Functions

1. Write a Python function to sum all the numbers in a list.

List : (8, 2, 3, 0, 7)
Expected Output : 20

Solution:-
def sum(numbers):
total = 0
for x in numbers:
total += x
return total
print(sum((8, 2, 3, 0, 7)))

Output: 20

2. Write a Python program to reverse a string.

String : "1234abcd"
Expected Output : "dcba4321"

Solution:-
def string_reverse(str1):
rstr1 = ''
index = len(str1)
while index > 0:
rstr1 += str1[ index - 1 ]
index = index - 1
return rstr1
print(string_reverse('1234abcd'))

Output: dcba4321

3. Write a Python function to check whether a number is in a given range.

Solution:-
def test_range(n):
if n in range(3,9):
print( " %s is in the range"%str(n))
else :

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 print("The number is outside the given range.")
test_range(5)

Output: 5 is in the range

4. Write a Python function that accepts a string and calculate the number of upper
case letters and lower case letters.
String : 'The quick Brow Fox'
Expected Output :
No. of Upper case characters : 3
No. of Lower case Characters : 12

Solution:-
def string_test(s):
d={"UPPER_CASE":0, "LOWER_CASE":0}
for c in s:
if c.isupper():
d["UPPER_CASE"]+=1
elif c.islower():
d["LOWER_CASE"]+=1
else:
pass
print ("Original String : ", s)
print ("No. of Upper case characters : ", d["UPPER_CASE"])
print ("No. of Lower case Characters : ", d["LOWER_CASE"])
string_test('The quick Brown Fox')

Output:
Original String : The quick Brow Fox
No. of Upper case characters : 3
No. of Lower case Characters : 13

5. Write a Python function that takes a list and returns a new list with unique
elements of the first list.
List : [1,2,3,3,3,3,4,5]
Unique List : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
Solution:-
def unique_list(l):
x = []
for a in l:
if a not in x:
x.append(a)
return x
print(unique_list([1,2,3,3,3,3,4,5]))

Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

6. Write a Python function that takes a number as a parameter and check the
number is prime or not.
Note: A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 and
that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself.

Solution:-
def test_prime(n):
if (n==1):
return False
elif (n==2):
return True;
else:
for x in range(2,n):
if(n % x==0):
return False
return True
print(test_prime(9))

Output: False

7. Write a Python program to print the even numbers from a given list.
List : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Expected Result : [2, 4, 6, 8]

Solution:-
def is_even_num(l):
enum = []
for n in l:
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 if n % 2 == 0:
enum.append(n)
return enum
print(is_even_num([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]))

Output: [2, 4, 6, 8]

8. Write a Python function to check whether a number is perfect or not.

Solution:-
def perfect_number(n):
sum = 0
for x in range(1, n):
if n % x == 0:
sum += x
return sum == n
print(perfect_number(6))

Output: True

9. Write a Python function that checks whether a passed string is palindrome or

not.
Note: A palindrome is a word, phrase, or sequence that reads the same
backward as forward, e.g., madam or nurses run.

Solution:-
def isPalindrome(string):
left_pos = 0
right_pos = len(string) - 1
while right_pos >= left_pos:
if not string[left_pos] == string[right_pos]:
return False
left_pos += 1
right_pos -= 1
return True
print(isPalindrome('aza'))

Output: True

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
10. Write a Python function that prints out the first n rows of Pascal's triangle.
Note: Pascal's triangle is an arithmetic and geometric figure first imagined by
Blaise Pascal.

Pascal's triangle:

Each number is the two numbers above it added together

Solution:-
def pascal_triangle(n):
trow = [1]
y = [0]
for x in range(n):
print(trow)
trow=[l+r for l,r in zip(trow+y, y+trow)]
return n>=1
pascal_triangle(6)

Output:
[1]
[1, 1]
[1, 2, 1]
[1, 3, 3, 1]
[1, 4, 6, 4, 1]
[1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1]

11. Write a Python function to check whether a string is a pangram or not.

Note: Pangrams are words or sentences containing every letter of the
alphabet at least once.
For example: "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
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Solution:-
import string, sys
def ispangram(str1, alphabet=string.ascii_lowercase):
alphaset = set(alphabet)
return alphaset <= set(str1.lower())

print ( ispangram('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog'))

Output: True

12. Write a Python program that accepts a hyphen-separated sequence of words as

input and prints the words in a hyphen-separated sequence after sorting them
alphabetically.
Items : green-red-yellow-black-white
Expected Result : black-green-red-white-yellow

Solution:-
items=[n for n in input().split('-')]
items.sort()
print('-'.join(items))

Output:
green-red-black-white
black-green-red-white

13. Write a Python function to create and print a list where the values are square of
numbers between 1 and 30 (both included).
Solution:-
def printValues():
l = list()
for i in range(1,21):
l.append(i**2)
print(l)
printValues()

Output:
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361, 400]

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14. Write a Python program to make a chain of function decorators (bold, italic,
underline etc.) in Python.

Solution:-
def make_bold(fn):
def wrapped():
return "<b>" + fn() + "</b>"
return wrapped
def make_italic(fn):
def wrapped():
return "<i>" + fn() + "</i>"
return wrapped
def make_underline(fn):
def wrapped():
return "<u>" + fn() + "</u>"
return wrapped
@make_bold
@make_italic
@make_underline
def hello():
return "hello world"
print(hello()) ## returns "<b><i><u>hello world</u></i></b>"

Output: hello world

15. Write a Python program to execute a string containing Python code.

Solution:-
mycode = 'print("hello world")'
code = """
def mutiply(x,y):
return x*y
print('Multiply of 2 and 3 is: ',mutiply(2,3))
"""
exec(mycode)
exec(code)

Output:
hello world
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16. Write a Python program to access a function inside a function.

Solution:-
def test(a):
def add(b):
nonlocal a
a += 1
return a+b
return add
func= test(4)
print(func(4))

Output: 9

17. Write a Python program to detect the number of local variables declared in a
function

Solution:-
def abc():
x=1
y=2
str1= "w3resource"
print("Python Exercises")
print(abc.__code__.co_nlocals)

Output: 3

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 Recursive Functions
1. Write a Python program to calculate the sum of a list of numbers.

Solution:-
def list_sum(num_List):
if len(num_List) == 1:
return num_List[0]
else:
return num_List[0] + list_sum(num_List[1:])
print(list_sum([2, 4, 5, 6, 7]))

Output: 24

2. Write a Python program to converting an integer to a string in any base.

Solution:-
def to_string(n,base):
conver_tString = "0123456789ABCDEF"
if n < base:
return conver_tString[n]
else:
return to_string(n//base,base) + conver_tString[n % base]

print(to_string(2835,16))

Output: B13

3. Write a Python program of recursion list sum.

Solution:
def recursive_list_sum(data_list):
total = 0
for element in data_list:
if type(element) == type([]):
total = total + recursive_list_sum(element)
else:
total = total + element

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 return total
print( recursive_list_sum([1, 2, [3,4],[5,6]]))

Output: 21

4. Write a Python program to get the factorial of a non-negative integer.

Solution:
def factorial(n):
if n <= 1:
return 1
else:
return n * (factorial(n - 1))

print(factorial(5))

Output: 120

5. Write a Python program to solve the Fibonacci sequence using recursion.

Solution:
def fibonacci(n):
if n == 1 or n == 2:
return 1
else:
return (fibonacci(n - 1) + (fibonacci(n - 2)))
n=int(input("Enter the no of terms"))
for i in range (1,n):
print(fibonacci(7))

Output: 13

6. Write a Python program to get the sum of a non-negative integer.

Solution:
def sumDigits(n):
if n == 0:
return 0
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 else:
return n % 10 + sumDigits(int(n / 10))
print(sumDigits(345))
print(sumDigits(45))

Output:
12
9

7. Write a Python program to calculate the sum of the positive integers of n+(n-
2)+(n-4)... (until n-x =< 0).

Solution:
def sum_series(n):
if n < 1:
return 0
else:
return n + sum_series(n - 2)

print(sum_series(6))
print(sum_series(10))

Output:
12
30

8. Write a Python program to calculate the harmonic sum of n-1.

Note: The harmonic sum is the sum of reciprocals of the positive integers.

Example:

Solution:-
def harmonic_sum(n):
if n < 2:
return 1
else:
return 1 / n + (harmonic_sum(n - 1))
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print(harmonic_sum(7))
print(harmonic_sum(4))

Output:
2.5928571428571425
2.083333333333333

9. Write a Python program to calculate the geometric sum of n-1.

Note : In mathematics, a geometric series is a series with a constant ratio
between successive terms.

Example :

Solution:-
def geometric_sum(n):
if n < 0:
return 0
else:
return 1 / (pow(2, n)) + geometric_sum(n - 1)

print(geometric_sum(7))
print(geometric_sum(4))

Output:
1.9921875
1.9375

10. Write a Python program to calculate the value of 'a' to the power 'b'.

Solution:-
def power(a,b):
if b==0:
return 1
elif a==0:
return 0
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 elif b==1:
return a
else:
return a*power(a,b-1)
print(power(3,4))

Output: 81

11. Write a Python program to find the greatest common divisor (gcd) of two
integers.

Solution:-
def Recurgcd(a, b):
low = min(a, b)
high = max(a, b)
if low == 0:
return high
elif low == 1:
return 1
else:
return Recurgcd(low, high%low)
print(Recurgcd(12,14))

Output: 2

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 File Handling
1. Write a Python program to read first n lines of a file.
Solution:
def file_read_from_head(fname, nlines):
from itertools import islice
with open(fname) as f:
for line in islice(f, nlines):
print(line)
file_read_from_head('test.txt',2)

2. Write a Python program to read an entire text file.

Solution:
def file_read(fname):
txt = open(fname)
print(txt.read())

file_read('test.txt')

3. Write a Python program to append text to a file and display the text.
Solution:-
def file_read(fname):
from itertools import islice
with open(fname, "w") as myfile:
myfile.write("Python Exercises\n")
myfile.write("Java Exercises")
txt = open(fname)
print(txt.read())
file_read('abc.txt')

4. Write a Python program to read last n lines of a file.

Solution:-
import sys
import os
def file_read_from_tail(fname,lines):
bufsize = 8192
fsize = os.stat(fname).st_size

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 iter = 0
with open(fname) as f:
if bufsize > fsize:
bufsize = fsize-1
data = []
while True:
iter +=1
f.seek(fsize-bufsize*iter)
data.extend(f.readlines())
if len(data) >= lines or f.tell() == 0:
print(''.join(data[-lines:]))
break
file_read_from_tail('test.txt',2)

5. Write a Python program to read a file line by line and store it into a list.
Solution:-
def file_read(fname):
with open(fname) as f:
#Content_list is the list that contains the read lines.
content_list = f.readlines()
print(content_list)
file_read(\'test.txt\')

6. Write a Python program to read a file line by line store it into a variable.
Solution:-
def file_read(fname):
with open (fname, "r") as myfile:
data=myfile.readlines()
print(data)
file_read('test.txt')

7. Write a python program to find the longest words.

Solution:-
def longest_word(filename):
with open(filename, 'r') as infile:
words = infile.read().split()
max_len = len(max(words, key=len))
return [word for word in words if len(word) == max_len]

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print(longest_word('test.txt'))

8. Write a Python program to read a file line by line store it into an array.
Solution:-
def file_read(fname):
content_array = []
with open(fname) as f:
#Content_list is the list that contains the read lines.
for line in f:
content_array.append(line)
print(content_array)
file_read('test.txt')

9. Write a Python program to count the number of lines in a text file.

Solution:-
def file_lengthy(fname):
with open(fname) as f:
for i, l in enumerate(f):
pass
return i + 1
print("Number of lines in the file: ",file_lengthy("test.txt"))

10. Write a Python program to count the frequency of words in a file.

Solution:-
from collections import Counter
def word_count(fname):
with open(fname) as f:
return Counter(f.read().split())
print("Number of words in the file :",word_count("test.txt"))

11. Write a Python program to combine each line from first file with the
corresponding line in second file.
Solution:-
with open('abc.txt') as fh1, open('test.txt') as fh2:
for line1, line2 in zip(fh1, fh2):
# line1 from abc.txt, line2 from test.txtg
print(line1+line2)

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12. Write a Python program to get the file size of a plain file.
Solution:-
def file_size(fname):
import os
statinfo = os.stat(fname)
return statinfo.st_size

print("File size in bytes of a plain file: ",file_size("test.txt"))

13. Write a Python program to write a list content to a file.

Solution:-
color = ['Red', 'Green', 'White', 'Black', 'Pink', 'Yellow']
with open('abc.txt', "w") as myfile:
for c in color:
myfile.write("%s\n" % c)

content = open('abc.txt')
print(content.read())

14. Write a Python program to the contents of a file to another file .

Solution:-
from shutil import file
file('test.py', 'abc.py')

15. Write a Python program to read a random line from a file.

Solution:-
import random
def random_line(fname):
lines = open(fname).read().splitlines()
return random.choice(lines)
print(random_line('test.txt'))

16. Write a Python program to assess if a file is closed or not.

Solution:-
f = open('abc.txt','r')
print(f.closed)
f.close()
print(f.closed)

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17. Write a Python program to remove newline characters from a file.
Solution:
def remove_newlines(fname):
flist = open(fname).readlines()
return [s.rstrip('\n') for s in flist]
print(remove_newlines("test.txt"))

18. Write a Python program that takes a text file as input and returns the number of
words of a given text file.
Note: Some words can be separated by a comma with no space.
Solution:
def count_words(filepath):
with open(filepath) as f:
data = f.read()
data.replace(",", " ")
return len(data.split(" "))
print(count_words("words.txt"))

19. Write a Python program to extract characters from various text files and puts
them into a list.
Solution:
import glob
char_list = []
files_list = glob.glob("*.txt")
for file_elem in files_list:
with open(file_elem, "r") as f:
char_list.append(f.read())
print(char_list)

20. Write a Python program to generate 26 text files named A.txt, B.txt, and so on up
to Z.txt.
Solution:
import string, os
if not os.path.exists("letters"):
os.makedirs("letters")
for letter in string.ascii_uppercase:
with open(letter + ".txt", "w") as f:
f.writelines(letter)

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21. Write a Python program to create a file where all letters of English alphabet are
listed by specified number of letters on each line.
Solution:
import string
def letters_file_line(n):
with open("words1.txt", "w") as f:
alphabet = string.ascii_uppercase
letters = [alphabet[i:i + n] + "\n" for i in range(0, len(alphabet), n)]
f.writelines(letters)
letters_file_line(3)

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Arrays and Data Structures
1. Write a Python program to create an array of 5 integers and display the array
items. Access individual element through indexes.
Solution:
from array import *
array_num = array('i', [1,3,5,7,9])
for i in array_num:
print(i)
print("Access first three items individually")
print(array_num[0])
print(array_num[1])
print(array_num[2])

2. Write a Python program to append a new item to the end of the array.
Solution:
from array import *
array_num = array('i', [1, 3, 5, 7, 9])
print("Original array: "+str(array_num))
print("Append 11 at the end of the array:")
array_num.append(11)
print("New array: "+str(array_num))

Output:
Original array: array('i', [1, 3, 5, 7, 9])
Append 11 at the end of the array:
New array: array('i', [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11])

3. Write a Python program which takes two digits m (row) and n (column) as input
and generates a two-dimensional array. The element value in the i-th row and j-th
column of the array should be i*j.
Note :
i = 0,1.., m-1
j = 0,1, n-1.

