
operand2 operand. It always yields a floating – point result.
For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a/b = 2.0

* Operand1 * It is used to multiply one operand with the other.

(Multiplication) operand2 For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a * b = 200

% (reminder) Operand1 % It returns the reminder after dividing the first operand by the second
operand2 operand. It is the result of remainder obtained by performing ’ //’
operation
For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a%b = 0

** (Exponent) Operand1 ** It is an exponent operator represented as it calculates the first

 operand2 operand power to second operand.
For Example, if a =10 and b = 20 then a**b=1020

// (Floor Operand1 // It gives the floor value of the quotient produced by dividing the two
division) operand2 operands. i.e Integer division rounded toward minus infinity.
The Result is float if any one of the or two operands is/are floating-
point type with single digit precision(i.e digit ‘0’).
The Result is integer if both the operands are integer type
(irrespective of whether they are exactly divisible or not).

Script: >>> 10.5/2 >>> 10/2 >>> 10/0

a = 20 5.25 5.0 Traceback (most recent call last):
b = 10 >>> 10.5//2 >>> 10//2 File "<pyshell#15>", line 1, in <module>
print("a+b = ",a+b) 5.0 5 10/0
print("a-b = ",a-b) >>> 10.5%2 >>> 10%2 ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
print("a*b = ",a*b) 0.5 0 >>> 10//0
print("a/b = ",a/b) >>> 10/2.0 >>> 9/2 Traceback (most recent call last):
print("a%b = ",a%b) 5.0 4.5 File "<pyshell#16>", line 1, in <module>
print("a//b = ",a//b) >>> 10//2.0 >>> 9//2 10//0
print("a**b = ",a**b) 5.0 4 ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by
>>> 10%2.0 >>> 9%2 zero
output: 0.0 1 >>> 1010%0
a+b = 30 >>> 10.5/2.0 >>> 2**0 Traceback (most recent call last):
a-b = 10 5.25 1 File "<pyshell#17>", line 1, in <module>
a*b = 200 >>> 10.5//2.0 >>> 2.0**0 1010%0
a/b = 2.0 5.0 1.0 ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by
a%b = 0 >>> 10.5%2.0 >>> 10**-2 zero
a//b = 2 0.5 0.01
a**b = 10240000000000

Comparison (Relational) operator

Comparison operators are used to compare the values of the two operands and returns boolean true or false
accordingly. Chaining of relational operators is allowed and result is false if atleast one of them is false otherwise
the result is true. Boolean value arguments are internally interpreted as 1 (True) and 0 (False).
The comparison operators are described in the following table.

Operator Syntax Description

== Operand1 == If the value of two operands is equal, then the condition becomes
(Equals operator) operand2 true.

!= Operand1 != If the value of two operands is not equal then the condition
(Not Equals operand2 becomes true.
Operator)
 <= (Less than or Operand1 <= If the first operand is less than or equal to the second operand, then
equal operator) operand2 the condition becomes true.

>= Operand1 >= If the first operand is greater than or equal to the second operand,
(Greater than or operand2 then the condition becomes true.
equal operator)

> Operand1 > If the first operand is greater than the second operand, then the
(Greater than operand2 condition becomes true.
operator)

> Operand1 < If the first operand is less than the second operand, then the
(Less than operator) operand2 condition becomes true.

Script: Script: Script: >>> 10<20<30 >>> (10+20j) ==

a = 20 a = 'Engineering' a = True True 'Ram'
b = 10 b = 'science' b = False >>> 10>=20<30 False
print("a>b = ",a>b) print("a>b = ",a>b) print("a>b = ",a>b) False >>> 10 == 10.0
print("a<b = ",a<b) print("a<b = ",a<b) print("a<b = ",a<b) >>> 10<20<30 True
print("a>=b = print("a>=b = print("a>=b = True >>> 10 == '10'
",a>=b) ",a>=b) ",a>=b) >>> 10>=20<30 False
print("a<=b = print("a<=b = print("a<=b = False >>> 10 == 10.1
",a<=b) ",a<=b) ",a<=b) >>> 10=='Cse' False
Output: Output: Output: False >>> 10.10 ==10.1
a>b = True a>b = False a>b = True >>> 'cse' == 'cse' True
a<b = False a<b = True a<b = False True >>> 1 == True
a>=b = True a>=b = False a>=b = True >>> 10 ==20==30 True
a<=b = False a<=b = True a<=b = False False >>> 10 == True
>>> 'a' == 97 False
False >>> 1.0 == True
>>> 10 == 5+5 True
True

Python assignment operators

The assignment operators are used to assign the value of the right expression to the left operand. The assignment
operators are described in the following table.

