Dr. D. Y.

Patil Unitech Society’s

Dr. D. Y. Patil Arts, Commerce &

Science College
Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune - 411018

Name:

Roll No:

Class:

Div:

Batch:

Subject:

Subject Code:
 INDEX
Sr.
List of Practical Date Remark Signature
No.
1 Introduction to Python Data Types - I

2 Python Data Types - II

3 Control Statements in Python - I

4 Control Statements in Python - II

5 Matrices

Determinants, System of Linear

6
Equations

7 System of Equation

8 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors - I

9 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors - II

10 Roots of Equations

11 Numerical Integration - I

12 Numerical Integration - II
 Practical – 01
Introduction to Python Data Types - I
Name of Student:
Roll No:
Batch:

Q.1) Find the data type of the following.

1. A=36
type(A)
Output: <class 'int'>

2. A=3+2j
type(A)
Output: <class 'complex'>

3. A=3.14
type(A)
Output: <class 'float'>

4. A='python'
type(A)
Output: <class 'str'>

5. A=[1,2,3,4,5]
type(A)
Output: <class 'list'>

Q.2) Print the following string using print statement.

1. A='Hello World !'
print(A)
Output: Hello World !

2. B='Mathematics'
print(B)
Output: Mathematics

Q.3) Evaluate the following expression.

1. A=10%2+7-(3+7)*10/2
print(A)
Output: -43.0

2. B=3*10//3+10%3
print(B)
Output: 11
Q.4) Compare the following expression.
1. A=21
B=15
print(A==B)
Output: False

2. A=4
B=5
print(A!=B)
Output: True

3. A=10
B=15
print(A<=B)
Output: True

4. A=4
B=8
print(A<B)
Output: True

Q.5) Print the following terms by importing math and cmath module.
1. log(10) with base 10
import math
print(math.log10(10))
Output: 1.0

2. sin(30)
import math
print(math.sin(30))
Output: -0.9880316240928618

3. Value of pi
import math
print(math.pi)
Output: 3.141592653589793

4. tan(45)
import math
print(math.tan(45))
Output: 1.6197751905438615

5. 3+5j
a = 3+5j
print(a)
Output: (3+5j)
Q.6) Accept the different value by using input() statement and print it from the following
code.
1. A=input("A:")
A:30
print(A)
Output: 30

2. Name = input("Enter the Name:")

Name: Akash
Age = int(input("Age:"))
Age: 20
City = input("City Name:")
City: Pune
 Practical – 02
Python Data Types - II
Name of Student:
Roll No:
Batch:

Q.1) Define string x = "Math is Easy" & y = "To All"

1. Find length of x and y.
x = "Math is Easy"
y = "To All"
len(x)
Output: 12

len(y)
Output: 6

2. Pick character with index 3 and -1 in x and 2 & 4 in y.

x = "Math is Easy"
y = "To All"
x[3]
Output: 'h'

x[-1]
Output: 'y'

y[2]
Output: ' '

y[4]
Output: 'l'

3. Using operator + & * find 2x + y, 3 * x.

2*x + y
Output: 'Math is EasyMath is EasyTo All'

3*x
Output: 'Math is EasyMath is EasyMath is Easy'
Q.2) Write a python program of concatenation and repetition of string and list.
Ans:
1. Concatenation of string:
x = "hello "
y = "I am in sybsc(cs)"
x+y
Output: 'hello I am in sybsc(cs)'

2. Repetition of string:
x = "hello "
y = "I am in sybsc(cs)"
x*2
Output: 'hellohello'

y*2
Output: 'I am in sybsc(cs)I am in sybsc(cs)'
3. Concatenation of list:
L1 = ['mango','apple','banana',45,78,'kiwi']
L2 = ['bottle','book',66,90,'pen']
L1 + L2
Output: ['mango', 'apple', 'banana', 45, 78, 'kiwi', 'bottle', 'book', 66, 90, 'pen']

4. Repetition of list:
L1 = ['mango','apple','banana',45,78,'kiwi']
L2 = ['bottle','book',66,90,'pen']
L1 * 2
Output: ['mango', 'apple', 'banana', 45, 78, 'kiwi', 'mango', 'apple', 'banana', 45, 78,
'kiwi']

L2 * 2
Output: ['bottle', 'book', 66, 90, 'pen', 'bottle', 'book', 66, 90, 'pen']

Q.3) Write a python program to create a nested list & display its element.
Ans:
L = ['a', 'b', ['cc', 'dd', ['eee', 'fff']], 'g', 'h']
print(L)
Output: ['a', 'b', ['cc', 'dd', ['eee', 'fff']], 'g', 'h']

print(L[2])
Output: ['cc', 'dd', ['eee', 'fff']]
Q.4) Write a python program to create list using range function.
Ans:
My_list = [*range(10, 20, 1)]
print(My_list)
Output: [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]

Q.5) Write a python program using membership operator ('not in' and 'is' operator) for
list.
Use: x=[1,2,3,'Rose','Pink','math','easy']
Ans:
'in' operator:
L1=[1,2,3,'Rose','Pink','math','easy']
L2=[2,3,4,'red']
if L1 in L2:
print("True")
else:
print("False")
Output: False

'not in' operator:

L1=[1,2,3,'Rose','Pink','math','easy']
L2=[2,3,4,'red']
if L1 not in L2:
print("True")
else:
print("False")
Output: True