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Solution:
row_num = int(input("Input number of rows: "))
col_num = int(input("Input number of columns: "))
multi_list = [[0 for col in range(col_num)] for row in range(row_num)]

for row in range(row_num):

for col in range(col_num):
multi_list[row][col]= row*col

print(multi_list)

Output:
Input number of rows: 3
Input number of columns: 4
[[0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 4, 6]]

4. Write a Python program to interchange first and last elements in a list

Given a list, write a Python program to swap first and last element of the list.
Examples:
Input : [12, 35, 9, 56, 24]
Output : [24, 35, 9, 56, 12]

Approach #1: Find the length of the list and simply swap the first element with
(n-1)th element.
# Python3 program to swap first
# and last element of a list
# Swap function
def swapList(newList):
size = len(newList)
# Swapping
temp = newList[0]
newList[0] = newList[size - 1]
newList[size - 1] = temp
return newList
# Driver code
newList = [12, 35, 9, 56, 24]
print(swapList(newList))

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 5. Write a Python program to remove Nth occurrence of the given word
Given a list of words in Python, the task is to remove the Nth occurrence of the given
word in that list.
Examples:
Input: list - ["geeks", "for", "geeks"]
word = geeks, N = 2
Output: list - ["geeks", "for"]
Input: list - ["can", "you", "can", "a", "can" "?"]
word = can, N = 1
Output: list - ["you", "can", "a", "can" "?"]

Approach #1: By taking another list.

Make a new list, say newList. Iterate the elements in the list and check if the word to
be removed matches the element and the occurrence number, otherwise, append
the element to newList.

# Python3 program to remove Nth

# occurrence of the given word
# Function to remove Ith word

def RemoveIthWord(lst, word, N):

newList = []
count = 0
# iterate the elements
for i in lst:
if(i == word):
count = count + 1
if(count != N):
newList.append(i)
else:
newList.append(i)
lst = newList
if count == 0:
print("Item not found")
else:
print("Updated list is: ", lst)
return newList

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 # Driver code
list = ["geeks", "for", "geeks"]
word = "geeks"
N=2
RemoveIthWord(list, word, N)
Output :
Updated list is: ['geeks', 'for']

6. Write a Python program to reverse a list.

Python provides us with various ways of reversing a list. We will go through few of
the many techniques on how a list in python can be reversed.
Examples:
Input : list = [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
Output : [15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10]

Method 1: Using the reversed() built-in function.

In this method, we neither reverse a list in-place(modify the original list), nor
we create any of the list. Instead, we get a reverse iterator which we use to
cycle through the list.
# Reversing a list using reversed()
def Reverse(lst):
return [ele for ele in reversed(lst)]
# Driver Code
lst = [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
print(Reverse(lst))
Output:
[15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10]

7. Write a program in Python to Clone or Copy a list.

1. Using slicing technique
This is the easiest and the fastest way to clone a list. This method is considered
when we want to modify a list and also keep a of the original. In this we make a of
the list itself, along with the reference. This process is also called cloning. This
technique takes about 0.039 seconds and is the fastest technique.
# Python program to or clone a list
# Using the Slice Operator
def Cloning(li1):

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 li_= li1[:]
return li_
# Driver Code
li1 = [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]
li2 = Cloning(li1)
print("Original List:", li1)
print("After Cloning:", li2)
Output:
Original List: [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]
After Cloning: [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]

2. Using the extend() method

The lists can be copied into a new list by using the extend() function. This
appends each element of the iterable object (e.g., anothre list) to the end of the
new list.
# Python code to clone or a list
# Using the in-built function extend()
def Cloning(li1):
li_= []
li_copy.extend(li1)
return li_
# Driver Code
li1 = [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]
li2 = Cloning(li1)
print("Original List:", li1)
print("After Cloning:", li2)
Output:
Original List: [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]
After Cloning: [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]

Using the list () method

This is the simplest method of cloning a list by using the builtin function list(). This
takes about 0.075 seconds to complete.

# Python code to clone or a list

# Using the in-built function list()

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 def Cloning(li1):
li_= list(li1)
return li_
# Driver Code
li1 = [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]
li2 = Cloning(li1)
print("Original List:", li1)
print("After Cloning:", li2)
Output:
Original List: [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]
After Cloning: [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]

Using list comprehension

The method of list comprehension can be used to all the elements individually from
one list to another.
# Python code to clone or a list
# Using list comprehension
def Cloning(li1):
li_= [i for i in li1]
return li_
# Driver Code
li1 = [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]
li2 = Cloning(li1)
print("Original List:", li1)
print("After Cloning:", li2)
Output:
Original List: [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]
After Cloning: [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]

Using the append () method

This can be used for appending and adding elements to list or copying them to a
new list. It is used to add elements to the last position of list.
# Python code to clone or a list
# Using append()
def Cloning(li1):
li_=[]
for item in li1: li_copy.append(item)

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 return li_
# Driver Code
li1 = [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]
li2 = Cloning(li1)
print("Original List:", li1)
print("After Cloning:", li2)
Output:
Original List: [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]
After Cloning: [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]

Using the copy () method

The inbuilt method is used to all the elements from one list to another.
# Python code to clone or a list
# Using bilt-in method copy()
def Cloning(li1):
li_=[]
li_= li1.copy()
return li_
# Driver Code
li1 = [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]
li2 = Cloning(li1)
print("Original List:", li1)
print("After Cloning:", li2)
Output:
Original List: [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]
After Cloning: [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]

8. Write a program in Python to Count occurrences of an element in a list

Given a list in Python and a number x, count number of occurrences of x in the given
list.
Examples:
Input : lst = [15, 6, 7, 10, 12, 20, 10, 28, 10]
x = 10
Output: 3
10 appear three times in given list.
Input : lst = [8, 6, 8, 10, 8, 20, 10, 8, 8]
x = 16
Output : 0
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Method 1 (Simple approach)
We keep a counter that keeps on increasing if the required element is found in the
list.
# Python code to count the number of occurrences
def countX(lst, x):
count = 0
for ele in lst:
if (ele == x):
count = count + 1
return count
# Driver Code
lst = [8, 6, 8, 10, 8, 20, 10, 8, 8]
x=8
print('{} has occurred {} times'.format(x, countX(lst, x)))
Output:
8 has occurred 5 times

Method 2 (Using count())

The idea is to use list method count() to count number of occurrences.
# Python code to count the number of occurrences
def countX(lst, x):
return lst.count(x)
# Driver Code
lst = [8, 6, 8, 10, 8, 20, 10, 8, 8]
x=8
print('{} has occurred {} times'.format(x, countX(lst, x)))
Output:
8 has occurred 5 times

Method 2 (Using Counter ())

Counter method returns a dictionary with occurrences of all elements as a key-
value pair, where key is the element and value is the number of times that element
has occurred.
from collections import Counter
# declaring the list
l = [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5]

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# driver program
x=3
d = Counter(l)
print('{} has occurred {} times'.format(x, d[x]))
Output:
3 has occurred 2 times

9. Write a Python program to find N largest elements from a list.

Given a list of integers, the task is to find N largest elements assuming size of list is
greater than or equal o N.

Examples :
Input : [4, 5, 1, 2, 9]
N=2
Output : [9, 5]

Input : [81, 52, 45, 10, 3, 2, 96]

N=3
Output : [81, 96, 52]

A simple solution traverse the given list N times. In every traversal, find the
maximum, add it to result, and remove it from the list. Below is the
implementation:

# Python program to find N largest

# element from given list of integers
# Function returns N largest elements

def Nmaxelements(list1, N):

final_list = []
for i in range(0, N):
max1 = 0
for j in range(len(list1)):
if list1[j] > max1:
max1 = list1[j];

list1.remove(max1);

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 final_list.append(max1)
print(final_list)
# Driver code
list1 = [2, 6, 41, 85, 0, 3, 7, 6, 10]
N=2
# Calling the function
Nmaxelements(list1, N)
Output: [85, 41]

10. Write a Python program to print positive numbers in a list

Given a list of numbers, write a Python program to print all positive numbers in
given list.

Example:
Input: list1 = [12, -7, 5, 64, -14]
Output: 12, 5, 64

Input: list2 = [12, 14, -95, 3]

Output: [12, 14, 3]

Example #1: Print all positive numbers from given list using for loop

Iterate each element in the list using for loop and check if number is greater than or
equal to 0. If the condition satisfies, then only print the number.
# Python program to print positive Numbers in a List
# list of numbers
list1 = [11, -21, 0, 45, 66, -93]

# iterating each number in list

for num in list1:
# checking condition
if num >= 0:
print(num, end = " ")
Output:
11 0 45 66

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Example #2: Using while loop
# Python program to print positive Numbers in a List
# list of numbers
list1 = [-10, 21, -4, -45, -66, 93]
num = 0
# using while loop
while(num < len(list1)):
# checking condition
if list1[num] >= 0:
print(list1[num], end = " ")
# increment num
num += 1

Output: 21, 93

11. Write a Python program to print negative numbers in a list.

Given a list of numbers, write a Python program to print all negative numbers in
given list.

Example:
Input: list1 = [12, -7, 5, 64, -14]
Output: -7, -14
Input: list2 = [12, 14, -95, 3]
Output: -95

Example #1: Print all negative numbers from given list using for loop
Iterate each element in the list using for loop and check if number is less than 0. If
the condition satisfies, then only print the number.
# Python program to print negative Numbers in a List
# list of numbers
list1 = [11, -21, 0, 45, 66, -93]
# iterating each number in list
for num in list1:
# checking condition
if num < 0:
print(num, end = " ")
Output: -21, -93

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Example #2: Using while loop
# Python program to print negative Numbers in a List
# list of numbers
list1 = [-10, 21, -4, -45, -66, 93]
num = 0
# using while loop
while(num < len(list1)):
# checking condition
if list1[num] < 0:
print(list1[num], end = " ")
# increment num
num += 1

Output: -10, -4, -45, -66

12. Python program to count positive and negative numbers in a list

Given a list of numbers, write a Python program to count positive and negative
numbers in a List.

Example:
Input: list1 = [2, -7, 5, -64, -14]
Output: pos = 2, neg = 3
Input: list2 = [-12, 14, 95, 3]
Output: pos = 3, neg = 1

Example #1: Count positive and negative numbers from given list using for loop
Iterate each element in the list using for loop and check if num >= 0, the condition
to check positive numbers. If the condition satisfies, then increase pos_count else
# Python program to count positive and negative numbers in a List
# list of numbers
list1 = [10, -21, 4, -45, 66, -93, 1]
pos_count, neg_count = 0, 0
# iterating each number in list
for num in list1:
# checking condition
if num >= 0:
pos_count += 1

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 else:
neg_count += 1
print("Positive numbers in the list: ", pos_count)
print("Negative numbers in the list: ", neg_count)
Output:
Positive numbers in the list: 4
Negative numbers in the list: 3

Example #2: Using while loop

# Python program to count positive and negative numbers in a List
# list of numbers
list1 = [-10, -21, -4, -45, -66, 93, 11]
pos_count, neg_count = 0, 0
num = 0
# using while loop
while(num < len(list1)):
# checking condition
if list1[num] >= 0:
pos_count += 1
else:
neg_count += 1
# increment num
num += 1
print("Positive numbers in the list: ", pos_count)
print("Negative numbers in the list: ", neg_count)
Output:
Positive numbers in the list: 2
Negative numbers in the list: 5

13. Write a program in Python to Remove multiple elements from a list in Python
Given a list of numbers, write a Python program to remove multiple elements from
a list based on the given condition.
Example:
Input: [12, 15, 3, 10]
Output: Remove = [12, 3], New_List = [15, 10]
Input: [11, 5, 17, 18, 23, 50]
Output: Remove = [1:5], New_list = [11, 50]

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Multiple elements can be deleted from a list in Python, based on the knowledge we
have about the data. Like, we just know the values to be deleted or also know the
indexes of those values. Let’s see different examples based on different scenario.

Example #1: Let’s say we want to delete each element in the list which is divisible
by 2 or all the even numbers.
# Python program to remove multiple
# elements from a list
# creating a list
list1 = [11, 5, 17, 18, 23, 50]
# Iterate each element in list
# and add them in variale total
for ele in list1:
if ele % 2 == 0:
list1.remove(ele)
# printing modified list
print("New list after removing all even numbers: ", list1)
Output:
New list after removing all even numbers: [11, 5, 17, 23]

Example #2: Using list comprehension

Removing all even elements in a list is as good as only including all the elements
which are not even( i.e. odd elements).
# Python program to remove multiple
# elements from a list
# creating a list
list1 = [11, 5, 17, 18, 23, 50]
# will create a new list,
# excluding all even numbers
list1 = [ elem for elem in list1 if elem % 2 != 0]
print(*list1)
Output:
11 5 17 23

Example #3: Remove adjacent elements using list slicing

Below Python code remove values from index 1 to 4.
# Python program to remove multiple

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# elements from a list
# creating a list
list1 = [11, 5, 17, 18, 23, 50]
# removes elements from index 1 to 4
# i.e. 5, 17, 18, 23 will be deleted
del list1[1:5]
print(*list1)
Output:
11 50

14. Write a Python program to print duplicates from a list of integers.

Given a list of integers with duplicate elements in it. The task to generate another
list, which contains only the duplicate elements. In simple words, the new list
should contain the elements which appear more than one.
Examples :
Input : list = [10, 20, 30, 20, 20, 30, 40, 50, -20, 60, 60, -20, -20]
Output : output_list = [20, 30, -20, 60]
Input : list = [-1, 1, -1, 8]
Output : output_list = [-1]

# Python program to print

# duplicates from a list
# of integers
def Repeat(x):
_size = len(x)
repeated = []
for i in range(_size):
k=i+1
for j in range(k, _size):
if x[i] == x[j] and x[i] not in repeated:
repeated.append(x[i])
return repeated

# Driver Code
list1 = [10, 20, 30, 20, 20, 30, 40,
50, -20, 60, 60, -20, -20]
print (Repeat(list1))

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# This code is contributed
# by Sandeep_anand
Output: [20, 30, -20, 60]

15. Write a program in Python to Break a list into chunks of size N in Python
Using yield
The yield keyword enables a function to comeback where it left off when it is called
again. This is the critical difference from a regular function. A regular function
cannot comes back where it left off. The yield keyword helps a function to
remember its state. The yield enables a function to suspend and resume while it
turns in a value at the time of the suspension of the execution.
my_list =['geeks', 'for', 'geeks', 'like', 'geeky','nerdy', 'geek', 'love', 'questions','words' ,'life']

# Yield successive n-sized

# chunks from l.
def divide_chunks(l, n):
# looping till length l
for i in range(0, len(l), n):
yield l[i:i + n]
# How many elements each
# list should have
n=5
x = list(divide_chunks(my_list, n))
print (x)
Output:
[['geeks', 'for', 'geeks', 'like', 'geeky'], ['nerdy', 'geek', 'love', 'questions', 'words'], ['life']]

16. Write a Python Program to check if given array is Monotonic.

Given an array A containing n integers. The task is to check whether the array is
Monotonic or not. An array is monotonic if it is either monotone increasing or
monotone decreasing.
An array A is monotone increasing if for all i <= j, A[i] <= A[j]. An array A is
monotone decreasing if for all i <= j, A[i] >= A[j].
Return “True” if the given array A is monotonic else return “False” (without
quotes).
Examples:
Input : 6 5 4 4
Output : true
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Input : 5 15 20 10
Output : false

Approach:
An array is monotonic if and only if it is monotone increasing, or monotone
decreasing. Since p <= q and q <= r implies p <= r. So we only need to check adjacent
elements to determine if the array is monotone increasing (or decreasing), respectively.
We can check each of these properties in one pass.
To check whether an array A is monotone increasing, we’ll check A[i] <= A[i+1] for all i
indexing from 0 to len(A)-2. Similarly we can check for monotone decreasing where A[i]
>= A[i+1] for all i indexing from 0 to len(A)-2.
Note: Array with single element can be considered to be both monotonic increasing or
decreasing, hence returns “True“.
Below is the implementation of above approach:
# Python program to find sum in Nth group
# Check if given array is Monotonic
def isMonotonic(A):
return (all(A[i] <= A[i + 1] for i in range(len(A) - 1)) or
all(A[i] >= A[i + 1] for i in range(len(A) - 1)))
# Driver program
A = [6, 5, 4, 4]
# Print required result
print(isMonotonic(A))
# This code is written by
# Sanjit_Prasad
Output: True

17. Write a Python Program to Split the array and add the first part to the end.
There is a given an array and split it from a specified position, and move the first
part of array add to the end.