Operator Syntax Description

= operand = expression It assigns the the value of the right expression to the left operand.
(Assignment
Operator)

+= Operand1 += It increases the value of the left operand by the value of the right
(Addition (operand2 / operand and assign the modified value back to left operand. For
assignment expression) example, if a = 10, b = 20 => a+ = b will be equal to a = a+ b
operator) and therefore, a = 30.

-= Operand1 -= It decreases the value of the left operand by the value of the right
(Subtraction (operand2 / operand and assign the modified value back to left operand. For
assignment expression) example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a- = b will be equal to a = a- b and
operator) therefore, a = 10.

*= Operand1 *= It multiplies the value of the left operand by the value of the right
(Multiplication (operand2 / operand and assign the modified value back to left operand. For
assignment expression) example, if a = 10, b = 20 => a* = b will be equal to a = a* b
operator) and therefore, a = 200.

%= Operand1 %= It divides the value of the left operand by the value of the right
(Modulo (operand2 / operand and assign the reminder back to left operand. For
assignment expression) example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a % = b will be equal to a = a % b
operator) and therefore, a = 0.

**= Operand1 **= a**=b will be equal to a=a**b, for example, if a = 4, b =2, a**=b
(Exponent (operand2 / will assign 4**2 = 16 to a.
assignment expression)
operator)

//= Operand1 //= A//=b will be equal to a = a// b, for example, if a = 4, b = 3,

(Floor (operand2 / a//=b will assign 4//3 = 1 to a.
Division expression)
assignment
operator)

Assignment statement forms

Operation Interpretation
spam = 'Spam' Basic form
spam, ham = 'yum', 'YUM' Tuple assignment (positional)
[spam, ham] = ['yum', 'YUM'] List assignment (positional)
a, b, c, d = 'spam' Sequence assignment, generalized
a, *b = 'spam' Extended sequence unpacking (Python 3.X)
spam = ham = 'lunch' Multiple-target assignment
spams += 42 Augmented assignment (equivalent to spams = spams + 42)
 Script: Script: Script:
a = 10 a,b,c,d = 10,20,30,40 a,b,c,d = 10,20,30,40,50
a print("a=",a) print("a=",a)
Output: print("b=",b) print("b=",b)
10 print("c=",c) print("c=",c)
print("d=",d) print("d=",d)
Script: Output: Output:
a=b=2 a= 10 ValueError
Traceback (most recent call
print("a=",a) b= 20 last)
print("b=",b) c= 30 <ipython-input-10-
305880621cce> in <module>
d= 40 ----> 1 a,b,c,d =
Output: 10,20,30,40,50
a= 2 2 print("a=",a)
b= 2 3 print("b=",b)
4 print("c=",c)
5 print("d=",d)

ValueError: too many values to

unpack (expected 4)

Note: Python doesn’t have increment and decrement operators

>>> ++10
10
>>> --10
10
>>> ---10
-10
>>> 10++
Syntax Error: invalid syntax

Bitwise operator
The bitwise operators perform bit by bit operation on the values of the two operands. The arguments to bitwise
operators can be integer type or Boolean type otherwise it gives syntax error. The result of bitwise operation is
always an integer type.

For example,

1. if a = 7;
2. b = 6;
3. then, binary (a) = 0111
4. binary (b) = 0011
5.
6. hence, a & b = 0011
7. a | b = 0111
8. a ^ b = 0100
9. ~ a = 1000
Operator Syntax Description

& (binary Op1 & op2 If both the bits at the same place in two operands are 1, then 1 is
and) copied to the result. Otherwise, 0 is copied.

| (binary Op1 | op2 The resulting bit will be 0 if both the bits are zero otherwise the
or) resulting bit will be 1.