Q.6) Define tuple with single element & verify its type.
Ans:
tuple1 = (5,)
type(tuple1)
Output: <class 'tuple'>

Q.7) Write a python program to write a function that return area and circumference of
Circle.
Ans:
from math import *
def f(r):
c = 2 * pi * r
a = pi * r * r
return c, a
print(f(5))
Output: (31.41592653589793, 78.53981633974483)
Q.8) Write a python program to find area of rectangle by passing arguments.
Ans:
def rect_area(l, b):
return l * b
print(rect_area(5, 7))
Output: 35

Q.9) Write a python program to find maximum and minimum value from list of numbers.
Ans:
L1 = [5, 8, 7, 3, 12]
print("Maximum value from list is", max(L1))
print("Minimum value from list is", min(L1))
Output:
Maximum value from list is 12
Minimum value from list is 3
 Practical – 03
Control Statements in Python - I
Name of Student:
Roll No:
Batch:

Q.1) Find the range of the following function

a) range(10)
L1 = range(10)
for i in L1:
print(i, end=' ')
print()
Output: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

b) range(1,5)
L1 = range(1, 5)
for i in L1:
print(i, end=' ')
print()
Output: 1 2 3 4
c) range(1, 10, 2)
L1 = range(1, 10, 2)
for i in L1:
print(i, end=' ')
print()
Output: 1 3 5 7 9

d) range(5,2)
L1 = range(5,2)
for i in L1:
print(i, end=' ')
print()
Output: 2 3 4 5

e) range(10, -10, -2)

L1 = range(10, -10, -2)
for i in L1:
print(i, end=' ')
print()
Output: 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8
Q.2) Write a python program to find gcd of two numbers using for loop.
Ans:
import math
def phi(n):
for x in range(1, n):
if math.gcd(n, x) == 1:
print(x, end=' ')
phi(10)
Output: 1 3 7 9

Q.3) Write a python program to find table of 22 using for loop.

Ans:
def table(n):
for i in range(1, 11):
print(n * i, end=' ')
table(22)
Output: 22 44 66 88 110 132 154 176 198 220

Q.4) Write a python program to find table of 19 using while loop.

Ans:
i=1
n = int(input("Table of: "))
while i <= 10:
print(n * i)
i=i+1
Output:
Table of: 19
19
38
57
76
95
114
133
152
171
190

Q.5) Write a python program to find first 10 terms of Fibonacci sequence using for loop.
Ans:
a=0
b=1
for i in range(10):
a, b = b, a + b
print(a, end=' ')
Output: 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55
Q.6) Write a python program to check if the student is pass, fail, or distinction.
Ans:
name = input("Name of the student: ")
marks = int(input('Marks = '))
if marks > 39:
if marks > 75:
print("First class with distinction")
elif 60 <= marks <= 75:
print("First class")
else:
print("Second class")
else:
print("Fail")
Output:
Name of the student: Nisha
Marks = 71
First class
 Practical – 04
Control Statements in Python - II
Name of Student:
Roll No:
Batch:

Q.1) Write a program to find divisors of any number using input function.
Ans:
n = int(input("Divisor of: "))
for i in range(1, n + 1):
if n % i == 0:
print(i)
Output:
Divisor of: 10
1
2
5
10
Q.2) Write a python program to print the absolute value of a given number.
Ans:
n = float(input("Enter the value: "))
absolute = abs(n)
print("\nThe absolute value of the number is: ->", absolute)
Output:
Enter the value: 5.23
The absolute value of the number is: -> 5.23
Q.3) Write a python program to print the table of a given number.
Ans:
i=1
n = int(input("Table of: "))
while i <= 10:
print(n * i)
i=i+1
Output:
Table of: 5
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Q.4) Define a function that prints all integers between 1 to n that are relatively prime.
Ans:
import math
def phi(n):
for x in range(1, n):
if math.gcd(n, x) == 1:
print(x, end=' ')
phi(10)
Output: 1 3 7 9
Q.5) Define Euler’s phi function in python.
Ans:
import math
def phi(n):
i=0
for i in range(1, n):
if math.gcd(n, i) == 1:
i=i+1
print(i, end=' ')
Output: phi(10)
4
Q.6) Write a program to check if a person is eligible for voting or not and if they are a
senior citizen or not.
Ans:
a = int(input("Enter your age: "))
if a >= 60:
print("You are eligible for voting and you are a senior citizen.")
elif 18 <= a < 60:
print("You are eligible for voting and you are not a senior citizen.")
else:
print("You are not eligible for voting.")
Output:
Enter your age: 5
You are not eligible for voting.
Enter your age: 55
You are eligible for voting and you are not a senior citizen.
Enter your age: 70
You are eligible for voting and you are a senior citizen.
 Practical – 05
Matrices
Name of Student:
Roll No:
Batch:

Q.1) For vectors

U =[5]
[0]
&
V =[1]
[-2]

a) Find U + V
from sympy import Matrix
U = Matrix([[5], [0]])
V = Matrix([[1], [-2]])
result = U + V
print(result)
Output:
[ 6]
[-2]

b) Find 3V
from sympy import Matrix
V = Matrix([[1], [-2]])
result = 3 * V
print(result)
Output:
[ 3]
[-6]

c) Find 2U + 3V
from sympy import Matrix
U = Matrix([[5], [0]])
V = Matrix([[1], [-2]])
result = 2 * U + 3 * V
print(result)
Output:
[ 7]
[-6]
Q.2) Construct the following matrices using Python:

a) Identity matrix of order 6

from sympy import eye
identity_matrix = eye(6)
print(identity_matrix)
Output:
[1 0 0 0 0 0]
[0 1 0 0 0 0]
[0 0 1 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 1 0 0]
[0 0 0 0 1 0]
[0 0 0 0 0 1]

b) Zero matrix of order 5x6

from sympy import zeros
zero_matrix = zeros(5, 6)
print(zero_matrix)
Output:
csharp
Copy code
[0 0 0 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0 0 0]

c) Ones matrix of order 5x4

from sympy import ones
ones_matrix = ones(5, 4)
print(ones_matrix)
Output:
[1 1 1 1]
[1 1 1 1]
[1 1 1 1]
[1 1 1 1]
[1 1 1 1]

d) Diagonal matrix with (4, -5, 1) as diagonal elements

from sympy import diag
diagonal_matrix = diag(4, -5, 1)
print(diagonal_matrix)
Output:
[ 4 0 0]
[ 0 -5 0]
[ 0 0 1]
Q.3) For the following matrices
A =[4 2 4]
[4 -1 1]
[2 4 2]
and
B =[5 2 3]
[3 -7 5]
[3 1 -1]

a) Find A + B
from sympy import Matrix
A = Matrix([[4, 2, 4], [4, -1, 1], [2, 4, 2]])
B = Matrix([[5, 2, 3], [3, -7, 5], [3, 1, -1]])
result = A + B
print(result)
Output:
[9 4 7]
[7 -8 6]
[5 5 1]

b) Find A - B
from sympy import Matrix
A = Matrix([[4, 2, 4], [4, -1, 1], [2, 4, 2]])
B = Matrix([[5, 2, 3], [3, -7, 5], [3, 1, -1]])
result = A - B
print(result)
Output:
[-1 0 1]
[ 1 6 -4]
[-1 3 3]

c) Find A^(-1)
from sympy import Matrix
A = Matrix([[4, 2, 4], [4, -1, 1], [2, 4, 2]])
inverse_A = A.inv()
print(inverse_A)
Output:
[-1/6 1/3 1/6]
[-1/6 0 1/3]
[ 1/2 -1/3 -1/3]
d) Find B * A
from sympy import Matrix
A = Matrix([[4, 2, 4], [4, -1, 1], [2, 4, 2]])
B = Matrix([[5, 2, 3], [3, -7, 5], [3, 1, -1]])
result = B * A
print(result)
Output:
[34 20 28]
[-6 33 15]
[14 1 11]

e) Find B^(-1) * A * B
from sympy import Matrix
A = Matrix([[4, 2, 4], [4, -1, 1], [2, 4, 2]])
B = Matrix([[5, 2, 3], [3, -7, 5], [3, 1, -1]])
result = B.inv() * A * B
print(result)
Output:
[ 522/59 -303/59 405/59]
[ -22/59 46/59 -72/59]
[-108/59 435/59 -273/59]

f) Find A^4
from sympy import Matrix
A = Matrix([[4, 2, 4], [4, -1, 1], [2, 4, 2]])
result = A**4
print(result)
Output:
[2060 1198 1622]
[1106 613 857]
[1456 848 1120]

Q.4) For matrix A = [-5 2 3]

[3 -7 5]
[-3 10 -11]

a) Delete 2nd column

from sympy import Matrix
A = Matrix([[-5, 2, 3], [3, -7, 5], [-3, 10, -11]])
A.col_del(1)
print(A)
Output:
[-5 3]
[ 3 5]
[-3 -11]
b) Add row [2, 3, 0] in the first row
from sympy import Matrix
A = Matrix([[-5, 2, 3], [3, -7, 5], [-3, 10, -11]])
A.row_insert(0, Matrix([[2, 3, 0]]))
print(A)
Output:
[ 2 3 0]
[-5 2 3]
[ 3 -7 5]
[-3 10 -11]

c) Delete the last row

from sympy import Matrix
A = Matrix([[2, 3, 0], [-5, 2, 3], [3, -7, 5], [-3, 10, -11]])
A.row_del(3)
print(A)
Output:
[ 2 3 0]
[-5 2 3]
[ 3 -7 5]

Q.5) Using Python, apply the following operations on

A = [1 7 1]
[4 -2 1]
[3 1 2]

a) Delete 3rd row

from sympy import Matrix
A = Matrix([[1, 7, 1], [4, -2, 1], [3, 1, 2]])
A.row_del(2)
print(A)
Output:
[1 7 1]
[4 -2 1]

b) Delete 1st column

from sympy import Matrix
A = Matrix([[1, 7, 1], [4, -2, 1]])
A.col_del(0)
print(A)
Output:
[7 1]
[-2 1]
c) Delete the last column
from sympy import Matrix
A = Matrix([[7, 1], [-2, 1]])
A.col_del(1)
print(A)
Output:
[7]
[-2]

Q.6) For matrix

A =[1 0 4]
[2 1 -1]
[3 4 2]

a) Insert [3] as the 3rd column

from sympy import Matrix
A = Matrix([[1, 0, 4], [2, 1, -1], [3, 4, 2]])
A.col_insert(2, Matrix([[3], [3], [0]]))
print(A)
Output:
[1 0 3 4]
[2 1 3 -1]
[3 4 0 2]
 Practical – 06
Determinants, System of Linear Equations
Name of Student:
Roll No:
Batch:

Q.1) For matrix

D =[10 2 3]
[12 -7 15]
[-15 10 -11]

a) Find its transpose

from sympy import Matrix
D = Matrix([[10, 2, 3], [12, -7, 15], [-15, 10, -11]])
transpose_D = D.T
print(transpose_D)
Output:
[10 12 -15]
[2 -7 10]
[3 15 -11]

b) Find its determinant

from sympy import Matrix
D = Matrix([[10, 2, 3], [12, -7, 15], [-15, 10, -11]])
determinant_D = D.det()
print(determinant_D)
Output:
-871

c) Find its inverse if it exists

from sympy import Matrix
D = Matrix([[10, 2, 3], [12, -7, 15], [-15, 10, -11]])
inverse_D = D.inv()
print(inverse_D)
Output:
[ 73/871 -4/67 -51/871]
[93/871 5/67 114/871]
[-15/871 10/67 94/871]

Q.2) For matrix

B =[1 -1 -2 4]
[2 -1 -1 2]
[2 1 4 16]
a) Find reduced row echelon form
from sympy import Matrix
B = Matrix([[1, -1, -2, 4], [2, -1, -1, 2], [2, 1, 4, 16]])
rref_B, _ = B.rref()
print(rref_B)
Output:
[1 0 0 24]
[0 1 0 72]
[0 0 1 -26]

b) Find column space

from sympy import Matrix
B = Matrix([[1, -1, -2, 4], [2, -1, -1, 2], [2, 1, 4, 16]])
column_space_B = B.columnspace()
print(column_space_B)
Output: [Matrix([ [1], [2], [2]]), Matrix([ [-1], [-1], [1]]), Matrix([ [-2], [-1], [4]])]

c) Find null space

from sympy import Matrix
B = Matrix([[1, -1, -2, 4], [2, -1, -1, 2], [2, 1, 4, 16]])
null_space_B = B.nullspace()
print(null_space_B)
Output: [Matrix([[-24], [-72], [26], [1]])]

Q.3) For matrix

A =[-5 2 3]
[-3 10 -11]
[3 -7 5] Find the rank of A
from sympy import Matrix
A = Matrix([[-5, 2, 3], [3, -7, 5], [-3, 10, -11]])
rank_A = A.rank()
print(rank_A)
Output: 3

Q.4) Find the rank of matrix

M =[2 0 3]
[0 1 2]
[3 0 4]
from sympy import Matrix
M = Matrix([[2, 0, 3], [0, 1, 2], [3, 0, 4]])
rank_M = M.rank()
print(rank_M)
Output: 3
 Practical – 07
Determinants, System of Linear Equations
Name of Student:
Roll No:
Batch:

Q.1) Find the solution of AX = b by Gauss elimination method where

𝟑 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
A = [𝟐 −𝟐 𝟒 ] B= 𝟔
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟗

Program:
from sympy import *
x, y, z = symbols("x, y, z")
A = Matrix([[3, 2, -1], [2, -2, 4], [2, -1, 2]])
B = Matrix([[3], [6], [9]])
print(linsolve((A, B), [x, y, z]))

OUTPUT:
{(6, -11, -7)}

Q.2) Find the solution of AX=b by Gauss Jordan method where

7 6 -8 3
A = 7 -2 2 B= 0
6 -1 2 9

Program:
from sympy import *
x, y, z = symbols("x, y, z")
A = Matrix([[7, 6, -8], [7, -2, 2], [6, -1, 2]])
B = Matrix([[3], [0], [9]])
sol, param = A.gauss_jordan_solve(B)
OUTPUT:
Matrix([ [7/11],
[106/11],
[163/22]])

Q.3) Find the solution of system AX=b where

A = (1 2 3
456
7 8 9) and b = (1
2
3)
Program:
from sympy import *
x, y, z = symbols("x, y, z")
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
B = Matrix([[1], [2], [3]])
print(linsolve((A, B), [x, y, z]))
OUTPUT:
{(z - 1/3, 2/3 - 2*z, z)}

Q.4) Find the solution by Gauss elimination method and Gauss Jordan method where
A = (2 1
1 2) and b = (5
7)
1) by Gauss elimination method Program:
from sympy import *
x, y = symbols("x, y")
A = Matrix([[2, 1], [1, 2]])
B = Matrix([[5], [7]])
print(linsolve((A, B), [x, y]))
OUTPUT:
{(1, 3)}

2) Gauss Jordan method Program:

from sympy import *
x, y = symbols("x, y")
A = Matrix([[2, 1], [1, 2]])
B = Matrix([[5], [7]])
sol, param = A.gauss_jordan_solve(B)
OUTPUT:
Matrix([ [1],
[3]])

Q.5) Using linsolve command find the solution of

5x - 2y + 3z = 2
x+y+z=1
x + 2y - 2z = -10
Program:
from sympy import *
x, y, z = symbols("x, y, z")
A = Matrix([[5, -2, 3], [1, 1, 1], [1, 2, -2]])
B = Matrix([[2], [1], [-10]])
print(linsolve((A, B), [x, y, z]))
OUTPUT:
{(-44/23, -13/23, 80/23)}
Q.6) Find LU factorization of A = (4 5 6
7 8 9)
Program:
from sympy import *
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
L, U, _ = A.LUdecomposition()
OUTPUT:
>>> L
Matrix([
[1, 0, 0],
[4, 1, 0],
[7, 2, 1]])
>>> U
Matrix([
[1, 2, 3],
[0, -3, -6],
[0, 0, 0]])