Examples:
Input : arr[] = {12, 10, 5, 6, 52, 36}
k=2
Output : arr[] = {5, 6, 52, 36, 12, 10}

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Explanation : Split from index 2 and first
part {12, 10} add to the end .
Input : arr[] = {3, 1, 2}
k=1
Output : arr[] = {1, 2, 3}

Explanation : Split from index 1 and first part add to the end.
# Python program to split array and move first
# part to end.
def splitArr(arr, n, k):
for i in range(0, k):
x = arr[0]
for j in range(0, n-1):
arr[j] = arr[j + 1]
arr[n-1] = x
# main
arr = [12, 10, 5, 6, 52, 36]
n = len(arr)
position = 2
splitArr(arr, n, position)
for i in range(0, n):
print(arr[i], end = ' ')
Output: 5, 6, 52, 36, 12, 10

Another Solution:
# Python program to split array and move first
# part to end.

def splitArr(a, n, k):

b = a[:k]
return (a[k::]+b[::])
# main
arr = [12, 10, 5, 6, 52, 36]
n = len(arr)
position = 2
arr = splitArr(arr, n, position)
for i in range(0, n):

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 print(arr[i], end = ' ')
Output:
5 6 52 36 12 10

18. Write a program to create and input the elements of M*N matrix and print it in
proper format.

Solution:-
a=[[]]
r=int(input("Enter Rows:"))
c=int(input("Enter Columns:"))
for i in range(r):
a.append([])
for i in range(r):
print("Enter the elements for row",i+1)
for j in range(c):
num=int(input("Enter elements"))
a[i].append(num)
print("The matrix you have entered:")
print()
for i in range(r):
for j in range(c):
print(a[i][j],end=" ")
print()

19. Write a program to create and input 2-D matrix of size M*N and perform the
following operations on the matrix.
a) To print the sum and average of the elements exist in matrix.
b) To print the elements which are above than average?
c) To print the total no. of elements which are above than average?
d) To print the largest element in the matrix.
e) To print the smallest element in the matrix.
f) To print the second largest element in the matrix.
g) To print the second smallest element in the matrix.
h) To print the even elements exist in matrix.
i) To print the odd elements exist in matrix.
j) To print the total no. of even elements exist in matrix.
k) To print the total no. of odd elements exist in matrix.

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l) To print the elements which are divisible by both 5 and 7 in the matrix?
m) To print the total no. of elements which are divisible by both 5 and 7 in the
matrix?

Solution:-
a=[[]]
r=int(input("Enter Rows:"))
c=int(input("Enter Columns:"))
for i in range(r):
a.append([])
for i in range(r):
print("Enter the elements for row",i+1)
for j in range(c):
num=int(input("Enter elements"))
a[i].append(num)
s=0
t=0
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
s=s+a[i][j]
avg=s/(r*c)
print()
print("The sum of elements:",s)
print("The Average of elements:",avg)
print()
print("Elements which are above than average are:")
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
if a[i][j]>avg:
t=t+1
print(a[i][j],end=",")
print()
print("Total Elements which are above than average are:")
print(t)
max=0
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
if(a[i][j]>max):
max=a[i][j]
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print("\nThe largest element:",max)
min=100000
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
if(a[i][j]<min):
min=a[i][j]
print("\nThe smallest element:",min)
smax=1
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
if(a[i][j]>smax and a[i][j]!=max):
smax=a[i][j]
print("\nThe second largest element:",smax)
smin=9999
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
if(a[i][j]<smin and a[i][j]!=min):
smin=a[i][j]
print("\nThe second smallest element:",smin)
t1=0
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
if(a[i][j]%2==0):
t1=t1+1
print("\nEven Elements:",a[i][j],end=",")
print("\nTotal Even Elements:",t1)
t2=0
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
if(a[i][j]%2!=0):
t2=t2+1
print("\nOdd elements:",a[i][j],end=",")
print("\nTotal Odd Elements:",t2)
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
if(a[i][j]%5==0 or a[i][j]%7==0):
print("\nThe elements divisible by 5 or 7 are:",a[i][j],end=",")

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20. Write a user defined function in Python which takes two M*N matrix and its size
as argument and print the print the addition of them.

Solution:-
def Add_Mat(a,b,r,c):
import numpy as np
c=np.zeros((r,c))
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j]
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
print(c[i][j],end=" ")
print()
def Sub_Mat(a,b,r,c):
import numpy as np
c=np.zeros((r,c))
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
c[i][j]=a[i][j]-b[i][j]
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
print(c[i][j],end=" ")
print()
a=[[]]
b=[[]]
c=[[]]
print("Enter the details for first matrix")
r=int(input("Enter Rows:"))
c=int(input("Enter Columns:"))
for i in range(r):
a.append([])
for i in range(r):
print("Enter the elements for row",i+1)
for j in range(c):
num=int(input("Enter elements"))
a[i].append(num)
print("Enter the details for second matrix")
r=int(input("Enter Rows:"))
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c=int(input("Enter Columns:"))
for i in range(r):
b.append([])
for i in range(r):
print("Enter the elements for row",i+1)
for j in range(c):
num=int(input("Enter elements"))
b[i].append(num)
print("\nAddition of Matrix:")
Add_Mat(a,b,r,c)
print("\nSubtraction of Matrix:")
Sub_Mat(a,b,r,c)

21. Write a user defined function Lower_half() which takes a two dimensional array
A with size N rows and N columns as argument and print the lower half of the
array

Input Matrix Then the output will be:

2 3 1 5 0 2
7 1 5 3 0 7 1
2 5 7 8 1 2 5 7
0 1 5 0 1 0 1 5 0
3 4 9 1 5 3 4 9 1 5

Solution:-

def Lower_Half(a):
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
print(a[i][j],end=" ")
if j>=i:
break
print()

#Driver Code
a=[[]]
r=int(input("Enter Rows:"))
c=int(input("Enter Columns:"))
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for i in range(r):
a.append([])
for i in range(r):
print("Enter the elements for row",i+1)
for j in range(c):
num=int(input("Enter elements"))
a[i].append(num)
print("The matrix you have entered:")
print()
for i in range(r):
for j in range(c):
print(a[i][j],end=" ")
print()
print("Lower half of the given array\n")
Lower_Half(a)

22. Write a function in Python to find and display the sum of each row and each
column of a 2-D array of type float. Use the array and its size as parameters with
float as its return type.

Solution:-
def RowCol_Sum(a):
for i in range(len(a)):
rsum=0
for j in range(len(a[i])):
rsum=rsum+a[i][j]
print("Sum of",i+1,"row:",rsum)
print()
for i in range(len(a)):
csum=0
for j in range(len(a[i])):
csum=csum+a[j][i]
print("Sum of",i+1,"column:",csum)
print()
#Driver Code
a=[[]]
r=int(input("Enter Rows:"))
c=int(input("Enter Columns:"))
for i in range(r):
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 a.append([])
for i in range(r):
print("Enter the elements for row",i+1)
for j in range(c):
num=int(input("Enter elements"))
a[i].append(num)
RowCol_Sum(a)

23. Write a function in Python to find the sum of diagonal elements from a 2-D array
of type float. Use the array and its size as parameters with float as return type.

Solution:-
def Diagonal_Sum(a,r,c):
s1=0
s2=0
for i in range(0,r):
for j in range(0,c):
if(i==j):
s1=s1+a[i][j]
if((i+j)==(c-1)):
s2=s2+a[i][j]
print("Sum of first diagonal:",s1)
print("Sum of second diagonal:",s2)
a=[[]]
r=int(input("Enter Rows:"))
c=int(input("Enter Columns:"))
for i in range(r):
a.append([])
for i in range(r):
print("Enter the elements for row",i+1)
for j in range(c):
num=int(input("Enter elements"))
a[i].append(num)
Diagonal_Sum(a,r,c)
Or
def Diagonal_Sum(a,n):
s1=0
s2=0

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 for i in range(0,n):
s1=s1+a[i][i]
s2=s2+a[i][n-1-i]
print("Sum of first diagonal:",s1)
print("Sum of second diagonal:",s2)
a=[[]]
n=int(input("Enter Rows and columns:"))
for i in range(n):
a.append([])
for i in range(n):
print("Enter the elements for row",i+1)
for j in range(n):
num=int(input("Enter elements"))
a[i].append(num)
print("The matrix you have entered:")
print()
for i in range(n):
for j in range(n):
print(a[i][j],end=" ")
print()
Diagonal_Sum(a,n)

24. Write a function in Python, which accepts a 2-D array of integers and its size as
its arguments and display the elements of the middle row and the elements of
middle column.

Solution:-
def MiddleRowCol_Elem(a,r,c):
print("Elements of Middle Row:")
for i in range(r):
print(a[r//2][i],end=" ")
print()
print("Elements of Middle Column:")
for i in range(r):
print(a[i][r//2],end=" ")
#Driver Code
a=[[]]
r=int(input("Enter Rows:"))
c=int(input("Enter Columns:"))
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 for i in range(r):
a.append([])
for i in range(r):
print("Enter the elements for row",i+1)
for j in range(c):
num=int(input("Enter elements"))
a[i].append(num)
MiddleRowCol_Elem(a,r,c)

25. Given a array named A with the following elements:

3 -5 1 3 7 0 -15 3 -7 -8
Write a Python function to shift the negative to left and the positive numbers to right
so that the resultant array will look like:

-5 -15 -7 -8 3 1 3 7 -7 3

Solution:-
def swap(A,N):
for i in range(N):
if(A[i]<0):
temp=A[i]
j=i-1
while(A[j]>=0 and j>=0):
A[j+1]=A[j]
j=j-1
A[j+1]=temp
#Driver program starts here
A=[]
N=int(input("Enter the size of array"))
print("Enter elements")
for i in range(N):
val=int(input())
A.append(val)
swap(A,N)
print("Resultant Array:\n")
for i in range(N):
print(A[i], end=",")

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
26. Suppose A, B, C are arrays of integers of size M, N and M+N respectively. The
numbers in array A appear in ascending order while the numbers in array B
appear in descending order. Write a user defined function in Python to produce
third array C by merging array A and B in ascending order. Use A, B and C as
arguments in the function.

Solution:-
def MergeSort(A,B,C,m,n):
a=0
b=0
c=0
while(a<m and b<n):
if(A[a]<=B[b]):
C.append(A[a])
a=a+1
else:
C.append(B[b])
b=b+1

while(a<m):
C.append(A[a])
a=a+1

while(b<n):
C.append(B[b])
b=b+1
#Driver Code
A=[]
B=[]
C=[]
m=int(input("Enter the size of first array:"))
print("Enter elements:")
for i in range(m):
v1=int(input())
A.append(v1)
n=int(input("Enter the size of second array:"))
print("Enter elements:")
for j in range(n):
v2=int(input())
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 B.append(v2)
A.sort()
B.sort()
MergeSort(A,B,C,m,n)
print("Merged Array:\n")
for k in range(m+n):
print(C[k],end=",")

27. Suppose X, Y, Z are arrays of integers of size M, N and M+N respectively. The
numbers in array X and Y appear in descending order. Write a user defined
function in Python to produce third array Z by merging array X and Y in
ascending order. Use X, Y and Z as arguments in the function.

Solution:-
Step1:- Define the Merge Sort Function.
Step2:- In the driver program, declare three arrays.
Step3:- Input the size of first, second array.
Step4:- Inter the elements of first array and second array.
Step5:- Sort both the arrays in descending order by using any sorting technique.
Step6:- Call the Merge Sort Function.
Step7:- Print the final (Resultant) array.

28. Define a function Reversearray (int [ ], int) that would accept a 1-D integer array
NUMBERS and its size N. the function should reverse the contexts of the array
neither without using any second array nor using the built-in method.

Note: Use the concept of swapping elements.

Exp: if the array initially contains
[2, 15, 3, 14, 7, 9, 19, 6, 1, 10]

Then after reversal the array should contains:

[10, 1, 6, 19, 9, 7, 14, 3, 15, 2]

Solution:-
def ReverseArray(A,N):
beg=0
end=N-1
while(beg<end):
temp=A[beg]
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 A[beg]=A[end]
A[end]=temp
beg=beg+1
end=end-1

#Driver Program
A=[]
N=int(input("Enter the size of array"))
print("Enter elements")
for i in range(N):
val=int(input())
A.append(val)
ReverseArray(A,N)
print("Resultant Array:\n")
for i in range(N):
print(A[i], end=",")

29. Define a function Swapearray (int [ ], int) that would accept a 1-D integer array
NUMBERS and its size N. the function should rearrange the array in such a way
that the value of alternate location of the array are exchange (assume the size of
array to be even).
Exp: if the array initially contains
[2, 5, 9, 14, 17, 8, 9, 16]
Then after rearranging the array should contains:
[5, 2, 14, 9, 8, 17, 16, 9]
Solution:-
def swap(A,N):
i=0
while(i<N-1):
temp=A[i]
A[i]=A[i+1]
A[i+1]=temp
i=i+2
#Driver Program
A=[]
N=int(input("Enter the size of array"))
print("Enter elements")
for i in range(N):
val=int(input())
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 A.append(val)
swap(A,N)
print("Resultant Array:\n")
for i in range(N):
print(A[i], end=",")

30. Write a function Findsort(), to find whether the given integer array arr[10] is
stored in ascending order or descending order or is not in order. The function
should return A for ascending, D for descending and N for no order.
Solution:-
def FindSort(A,N):
order="N"
for i in range(N-1):
if(A[i]<A[i+1]):
order="A"
else:
order="N"
break
if(order=="A"):
return order
for i in range(N-1):
if(A[i]>A[i+1]):
order="D"
else:
order="N"
break
return order

#Driver Program starts here

A=[]
N=int(input("Enter the size of array"))
print("Enter elements")
for i in range(N):
val=int(input())
A.append(val)
if(FindSort(A,N)=="A"):
print("Sorted in Ascending Order")
elif(FindSort(A,N)=="D"):
print("Sorted in Descending Order")
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else:
print("No Order")

31. Write a function Insertion Sort to passed array of 10 integers in descending

order using insertion sort technique.
Solution:-
def Insertion_Sort(a,n):
for k in range(1,n):
y=a[k]
i=k-1
while(i>=0 and y<a[i]):
a[i+1]=a[i]
i=i-1
a[i+1]=y

#Driver Code
a=[]
n=int(input("Enter the size of list:"))
print("Enter elements:")
for i in range(n):
num=int(input())
a.append(num)
Insertion_Sort(a,n)
print("Sorted Array:\n")
for i in range(n):
print(a[i],end=",")

32. Write an interactive Python program to create an array of 20 records having

following fields: Name and Marks. Sort the records (Marks = sort key) using
bubble sort technique.