^ (binary Op1 ^ op2 The resulting bit will be 1 if both the bits are different otherwise the
xor) resulting bit will be 0.

~ ~op1 It calculates the negation of each bit of the operand, i.e., if the bit is 0,
(negation) the resulting bit will be 1 and vice versa.

<< (left Op1 << op2 The left operand value is moved left by the number of bits present in
shift) the right operand.

>> (right Op1 >> op2 The left operand is moved right by the number of bits present in the
shift) right operand.

>>> ~4 >>> -10>>2

-5 -3
>>> ~10 >>> True<<2
-11
4
>>> ~32
>>> 10 & 2
-33
>>> ~-4 2
3 >>> 10 | 2
>>> 10<<2 10
40
>>> 10 ^ 2
>>> 10>>2
8
2

Logical Operators
The logical operators are used primarily in the expression evaluation to make a decision. Logical operators are
useful to construct compound conditions. A compound condition is a combination of more than one simple
condition. Simple conditions are evaluated to True or False first and then decision is taken to know whether the
entire compound statement is True or False. These logical operators accept arguments of all types. It takes two
arguments. Python supports the following logical operators.

Operator syntax Description

and Exp1 and exp2 For both Boolean type of arguments, If both the expressions are true, then
the condition will be true else the result is false.
For Example, If a and b are the two expressions, a → true, b → true => a and
b → true.
 For both non-boolean type of arguments, if exp1 evaluates to false, it returns
exp1, otherwise it returns exp2.

or Exp1 or Exp2 For both Boolean type of arguments, If either of the expressions are true,
then the condition will be true else the result is false.
For Example, If a and b are the two expressions, a → true, b → false => a or
b → true.
For both non-boolean type of arguments, if exp1 evaluates to false, it returns
exp2, otherwise it returns exp1.

not not Exp If an expression a is true then not (a) will be false and vice versa.

>>> True and True True

True >>> True or True
>>> False and False True
False >>> False or False
>>> True and False False
False >>> not True
>>> False and True False
False >>> not False
>>> True or False True
True

>>> False or True

>>> 10 and 20 >>> 10 or 10/0

20 >>> not 10 10
>>> 0 and 20 False >>> 0 or 10/0
0 >>> not 0 Traceback (most recent
>>> 10+20 and 30+50 True call last):
80 >>> not str() File "<pyshell#26>", line
>>> 10 or 20 True 1, in <module>
10 >>> not '' 0 or 10/0
>>> 0 or 20 True ZeroDivisionError:
20 division by zero
>>> 10+20 or 30+50 >>> not 'cse'
30 False

Membership Operators
Python membership operators are used to check the membership of value inside a Python data structure or in
sequences such as strings, tuples or dictionaries.. If the value is present in the data structure, then the resulting
value is true otherwise it returns false.
The following are Membership operators:

Operator Syntax Description

 in Op1 in op2 This operator returns True if an element is found in
Here, op1 is an element to check for the specified sequence otherwise it returns False. i.e
its presence in sequence represented It is evaluated to be true if the first operand is found
by op2. in the second operand (list, tuple, or dictionary).

not in Op1 not in op2 This operator returns True if an element is not found
Here, op1 is an element to check for in the specified sequence otherwise it returns False. It
its absence in sequence represented is evaluated to be true if the first operand is not found
by op2. in the second operand (list, tuple, or dictionary).

Script: Script: Script:

x = 'cat under the table' names = ["raj","antony","alice","bob"] # Python program to illustrate
y = {3:'a',4:'b'} for name in names: # Finding common member in list
print('under' in x) print(name) # using 'in' operator
list1=[1,2,3,4,5]
print('the' not in x) output: list2=[6,7,8,9,5,10]
for item in list1:
print('table' not in x) raj if item in list2:
antony print("overlapping ---- ",item)
alice
print(3 in y) bob else:
print("not overlapping ---- ",item)
print('b' in y) output:
output: not overlapping ---- 1
True not overlapping ---- 2
False not overlapping ---- 3
False not overlapping ---- 4
True overlapping ---- 5
False
Script:
# Python program to illustrate
# 'in and 'not in' operator
x = 24
y = 20
list = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50 ];

if ( x not in list ):
print ("x is NOT present in
given list")
else:
print ("x is present in given
list")

if ( y in list ):
print ("y is present in given
list")
else:
print ("y is NOT present in
given list")

output:
x is NOT present in given
list
y is present in given list

Identity Operators
These operators compare the memory locations of two objects. The memory location of an object can be seen
using the id () inbuilt function. This function returns an integer number, called the identity number that internally
represents the memory location of an object.