Q.7) Use LU factorization to solve the system

2x + 2y + z = 6
2x + y + 2z = 8
x + 2y + 2z = 7
Program:
from sympy import *
x, y, z = symbols("x, y, z")
AB = Matrix([[2, 2, 1, 6], [2, 1, 2, 8], [1, 2, 2, 7]])
print(solve_linear_system_LU(AB, [x, y, z]))
OUTPUT:
{x: 7/5, y: 2/5, z: 12/5}

Q.8) Solve the system by using Gauss elimination method, Gauss Jordan method and LU
decomposition method.
(1 2 3 (x (6
a) 2 1 4 y = 7
2 5 1) z) 8
1) By Gauss Elimination Method Program:
from sympy import *
x, y, z = symbols("x, y, z")
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [2, 1, 4], [2, 5, 1]])
B = Matrix([[6], [7], [8]])
print(linsolve((A, B), [x, y, z]))
OUTPUT:
{(1, 1, 1)}
2) By Gauss Jordan Method Program:
from sympy import *
x, y, z = symbols("x, y, z")
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [2, 1, 4], [2, 5, 1]])
B = Matrix([[6], [7], [8]])
sol, param = A.gauss_jordan_solve(B)
OUTPUT:
Matrix([ [1],
[1],
[1]])

3) By LU Decomposition Program:
from sympy import *
x, y, z = symbols("x, y, z")
AB = Matrix([[1, 2, 3, 6], [2, 1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 1, 8]])
print(solve_linear_system_LU(AB, [x, y, z]))
OUTPUT:
{x: 1, y: 1, z: 1}

Q.9) – x + 2y + 2z = -1
x + y + 2z = 2
5x + 2z = 8
1) By Gauss Elimination Method Program:
from sympy import *
x, y, z = symbols("x, y, z")
A = Matrix([[-1, 2, 2], [1, 1, 2], [5, 0, 2]])
B = Matrix([[-1], [2], [8]])
print(linsolve((A, B), [x, y, z]))
OUTPUT:
{(3/2, 0, 1/4)}

2) By Gauss Jordan Method Program:

from sympy import *
x, y, z = symbols("x, y, z")
A = Matrix([[-1, 2, 2], [1, 1, 2], [5, 0, 2]])
B = Matrix([[-1], [2], [8]])
sol, param = A.gauss_jordan_solve(B)
OUTPUT:
Matrix([ [3/2],
[0],
[1/4]])
3) By LU Decomposition Program:
from sympy import *
x, y, z = symbols("x, y, z")
AB = Matrix([[-1, 2, 2, -1], [1, 1, 2, 2], [5, 0, 2, 8]])
print(solve_linear_system_LU(AB, [x, y, z]))
OUTPUT:
{x: 3/2, y: 0, z: 1/4}
 Practical – 08
Determinants, System of Linear Equations
Name of Student:
Roll No:
Batch:

Q.1) Using Sympy module of python, find the eigen values and the corresponding eigen
vectors of the matrix A = (4 2 2
242
2 2 4).
Ans-
from sympy import *
A = Matrix([[4,2,2],[2,4,2],[2,2,4]])
>>> A.eigenvals()
Output:
{8: 1, 2: 2}
>>> A.eigenvects()
O/p:
[(2, 2, [Matrix([
[-1],
[ 1],
[ 0]]), Matrix([
[-1],
[ 0],
[ 1]])]), (8, 1, [Matrix([
[1],
[1],
[1]])])]

Q.2) Using Sympy module of python, find the eigen values and the corresponding eigen
vectors of the matrix A = (1 2
2 1).
Ans-
from sympy import *
A = Matrix([[1, 2], [2, 1]])
>>>A.eigenvals()
Output:
{-1: 1, 3: 1}

>>>A.eigenvects()
Output:
[(3, 1, [Matrix([
[1],
[1]])]), (-1, 1, [Matrix([
[-1],
[1]])])]
Q.3) Using Sympy module of python, find the eigen values and the corresponding eigen
vectors of the matrix A = (2 3 1
321
1 1 2).
Ans-
from sympy import *
A = Matrix([[2, 3, 1], [3, 2, 1], [1, 1, 2]])
>>> A.eigenvals()
Output:
{4: 1, 1: 2}
>>> A.eigenvects()
Output:
[(4, 1, [Matrix([
[1],
[1],
[1]])]), (1, 2, [Matrix([
[-1],
[1],
[0]]), Matrix([
[0],
[1],
[-1]])])]

Q.4) Using Sympy module of python, find the eigen values and the corresponding eigen
vectors of the matrix A = (3 1 1
131
1 1 3).
Ans-
from sympy import *
A = Matrix([[3, 1, 1], [1, 3, 1], [1, 1, 3]])
>>> A.eigenvals()
Output:
{4: 1, 2: 2}
>>> A.eigenvects()
Output:
[(4, 1, [Matrix([
[1],
[1],
[1]])]), (2, 2, [Matrix([
[-1],
[1],
[0]]), Matrix([
[0],
[1],
[-1]])])
Q.5) Using Sympy module of python, find the eigen values and the corresponding
eigenvectors of the matrix A = (1 0 0
000
0 0 1).
Ans-
from sympy import *
A = Matrix([[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
>>> A.eigenvals()
Output:
{1: 1, 0: 2}