Solution:-
def Bubble_Sort(a,size):
for i in range(size-1):
for j in range(size-1-i):
if(a[j]>a[j+1]):
temp=a[j]
a[j]=a[j+1]
a[j+1]=temp
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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
#Driver Code
a=[]
n=int(input("Enter the size of list:"))
print("Enter elements:")
for i in range(n):
num=int(input())
a.append(num)
Bubble_Sort(a,n)
for i in range(n):
print(a[i],end=",")

33. Write a sorting function in Python that takes any array containing N names. Sort
the array using bubble sort.
Solution: - Same as question no. 14

34. Write a function in Python to sort an integer array of 10 elements using

selection sort method.
Solution:-
def Selection_Sort(a,size):
for i in range(size):
small=a[i]
pos=i
j=i+1
while(j<size):
if(a[j]<small):
small=a[j]
pos=j
j=j+1
temp=a[i]
a[i]=a[pos]
a[pos]=temp
#Driver Code
a=[]
n=int(input("Enter the size of list:"))
print("Enter elements:")
for i in range(n):
num=int(input())
a.append(num)
Selection_Sort(a,n)
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for i in range(n):
print(a[i],end=",")

35. Write a function in Python to search an element in a 1-D array of N no. of

elements. The array, its size and search key should be passed as arguments in the
function. Also create the driver function and call the user defined function.
(i) When array is arranged in sorted order.
(ii) When array is arranged in random order.

Solution (i):
def Binary_Search(a,n,key):
beg=0
end=n-1
mid=(beg+end//2)
while(beg<end and a[mid]!=key):
if(key<a[mid]):
end=mid-1
else:
beg=mid+1
mid=(beg+end//2)
if(beg>end):
return -1
else:
return mid
#Driver Code
a=[]
n=int(input("Enter the size of list:"))
print("Enter elements:")
for i in range(n):
num=int(input())
a.append(num)
key=int(input("Enter the search item"))
index=Binary_Search(a,n,key)
if(index==-1):
print("Sorry element not found in the list")
else:
print("Element found on index",index)

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
Solution (ii):
def Linear_Search(a,n,key):
for i in range(n):
if(a[i]==key):
return i
return -1
a=[]
n=int(input("Enter the size of list:"))
print("Enter elements:")
for i in range(n):
num=int(input())
a.append(num)
key=int(input("Enter the search item"))
index=Linear_Search(a,n,key)
if(index==-1):
print("Sorry element not found in the list")
else:
print("Element found on index",index)

36. Write a Function to print the addition and subtraction of two M*N matrix. The
matrixes and their size should be passed as argument in the function. Also write the
driver program and call the function.

Solution:-
def Add_Mat(a,b,r,c):
import numpy as np
c=np.zeros((r,c))
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j]
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
print(c[i][j],end=" ")
print()
def Sub_Mat(a,b,r,c):
import numpy as np
c=np.zeros((r,c))
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 c[i][j]=a[i][j]-b[i][j]
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
print(c[i][j],end=" ")
print()
a=[[]]
b=[[]]
c=[[]]
print("Enter the details for first matrix")
r=int(input("Enter Rows:"))
c=int(input("Enter Columns:"))
for i in range(r):
a.append([])
for i in range(r):
print("Enter the elements for row",i+1)
for j in range(c):
num=int(input("Enter elements"))
a[i].append(num)
print("Enter the details for second matrix")
r=int(input("Enter Rows:"))
c=int(input("Enter Columns:"))
for i in range(r):
b.append([])
for i in range(r):
print("Enter the elements for row",i+1)
for j in range(c):
num=int(input("Enter elements"))
b[i].append(num)
print("\nAddition of Matrix:")
Add_Mat(a,b,r,c)
print("\nSubtraction of Matrix:")
Sub_Mat(a,b,r,c)

37. Write a Function to print the product/Multiplication of two M*N matrix. The
matrixes and their size should be passed as argument in the function. Also write the
driver program and call the function.

Page 55
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
Solution:-
def Prod_Mat(a,b,r,c):
p=[[]]
import numpy as np
p=np.zeros((r,c))
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
for k in range(len(a[i])):
p[i][j]=p[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j]
print("Product of Matrix:")
for i in range(len(p)):
for j in range(len(p[i])):
print(p[i][j],end=" ")
print()
#Driver Code
a=[[]]
b=[[]]
p=[[]]
print("Enter the details for first matrix")
r=int(input("Enter Rows:"))
c=int(input("Enter Columns:"))
for i in range(r):
a.append([])
for i in range(r):
print("Enter the elements for row",i+1)
for j in range(c):
num=int(input("Enter elements"))
a[i].append(num)
print("Enter the details for second matrix")
r=int(input("Enter Rows:"))
c=int(input("Enter Columns:"))
for i in range(r):
b.append([])
for i in range(r):
print("Enter the elements for row",i+1)
for j in range(c):
num=int(input("Enter elements"))
b[i].append(num)
print("The matrix you have entered:")
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Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
print()
for i in range(r):
for j in range(c):
print(a[i][j],end=" ")
print()
print()
for i in range(r):
for j in range(c):
print(b[i][j],end=" ")
print()
Prod_Mat(a,b,r,c)

38. Write a function in Python to push and pop an element in stack, stores
character data. (Using array implementation)

Solution:-
def IsEmpty():
global Top
if(Top==-1):
stackempty=True
else:
stackempty=False
return stackempty

def IsFull():
global Top
if(Top==Max-1):
stackfull=True
else:
stackfull=False
return stackfull

def Push():
global Top
if(IsFull()==True):
print("Overflow")
else:
item=int(input("Enter item:"))
Stack.append(item)
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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 Top=Top+1
Stack[Top]=item

def Pop():
item=0
global Top
if IsEmpty()==True:
print("Underflow")
else:
item=Top
Top=Top-1

def Traverse():
global Top
if (IsEmpty()==True):
print("Stack is Underflow")
else:
print("Stack Elements are:")
i=Top
while(i>=0):
print(Stack[i])
i=i-1

Max=10
Stack=[Max]
global Top
Top=-1

while True:
print("Stack Operations")
print("Menu Selection")
print("Press 1 for Push")
print("Press 2 for Pop")
print("Press 3 for Display")
print("Press 4 for Exit")
ch=int(input("Enter your choice"))
if ch==1:
Push()
elif ch==2:
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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 Pop()
elif ch==3:
Traverse()
elif ch==4:
break
else:
print("Invalid Choice")

39. Declare a queue using array that contains int type numbers and define insert,
delete, and display function using Python syntax.

Solution:-
def IsEmpty(Q):
global Front
global Rear
if Front==Rear==-1:
return True
else:
return False

def IsFull(Q):
global Front
global Rear
if(Front==0 and Rear==Capacity-1):
return True
else:
return False

def Enqueue(Q,item):
global Front
global Rear
if IsFull(Q)==True:
print("Queue is full")
else:
Rear=Rear+1
Q[Rear]=item
if Rear>Capacity-1:
raise Exception("Cannot be enqued")

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
def Dequeue(Q):
item=0
global Front
global Rear
if IsEmpty(Q)==True:
print("Queue is empty")
else:
item=Q[Front]
Q.pop(Front)
Front=Front+1
if Front>Rear:
raise Exception("Nothing to delete")
return item

def Traverse(Q):
global Front
global Rear
if IsEmpty(Q)==True:
print("Queue is empty")
else:
Front=0
Rear=len(Q)-1
print("Queue Elements front-->rear are:")
for i in range(Front,Rear):
print(Q[i],end="-->")

#Driver Code
Capacity=5
Queue=[Capacity]
global Front
global Rear
Front=Rear=-1
while True:
print("\nQueue Operations")
print("Menu Selection")
print("Press 1 for Enqueue")
print("Press 2 for Dequeue")
print("Press 3 for Display")
print("Press 4 for Exit")
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ch=int(input("Enter your choice"))
if ch==1:
item=int(input("Enter item to insert:"))
Queue.append(item)
Enqueue(Queue,item)
elif ch==2:
Dequeue(Queue)
elif ch==3:
Traverse(Queue)
elif ch==4:
break
else:
print("Invalid Choice")

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 Data Visualization
Introduction to Matplotlib
1. Write a program in Python to create a plot by using functional approach.
Solution:-
#Creating Plot by using Functional Approach
#Importing Matplotlib Library
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#Importing Numpy Library for Numpy Array
import numpy as np
#Giving Data Points usint linspace() Method
x=np.linspace(0, 10, 20)
#Generating Array y from square of x
y=x**2
#Establishing Our Plot
plt.plot(x, y)
#Showing Our Plot
plt.show()
#Giving the Title of Plot using title() Method
plt.title("My First Plot")
#Giving name of the x-axis and y-axis
plt.xlabel("X Label")
plt.ylabel("Y Label")
#Showing our Plot
plt.show()
#Creating Sub-Plots using subplot() method
#by giving Number of Rows,number of columns
# and the Plot Number
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
#Setting the Color Attribute to Sub-Plots
plt.plot(x, y, "red")
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(y, x, "green")
#Showing our Plot

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plt.show()

2. Write a program in Python to create a plot by using Object Oriented

approach.
Solution:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x=np.linspace(0,10,20)
y=(x**2)
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([.1,.2,.8,.9])
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.2,0.8,0.9])
fig=plt.figure()
ax.plot(x,y,"purple")
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([.1,.2,.8,.9])
ax.set_xlabel("X Label")
ax.set_ylabel("Y Label")
ax.set_title("This is my first chart using Object Oriented Approach")
plt.show()
3. Write a program in Python to create multiple plots on same canvas.
Solution:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x=np.linspace(0,10,20)
y=(x**2)
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([.1,.2,.8,.9])
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.2,0.8,0.9])
fig=plt.figure()
ax.plot(x,y,"purple")

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plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([.1,.2,.8,.9])
fig=plt.figure()
ax.plot(x,y,"purple")
ax.set_xlabel("X Label")
ax.set_ylabel("Y Label")
ax.set_title("This is my first chart using Object Oriented Approach")
plt.show()
#To put in two sets of figures on one canvas:
fig=plt.figure()
axes1=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.1,0.8,0.8])
axes2=fig.add_axes([0.2,0.5,0.4,0.3])
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
axes1=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.1,0.8,0.8])
axes2=fig.add_axes([0.2,0.5,0.4,0.3])
axes1.plot(x,y)
axes2.plot(y,x)
plt.show()

4. Write a program in Python to create 3*3 subplots on empty canvas.

Solution:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x=np.linspace(0,10,20)
y=(x**2)
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([.1,.2,.8,.9])
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.2,0.8,0.9])
fig=plt.figure()
ax.plot(x,y,"purple")
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
ax=fig.add_axes([.1,.2,.8,.9])
fig=plt.figure()
ax.plot(x,y,"purple")
ax.set_xlabel("X Label")
ax.set_ylabel("Y Label")
ax.set_title("This is my first chart using Object Oriented Approach")
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
axes1=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.1,0.8,0.8])
axes2=fig.add_axes([0.2,0.5,0.4,0.3])
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
axes1=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.1,0.8,0.8])
axes2=fig.add_axes([0.2,0.5,0.4,0.3])
axes1.plot(x,y)
axes2.plot(y,x)
plt.show()
# To Create a 3 by 3 Subplots
fig, axes=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)
plt.show()
# Using .tight_layout() method
# to avoid overlapping in subplots
fig, ax=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)
plt.tight_layout()
fig, ax=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)
ax[0,1].plot(x,y)
ax[1,2].plot(y,x)
# Empty Canvas of 3*3 Subplots
plt.tight_layout()

5. Write a program in Python to create to create a plot and set its figure
size, aspect, ratio and DPI.
Solution:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x=np.linspace(0,10,20)

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y=(x**2)
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([.1,.2,.8,.9])
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.2,0.8,0.9])
fig=plt.figure()
ax.plot(x,y,"purple")
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([.1,.2,.8,.9])
fig=plt.figure()
ax.plot(x,y,"purple")
ax.set_xlabel("X Label")
ax.set_ylabel("Y Label")
ax.set_title("This is my first chart using Object Oriented Approach")
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
axes1=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.1,0.8,0.8])
axes2=fig.add_axes([0.2,0.5,0.4,0.3])
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
axes1=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.1,0.8,0.8])
axes2=fig.add_axes([0.2,0.5,0.4,0.3])
axes1.plot(x,y)
axes2.plot(y,x)
plt.show()
fig, axes=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)
plt.show()
fig, ax=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)
plt.tight_layout()
fig, ax=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)
ax[0,1].plot(x,y)
ax[1,2].plot(y,x)
plt.tight_layout()
# Specifying the figure size,

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# aspect ratio, and DPI
fig=plt.figure(figsize=(8,2),dpi=100)
ax=fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1])
ax.plot(x,y)
# Empty Canvas of 3*3 Subplots
plt.tight_layout()
#We can do the same thing with subplots() like:
fig, ax=plt.subplots(nrows=2, ncols=1,figsize=(8,4),dpi=100)
ax[0].plot(x,y)
ax[1].plot(y,x)
plt.tight_layout()

6. Write a program in Python to create a plot and save it as .png image

format.
Solution:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x=np.linspace(0,10,20)
y=(x**2)
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([.1,.2,.8,.9])
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.2,0.8,0.9])
fig=plt.figure()
ax.plot(x,y,"purple")
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([.1,.2,.8,.9])
fig=plt.figure()
ax.plot(x,y,"purple")
ax.set_xlabel("X Label")
ax.set_ylabel("Y Label")
ax.set_title("This is my first chart using Object Oriented Approach")
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()