>>> a = 10 >>> b = 'Alice'

>>> b = 10 >>> id(b)
>>> id(a) 36037440
1362311568 >>> id(a)
>>> id(b) 1362311568
1362311568
The following are the Identity Operators:

Operator Syntax Description

is Op1 is op2 It is evaluated to be true if both the references (op1 & op2)
point to the same object.
i.e if the identity numbers of two objects are same, then it
will return True, otherwise it returns False.

is not Op1 is not op2 It is evaluated to be true if both the references (op1 & op2)
do not point to the same object.
i.e if the identity numbers of two objects are different, then it
will return True, otherwise it returns False.

Script: Script: Script: Script:

a = 10 a = "bob"
l1 = a = "bob"
b = 20
b = "Bob" b = "Bob"
print(a is b) [10,15.29,"bob",(10+20j),True]
if(a is b):
print(a is not b) print("Address of a is:",id(a))
l2 = print("a and b have
print("Address of b is:",id(b)) same identity number")
Output: [10,15.29,"bob",(10+20j),True]
else:
False print("the result of 'a is b:'",a is b)
print("Address of l1 is:",id(l1)) print("a and b have
True print("the result of 'a is not b:'",a different identity
print("Address of l2 is:",id(l2))
number")
is not b)
print("the result of 'l1 is l2:'",l1
Output: Output:
is l2)
Address of a is: 57882400 a and b have
Address of b is: 57881920 print("the result of 'l1 is not different identity
the result of 'a is b:' False l2:'",l1 is not l2) number
the result of 'a is not b:'
True print("the result of 'l1 ==
l2:'",l1 == l2)
Output:
Address of l1 is: 57311064
Address of l2 is: 57310864
the result of 'l1 is l2:'
False
the result of 'l1 is not
l2:' True
the result of 'l1 == l2:'
True
Operator Precedence
The precedence of the operators is important to find out since it enables us to know which operator should be
evaluated first. The precedence table of the operators in python is given below.

Operator Description

() Parenthesis

** The exponent operator is given priority over all the others used in the expression.

~, +, - The negation, unary plus and minus.

*, / ,%, // The multiplication, divide, modules, reminder, and floor division.

+,- Binary plus and minus

>> ,<< Left shift and right shift

& Binary and.

^, | Binary xor and or

<=, < ,>, >= Comparison operators (less then, less then equal to, greater then, greater then
equal to).

<>, ==, != Equality operators.

= %,= /,= //,= -, Assignment operators

= +,= *,= **,=

isIs, is not Identity operators

in, not in Membership operators

not, or, and Logical operators

>>> 7*3/7
3.0
>>> 2**3**2
512
>>> 3/2*4+3+(10/4)**3-2
22.625
>>> 8/4/2
1.0
Python Conditional Statements

If-else statements
Decision making is the most important aspect of almost all the programming languages. As the name implies,
decision making allows us to run a particular block of code for a particular decision. Here, the decisions are made
on the validity of the particular conditions. Condition checking is the backbone of decision making.

In python, decision making is performed by the following statements.

Statement Description

If Statement The if statement is used to test a specific condition. If the condition is true, a block
of code (if-block) will be executed.

If - else Statement The if-else statement is similar to if statement except the fact that, it also provides
the block of the code for the false case of the condition to be checked. If the
condition provided in the if statement is false, then the else statement will be
executed.

Nested if Nested if statements enable us to use if - else statement inside another if

Statement statement.

The ElIf Statement If we want to execute some code where one of the several conditions is true,then
use the else if statement.

