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Python Operators
In the following tutorial, we will discuss about the operators used in the Python
programming language.

An Introduction to Operators in Python

In general, Operators are the symbols used to perform a specific operation on
different values and variables. These values and variables are considered as the
Operands, on which the operator is applied. Operators serve as the foundation upon
which logic is constructed in a program in a particular programming language. In
every programming language, some operators perform several tasks.

Different Types of Operators in Python

Same as other languages, Python also has some operators, and these are given below
-

1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Comparison Operators
3. Assignment Operators
4. Logical Operators
5. Bitwise Operators
6. Membership Operators
7. Identity Operators

Let us now discuss these operators used in Python in the following sections.

Arithmetic Operators
Python Arithmetic Operators are used on two operands to perform basic
mathematical operators like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. There
are different types of arithmetic operators available in Python including the '+'
operator for addition, '-' operator for subtraction, '*' for multiplication, '/' for division,
'%' for modulus, '**' for exponent and '//' for floor division.

Let us consider the following table of arithmetic operators for a detailed explanation.

S. No. Operator Syntax Description

1 + (Addition) r=a+b This operator is

used to add two
operands. For
example, if a = 15, b
= 10 => a + b = 15 +
10 = 25

2 - (Subtraction) r=a-b This operator is

used to subtract
the second
operand from the
first operand. If the
first operand is less
than the second
operand, the value
results negative.
For example, if a =
20, b = 5 => a - b =
20 – 5 = 15

3 / (divide) r=a/b This operator

returns the
quotient after
dividing the first
operand by the
second operand.
For example, if a =
15, b = 4 => a / b =
15 / 4 = 3.75
4 * (Multiplication) r=a*b This operator is
used to multiply
one operand with
the other. For
example, if a = 20, b
= 4 => a * b = 20 * 4
= 80

5 % (reminder) r=a%b This operator

returns the
reminder after
dividing the first
operand by the
second operand.
For example, if a =
20, b = 10 => a % b
= 20 % 10 = 0

6 ** (Exponent) r = a ** b As this operator

calculates the first
operand's power to
the second
operand, it is an
exponent operator.
For example, if a =
2, b = 3 => a**b =
2**3 = 2^3 = 2*2*2
=8

7 // (Floor division) r = a // b This operator

provides the
quotient's floor
value, which is
obtained by
dividing the two
operands. For
example, if a = 15, b
 = 4 => a // b = 15 //
4=3

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of arithmetic operators in Python. The code is given
below -

Example

a = 46 # Initializing the value of a

b=4 # Initializing the value of b

print("For a =", a, "and b =", b,"\nCalculate the following:")

# printing different results

print('1. Addition of two numbers: a + b =', a + b)
print('2. Subtraction of two numbers: a - b =', a - b)
print('3. Multiplication of two numbers: a * b =', a * b)
print('4. Division of two numbers: a / b =', a / b)
print('5. Floor division of two numbers: a // b =',a // b)
print('6. Reminder of two numbers: a mod b =', a % b)
print('7. Exponent of two numbers: a ^ b =',a ** b)

Execute Now

Output:

Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation, we run it.
Then the output is given below -

For a = 46 and b = 4
Calculate the following:
1. Addition of two numbers: a + b = 50
2. Subtraction of two numbers: a - b = 42
3. Multiplication of two numbers: a * b = 184
 4. Division of two numbers: a / b = 11.5
5. Floor division of two numbers: a // b = 11
6. Reminder of two numbers: a mod b = 2
7. Exponent of two numbers: a ^ b = 4477456

Comparison Operators
Python Comparison operators are mainly used for the purpose of comparing two
values or variables (operands) and return a Boolean value as either True or False
accordingly. There are various types of comparison operators available in Python
including the '==', '!=', '<=', '>=', '<', and '>'.

Let us consider the following table of comparison operators for a detailed

explanation.

S. No. Operator Syntax Description

1 == a == b Equal to: If the

value of two
operands is equal,
then the condition
becomes true.

2 != a != b Not Equal to: If the

value of two
operands is not
equal, then the
condition becomes
true.

3 <= a <= b Less than or Equal

to: The condition is
met if the first
operand is smaller
than or equal to the
second operand.
 4 >= a >= b Greater than or
Equal to: The
condition is met if
the first operand is
greater than or
equal to the second
operand.

5 > a>b Greater than: If the

first operand is
greater than the
second operand,
then the condition
becomes true.

6 < a<b Less than: If the

first operand is less
than the second
operand, then the
condition becomes
true.