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axes1=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.1,0.8,0.8])
axes2=fig.add_axes([0.2,0.5,0.4,0.3])
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
axes1=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.1,0.8,0.8])
axes2=fig.add_axes([0.2,0.5,0.4,0.3])
axes1.plot(x,y)
axes2.plot(y,x)
plt.show()
fig, axes=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)
plt.show()
fig, ax=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)
plt.tight_layout()
fig, ax=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)
ax[0,1].plot(x,y)
ax[1,2].plot(y,x)
plt.tight_layout()
# Empty Canvas of 3*3 Subplots
fig=plt.figure(figsize=(8,2),dpi=100)
ax=fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1])
ax.plot(x,y)
plt.tight_layout()
#We can do the same thing with subplots() like:
fig, ax=plt.subplots(nrows=2, ncols=1,figsize=(8,4),dpi=100)
ax[0].plot(x,y)
ax[1].plot(y,x)
plt.tight_layout()
fig=plt.figure(figsize=(8,6),dpi=60)
ax=fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1])
ax.plot(x,x**2,label="X Square Plot")
ax.plot(x,x**3,"red",label="X Cube Plot")
ax.legend()
plt.show()
#To save our plot as an image
fig.savefig("my_figure.png")
#To open the saved imange

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'''import matplotlib.image as mpimg
plt.imshow(mpimg.imread("my_figure.png"))'''

7. Write a program in Python to create a plot and set the legend.

Solution:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x=np.linspace(0,10,20)
y=(x**2)
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([.1,.2,.8,.9])
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.2,0.8,0.9])
fig=plt.figure()
ax.plot(x,y,"purple")
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([.1,.2,.8,.9])
fig=plt.figure()
ax.plot(x,y,"purple")
ax.set_xlabel("X Label")
ax.set_ylabel("Y Label")
ax.set_title("This is my first chart using Object Oriented Approach")
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
axes1=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.1,0.8,0.8])
axes2=fig.add_axes([0.2,0.5,0.4,0.3])
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
axes1=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.1,0.8,0.8])
axes2=fig.add_axes([0.2,0.5,0.4,0.3])
axes1.plot(x,y)
axes2.plot(y,x)
plt.show()
fig, axes=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)

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plt.show()
fig, ax=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)
plt.tight_layout()
fig, ax=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)
ax[0,1].plot(x,y)
ax[1,2].plot(y,x)
plt.tight_layout()
# Empty Canvas of 3*3 Subplots
fig=plt.figure(figsize=(8,2),dpi=100)
ax=fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1])
ax.plot(x,y)
plt.tight_layout()
#We can do the same thing with subplots() like:
fig, ax=plt.subplots(nrows=2, ncols=1,figsize=(8,4),dpi=100)
ax[0].plot(x,y)
ax[1].plot(y,x)
plt.tight_layout()
#Adding the Legends
fig=plt.figure(figsize=(8,6),dpi=60)
ax=fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1])
ax.plot(x,x**2,label="X Square Plot")
ax.plot(x,x**3,"red",label="X Cube Plot")
ax.legend()
plt.show()

8. Write a program in Python to create a plot and change the plot

appearance.
Solution:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x=np.linspace(0,10,20)
y=(x**2)
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([.1,.2,.8,.9])
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()

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ax=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.2,0.8,0.9])
fig=plt.figure()
ax.plot(x,y,"purple")
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([.1,.2,.8,.9])
fig=plt.figure()
ax.plot(x,y,"purple")
ax.set_xlabel("X Label")
ax.set_ylabel("Y Label")
ax.set_title("This is my first chart using Object Oriented Approach")
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
axes1=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.1,0.8,0.8])
axes2=fig.add_axes([0.2,0.5,0.4,0.3])
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
axes1=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.1,0.8,0.8])
axes2=fig.add_axes([0.2,0.5,0.4,0.3])
axes1.plot(x,y)
axes2.plot(y,x)
plt.show()
fig, axes=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)
plt.show()
fig, ax=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)
plt.tight_layout()
fig, ax=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)
ax[0,1].plot(x,y)
ax[1,2].plot(y,x)
plt.tight_layout()
# Empty Canvas of 3*3 Subplots
fig=plt.figure(figsize=(8,2),dpi=100)
ax=fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1])
ax.plot(x,y)
plt.tight_layout()
#We can do the same thing with subplots() like:

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fig, ax=plt.subplots(nrows=2, ncols=1,figsize=(8,4),dpi=100)
ax[0].plot(x,y)
ax[1].plot(y,x)
plt.tight_layout()
fig=plt.figure(figsize=(8,6),dpi=60)
ax=fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1])
ax.plot(x,x**2,label="X Square Plot")
ax.plot(x,x**3,"red",label="X Cube Plot")
ax.legend()
plt.show()
#CHANGING THE PLOT APPEARANCE
#Change the Color
#Change the Line Thikness
#Line Style to Dashes
#Mark out the datapoints
fig=plt.figure(figsize=(8,6),dpi=60)
ax=fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1])
ax.plot(x,y,color="purple",linewidth=3,linestyle="--
",marker="o",markersize=8)
plt.show()

9. Write a program in Python to create a plot and set the range for x axis
and y axis.
Solution:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x=np.linspace(0,10,20)
y=(x**2)
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([.1,.2,.8,.9])
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.2,0.8,0.9])
fig=plt.figure()
ax.plot(x,y,"purple")
plt.show()

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fig=plt.figure()
ax=fig.add_axes([.1,.2,.8,.9])
fig=plt.figure()
ax.plot(x,y,"purple")
ax.set_xlabel("X Label")
ax.set_ylabel("Y Label")
ax.set_title("This is my first chart using Object Oriented Approach")
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
axes1=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.1,0.8,0.8])
axes2=fig.add_axes([0.2,0.5,0.4,0.3])
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure()
axes1=fig.add_axes([0.1,0.1,0.8,0.8])
axes2=fig.add_axes([0.2,0.5,0.4,0.3])
axes1.plot(x,y)
axes2.plot(y,x)
plt.show()
fig, axes=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)
plt.show()
fig, ax=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)
plt.tight_layout()
fig, ax=plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=3)
ax[0,1].plot(x,y)
ax[1,2].plot(y,x)
plt.tight_layout()
# Empty Canvas of 3*3 Subplots
fig=plt.figure(figsize=(8,2),dpi=100)
ax=fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1])
ax.plot(x,y)
plt.tight_layout()
#We can do the same thing with subplots() like:
fig, ax=plt.subplots(nrows=2, ncols=1,figsize=(8,4),dpi=100)
ax[0].plot(x,y)
ax[1].plot(y,x)
plt.tight_layout()

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fig=plt.figure(figsize=(8,6),dpi=60)
ax=fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1])
ax.plot(x,x**2,label="X Square Plot")
ax.plot(x,x**3,"red",label="X Cube Plot")
ax.legend()
plt.show()
fig=plt.figure(figsize=(8,6),dpi=60)
ax=fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1])
ax.plot(x,y,color="purple",linewidth=3,linestyle="--
",marker="o",markersize=8)
plt.show()
#PLOT RANGE
#To Show Only Plot Between
#0 to 1 for the X Axis and
#0 to 5 for the Y Axis
fig=plt.figure(figsize=(8,6),dpi=60)
ax=fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1])
ax.plot(x,y,color="purple",lw=3,ls="--")
ax.set_xlim([0,1])
#[0,1]signifies the lower bound and upper bound of x axis
ax.set_ylim([0,5])
#[0,5]signifies the lower bound and upper bound of y axis
plt.show()

10. Write a program in Python to create a plot by generating random

numbers.
Solution:-
#First Plot by generating random numbers
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import style
randomNumber=np.random.rand(10)
print (randomNumber)
style.use("ggplot")
plt.plot(randomNumber,"g",label="line one",linewidth=2)
plt.xlabel("Range")

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plt.ylabel("Numbers")
plt.title("First Plot")
plt.legend()
plt.show()

11. Write a program in Python to create a plot by applying different color,

line style and line width.
Solution:-
# Using Color,Line style and Line width in Plot
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import style
web_customers=[123,645,950,1290,1630,1450,1034,1295,465,205,80]
time_hrs=[7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]
style.use("ggplot")
plt.plot(time_hrs,web_customers,color="b",linestyle="--",linewidth="2.5")
plt.title("Web Site Traffic")
plt.xlabel("Hrs")
plt.ylabel("Number of Users")
plt.show()

12. Write a program in Python to create a plot by using axis() method.

Solution:-
#Using the axis() Method
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import style
web_customers=[123,645,950,1290,1630,1450,1034,1295,465,205,80]
time_hrs=[7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]
style.use("ggplot")
plt.plot(time_hrs,web_customers,"r",label="Web traffic",linewidth="1.5")
plt.axis([6.5,17.5,50,2000])
plt.title("Web Site Traffic")
plt.xlabel("Hrs")
plt.ylabel("Number of Users")
plt.legend()
plt.show()

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13. Write a program in Python to create a plot by using alpha and
annotation.
Solution:-
#Using Alpha and Annotation
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import style
web_customers=[123,645,950,1290,1630,1450,1034,1295,465,205,80]
time_hrs=[7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]
style.use("ggplot")
plt.plot(time_hrs,web_customers,alpha=.4)
plt.axis([6.5,17.5,50,2000])
plt.title("Web Site Traffic")
plt.annotate("Max",ha="center",va="bottom",xytext=(8,1500),xy=(11,1630
),arrowprops={"facecolor":"green"})
plt.xlabel("Hrs")
plt.ylabel("Number of Users")
plt.show()

14. Write a program in Python to create multiple plots in the same

window.
Solution:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import style
#Web Traffic Data
web_monday=[123,645,950,1290,1630,1450,1034,1295,465,205,80]
web_tuesday=[95,680,689,1145,1670,1323,1119,1265,510,310,110]
web_wednesday=[105,630,700,1006,1520,1124,1239,1380,580,610,230]
#Time Distribution(hourly)
time_hrs=[7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]
style.use("ggplot")
plt.plot(time_hrs,web_monday,"r",label="Monday",linewidth=1)
plt.plot(time_hrs,web_tuesday,"g",label="Tuesday",linewidth=1.5)
plt.plot(time_hrs,web_wednesday,"b",label="Wednesday",linewidth=2)
plt.axis([6.5,17.5,50,2000])
plt.title("Web Site Traffic")
plt.xlabel("Hrs")

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plt.ylabel("Number of Users")
plt.legend()
plt.show()

15. Write a program in Python to create two subplots that shows two
different comparisons on different variables.
Solution:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
temperature=[2,21,14,24,27]
time_hrs=[5,7,9,11,12]
wind=[23,26,15,21,24]
plt.subplot(1,2,1)
plt.plot(time_hrs,temperature,"r")
plt.title("Time Vs Temprature")
plt.xlabel("Time")
plt.ylabel("Temprature")
plt.subplot(1,2,2)
plt.plot(time_hrs,wind,"g")
plt.title("Wind Vs Time")
plt.xlabel("Time")
plt.ylabel("Wind")
plt.tight_layout()

16. Write a program in Python to create a histogram chart.

Solution:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x=np.random.randn(1000)
plt.hist(x);

17. Write a program in Python to create a line plot.

Solution:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import datetime
import numpy as np
x=np.array([datetime.datetime(2018,9,28,i,0)for i in range(24)])

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y=np.random.randint(100,size=x.shape)
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.tight_layout()

18. Write a program in Python to create a scatter plot.

Solution:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
fig,ax=plt.subplots()
x=np.linspace(-1,1,50)
y=np.random.randn(50)
ax.scatter(x,y)

19. Write a program in Python to create a bar graph.

Solution:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
my_df=pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(10,4),columns=["a","b","c","d"])
my_df.plot.bar()

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 Basic Exercise on Chart
1. Write a Python program to draw a line with suitable label in the x axis, y
axis and a title.
Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
X = range(1, 50)
Y = [value * 3 for value in X]
print("Values of X:")
print(*range(1,50))
print("Values of Y (thrice of X):")
print(Y)
# Plot lines and/or markers to the Axes.
plt.plot(X, Y)
# Set the x axis label of the current axis.
plt.xlabel('x - axis')
# Set the y axis label of the current axis.
plt.ylabel('y - axis')
# Set a title
plt.title('Draw a line.')
# Display the figure.
plt.show()

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 2. Write a Python program to draw a line using given axis values with
suitable label in the x axis , y axis and a title.
Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# x axis values
x = [1,2,3]
# y axis values
y = [2,4,1]
# Plot lines and/or markers to the Axes.
plt.plot(x, y)
# Set the x axis label of the current axis.
plt.xlabel('x - axis')
# Set the y axis label of the current axis.
plt.ylabel('y - axis')
# Set a title
plt.title('graph!')
# Display a figure.
plt.show()
Output:

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 3. Write a Python program to draw a line using given axis values with
suitable label in the x axis , y axis and a title.
test.txt
12
24
31
Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
with open("test.txt") as f:
data = f.read()
data = data.split('\n')
x = [row.split(' ')[0] for row in data]
y = [row.split(' ')[1] for row in data]
plt.plot(x, y)
# Set the x axis label of the current axis.
plt.xlabel('x - axis')
# Set the y axis label of the current axis.
plt.ylabel('y - axis')
# Set a title
plt.title('graph!')
# Display a figure.
plt.show()

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 4. Write a Python program to draw line charts of the financial data of
Alphabet Inc. between October 3, 2016 to October 7, 2016.
Financial data (fdata.csv):
Date,Open,High,Low,Close
10-03-16,774.25,776.065002,769.5,772.559998
10-04-16,776.030029,778.710022,772.890015,776.429993
10-05-16,779.309998,782.070007,775.650024,776.469971
10-06-16,779,780.47998,775.539978,776.859985
10-07-16,779.659973,779.659973,770.75,775.080017
Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('fdata.csv', sep=',', parse_dates=True, index_col=0)
df.plot()
plt.show()
Output:

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 5. Write a Python program to plot two or more lines on same plot with
suitable legends of each line.

Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# line 1 points
x1 = [10,20,30]
y1 = [20,40,10]

# plotting the line 1 points

plt.plot(x1, y1, label = "line 1")

# line 2 points
x2 = [10,20,30]
y2 = [40,10,30]

# plotting the line 2 points

plt.plot(x2, y2, label = "line 2")
plt.xlabel('x - axis')

# Set the y axis label of the current axis.

plt.ylabel('y - axis')

# Set a title of the current axes.

plt.title('Two or more lines on same plot with suitable legends ')

# show a legend on the plot

plt.legend()

# Display a figure.
plt.show()

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 6. Write a Python program to plot two or more lines with legends, different
widths and colors.
Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# line 1 points
x1 = [10,20,30]
y1 = [20,40,10]
# line 2 points
x2 = [10,20,30]
y2 = [40,10,30]
# Set the x axis label of the current axis.
plt.xlabel('x - axis')
# Set the y axis label of the current axis.
plt.ylabel('y - axis')
# Set a title
plt.title('Two or more lines with different widths and colors with suitable
legends ')
# Display the figure.
plt.plot(x1,y1, color='blue', linewidth = 3, label = 'line1-width-3')
plt.plot(x2,y2, color='red', linewidth = 5, label = 'line2-width-5')
# show a legend on the plot
plt.legend()
plt.show()

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 7. Write a Python program to plot two or more lines with different styles.
Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# line 1 points
x1 = [10,20,30]
y1 = [20,40,10]
# line 2 points
x2 = [10,20,30]
y2 = [40,10,30]
# Set the x axis label of the current axis.
plt.xlabel('x - axis')
# Set the y axis label of the current axis.
plt.ylabel('y - axis')
# Plot lines and/or markers to the Axes.
plt.plot(x1,y1, color='blue', linewidth = 3, label = 'line1-
dotted',linestyle='dotted')
plt.plot(x2,y2, color='red', linewidth = 5, label = 'line2-dashed',
linestyle='dashed')
# Set a title
plt.title("Plot with two or more lines with different styles")
# show a legend on the plot
plt.legend()
# function to show the plot
plt.show()

Page 85
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 8. Write a Python program to plot two or more lines and set the line
markers.
Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# x axis values
x = [1,4,5,6,7]
# y axis values
y = [2,6,3,6,3]
# plotting the points
plt.plot(x, y, color='red', linestyle='dashdot', linewidth = 3,
marker='o', markerfacecolor='blue', markersize=12)
#Set the y-limits of the current axes.
plt.ylim(1,8)
#Set the x-limits of the current axes.
plt.xlim(1,8)
# naming the x axis
plt.xlabel('x - axis')
# naming the y axis
plt.ylabel('y - axis')
# giving a title to my graph
plt.title('Display marker')
# function to show the plot
plt.show()

Page 86
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 9. Write a Python program to display the current axis limits values and set
new axis values.
Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
X = range(1, 50)
Y = [value * 3 for value in X]
plt.plot(X, Y)
plt.xlabel('x - axis')
plt.ylabel('y - axis')
plt.title('Draw a line.')
# shows the current axis limits values
print(plt.axis())
# set new axes limits
# Limit of x axis 0 to 100
# Limit of y axis 0 to 200
plt.axis([0, 100, 0, 200])
# Display the figure.
plt.show()

Page 87
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 10. Write a Python program to plot quantities which have an x and y
position.
Solution:
import numpy as np
import pylab as pl
# Make an array of x values
x1 = [2, 3, 5, 6, 8]
# Make an array of y values for each x value
y1 = [1, 5, 10, 18, 20]
# Make an array of x values
x2 = [3, 4, 6, 7, 9]
# Make an array of y values for each x value
y2 = [2, 6, 11, 20, 22]
# set new axes limits
pl.axis([0, 10, 0, 30])
# use pylab to plot x and y as red circles
pl.plot(x1, y1,'b*', x2, y2, 'ro')
# show the plot on the screen
pl.show()

Page 88
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 11. Write a Python program to plot several lines with different format
styles in one command using arrays.

Solution:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Sampled time at 200ms intervals

t = np.arange(0., 5., 0.2)

# green dashes, blue squares and red triangles

plt.plot(t, t, 'g--', t, t**2, 'bs', t, t**3, 'r^')
plt.show()

Page 89
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 12. Write a Python program to create multiple types of charts (a simple
curve and plot some quantities) on a single set of axes.
Solution:
import datetime as DT
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.dates import date2num
data = [(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-03', "%Y-%m-%d"), 772.559998),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-04', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.429993),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-05', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.469971),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-06', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.859985),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-07', "%Y-%m-%d"), 775.080017 )]
x = [date2num(date) for (date, value) in data]
y = [value for (date, value) in data]
fig = plt.figure()
graph = fig.add_subplot(111)
# Plot the data as a red line with round markers
graph.plot(x,y,'r-o')
# Set the xtick locations
graph.set_xticks(x)
# Set the xtick labels
graph.set_xticklabels([date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") for (date, value) in data])
plt.show()

Page 90
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 13. Write a Python program to display grid and draw line charts of the
closing value of Alphabet Inc. between October 3, 2016 to October 7,
2016. Customized the grid lines with linestyle -, width .5. and color blue.

Date,Close
03-10-16,772.559998
04-10-16,776.429993
05-10-16,776.469971
06-10-16,776.859985
07-10-16,775.080017

Solution:
import datetime as DT
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.dates import date2num

data = [(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-03', "%Y-%m-%d"), 772.559998),

(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-04', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.429993),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-05', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.469971),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-06', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.859985),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-07', "%Y-%m-%d"), 775.080017 )]

x = [date2num(date) for (date, value) in data]

y = [value for (date, value) in data]

fig = plt.figure()

graph = fig.add_subplot(111)

# Plot the data as a red line with round markers

graph.plot(x,y,'r-o')

# Set the xtick locations

graph.set_xticks(x)

# Set the xtick labels

Page 91
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
graph.set_xticklabels(
[date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") for (date, value) in data]
)

# naming the x axis

plt.xlabel('Date')

# naming the y axis

plt.ylabel('Closing Value')

# giving a title
plt.title('Closing stock value of Alphabet Inc.')

# Customize the grid

plt.grid(linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5', color='blue')
plt.show()

Page 92
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 14. Write a Python program to display the grid and draw line charts of the
closing value of Alphabet Inc. between October 3, 2016 to October 7,
2016. Customized the grid lines with rendering with a larger grid (major
grid) and a smaller grid (minor grid).Turn on the grid but turn off ticks..
Date,Close
03-10-16,772.559998
04-10-16,776.429993
05-10-16,776.469971
06-10-16,776.859985
07-10-16,775.080017
Solution:
import datetime as DT
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.dates import date2num

data = [(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-03', "%Y-%m-%d"), 772.559998),

(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-04', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.429993),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-05', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.469971),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-06', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.859985),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-07', "%Y-%m-%d"), 775.080017 )]

x = [date2num(date) for (date, value) in data]

y = [value for (date, value) in data]

fig = plt.figure()

graph = fig.add_subplot(111)

# Plot the data as a red line with round markers

graph.plot(x,y,'r-o')

# Set the xtick locations

graph.set_xticks(x)

# Set the xtick labels

graph.set_xticklabels([date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") for (date, value) in data])

Page 93
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
# naming the x axis
plt.xlabel('Date')
# naming the y axis
plt.ylabel('Closing Value')
# giving a title
plt.title('Closing stock value of Alphabet Inc.')
# Turn on the minor TICKS, which are required for the minor GRID
plt.minorticks_on()

# Customize the major grid

plt.grid(which='major', linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5', color='red')
# Customize the minor grid
plt.grid(which='minor', linestyle=':', linewidth='0.5', color='black')

# Turn off the display of all ticks.

plt.tick_params(which='both', # Options for both major and minor ticks
top='off', # turn off top ticks
left='off', # turn off left ticks
right='off', # turn off right ticks
bottom='off') # turn off bottom ticks
plt.show()

Page 94
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 15. Write a Python program to create multiple plots

Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig = plt.figure()
fig.subplots_adjust(bottom=0.020, left=0.020, top = 0.900, right=0.800)

plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
plt.xticks(()), plt.yticks(())

plt.subplot(2, 3, 4)
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())

plt.subplot(2, 3, 5)
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())

plt.subplot(2, 3, 6)
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())

plt.show()

Page 95
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 16. Write a Python program to create multiple types of charts (a simple
curve and plot some quantities) on a single set of axes.
Solution:
import datetime as DT
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.dates import date2num

data = [(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-03', "%Y-%m-%d"), 772.559998),

(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-04', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.429993),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-05', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.469971),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-06', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.859985),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-07', "%Y-%m-%d"), 775.080017 )]
x = [date2num(date) for (date, value) in data]
y = [value for (date, value) in data]
fig = plt.figure()
graph = fig.add_subplot(111)
# Plot the data as a red line with round markers
graph.plot(x,y,'r-o')
# Set the xtick locations
graph.set_xticks(x)
# Set the xtick labels
graph.set_xticklabels([date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") for (date, value) in data] )
plt.show()

Page 96
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 17. Write a Python program to plot several lines with different format
styles in one command using arrays.
Solution:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# d time at 200ms intervals
t = np.arange(0., 5., 0.2)
# green dashes, blue squares and red triangles
plt.plot(t, t, 'g--', t, t**2, 'bs', t, t**3, 'r^')
plt.show()

18. Write a Python program to plot quantities which have an x and y

position.
Solution:
import numpy as np
import pylab as pl
# Make an array of x values
x1 = [2, 3, 5, 6, 8]
# Make an array of y values for each x value
y1 = [1, 5, 10, 18, 20]
# Make an array of x values
x2 = [3, 4, 6, 7, 9]
Page 97
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
# Make an array of y values for each x value
y2 = [2, 6, 11, 20, 22]
# set new axes limits
pl.axis([0, 10, 0, 30])
# use pylab to plot x and y as red circles
pl.plot(x1, y1,'b*', x2, y2, 'ro')
# show the plot on the screen
pl.show()

19. Write a Python program to display the current axis limits values and
set new axis values.
Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
X = range(1, 50)
Y = [value * 3 for value in X]
plt.plot(X, Y)
plt.xlabel('x - axis')
plt.ylabel('y - axis')
plt.title('Draw a line.')
# shows the current axis limits values
print(plt.axis())
# set new axes limits
Page 98
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
# Limit of x axis 0 to 100
# Limit of y axis 0 to 200
plt.axis([0, 100, 0, 200])
# Display the figure.
plt.show()

20. Write a Python program to plot two or more lines and set the line
markers.
Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# x axis values
x = [1,4,5,6,7]
# y axis values
y = [2,6,3,6,3]
# plotting the points
plt.plot(x, y, color='red', linestyle='dashdot', linewidth = 3,
marker='o', markerfacecolor='blue', markersize=12)
#Set the y-limits of the current axes.
plt.ylim(1,8)
#Set the x-limits of the current axes.

Page 99
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
plt.xlim(1,8)
# naming the x axis
plt.xlabel('x - axis')
# naming the y axis
plt.ylabel('y - axis')
# giving a title to my graph
plt.title('Display marker')
# function to show the plot
plt.show()

21. Write a Python program to plot two or more lines with different
styles.
Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# line 1 points
x1 = [10,20,30]
y1 = [20,40,10]
# line 2 points
x2 = [10,20,30]
y2 = [40,10,30]

Page 100
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
# Set the x axis label of the current axis.
plt.xlabel('x - axis')
# Set the y axis label of the current axis.
plt.ylabel('y - axis')
# Plot lines and/or markers to the Axes.
plt.plot(x1,y1, color='blue', linewidth = 3, label = 'line1-
dotted',linestyle='dotted')
plt.plot(x2,y2, color='red', linewidth = 5, label = 'line2-dashed',
linestyle='dashed')
# Set a title
plt.title("Plot with two or more lines with different styles")
# show a legend on the plot
plt.legend()
# function to show the plot
plt.show()

22. Write a Python program to plot two or more lines with legends,
different widths and colors.
Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# line 1 points

Page 101
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
x1 = [10,20,30]
y1 = [20,40,10]
# line 2 points
x2 = [10,20,30]
y2 = [40,10,30]
# Set the x axis label of the current axis.
plt.xlabel('x - axis')
# Set the y axis label of the current axis.
plt.ylabel('y - axis')
# Set a title
plt.title('Two or more lines with different widths and colors with suitable
legends ')
# Display the figure.
plt.plot(x1,y1, color='blue', linewidth = 3, label = 'line1-width-3')
plt.plot(x2,y2, color='red', linewidth = 5, label = 'line2-width-5')
# show a legend on the plot
plt.legend()
plt.show()

Page 102
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 23. Write a Python program to plot two or more lines on same plot with
suitable legends of each line.
Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# line 1 points
x1 = [10,20,30]
y1 = [20,40,10]
# plotting the line 1 points
plt.plot(x1, y1, label = "line 1")
# line 2 points
x2 = [10,20,30]
y2 = [40,10,30]
# plotting the line 2 points
plt.plot(x2, y2, label = "line 2")
plt.xlabel('x - axis')
# Set the y axis label of the current axis.
plt.ylabel('y - axis')
# Set a title of the current axes.
plt.title('Two or more lines on same plot with suitable legends ')
# show a legend on the plot
plt.legend()
# Display a figure.
plt.show()

Page 103
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 24. Write a Python program to draw line charts of the financial data of
Alphabet Inc. between October 3, 2016 to October 7, 2016.
Financial data (fdata.csv):
Date,Open,High,Low,Close
10-03-16,774.25,776.065002,769.5,772.559998
10-04-16,776.030029,778.710022,772.890015,776.429993
10-05-16,779.309998,782.070007,775.650024,776.469971
10-06-16,779,780.47998,775.539978,776.859985
10-07-16,779.659973,779.659973,770.75,775.080017
Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('fdata.csv', sep=',', parse_dates=True, index_col=0)
df.plot()
plt.show()

25. Write a Python program to display grid and draw line charts of the
closing value of Alphabet Inc. between October 3, 2016 to October 7,
2016. Customized the grid lines with linestyle -, width .5. and color blue.

Page 104
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 Date,Close
03-10-16,772.559998
04-10-16,776.429993
05-10-16,776.469971
06-10-16,776.859985
07-10-16,775.080017
Solution:
import datetime as DT
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.dates import date2num

data = [(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-03', "%Y-%m-%d"), 772.559998),

(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-04', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.429993),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-05', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.469971),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-06', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.859985),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-07', "%Y-%m-%d"), 775.080017 )]

x = [date2num(date) for (date, value) in data]

y = [value for (date, value) in data]

fig = plt.figure()

graph = fig.add_subplot(111)

# Plot the data as a red line with round markers

graph.plot(x,y,'r-o')

# Set the xtick locations

graph.set_xticks(x)

# Set the xtick labels

graph.set_xticklabels([date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") for (date, value) in data] )

# naming the x axis

plt.xlabel('Date')
# naming the y axis

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
plt.ylabel('Closing Value')
# giving a title
plt.title('Closing stock value of Alphabet Inc.')
# Customize the grid
plt.grid(linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5', color='blue')
plt.show()

26. Write a Python program to display the grid and draw line charts of the
closing value of Alphabet Inc. between October 3, 2016 to October 7,
2016. Customized the grid lines with rendering with a larger grid (major
grid) and a smaller grid (minor grid).Turn on the grid but turn off ticks..
Date,Close
03-10-16,772.559998
04-10-16,776.429993
05-10-16,776.469971
06-10-16,776.859985
07-10-16,775.080017

Page 106
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
Solution:
import datetime as DT
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.dates import date2num

data = [(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-03', "%Y-%m-%d"), 772.559998),

(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-04', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.429993),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-05', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.469971),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-06', "%Y-%m-%d"), 776.859985),
(DT.datetime.strptime('2016-10-07', "%Y-%m-%d"), 775.080017 )]

x = [date2num(date) for (date, value) in data]

y = [value for (date, value) in data]

fig = plt.figure()

graph = fig.add_subplot(111)

# Plot the data as a red line with round markers

graph.plot(x,y,'r-o')

# Set the xtick locations

graph.set_xticks(x)

# Set the xtick labels

graph.set_xticklabels([date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") for (date, value) in data])

# naming the x axis

plt.xlabel('Date')
# naming the y axis
plt.ylabel('Closing Value')
# giving a title
plt.title('Closing stock value of Alphabet Inc.')
# Turn on the minor TICKS, which are required for the minor GRID
plt.minorticks_on()