Indentation in Python
 For the ease of programming and to achieve simplicity, python doesn't allow the use of parentheses for
the block level code. Python represents block structure and nested block structure with indentation.
Indentation refers to spaces that are used in the beginning of a statement. The statements with same
indentation belong to same group/block called a suite.
 The empty block -- Use the ‘pass’ no-op statement.
 Generally, four spaces are given to indent the statements which are a typical amount of indentation in
python.
 Indentation is the most used part of the python language since it declares the block of code. All the
statements of one block are intended at the same level indentation. We will see how the actual indentation
takes place in decision making and other stuff in python.

 Benefits of the use of indentation to indicate structure:

● Reduces the need for a coding standard. Only need to specify that indentation is 4 spaces and no hard
tabs.
● Reduces inconsistency. Code from different sources follows the same indentation style. It has to.
● Reduces work. Only need to get the indentation correct, not both indentation and brackets.
● Reduces clutter. Eliminates all the curly brackets.
● If it looks correct, it is correct. Indentation cannot fool the reader.

The if statement
The if statement is used to execute one or more statements depending on
whether a condition is true or not. The condition of if statement can be any
valid logical expression which can be either evaluated to true or false.
 The syntax of the if-statement is given below.

1. if expression:
2. block of statement(s) to be executed if condition is True

Example 1:Program to print if the given integer value is even

num = int(input("enter the number?"))

if num%2 == 0:
print("Number is even")

Output:
enter the number?10
Number is even

Example 2 : Program to print the largest of the three numbers.

a = int(input("Enter value for a? "))

b = int(input("Enter value for b? "))
c = int(input("Enter value for c? "))
if a>b and a>c:
print("a is largest")
if b>a and b>c:
print("b is largest")
if c>a and c>b:
print("c is largest")

Output:
Enter value for a? 10
Enter value for b? 20
Enter value for c? 30
c is largest

The if-else statement

The if-else statement provides an else block combined with the if statement which is executed in the false case of
the condition.

If the condition is true, then the if-block is executed. Otherwise, the else-block is executed.

The syntax of the if-else statement is given below.

if condition:
block of statements to be executed if condition is True
else:
block of statements to be executed if condition is False
Example 1 : Program to check whether a person is eligible to vote or not.

age = int (input("Enter your age? "))

if age>=18:
print("You are eligible to vote !!")
else:
print("Sorry! you have to wait !!")

Output:

Enter your age? 18

You are eligible to vote !!

Enter your age? 52

You are eligible to vote !!

Example 2: Program to check whether a number is even or not.

num = int(input("enter the number?"))

if num%2 == 0:
print("Number is even...")
else:
print("Number is odd...")

Output:

enter the number?25

Number is odd...
enter the number?22
Number is even...

Example 3: The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is Friday, Otherwise, it will output "Have a
nice day!":.

d = "Friday"
if d == " Friday ":
print("Have a nice weekend!")
else:
print("Have a nice day")
Output:

Have a nice day

The elif statement

The elif statement enables us to check multiple conditions and execute the specific block of statements
depending upon the true condition among them. We can have any number of elif statements in our
program depending upon our need. However, using elif is optional.

The elif statement works like an if-else-if ladder statement in C. It must be succeeded by an if
statement.

The syntax of the elif statement is given below.

if expression 1:
# block of statements

elif expression 2:
# block of statements

elif expression 3:
# block of statements

else:
# block of statements
Example 1

number = int(input("Enter the number?"))

if number==10:
print("number is equals to 10")
elif number==50:
print("number is equal to 50")
elif number==100:
print("number is equal to 100")
else:
print("number is not equal to 10, 50 or 100")

Output:

Enter the number?15

number is not equal to 10, 50 or 100

Example 2

marks = int(input("Enter the marks? "))

if marks > 85 and marks <= 100:
print("Congrats ! you scored grade A ...")
elif marks > 60 and marks <= 85:
print("You scored grade B + ...")
elif marks > 40 and marks <= 60:
print("You scored grade B ...")
elif (marks > 30 and marks <= 40):
print("You scored grade C ...")
else:
print("Sorry you are fail ?")
Python Loops
The flow of the programs written in any programming language is sequential by default. Sometimes
we may need to alter the flow of the program. The execution of a specific code may need to be
repeated several numbers of times.