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of Comparison operators in Python. The code is given
below -

Example

a = 46 # Initializing the value of a

b=4 # Initializing the value of b

print("For a =", a, "and b =", b,"\nCheck the following:")

# printing different results

print('1. Two numbers are equal or not:', a == b)
print('2. Two numbers are not equal or not:', a != b)
 print('3. a is less than or equal to b:', a <= b)
print('4. a is greater than or equal to b:', a >= b)
print('5. a is greater b:', a > b)
print('6. a is less than b:', a < b)

Execute Now

Output:

Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation, we run it.
Then the output is given below -

For a = 46 and b = 4
Check the following:
1. Two numbers are equal or not: False
2. Two numbers are not equal or not: True
3. a is less than or equal to b: False
4. a is greater than or equal to b: True
5. a is greater b: True
6. a is less than b: False

Assignment Operators
Using the assignment operators, the right expression's value is assigned to the left
operand. Python offers different assignment operators to assign values to the
variable. These assignment operators include '=', '+=', '-=', '*=', '/=', '%=', '//=', '**=', '&=',
'|=', '^=', '>>=', and '<<='.

Let us consider the following table of some commonly used assignment operators for
a detailed explanation.

S. No. Operator Syntax Description

1 = a=b+c This operator

assigns the value of
the right
 expression to the
left operand.

2 += a += b => a = a + b Add AND: This

operator adds the
operand on the
right side to the
operand on the left
side and assigns
the resultant value
to the left operand.
For example, if a =
15, b = 20 => a += b
will be equal to a =
a + b and therefore,
a = 15 + 20 => a =
35

3 -= a -= b => a = a - b Subtract AND: This

operator subtracts
the operand on the
right side from the
operand on the left
side and assigns
the resultant value
to the left operand.
For example, if a =
47, b = 32 => a -= b
will be equal to a =
a - b and therefore,
a = 47 - 32 => a = 15

4 *= a *= b => a = a * b Multiply AND: This

operator multiplies
the operand on the
right side with the
operand on the left
side and assigns
 the resultant value
to the left operand.
For example, if a =
12, b = 4 => a *= b
will be equal to a =
a * b and therefore,
a = 12 * 4 => a = 48

5 /= a /= b => a = a / b Divide AND: This

operator divides
the operand on the
left side with the
operand on the
right side and
assign the resultant
value to the left
operand. For
example, if a = 15, b
= 2 => a /= b will be
equal to a = a / b
and therefore, a =
15 / 2 => a = 7.5

6 %= a %= b => a = a % b Modulus AND: This

operator calculates
the modulus of
using the left-side
and right-side
operands and
assigns the
resultant value to
the left operand.
For example, if a =
20, b = 10 => a %= b
will be equal to a =
a % b and
 therefore, a = 20 %
10 => a = 0

7 **= a **= b => a = a ** Exponent AND: This

b operator calculates
the exponent value
using the operands
on both side and
assign the resultant
value to the left
operand. For
example, if a = 2, b
= 3 => a **= b will
be equal to a = a **
b and therefore, a =
2 ** 3 = 8

8 //= a //= b => a = a // b Divide (floor) AND:

This operator
divides the operand
on the left side with
the operand on the
right side and
assign the resultant
floor value to the
left operand. For
example, if a = 15, b
= 2 => a //= b will be
equal to a = a // b
and therefore, a =
15 // 2 => a = 7

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of Assignment operators in Python. The code is given
below -
 Example

a = 34 # Initialize the value of a

b=6 # Initialize the value of b

# printing the different results

print('a += b:', a + b)
print('a -= b:', a - b)
print('a *= b:', a * b)
print('a /= b:', a / b)
print('a %= b:', a % b)
print('a **= b:', a ** b)
print('a //= b:', a // b)

Execute Now

Output:

Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation, we run it.
Then the output is given below -

a += b: 40
a -= b: 28
a *= b: 204
a /= b: 5.666666666666667
a %= b: 4
a **= b: 1544804416
a //= b: 5

Bitwise Operators
The two operands' values are processed bit by bit by the bitwise operators. There are
various Bitwise operators used in Python, such as bitwise OR (|), bitwise AND (&),
bitwise XOR (^), negation (~), Left shift (<<), and Right shift (>>).

Let us consider the following table of bitwise operators for a detailed explanation.
S. No. Operator Syntax Description

1 & a&b Bitwise AND: 1 is

copied to the result
if both bits in two
operands at the
same location are
1. If not, 0 is
copied.

2 | a|b Bitwise OR: The

resulting bit will be
0 if both the bits
are zero; otherwise,
the resulting bit will
be 1.

3 ^ a^b Bitwise XOR: If the

two bits are
different, the
outcome bit will be
1, else it will be 0.

4 ~ ~a Bitwise NOT: The

operand's bits are
calculated as their
negations, so if one
bit is 0, the next bit
will be 1, and vice
versa.

5 << a << Bitwise Left Shift:

The number of bits
in the right
operand is
multiplied by the
leftward shift of the
 value of the left
operand.

6 >> a >> Bitwise Right

Shift: The left
operand is moved
right by the
number of bits
present in the right
operand.