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
# Customize the major grid
plt.grid(which='major', linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5', color='red')
# Customize the minor grid
plt.grid(which='minor', linestyle=':', linewidth='0.5', color='black')

# Turn off the display of all ticks.

plt.tick_params(which='both', # Options for both major and minor ticks
top='off', # turn off top ticks
left='off', # turn off left ticks
right='off', # turn off right ticks
bottom='off') # turn off bottom ticks
plt.show()

27. Write a Python program to create multiple plots

Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig = plt.figure()
fig.subplots_adjust(bottom=0.020, left=0.020, top = 0.900, right=0.800)
plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
plt.xticks(()), plt.yticks(())
plt.subplot(2, 3, 4)

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.subplot(2, 3, 5)
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.subplot(2, 3, 6)
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.show()

28. Write a Python programming to display a bar chart of the popularity of

programming Languages, based on following data.
Programming languages: Java, Python, PHP, JavaScript, C#, C++
Popularity: 22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7

Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = ['Java', 'Python', 'PHP', 'JavaScript', 'C#', 'C++']
popularity = [22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7]
x_pos = [i for i, _ in enumerate(x)]
plt.bar(x_pos, popularity, color='blue')
plt.xlabel("Languages")
plt.ylabel("Popularity")
plt.title("PopularitY of Programming Language\n" + "Worldwide, Oct 2017
compared to a year ago")
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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
plt.xticks(x_pos, x)
# Turn on the grid
plt.minorticks_on()
plt.grid(which='major', linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5', color='red')
# Customize the minor grid
plt.grid(which='minor', linestyle=':', linewidth='0.5', color='black')
plt.show()

29. Write a Python programming to display a horizontal bar chart of the

popularity of programming Languages, based on following data.
Programming languages: Java, Python, PHP, JavaScript, C#, C++
Popularity: 22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7

Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = ['Java', 'Python', 'PHP', 'JS', 'C#', 'C++']
popularity = [22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7]
x_pos = [i for i, _ in enumerate(x)]
plt.barh(x_pos, popularity, color='green')
plt.xlabel("Popularity")
plt.ylabel("Languages")

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
plt.title("PopularitY of Programming Language\n" + "Worldwide, Oct 2017
compared to a year ago")
plt.yticks(x_pos, x)
# Turn on the grid
plt.minorticks_on()
plt.grid(which='major', linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5', color='red')
# Customize the minor grid
plt.grid(which='minor', linestyle=':', linewidth='0.5', color='black')
plt.show()

30. Write a Python programming to display a bar chart of the popularity

of programming Languages, based on following data. Use uniform color.
Programming languages: Java, Python, PHP, JavaScript, C#, C++
Popularity: 22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7

Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = ['Java', 'Python', 'PHP', 'JavaScript', 'C#', 'C++']
popularity = [22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7]
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x_pos = [i for i, _ in enumerate(x)]
plt.bar(x_pos, popularity, color=(0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0))
plt.xlabel("Languages")
plt.ylabel("Popularity")
plt.title("PopularitY of Programming Language\n" + "Worldwide, Oct 2017
compared to a year ago")
plt.xticks(x_pos, x)
# Turn on the grid
plt.minorticks_on()
plt.grid(which='major', linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5', color='red')
# Customize the minor grid
plt.grid(which='minor', linestyle=':', linewidth='0.5', color='black')
plt.show()

31. Write a Python programming to display a bar chart of the popularity

of programming Languages, based on following data. Use different color
for each bar.
Programming languages: Java, Python, PHP, JavaScript, C#, C++
Popularity: 22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7
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Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = ['Java', 'Python', 'PHP', 'JavaScript', 'C#', 'C++']
popularity = [22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7]
x_pos = [i for i, _ in enumerate(x)]
plt.bar(x_pos, popularity, color=['red', 'black', 'green', 'blue', 'yellow', 'cyan'])
plt.xlabel("Languages")
plt.ylabel("Popularity")
plt.title("PopularitY of Programming Language\n" + "Worldwide, Oct 2017
compared to a year ago")
plt.xticks(x_pos, x)
# Turn on the grid
plt.minorticks_on()
plt.grid(which='major', linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5', color='red')
# Customize the minor grid
plt.grid(which='minor', linestyle=':', linewidth='0.5', color='black')
plt.show()

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 32. Write a Python programming to display a bar chart of the popularity
of programming Languages, based on following data. Attach a text label
above each bar displaying its popularity (float value).
Programming languages: Java, Python, PHP, JavaScript, C#, C++
Popularity: 22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7

Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = ['Java', 'Python', 'PHP', 'JavaScript', 'C#', 'C++']
popularity = [22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7]
x_pos = [i for i, _ in enumerate(x)]
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
rects1 = ax.bar(x_pos, popularity, color='b')
plt.xlabel("Languages")
plt.ylabel("Popularity")
plt.title("PopularitY of Programming Language\n" + "Worldwide, Oct 2017
compared to a year ago")
plt.xticks(x_pos, x)

# Turn on the grid

plt.minorticks_on()
plt.grid(which='major', linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5', color='red')
# Customize the minor grid
plt.grid(which='minor', linestyle=':', linewidth='0.5', color='black')
def autolabel(rects):
"""
Attach a text label above each bar displaying its height
"""
for rect in rects:
height = rect.get_height()
ax.text(rect.get_x() + rect.get_width()/2., 1.05*height,
'%f' % float(height),
ha='center', va='bottom')
autolabel(rects1)

plt.show()

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 33. Write a Python programming to display a bar chart of the popularity
of programming Languages, based on following data. Make blue border
to each bar.
Programming languages: Java, Python, PHP, JavaScript, C#, C++
Popularity: 22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7

Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = ['Java', 'Python', 'PHP', 'JavaScript', 'C#', 'C++']
popularity = [22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7]
x_pos = [i for i, _ in enumerate(x)]

plt.bar(x_pos, popularity, color=(0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0), edgecolor='blue')

plt.xlabel("Languages")

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plt.ylabel("Popularity")
plt.title("PopularitY of Programming Language\n" + "Worldwide, Oct 2017
compared to a year ago")
plt.xticks(x_pos, x)
# Turn on the grid
plt.minorticks_on()
plt.grid(which='major', linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5', color='red')

# Customize the minor grid

plt.grid(which='minor', linestyle=':', linewidth='0.5', color='black')
plt.show()

Output:

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 34. Write a Python programming to display a bar chart of the popularity
of programming Languages. Specify the position of each bar plot.
data:
Programming languages: Java, Python, PHP, JavaScript, C#, C++
Popularity: 22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7

Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = ['Java', 'Python', 'PHP', 'JavaScript', 'C#', 'C++']
popularity = [22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7]
x_pos = [i for i, _ in enumerate(x)]
plt.xlabel("Languages")
plt.ylabel("Popularity")
plt.title("PopularitY of Programming Language\n" + "Worldwide, Oct 2017
compared to a year ago")
plt.xticks(x_pos, x)
# Select the position of each barplots on the x-axis (space=1,3,3,2,1)
y_pos = [0,1,4,7,9,10]
# Create bars
plt.bar(y_pos, popularity)
# Turn on the grid
plt.minorticks_on()
plt.grid(which='major', linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5', color='red')
# Customize the minor grid
plt.grid(which='minor', linestyle=':', linewidth='0.5', color='black')
plt.show()

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 35. Write a Python programming to display a bar chart of the popularity
of programming Languages, based on following data. Select the width of
each bar and their positions.

Programming languages: Java, Python, PHP, JavaScript, C#, C++

Popularity: 22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7

Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = ['Java', 'Python', 'PHP', 'JavaScript', 'C#', 'C++']
popularity = [22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7]
x_pos = [i for i, _ in enumerate(x)]
plt.xlabel("Languages")
plt.ylabel("Popularity")
plt.title("PopularitY of Programming Language\n" + "Worldwide, Oct 2017
compared to a year ago")
plt.xticks(x_pos, x)
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# Select the width of each bar and their positions
width = [0.1,0.2,0.5,1.1,0.2,0.3]
y_pos = [0,.8,1.5,3,5,6]

# Create bars
plt.bar(y_pos, popularity, width=width)
plt.xticks(y_pos, x)

# Turn on the grid

plt.minorticks_on()
plt.grid(which='major', linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5', color='red')

# Customize the minor grid

plt.grid(which='minor', linestyle=':', linewidth='0.5', color='black')
plt.show()

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 36. Write a Python programming to display a bar chart of the popularity
of programming Languages. Increase bottom margin.
data:
Programming languages: Java, Python, PHP, JavaScript, C#, C++
Popularity: 22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7

Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = ['Java', 'Python', 'PHP', 'JavaScript', 'C#', 'C++']
popularity = [22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7]
x_pos = [i for i, _ in enumerate(x)]
plt.bar(x_pos, popularity, color=(0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0))
plt.xlabel("Languages")
plt.ylabel("Popularity")
plt.title("PopularitY of Programming Language\n" + "Worldwide, Oct 2017
compared to a year ago")

# Rotation of the bars names

plt.xticks(x_pos, x, rotation=90)

# Custom the subplot layout

plt.subplots_adjust(bottom=0.4, top=.8)

# Turn on the grid

plt.minorticks_on()
plt.grid(which='major', linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5', color='red')

# Customize the minor grid

plt.grid(which='minor', linestyle=':', linewidth='0.5', color='black')
plt.show()

Output:

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 37. Write a Python program to create bar plot of scores by group and
gender. Use multiple X values on the same chart for men and women.
Data:
Means (men) = (22, 30, 35, 35, 26)
Means (women) = (25, 32, 30, 35, 29)

Solution:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# data to plot
n_groups = 5
men_means = (22, 30, 33, 30, 26)
women_means = (25, 32, 30, 35, 29)

# create plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
index = np.arange(n_groups)
bar_width = 0.35
opacity = 0.8
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rects1 = plt.bar(index, men_means, bar_width,
alpha=opacity,
color='g',
label='Men')

rects2 = plt.bar(index + bar_width, women_means, bar_width,

alpha=opacity,
color='r',
label='Women')

plt.xlabel('Person')
plt.ylabel('Scores')
plt.title('Scores by person')
plt.xticks(index + bar_width, ('G1', 'G2', 'G3', 'G4', 'G5'))
plt.legend()

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

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 38. Write a Python program to create bar plot from a DataFrame.
Data Frame:
abcde
2 4,8,5,7,6
4 2,3,4,2,6
6 4,7,4,7,8
8 2,6,4,8,6
10 2,4,3,3,2

Solution:
from pandas import DataFrame
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

a=np.array([[4,8,5,7,6],[2,3,4,2,6],[4,7,4,7,8],[2,6,4,8,6],[2,4,3,3,2]])
df=DataFrame(a, columns=['a','b','c','d','e'], index=[2,4,6,8,10])
df.plot(kind='bar')

# Turn on the grid

plt.minorticks_on()
plt.grid(which='major', linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5', color='green')
plt.grid(which='minor', linestyle=':', linewidth='0.5', color='black')
plt.show()

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 39. Write a Python program to create bar plots with errorbars on the same
figure.
Mean velocity: 0.2474, 0.1235, 0.1737, 0.1824
Standard deviation of velocity: 0.3314, 0.2278, 0.2836, 0.2645

Solution:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
N=5
menMeans = (54.74, 42.35, 67.37, 58.24, 30.25)
menStd = (4, 3, 4, 1, 5)
# the x locations for the groups
ind = np.arange(N)
# the width of the bars
width = 0.35
plt.bar(ind, menMeans, width, yerr=menStd, color='red')
plt.ylabel('Scores')
plt.xlabel('Velocity')
plt.title('Scores by Velocity')
# Turn on the grid
plt.minorticks_on()
plt.grid(which='major', linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5', color='green')
plt.grid(which='minor', linestyle=':', linewidth='0.5', color='black')
plt.show()

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 40. Write a Python program to create bar plots with errorbars on the same
figure.

Data:
Mean velocity: 0.2474, 0.1235, 0.1737, 0.1824
Standard deviation of velocity: 0.3314, 0.2278, 0.2836, 0.2645

Solution:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
N=5
menMeans = (54.74, 42.35, 67.37, 58.24, 30.25)
menStd = (4, 3, 4, 1, 5)

# the x locations for the groups

ind = np.arange(N)

# the width of the bars

width = 0.35
plt.bar(ind, menMeans, width, yerr=menStd, color='red')
plt.ylabel('Scores')
plt.xlabel('Velocity')
plt.title('Scores by Velocity')

# Turn on the grid

plt.minorticks_on()
plt.grid(which='major', linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5', color='green')
plt.grid(which='minor', linestyle=':', linewidth='0.5', color='black')
plt.show()

Output:

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 41. Write a Python program to create a stacked bar plot with error bars.
Note: Use bottom to stack the women’s bars on top of the men’s bars.
Data:
Means (men) = (22, 30, 35, 35, 26)
Means (women) = (25, 32, 30, 35, 29)
Men Standard deviation = (4, 3, 4, 1, 5)
Women Standard deviation = (3, 5, 2, 3, 3)

Solution:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

N=5
menMeans = (22, 30, 35, 35, 26)
womenMeans = (25, 32, 30, 35, 29)
menStd = (4, 3, 4, 1, 5)
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womenStd = (3, 5, 2, 3, 3)
# the x locations for the groups
ind = np.arange(N)
# the width of the bars
width = 0.35

p1 = plt.bar(ind, menMeans, width, yerr=menStd, color='red')

p2 = plt.bar(ind, womenMeans, width,
bottom=menMeans, yerr=womenStd, color='green')

plt.ylabel('Scores')
plt.xlabel('Groups')
plt.title('Scores by group\n' + 'and gender')
plt.xticks(ind, ('Group1', 'Group2', 'Group3', 'Group4', 'Group5'))
plt.yticks(np.arange(0, 81, 10))
plt.legend((p1[0], p2[0]), ('Men', 'Women'))
plt.show()

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 42. Write a Python program to create a horizontal bar chart with differently
ordered colors.
Note: Use bottom to stack the women’s bars on top of the men’s bars.
Data Set:
languages = [['Language','Science','Math'],
['Science','Math','Language'],
['Math','Language','Science']]
numbers = [{'Language':75, 'Science':88, 'Math':96},
{'Language':71, 'Science':95, 'Math':92},
{'Language':75, 'Science':90, 'Math':89}]

Solution:
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

num_set = [{'Language':75, 'Science':88, 'Math':96},

{'Language':71, 'Science':95, 'Math':92},
{'Language':75, 'Science':90, 'Math':89}]

lan_guage = [['Language','Science','Math'],
['Science','Math','Language'],
['Math','Language','Science']]
colors = ["r","g","b"]
names = sorted(num_set[0].keys())
values = np.array([[data[name] for name in order] for data,order in
zip(num_set, lan_guage)])
lefts = np.insert(np.cumsum(values, axis=1),0,0, axis=1)[:, :-1]
orders = np.array(lan_guage)
bottoms = np.arange(len(lan_guage))

for name, color in zip(names, colors):

idx = np.where(orders == name)
value = values[idx]
left = lefts[idx]
plt.bar(left=left, height=0.8, width=value, bottom=bottoms,
color=color, orientation="horizontal", label=name)