For this purpose, The programming languages provide various types of loops which are capable of
repeating some specific code several numbers of times. Consider the following diagram to understand
the working of a loop statement.

Why we use loops in python?

The looping simplifies the complex problems into the easy ones. It enables us to alter the flow of the
program so that instead of writing the same code again and again, we can repeat the same code for a
finite number of times. For example, if we need to print the first 10 natural numbers then, instead of
using the print statement 10 times, we can print inside a loop which runs up to 10 iterations.

Advantages of loops

There are the following advantages of loops in Python.

1. It provides code re-usability.

2. Redundancy of code is less.
Suppose if you take any example, to print 1 to 100 numbers we need to use 100 printf()
statements. But if you use loop then one printf() statement is enough for this example.
3. Using loops, we can traverse over the elements of data structures (array or linked lists).

There are the following loop statements in Python.

Loop Description
Statement

for loop The for loop is used in the case where we need to execute some part of the code until
the given condition is satisfied. The for loop is also called as a per-tested loop. It is
better to use for loop if the number of iteration is known in advance.
 while The while loop is to be used in the scenario where we don't know the number of
loop iterations in advance. The block of statements is executed in the while loop until the
condition specified in the while loop is satisfied. It is also called a pre-tested loop.

do-while The do-while loop continues until a given condition satisfies. It is also called post
loop tested loop. It is used when it is necessary to execute the loop at least once (mostly
menu driven programs).

Python for loop

 The for loop in Python is used to iterate the statements or a part of the program several
times.
 It is frequently used to traverse the data structures like list, tuple, or dictionary. i.e it is useful
to iterate over the elements of a sequence or to execute a group of statements repeatedly
depending upon the number of elements in the sequence.

The syntax of for loop in python is given below.

for iterating_var in sequence:

statement(s)

Nested for loop in python

Python allows to write one loops inside another loop. The inner loop is executed n number of times for
each iteration of the outer loop. We can write a ‘for loop’ inside a ‘while loop’ or vice-versa or a ‘for
loop’ inside another ‘for loop’ or ‘while loop’ inside another ‘while loop’. Such loops are called as
‘nested loops’.
The syntax of the nested for loop in python is given below.

for iterating_var1 in sequence:

#block of statement(s) inside ‘outer for loop’
for iterating_var2 in sequence:
#block of statement(s) inside ‘inner for loop’
#Other statements

Example 1: A program to illustrate the concept of 'Nested loop'

for i in range(3):
for j in range(4):
print('i=%d \t j=%d' % (i,j))
print('------------------------')

Output:
i=0 j=0
i=0 j=1
i=0 j=2
i=0 j=3
------------------------
i=1 j=0
i=1 j=1
i=1 j=2
i=1 j=3
------------------------
i=2 j=0
i=2 j=1
i=2 j=2
i=2 j=3
------------------------

Example 2: A program to display the following pattern for given number of rows?
*
**
***
****
n = int(input("Enter the number of rows you want to print?"))
i,j=0,0
for i in range(0,n):
print()
for j in range(0,i+1):
print("*",end="")
Output:
Enter the number of rows you want to print?5
*
**
***
****
*****

Using ‘else suite’ with for loop

 Unlike other languages like C, C++, or Java, python allows us to use the else statement with
the for loop which can be executed only when all the iterations are exhausted. Here, we must
notice that if the loop contains any of the break statement then the else statement will not be
executed.
 This else suite is useful when we write programs where searching for an element is done is in
a sequence. When the element is not found, we can indicate that in the else suite easily.

The syntax of the ‘else suite’ with for loop in python is given below.

for(var in sequence):
#Statement(s)
else:
#Statement(s)

Example 1: # A Program to illustrate ‘else suite’ with for loop

for i in range(0,5):
print(i)
else:
print("for loop completely exhausted, since there is no break.")

In the above example, for loop is executed completely since there is no break statement in the loop.
The control comes out of the loop and hence the else block is executed.