>>> A.eigenvects()
Output:
[(1, 1, [Matrix([
[1],
[0],
[0]])]), (0, 2, [Matrix([
[0],
[1],
[0]]), Matrix([
[0],
[0],
[1]])])]
 Practical – 09
Determinants, System of Linear Equations
Name of Student:
Roll No:
Batch:

Q.1) Write a python program to diagonalizes the matrix [ 3 -2 ] and find matrix P and D.
Program:
from sympy import *
A = Matrix([[3, -2], [6, -4]])
P, D = A.diagonalize()
Output:
P = Matrix([ [1, 2],
[2, 3]])
D = Matrix([ [-1, 0],
[0, 0]])

Q.2) Using python program check whether the matrix A= [0 0 1 ]

[0 0 3]
is diagonalizable or not.
Program:
from sympy import *
A = Matrix([[0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 3]])
Output:
A.is_diagonalizable() -> False

Q.3) Find the eigenvalues of the following matrix and hence check whether it is
diagonalizable or not.
Program:
from sympy import *
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 2], [2, 1, 2], [2, 2, 1]])
Output:
A.eigenvals() -> {5: 1, -1: 2}
A.is_diagonalizable() -> True

Q.4) Using python program check whether the matrix A= [1 1]

[1 1]
is diagonalizable or not.
Program:
from sympy import *
A = Matrix([[1, 1], [1, 1]])
Output:
A.is_diagonalizable() -> True
Q.5) Write a python program to diagonalize the matrix
[1 -1 1]
[-1 1 -1]
[1 -1 1]
and find matrix P and D.
Program:
from sympy import *
A = Matrix([[1, -1, 1], [-1, 1, -1], [1, -1, 1]])
P, D = A.diagonalize()
Output:
P = Matrix([
[1, -1, 1],
[1, 0, -1],
[0, 1, 1]])
D = Matrix([
[0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 3]])
 Practical – 10
Roots of Equations
Name of Student:
Roll No:
Batch:

Q1 Write a python program to find the correct root of the equation

𝑥3 − 4𝑥2 − 11𝑥 + 30 using Newton Raphson method correct upto 4
decimal places. Take 𝑥0 = 10.
def nr(f, g, x0, e):
step = 1
condition = True
while condition:
if g(x0) == 0.0:
print("Divided by zero error.")
break
x1 = x0 - (f(x0) / g(x0))
print('Iteration =', step, 'x1 =', x1, 'and f(x1) =', f(x1))
x0 = x1
step += 1
condition = abs(f(x1)) > e
print('Required root is :', round(x1, 4))

def f(x):
return x**3 - 4*x**2 - 11*x + 30

def g(x):
return 3*x**2 - 8*x - 11

nr(f, g, 10, 0.0001)

Output:
Iteration = 1 x1 = 7.511961722488039 and f(x1) = 145.54690711661283
Iteration = 2 x1 = 6.029708528510192 and f(x1) = 37.46810047097503
Iteration = 3 x1 = 5.2778576911468225 and f(x1) = 7.539290423642491
Iteration = 4 x1 = 5.029400988117186 and f(x1) = 0.7151577286837636
Iteration = 5 x1 = 5.000387815638643 and f(x1) = 0.009309229796429008
Iteration = 6 x1 = 5.0000000689141375 and f(x1) = 1.653939342816102e-06
Required root is : 5.0
Q2: Using python programming find the correct root of the function 𝑥3 + 2𝑥, in
[-10, 10] using Newton Raphson method correct upto 4 decimal places. Take X0=3
def newtonraphson(f, g, x0, e):
step = 1
condition = True
while condition:
if g(x0) == 0.0:
print('Divided by zero error!')
break
x1 = x0 - (f(x0) / g(x0))
print('Iteration =', step, 'x1 =', x1, 'and f(x1) =', f(x1))
x0 = x1
step += 1
condition = abs(f(x1)) > e
print('Required root is :', round(x1, 4))

def f(x):
return x**3 + 2*x

def g(x):
return 3*x**2 + 2

newtonraphson(f, g, 3, 0.0001)
Output:
Iteration = 1 x1 = 1.35 and f(x1) = 5.160375
Iteration = 2 x1 = 0.839071782178218 and f(x1) = 2.2688848832741244
Iteration = 3 x1 = 0.5165318379707146 and f(x1) = 1.1708770250983709
Iteration = 4 x1 = 0.286911684752419 and f(x1) = 0.5974414559037061
Iteration = 5 x1 = 0.12637258636310406 and f(x1) = 0.25476334679541873
Iteration = 6 x1 = 0.03400797677253169 and f(x1) = 0.06805528521500116
Iteration = 7 x1 = 0.0031305686951099317 and f(x1) = 0.006261168071234248
Iteration = 8 x1 = 2.911262335528837e-05 and f(x1) = 5.822524673525099e-05
Iteration = 9 x1 = 2.5424001309411746e-09 and f(x1) = 5.084800261882349e-09
Required root is : 0.0