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plt.yticks(bottoms+0.4, ["Student-%d" % (t+1) for t in bottoms])
plt.legend(loc="best", bbox_to_anchor=(1.0, 1.00))
plt.subplots_adjust(right=0.75)
# Turn on the grid
plt.minorticks_on()
plt.grid(which='major', linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5', color='green')
plt.grid(which='minor', linestyle=':', linewidth='0.5', color='black')
plt.show()

Output:

43. Write a Python program to create stack bar plot and add label to each
section.
data:
people = ('G1','G2','G3','G4','G5','G6','G7','G8')
segments = 4
# multi-dimensional data

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 data = [[ 3.40022085, 7.70632498, 6.4097905, 10.51648577, 7.5330039,
7.1123587, 12.77792868, 3.44773477],
[ 11.24811149, 5.03778215, 6.65808464, 12.32220677, 7.45964195,
6.79685302, 7.24578743, 3.69371847],
[ 3.94253354, 4.74763549, 11.73529246, 4.6465543, 12.9952182,
4.63832778, 11.16849999, 8.56883433],
[ 4.24409799, 12.71746612, 11.3772169, 9.00514257, 10.47084185,
10.97567589, 3.98287652, 8.80552122]]

Solution:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

people = ('G1','G2','G3','G4','G5','G6','G7','G8')
segments = 4

# multi-dimensional data
data = [[ 3.40022085, 7.70632498, 6.4097905, 10.51648577, 7.5330039,
7.1123587, 12.77792868, 3.44773477],
[ 11.24811149, 5.03778215, 6.65808464, 12.32220677, 7.45964195,
6.79685302, 7.24578743, 3.69371847],
[ 3.94253354, 4.74763549, 11.73529246, 4.6465543, 12.9952182,
4.63832778, 11.16849999, 8.56883433],
[ 4.24409799, 12.71746612, 11.3772169, 9.00514257, 10.47084185,
10.97567589, 3.98287652, 8.80552122]]
percentages = (np.random.randint(5,20, (len(people), segments)))
y_pos = np.arange(len(people))

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10,8))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)

colors ='rgwm'
patch_handles = []
# left alignment of data starts at zero
left = np.zeros(len(people))
for i, d in enumerate(data):

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 patch_handles.append(ax.barh(y_pos, d,
color=colors[i%len(colors)], align='center',
left=left))
left += d

# search all of the bar segments and annotate

for j in range(len(patch_handles)):
for i, patch in enumerate(patch_handles[j].get_children()):
bl = patch.get_xy()
x = 0.5*patch.get_width() + bl[0]
y = 0.5*patch.get_height() + bl[1]
ax.text(x,y, "%d%%" % (percentages[i,j]), ha='center')

ax.set_yticks(y_pos)
ax.set_yticklabels(people)
ax.set_xlabel('Scores')
plt.show()

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 44. Write a Python program to add textures (black and white) to bars and
wedges.

Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig = plt.figure()
patterns = [ "|" , "\\" , "/" , "+" , "-", ".", "*","x", "o", "O" ]

ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
for i in range(len(patterns)):
ax.bar(i, 3, color='white', edgecolor='black', hatch=patterns[i])
plt.show()

45. Write a Python programming to create a pie chart of the popularity of

programming Languages, based on following data.
Programming languages: Java, Python, PHP, JavaScript, C#, C++
Popularity: 22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7

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 Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Data to plot
languages = 'Java', 'Python', 'PHP', 'JavaScript', 'C#', 'C++'
popuratity = [22.2, 17.6, 8.8, 8, 7.7, 6.7]
colors = ["#1f77b4", "#ff7f0e", "#2ca02c", "#d62728", "#9467bd", "#8c564b"]
# explode 1st slice
explode = (0.1, 0, 0, 0,0,0)
# Plot
plt.pie(popuratity, explode=explode, labels=languages, colors=colors,
autopct='%1.1f%%', shadow=True, startangle=140)
plt.axis('equal')
plt.show()

46. Write a Python programming to create a pie chart of gold medal

achievements of five most successful countries in 2016 Summer
Olympics. Read the data from a csv file.

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data:
medal.csv
country,gold_medal
United States,46
Great Britain,27
China,26
Russia,19
Germany,17

Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('medal.csv')
country_data = df["country"]
medal_data = df["gold_medal"]
colors = ["#1f77b4", "#ff7f0e", "#2ca02c", "#d62728", "#8c564b"]
explode = (0.1, 0, 0, 0, 0)
plt.pie(medal_data, labels=country_data, explode=explode, colors=colors,
autopct='%1.1f%%', shadow=True, startangle=140)
plt.title("Gold medal achievements of five most successful\n"+"countries in
2016 Summer Olympics")
plt.show()

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 47. Write a Python program to draw a scatter graph taking a random
distribution in X and Y and plotted against each other.

Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from pylab import randn
X = randn(200)
Y = randn(200)
plt.scatter(X,Y, color='r')
plt.xlabel("X")
plt.ylabel("Y")
plt.show()

Output

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 48. Write a Python program to draw a scatter plot with empty circles
taking a random distribution in X and Y and plotted against each other.

Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.random.randn(50)
y = np.random.randn(50)
plt.scatter(x, y, s=70, facecolors='none', edgecolors='g')
plt.xlabel("X")
plt.ylabel("Y")
plt.show()

Output:

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 49. Write a Python program to draw a scatter plot using random
distributions to generate balls of different sizes.

Solution:
import math
import random
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# create random data
no_of_balls = 25
x = [random.triangular() for i in range(no_of_balls)]
y = [random.gauss(0.5, 0.25) for i in range(no_of_balls)]
colors = [random.randint(1, 4) for i in range(no_of_balls)]
areas = [math.pi * random.randint(5, 15)**2 for i in range(no_of_balls)]
# draw the plot
plt.figure()
plt.scatter(x, y, s=areas, c=colors, alpha=0.85)
plt.axis([0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0])
plt.xlabel("X")
plt.ylabel("Y")
plt.show()

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 50. Write a Python program to draw a scatter plot comparing two subject
marks of Mathematics and Science. Use marks of 10 students.
Test Data:
math_marks = [88, 92, 80, 89, 100, 80, 60, 100, 80, 34]
science_marks = [35, 79, 79, 48, 100, 88, 32, 45, 20, 30]
marks_range = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100]

Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
math_marks = [88, 92, 80, 89, 100, 80, 60, 100, 80, 34]
science_marks = [35, 79, 79, 48, 100, 88, 32, 45, 20, 30]
marks_range = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100]
plt.scatter(marks_range, math_marks, label='Math marks', color='r')
plt.scatter(marks_range, science_marks, label='Science marks', color='g')
plt.title('Scatter Plot')
plt.xlabel('Marks Range')
plt.ylabel('Marks Scored')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

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 51. Write a Python program to draw a scatter plot for three different
groups camparing weights and heights.

Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
weight1=[67,57.2,59.6,59.64,55.8,61.2,60.45,61,56.23,56]
height1=[101.7,197.6,98.3,125.1,113.7,157.7,136,148.9,125.3,114.9]
weight2=[61.9,64,62.1,64.2,62.3,65.4,62.4,61.4,62.5,63.6]
height2=[152.8,155.3,135.1,125.2,151.3,135,182.2,195.9,165.1,125.1]
weight3=[68.2,67.2,68.4,68.7,71,71.3,70.8,70,71.1,71.7]
height3=[165.8,170.9,192.8,135.4,161.4,136.1,167.1,235.1,181.1,177.3]
weight=np.concatenate((weight1,weight2,weight3))
height=np.concatenate((height1,height2,height3))
plt.scatter(weight, height, marker='*', color=['red','green','blue'])
plt.xlabel('weight', fontsize=16)
plt.ylabel('height', fontsize=16)
plt.title('Group wise Weight vs Height scatter plot',fontsize=20)
plt.show()

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 52. Write a Python program to draw a scatter plot to find sea level rise in
past 100 years. We have collected the data from here
[https://github.com/datasets/sea-level-rise].
This data contains "cumulative changes in sea level for the world’s oceans since 1880, based on
a combination of long-term tide gauge measurements and recent satellite measurements. It shows
average absolute sea level change, which refers to the height of the ocean surface, regardless of
whether nearby land is rising or falling. Satellite data are based solely on measured sea level,
while the long-term tide gauge data include a small correction factor because the size and shape
of the oceans are changing slowly over time. (On average, the ocean floor has been gradually
sinking since the last Ice Age peak, 20,000 years ago.)"
Data:
data.csv
Solution:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv('data.csv')
year = data['year']
sea_levels = data['CSIRO_sea_level']
plt.scatter(year, sea_levels, edgecolors='g')
plt.xlabel('Year')
plt.ylabel('Sea Level (inches)')
plt.title('Rise in Sealevel')
plt.show()

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 Computer Network
1. Give two examples of PAN and LAN type of network.
2. Name any two type of protocols used in network. What does it stands for?
3. What kinds of security are available to Internet users?
4. Write any two advantages and disadvantages of Bus Topoloty?
5. Differentiate between Message Switching and Packet Switching
Techniques.
6. Write two difference between XML and HTML.
7. What was the role are ARPANET in the Computer Network?
8. What term we use for a software/hardware which is used to block
unauthorized access while permitting authorized communication?
9. What is the difference between Virus and Worms in the computers?
10. Explain various situations which comes under Cyber Crime.
11. Write three language names of Client Side and Server Side scripts.
12. Give one suitable example of each URL and Domain Name.
13. What is the difference between Domain Name and IP Address?
14. Write two advantages of using an Optical Fibre Cable over and Ethernet
cable to connect two service stations, which are 190 m away from each
other.
15. Which protocol will you use to have an audio-visual chat with an expert
sitting in a far-away place to fix-up a technical issue?
16. Differentiate between http and ftp.
17. Write one advantage of Bus Topology. Also illustrate how 4 computers
can be connected with each other using Star Topoloty?
18. Write two characterstics of Wi-Fi.
19. What is the difference between E-Mail and Chat?
20. Illustrate the layout for connecting five computers in a Bus and Star
Topoloty of network.
21. Which type of network is formed, when you connect two mobiles using
Bluetooth to transter a video?
22. What is a spam mail?
23. Which is the fastest wired and wireless medium of communication?
24. What do you mean by a backbone network?
25. What is E-Mail? What are its advantages?
26. What is the difference between LAN and MAN?
27. What is the difference between LAN and Internet?

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
28. What is the purpose of using FTP?
29. What is the purpose of using routers?
30. What is the importance of URL in networking?
31. How does firewall protect our Network?
32. What are cookies?
33. Briefly explain the following in the instance of networm.
a) VoIP b) WEB 2.0
34. What do you mean by IP Address? How is it usful in Computer Security?
35. How is Coaxial cable different from Optical Fibre?
36. What is the significance of Cyber Law? Also write two applications of
Cyber Law?
37. Differencitate between Internet and Intranet.
38. Differentiate between Telnet and FTP.
39. Write one advantages and disadvantages of Optical Fibre cables.
40. Name two Switching Techniques and explain any one.
41. What is the purpose of using MODEM?
42. Which protocol is used for transfer of hypertext documents on the
Internet?
43. Briefly describe the difference between LAN, MAN, and WAN in the
context of their geographical scope.
44. What is a Communication Channel? What choices do you have while
choosing a communication channel for network?
45. What is meant by network topoloty? What are the most popular
topologies?
46. Explain in brief of networking needs and goals.
47. Differentiate between Repeaters and Routers.
48. Write the advantages and disadvantages of Star, Ring and Bus topoloty
in computer network.
49. What are bridges? How do they differ from repeaters?
50. What are Protocols? What is the significance of protocols in networks?
51. What are the functions of a MODEM?
52. What are the functions provided by the SERVER in a Network
environment?
53. Give the advantages of E-Mail and World Wide Web service provided by
Internet.
54. What is WWW and what are its advantages?
55. Write a short note on Cyber Law.

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56. What do you mean by Spam Mails? How can you protect your mailbox
from Spams?
57. What is the difference between Hub, Switch and Router?
58. What is NIC?
59. What are major types of networks? Explain.
60. What are the enabling technologies of IoT system?
61. What are the security concerns related to IoT?
62. Briefly discuss the role of following devices in the context of networking.
a) Router b) Bridge c) Gatewary
63. What are Hubs? How are active hubs different from passive hubs?
64. In which network there is no Server?
65. What is Cloud? What is Cloud Computing?
66. What are different cloud deployment models?
67. How is a Public Cloud different from a Private Cloud?
68. What is modulation?
69. Differentiate between carrier wave and modulated wave.
70. What is Aplitude Modulation?
71. What is dmodulation? How it is different from modulation?
72. Which characterstics of the modulated signals carries the actual
message/information?
73. What is Collision in a network? How does it impact the performance of a
network?
74. What measures do wireless networks employ to avoid collisions?
75. Explain the two types of Duplex communication.
76. The wireless networks employstrategies to avoid collisions. Why can’t
they detect collisions?
77. What is CSMA/CA? How does it works?
78. What are the basic methods of checking or detecting errors in the data
transmission over network?
79. What type of errors that may occur in the data transmitted over a
network?
80. What do you understand by the Parrity Checking?
81. Give an example of how 1 two-dimensional parity check detects error in
the received data.
82. What are checksums? What are the stpes sollowed in checksum
generator?
83. What is ACK(Acklologement) signal?

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84. What is routing? Explain briefly.
85. What is routing table? What type of information is stored in a routing
table?
86. What is network congestion? What are the symptoms of network
congestion?
87. Write a brief note on TCP/IP suite.
88. Write a short note on IPo4 addressing. Also discuss how IPo4 is different
from IPo6?
89. Write a short note on IPo4 addressing.
90. What is Ping network tool?
91. What is a tracert or traceroute command?
92. What is the use of Whois command?
93. What is Domain Name System? What is DNS lookup?
94. What is URL? What are the components of a URL?
95. How is Domain Name System different from URL?
96. What is the role/importance of TCP/IP on Internet communication?
97. Discuss the network tllos ipconfig and nslookup briefly.
98. Discuss the following network protocols briefly.
a) HTTP d) SSH g) SMTP
b) FTP e) POP h) VoIP
c) SCP f) IMAP i) NFC
99. Discuss the basic working model of HTTP.
100. What are MX records?
101. What is encryption? Why is considered so important?
102. What is HTTPS? How does it work?
103. What is SSL? How does it impact the communication over Internet?
104. What is remote desktop?
105. Expand the following abbriviations.
a) OSI j) WLL s) NFS
b) FTP k) TCP/IP t) DTR
c) WAN l) PPP u) SLIP
d) WWW m) XML v) SMTP
e) GSM n) HTML w) POP3
f) CDMA o) URL x) IMAP
g) HTTP p) SMS y) GPRS
h) ARPANET q) MAN z) VoI
i) MODEM r) DHTML

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V.B.P.S., Prayagraj
 Page 145
Compiled By: Riteash Kumar Tiwari (9935973245)
V.B.P.S., Prayagraj