Output:
0
1
2
3
4
for loop completely exhausted, since there is no break.

Example 2
for i in range(0,5):
print(i)
break
else:
print("for loop is exhausted")
print("The loop is broken due to break statement...came out of loop")
In the above example, the loop is broken due to break statement therefore the else statement will not
be executed. The statement present immediate next to else block will be executed.

Output:
0
The loop is broken due to break statement...came out of loop

Example 3

The loop is broken due to break statement...came out of loop

list = [1,2,3,4,5]
search_element = int(input("enter element to search in list?:"))
for i in list:
if i == search_element:
print('element = %d found in the list' % (search_element))
break
else:
print('element not found')

Output:

enter element to search in list?:6

element not found

enter element to search in list?:3

element = 3 found in the list

Python while loop

 The while loop is also known as a pre-tested loop. In general, a while loop allows a part of the
code to be executed as long as the given condition is true.
 It can be viewed as a repeating if statement. The while loop is mostly used in the case where
the number of iterations is not known in advance.

The syntax is given below.

while expression:
Block of statement(s) to execute repeatedly until the expression evaluates to False.

Here, the statements can be a single statement or the group of statements. The expression should be
any valid python expression resulting into true or false. The true is any non-zero value.
Example 1: A Program to display numbers from 1 to 10
i=1;
while i<=10:
print(i)
i=i+1
Print(“End of … ….”)

Output:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
End of … ….

Example 2: A Program to display Multiplication table of given number

i=1
number = int(input("Enter the number:"))
while i<=10:
print("%d X %d = %d \n" % (number,i,number*i));
i = i+1;

Output:
Enter the number: 10

10 X 1 = 10

10 X 2 = 20

10 X 3 = 30
10 X 4 = 40

10 X 5 = 50

10 X 6 = 60

10 X 7 = 70

10 X 8 = 80

10 X 9 = 90

10 X 10 = 100

Example 3: A Program to display even numbers between 100 and 200

number = 100
while number>=100 and number<=200:
print(number)
number+=2

Output:
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
190
192
194
196
198
200

Infinite while loop

 If the condition given in the while loop never becomes false then the while loop will never
terminate and result into the infinite while loop.

 Any non-zero value in the while loop indicates an always-true condition whereas 0 indicates
the always-false condition. This type of approach is useful if we want our program to run
continuously in the loop without any disturbance.

 Infinite loops are drawbacks in a program because when the user is caught in an infinite loop,
he/she cannot understand how to come out of the loop. So, it is always recommended to avoid
infinite loops in any program.
Example 1
while (1):
print("Hi! we are inside the infinite while loop")

Output:
Hi! we are inside the infinite while loop
(infinite times)

Example 2
var = 1
while var != 2:
i = int(input("Enter the number?"))
print ("Entered value is %d"%(i))

Output:
Enter the number?102
Entered value is 102
Enter the number?102
Entered value is 102
Enter the number?103
Entered value is 103
Enter the number?103
(infinite loop)

Using ‘else suite’ with Python while loop

Python enables us to use the while loop with the while loop also. The else block is executed when the
condition given in the while statement becomes false. Like for loop, if the while loop is broken using
break statement, then the else block will not be executed and the statement present after else block
will be executed.

The syntax of the ‘else suite’ with while loop in python is given below.

While(condition):
#Statement(s)
else:
#Statement(s)

Consider the following example.

Example 1

i=1;
while i<=5:
print(i)
i=i+1
else:
print("The while loop exhausted");

Output:
1
2
3
4
5
The while loop exhausted

Example 2
i=1;
while i<=5:
print(i)
i=i+1;
if(i==3):
break
else:
print("The while loop exhausted");

Output:
1
2

Loop Control Statements

Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence. When execution leaves a scope,
all automatic objects that were created in that scope are destroyed.

Python supports the following control statements.

Control Statement Description

break Terminates the execution of loop statement and continues with

execution of the statement immediately following the loop.

continue Causes to skip the execution of the remaining statements after

‘continue’ statement in the loop body and continues with testing of the
condition of the loop.

pass The pass statement in Python is used when a control statement is

required syntactically but you do not want any command or code to
execute as a part of loop.

break statement
break statement can be used within for as well as while loops. Python Interpreter terminates the
current loop when it executes break statement and resumes execution with the statement following
the loop body, just like the traditional break statement in C.