Q3: Using python find the correct root of the function 𝑒𝑥 − sin 𝑥, in [0, 1] using
Newton Raphson method correct upto 3 decimal places. Take 𝑥0 = 0.4.
from math import exp, sin, cos
def newtonraphson(f, g, x0, e):
step = 1
condition = True
while condition:
if g(x0) == 0.0:
print('Divided by zero error!')
 break
x1 = x0 - (f(x0) / g(x0))
print('Iteration =', step, 'x1 =', x1, 'and f(x1) =', f(x1))
x0 = x1
step += 1
condition = abs(f(x1)) > e
print('Required root is :', round(x1, 3))

def f(x):
return exp(x) - sin(x)

def g(x):
return exp(x) - cos(x)

newtonraphson(f, g, 0.4, 0.0001)

Output:
Iteration = 1 x1 = -1.5314584096802757 and f(x1) = 1.2154464636832412
Iteration = 2 x1 = -8.402567407072686 and f(x1) = 0.8534871583517203
Iteration = 3 x1 = -10.038523764622981 and f(x1) = -0.575889990450599
Iteration = 4 x1 = -9.334105736641906 and f(x1) = 0.09063639101087893
Iteration = 5 x1 = -9.425107915627608 and f(x1) = -0.0002492819574764926
Iteration = 6 x1 = -9.42485865376524 and f(x1) = 1.017479777190057e-11
Required root is : -9.425

Q4: Using python find the correct root of the function 𝑒 𝑥 , in [-1, 1] using Regula
Falsi method correct upto 4 decimal places.
def falseposition(f, x0, x1, e):
if f(x0) * f(x1) > 0.0:
print('Given guess values do not break the root. Try again with different guess
. values.')
else:
step = 1
condition = True
while condition:
x2 = ((x0 * f(x1)) - (x1 * f(x0))) / (f(x1) - f(x0))
print('Iteration =', step, 'x2 =', x2, 'and f(x2) =', f(x2))
if f(x0) * f(x2) < 0:
x1 = x2
else:
x0 = x2
step += 1
condition = abs(f(x2)) > e
print('Required root is :', round(x2, 4))

def f(x):
 return exp(x)

falseposition(f, -1, 1, 0.0001)

Output:
Given guess values do not break the root. Try again with different guess values.

Q5:Write a python program to estimate a root of an equation sin 𝑥 = 8𝑥 in

[-1, 2] using Regula Falsi method correct upto 4 decimal places.
def falseposition(f, x0, x1, e):
if f(x0) * f(x1) > 0.0:
print('Given guess values do not break the root. Try again with different guess
values.')
else:
step = 1
condition = True
while condition:
x2 = ((x0 * f(x1)) - (x1 * f(x0))) / (f(x1) - f(x0))
print('Iteration =', step, 'x2 =', x2, 'and f(x2) =', f(x2))
if f(x0) * f(x2) < 0:
x1 = x2
else:
x0 = x2
step += 1
condition = abs(f(x2)) > e
print('Required root is :', round(x2, 4))

def f(x):
return sin(x) - 8 * x

falseposition(f, -1, 2, 0.0001)

Output:
Iteration = 1 x2 = -0.03477174210342762 and f(x2) = 0.24340920123557913
Iteration = 2 x2 = -0.002472371150056373 and f(x2) = 0.017306600569171028
Iteration = 3 x2 = -0.00017848920441100228 and f(x2) = 0.001249424431824746
Iteration = 4 x2 = -1.289949985729723e-05 and f(x2) = 9.029649900143835e-05
Iteration = 5 x2 = -9.323246172555106e-07 and f(x2) = 6.526272320788709e-06
Required root is : -0.0001
Q 6: Write a python program to estimate a root of an equation 𝑥6 − 𝑥4 − 𝑥3 − 1 = 0
in [1, 2] using Regula Falsi method correct upto 3 decimal places.
def falseposition(f, x0, x1, e):
if f(x0) * f(x1) > 0.0:
print('Given guess values do not break the root. Try again with different guess
values.')
else:
step = 1
condition = True
while condition:
x2 = ((x0 * f(x1)) - (x1 * f(x0))) / (f(x1) - f(x0))
print('Iteration =', step, 'x2 =', x2, 'and f(x2) =', f(x2))
if f(x0) * f(x2) < 0:
x1 = x2
else:
x0 = x2
step += 1
condition = abs(f(x2)) > e
print('Required root is :', round(x2, 3))

def f(x):
return x**6 - x**4 - x**3 - 1

falseposition(f, 1, 2, 0.001)
Output:
Iteration = 1 x2 = 1.048780487804878 and f(x2) = -2.0326812065849147
……
Iteration = 43 x2 = 1.4035942752871293 and f(x2) = -0.00012335744923852587
Iteration = 44 x2 = 1.4035961617193395 and f(x2) = -9.371235608179873e-05
Required root is : 1.404
 Practical – 11
Numerical Integration - I
Name of Student:
Roll No:
Batch:
𝟏𝟎
Q1: Estimate the value of the integral ∫𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 dx using the trapezoidal rule (h=0.2)
def trapezoidal(f, a, b, n):
h = float(b - a) / n
result = f(a) + f(b)
for i in range(1, n):
result += 2 * f(a + i * h)
result = (h / 2) * result
print("Integration by trap is:", result)
return result