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of Bitwise operators in Python. The code is given below -

Example

a=7 # initializing the value of a

b=8 # initializing the value of b

# printing different results

print('a & b :', a & b)
print('a | b :', a | b)
print('a ^ b :', a ^ b)
print('~a :', ~a)
print('a << b :', a << b)
print('a >> b :', a >> b)

Execute Now

Output:

Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation, we run it.
Then the output is given below -

a & b : 0
a | b : 15
 a ^ b : 15
~a : -8
a << b : 1792
a >> b : 0

Logical Operators
The assessment of expressions to make decisions typically uses logical operators.
Python offers different types of logical operators such as and, or, and not. In the case
of the logical AND, if the first one is 0, it does not depend upon the second one. In the
case of the logical OR, if the first one is 1, it does not depend on the second one.

Let us consider the following table of the logical operators used in Python for a
detailed explanation.

S. No. Operator Syntax Description

1 and a and b Logical AND: The

condition will also
be true if the
expression is true.
If the two
expressions a and b
are the same, then
a and b both must
be true.

2 or a or b Logical OR: The

condition will be
true if one of the
phrases is true. If a
and b are the two
expressions, then
either a or b must
be true to make the
condition true.
 3 not not a Logical NOT: If an
expression a is
true, then not (a)
will be false and
vice versa.

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of Logical operators in Python. The code is given below -

Example

a=7 # initializing the value of a

# printing different results

print("For a = 7, checking whether the following conditions are True or False:")
print('\"a > 5 and a < 7\" =>', a > 5 and a < 7)
print('\"a > 5 or a < 7\" =>', a > 5 or a < 7)
print('\"not (a > 5 and a < 7)\" =>', not(a > 5 and a < 7))

Execute Now

Output:

Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation, we run it.
Then the output is given below -

For a = 7, checking whether the following conditions are True or False:

"a > 5 and a < 7" => False
"a > 5 or a < 7" => True
"not (a > 5 and a < 7)" => True

Membership Operators
We can verify the membership of a value inside a Python data structure using the
Python membership operators. The result is said to be true if the value or variable is in
the sequence (list, tuple, or dictionary); otherwise, it returns false.

S. No. Operator Description

1 in If the first operand (value

or variable) is present in
the second operand
(sequence), it is evaluated
to be true. Sequence can
either be a list, tuple, or
dictionary

2 not in If the first operand (value

or variable) is not present
in the second operand
(sequence), the evaluation
is true. Sequence can
either be a list, tuple, or
dictionary

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of Membership operators in Python. The code is given
below -

Example

# initializing a list
myList = [12, 22, 28, 35, 42, 49, 54, 65, 92, 103, 245, 874]

# initializing x and y with some values

x = 31
y = 28

# printing the given list

print("Given List:", myList)
 # checking if x is present in the list or not
if (x not in myList):
print("x =", x,"is NOT present in the given list.")
else:
print("x =", x,"is present in the given list.")

# checking if y is present in the list or not

if (y in myList):
print("y =", y,"is present in the given list.")
else:
print("y =", y,"is NOT present in the given list.")

Execute Now

Output:

Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation, we run it.
Then the output is given below -

Given List: [12, 22, 28, 35, 42, 49, 54, 65, 92, 103, 245, 874]
x = 31 is NOT present in the given list.
y = 28 is present in the given list.

Identity Operators
Python offers two identity operators as is and is not, that are used to check if two
values are located on the same part of the memory. Two variables that are equal do
not imply that they are identical.

S. No. Operator Description

1 is If the references on both

sides point to the same
object, it is determined to
be true.
 2 is not If the references on both
sides do not point at the
same object, it is
determined to be true.

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of Identity operators in Python. The code is given below -

Example

# initializing two variables a and b

a = ["Rose", "Lotus"]
b = ["Rose", "Lotus"]

# initializing a variable c and storing the value of a in c

c=a

# printing the different results

print("a is c => ", a is c)
print("a is not c => ", a is not c)
print("a is b => ", a is b)
print("a is not b => ", a is not b)
print("a == b => ", a == b)
print("a != b => ", a != b)

Execute Now

Output:

Now we compile the above code in python, and after successful compilation, we run it.
Then the output is given below -

a is c => True
a is not c => False
a is b => False
 a is not b => True
a == b => True
a != b => False

Operator Precedence
The order in which the operators are examined is crucial to understand since it tells us
which operator needs to be considered first. Below is a list of the Python operators'
precedence tables.

S. No. perator Description

1 ** Overall other operators

employed in the
expression, the exponent
operator is given
precedence.

2 ~, +, - the minus, unary plus, and

negation.

3 *, /, %, // the division of the floor, the

modules, the division, and
the multiplication.

4 +, - Binary plus, and minus

5 >>, << Left shift. and right shift

6 & Binary and.

7 ^, | Binary xor, and or

8 <=, <, >, >= Comparison operators (less

than, less than equal to,
greater than, greater then
equal to).
 9 <>, ==, != Equality operators.

10 =, %=, /=, //=, -=, +=, Assignment operators

*=, **=

11 is, is not Identity operators

12 in, not in Membership operators

13 not, or, and Logical operators

Conclusion:
So, in this article, we are discussing all the Python Operators. We briefly discuss how
they work and share the program code using each operator in Python.

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