The most common use for break is when some external condition is triggered requiring a hasty exit
from a loop.

In case of nested loops, the successful execution of ‘break statement’ causes Python interpreter to
terminate the execution of the loop having ‘break statement’ and continues with the execution of
statements of outer loop/enclosing loop.

The syntax of the break is given below.

#loop statements
break
Example 1
str = "python"
for i in str:
if i == 'o':
break
print(i)

Output:
p
y
t
h
Example 2:
i = 0;
while 1:
print(i," ",end="")
i=i+1
if i == 10:
break
print("came out of while loop")
Output:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 came out of while loop

Example 3:
# A program to print multiplication table interactively illustrating the usage of 'break statement'

while 1:
i=1
choice = input("Do you want to continue printing the table, press 'yes' or 'no'?: ")
if choice == 'yes':
n = int(input("enter the table to print: "))
while i<=10:
print("%d X %d = %d\n"%(n,i,n*i))
i = i+1
else:
break

Output:

Do you want to continue printing the table, press 'yes' or 'no'?: yes
enter the table to print: 2
2 X 1 = 2
 2 X 2 = 4

2 X 3 = 6

2 X 4 = 8

2 X 5 = 10

2 X 6 = 12

2 X 7 = 14

2 X 8 = 16

2 X 9 = 18

2 X 10 = 20

Do you want to continue printing the table, press 'yes' or 'no'?: yes
enter the table to print: 5
5 X 1 = 5

5 X 2 = 10

5 X 3 = 15

5 X 4 = 20

5 X 5 = 25

5 X 6 = 30

5 X 7 = 35

5 X 8 = 40

5 X 9 = 45

5 X 10 = 50

Do you want to continue printing the table, press 'yes' or 'no'?: no

Python continue Statement

The continue statement in python is used to bring the program control to the beginning of the loop. The continue
statement skips the remaining lines of code inside the loop and continues with the next iteration.

The syntax of Python continue statement is given below.

#loop statements
continue
#the code to be skipped
 Example 1
i = 0;
while i!=10:
print("%d" % i)
continue
i=i+1

Output:
infinite loop

Example 2
i=1; #initializing a local variable
#starting a loop from 1 to 10
for i in range(1,11):
if i==5:
continue
print("%d"%i)

Output:
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10

Pass Statement

The pass statement is a null operation since nothing happens when it is executed. It is used in the cases where a
statement is syntactically needed but we don't want to use any executable statement at its place.

For example, it can be used while overriding a parent class method in the subclass but don't want to give its
specific implementation in the subclass.

Pass is also used where the code will be written somewhere but not yet written in the program file.

The syntax of the pass statement is given below.

# statements
pass
# statements

Example

list = [1,2,3,4,5]
flag = 0
for i in list:
print("Current element:",i,end=" ")
if i==3:
pass
print("\nWe are inside pass block\n")
flag = 1
 if flag==1:
print("\nCame out of pass\n")
flag=0

Output:
Current element: 1 Current element: 2 Current element: 3
We are inside pass block

Came out of pass

Current element: 4 Current element: 5

Example:
# A Program to illustrate the usage of 'pass statement'
# A program to retrieve only -ve numbers from the list

num = [1,2,3,-4,-5,-6,-7,8,9,10]
for i in num:
if (i>0):
pass
else:
print(i)

Output

-4
-5
-6
-7

Note:
Iterable is an object, which one can iterate over. It generates an Iterator when passed
to iter() method. Iterator is an object, which is used to iterate over an iterable object using
__next__() method. Iterators have __next__() method, which returns the next item of the
object.
Note that every iterator is also an iterable, but not every iterable is an iterator. For
example, a list is iterable but a list is not an iterator. An iterator can be created from
an iterable by using the function iter(). To make this possible, the class of an object needs
either a method __iter__, which returns an iterator, or a __getitem__ method with
sequential indexes starting with 0.