def f(x):
return 1 + x

trapezoidal(f, 0, 1, 5)
Output:
Integration by trap is: 1.5

𝟏𝟎 𝟏
Q2: Find the value of ∫𝟎 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 using the trapezoidal rule (h=0.5)
def trapezoidal(f, a, b, n):
h = float(b - a) / n
result = f(a) + f(b)
for i in range(1, n):
result += 2 * f(a + i * h)
result = (h / 2) * result
print("Integration by trap is:", result)
return result

def f(x):
return 1 / (1 + x**2)

trapezoidal(f, 0, 5, 10)
Output:
Integration by trap is: 1.5707963267948966
 𝟏𝟎
Q3: Solve the integral ∫𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟑 𝒅𝒙 dx using the trapezoidal rule (h=1)
def trapezoidal(f, a, b, n):
h = float(b - a) / n
result = f(a) + f(b)
for i in range(1, n):
result += 2 * f(a + i * h)
result = (h / 2) * result
print("Integration by trap is:", result)
return result

def f(x):
return (x + 1)**3

trapezoidal(f, 0, 10, 10)

Output:
Integration by trap is: 60.0

𝟏,𝟒
Q4: Solve the integral ∫𝟎,𝟐 (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 )𝒅𝒙 using the trapezoidal rule (h=0.2)
from math import sin, log, exp
def trapezoidal(f, a, b, n):
h = float(b - a) / n
result = f(a) + f(b)
for i in range(1, n):
result += 2 * f(a + i * h)
result = (h / 2) * result
print("Integration by trap is:", result)
return result

def f(x):
return sin(x) - log(x) + exp(x)

trapezoidal(f, 0.2, 1.4, 6)

Output:
Integration by trap is: 2.163322392270137

𝟐.𝟓
Q5: Evaluate∫𝟎 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 using the trapezoidal rule (h=0.5)
from math import exp
def trapezoidal(f, a, b, n):
h = float(b - a) / n
result = f(a) + f(b)
for i in range(1, n):
result += 2 * f(a + i * h)
result = (h / 2) * result
print("Integration by trap is:", result)
return result
def f(x):
return exp(x)

trapezoidal(f, 0, 2.5, 5)
Output:
Integration by trap is: 5.625
 Practical – 12
Numerical Integration - II
Name of Student:
Roll No:
Batch:
𝟏𝟎
Q1: Evaluate ∫𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 using Simpson’s (1/3)rd rule (h=0.25)
def simpsons13(f, a, b, n):
h = float(b - a) / n
result = f(a) + f(b)

for i in range(1, n):

k=a+i*h
if i % 2 == 0:
result += 2 * f(k)
else:
result += 4 * f(k)

result = (h / 3) * result
print("Simpson 1/3rd Result:", result)
return result

from math import sqrt

def f(x):
return sqrt(1 + x**2)

simpsons13(f, 0, 10, 40)

Output:
Simpson 1/3rd Result: 1.2644151038948792

𝟓
Q2: Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 using Simpson’s (1/3)rd rule (8 equal intervals)
def simpsons13(f, a, b, n):
h = float(b - a) / n
result = f(a) + f(b)

for i in range(1, n):

k=a+i*h
if i % 2 == 0:
result += 2 * f(k)
else:
result += 4 * f(k)

result = (h / 3) * result
print("Simpson 1/3rd Result:", result)
 return result

from math import exp

def f(x):
return exp(x)

simpsons13(f, 0, 5, 8)
Output:
Simpson 1/3rd Result: 32.684613110896976

𝟏𝟎
Q3: Evaluate ∫𝟎 √(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 using Simpson’s (3/8)th rule (h=0.2)
def simpsons38(f, a, b, n):
h = float(b - a) / n
result = f(a) + f(b)

for i in range(1, n):

k=a+i*h
if i % 3 == 0:
result += 2 * f(k)
else:
result += 3 * f(k)

result = (3 * h / 8) * result
print("Simpson 3/8th Result:", result)
return result

from math import sqrt

def f(x):
return sqrt(1 + x**2)

simpsons38(f, 0, 10, 5)
Output:
Simpson 3/8th Result: 13.318559665215194

𝟐
Q4: Estimate ∫𝟎 (𝐱² + 𝟐𝐱 − 𝟖) 𝐝𝐱 using Simpson’s (1/3)rd rule (h=0.25)
def simpsons13(f, a, b, n):
h = float(b - a) / n
result = f(a) + f(b)

for i in range(1, n):

k=a+i*h
if i % 2 == 0:
result += 2 * f(k)
else:
 result += 4 * f(k)

result = (h / 3) * result
print("Simpson 1/3rd Result:", result)
return result

def f(x):
return x**2 + 2*x - 8

simpsons13(f, 0, 2, 8)
Output:
Simpson 1/3rd Result: -3.145833333333333

𝟓
Q5: Estimate ∫𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐱) 𝐝𝐱 using Simpson’s (3/8)th rule (h=0.5)
def simpsons38(f, a, b, n):
h = float(b - a) / n
result = f(a) + f(b)

for i in range(1, n):

k=a+i*h
if i % 3 == 0:
result += 2 * f(k)
else:
result += 3 * f(k)

result = (3 * h / 8) * result
print("Simpson 3/8th Result:", result)
return result

from math import cos

def f(x):
return cos(x)

simpsons38(f, 0, 5, 10)
Output:
Simpson 3/8th Result: 0.7343268508376896