bethuel.okello@maseno.ac.

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CCS 310/CIT 316/CIS 314: COMPUTER GRAPHICS by Bethuel K. Okelo 1

 GRAPHICS DEFINITION

• Graphics are visual representations on some surfaces, such

as, a wall, canvas, screen, paper, inform and so on.
• The graphics can be categorized in two types: Raster
graphics and Vector graphics.

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Computer graphics is the science and art of communicating
visually via a computer’s display and its interaction devices.
The visual aspect of the communication is usually in the
computer-to-human direction, with the human-to-computer
direction being mediated by devices like the mouse,
keyboard, joystick, game controller, or touch-sensitive
overlay.

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 BITMAP GRAPHICS
In Computer graphics, a raster graphics image, or bitmap, is a dot
matrix data structures representing a generally rectangular grid of
pixels, or points of color, viewable via a monitor, paper, or other
display medium. Raster images are stored in image files with varying
formats.
A bitmap corresponds bit-for-bit with an image displayed on a screen,
generally in the same format used for storage in the display's video
memory, or maybe as a device-independent bitmap.
A bitmap is technically characterized by the width and height of the
image in pixels and by the number of bits per pixel. Raster graphics
are resolution dependent.

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They cannot scale up to an arbitrary resolution without loss of
apparent quality. This property contrasts with the capabilities of
vector graphics, which easily scale up to the quality of the device
rendering them. Raster graphics deal more practically than vector
graphics with photographs and photo-realistic images, while
vector graphics often serve better for typesetting or for graphic
design. Modern computer-monitors typically display about 72 to
130 pixels per inch (PPI), and some modern consumer printers can
resolve 2400 dots per inch (DPI) or more; determining the most
appropriate image resolution for a given printer-resolution can pose
difficulties, since printed output may have a greater level of detail
than a viewer can discern on a monitor.
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 VECTOR GRAPHICS
• One way to describe an image using numbers is to declare its contents
using position and size of geometric forms and shapes like lines, curves,
rectangles and circles; such images are called vector images.
• Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines,
curves, and shapes or polygons, which are all based on mathematical
expressions, to represent images in computer graphics.
• Vector graphics are based on vectors (also called paths, or strokes) which
lead through locations called control points. Each of these points has a
definite position on the x and y axes of the work plan. Each point, as
well, is a variety of database, including the location of the point in the
work space and the direction of the vector (which is what defines the
direction of the track).

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 ….CONT
• Each track can be assigned a color, a shape, a thickness and also a fill.
• This does not affect the size of the files in a substantial way because all
information resides in the structure; it describes how to draw the vector.

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List of Raster and Vector graphics
• Drawings generally involve making marks on a surface by applying
pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Graphical
drawing is an instrumental guided drawing.
• Line Art is a rather, non-specific term, sometimes used for any image
that consists of distinct straight and curved lines placed against a
background, without gradations in shade (darkness) or Hue (color) to
represent two-dimensional or three-dimensional objects. Line Art is
usually monochromic, although lines may be of different colors.

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• Illustration is a visual representation such as drawings, painting,
photograph or other work of art that stresses subject more than form.
The aim of illustration is to decorate a story, poem or picture of textual
information.
• Graph is a type of information graphic that represents tabular numeric
data. Charts are often used to make it easier to understand large
quantities of data and the relationship between different parts of the
data.
• Diagram is a simplified and structured visual representation of
concepts, ideas, constructions, relations, and statistical data etc, used to
visualize and clarify the topic.

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 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
GRAPHICS
Advantages
The computer graphics are being used in many areas like,
✓ High quality graphics displays of personal computer provide one of the
most natural means of communicating with a computer.
✓ It has an ability to show moving pictures, and thus it is possible to
produce animations with computer graphics.
✓ With computer graphics use can also control the animations by
adjusting the speed, the portion of the total scene in view, the geometric
relationship of the objects in a scene to one another, the amount of detail
shown and so on.

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✓ The computer graphics also provides facility called update dynamics.
With update dynamics it is possible to change the shape, color or other
properties of the objects being viewed.
✓ With the recent development of digital signal processing (DSP) and audio
synthesis chip the interactive graphics can now provide audio feedback along
with the graphical feedbacks to make the simulated environment even more
realistic.
Disadvantages
1. It is time consuming to make decisions, must be made in advance for
layout, color, materials, etc
2. Technical in nature - audience knowledge to interpret, or understand.
3. Costly - depending on the medium used (poster board, transfer letters, etc.).

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DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

The term computer graphics (CG) describes the use of computers

to create and manipulate images.
• Graphics can be two- or three-dimensional
• Computer Graphics is the creation and manipulation of images
or pictures with the help of computers.
• There are two types of computer graphics :
1) Passive Computer Graphics (Non-interactive Computer
Graphics)
2) Active Computer Graphics (Interactive Graphics)

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 ….CONT
• The major product of computer graphics is a picture. With the
help of CG, pictures can be represented in 2D and 3D space.
• Many applications show various parts of the displayed
picture changing in size and orientation. Such type of
transformations i.e. the pictures can be made to grow, shrink,
rotate and etc. can be achieved through CG.

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 INTERACTIVE COMPUTER GRAPHICS
• The Interactive computer graphics (ICG) provides two way
communications between the computer and the user.
• The various applications of ICG are as follows.
• Using ICG system the integrated electronic circuits which are very
complex can be drawn in a much shorter time.
• It is very useful in training of the pilots as they spend much of their
training on the ground at the controls of a flight simulator and not in a real
aircraft.
• There are many tasks that can be made easier & less expensive by the
use of ICG. The effectiveness of the ICG is the speed with which the user
can absorb the displayed information.

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 GRAPHICS AREAS
The following major areas of computer graphics are:
• Modeling deals with the mathematical specification of shape and
appearance properties in a way that can be stored on the computer. For
example, a coffee mug might be described as a set of ordered 3D points
along with some interpolation rule to connect the points and a reflection
model that describes how light interacts with the mug.
• Rendering is a term inherited from art and deals with the creation of
shaded images from 3D computer models.
• Animation is a technique to create an illusion of motion through
sequences of images. Animation uses modeling and rendering but adds the
key issue of movement over time, which is not usually dealt with in basic
modeling and rendering.

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 ….CONT
There are many other areas that involve computer graphics.
• User interaction deals with the interface between input devices such as mice and tablets,
the application, feedback to the user in imagery, and other sensory feedback.
• Virtual reality attempts to immerse the user into a 3D virtual world. This typically
requires at least stereo graphics and response to head motion. For true virtual reality, sound
and force feedback should be provided as well.
• Visualization attempts to give users insight into complex information via visual display.
• Image processing deals with the manipulation of 2D images and is used in both the
fields of graphics and vision.
• 3D scanning uses range-finding technology to create measured 3D models. Such models
are useful for creating rich visual imagery, and the processing of such models often
requires graphics algorithms.
• Computational photography is the use of computer graphics, computer vision, and
image processing methods to enable new ways of photographically capturing objects,
scenes, and environments.

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 COMPUTER GRAPHICS APPLICATION
Almost any field can make some use of computer graphics, but the major consumers of
computer graphics technology include the following industries:
• Video games increasingly use sophisticated 3D models and rendering algorithms.
• Cartoons are often rendered directly from 3D models. Many traditional 2D cartoons
use backgrounds rendered from 3D models, which allows a continuously moving
viewpoint without huge amounts of artist time.
• Visual effects use almost all types of computer graphics technology. Almost every
modern film uses digital compositing to superimpose backgrounds with separately
filmed foregrounds. Many films also use 3D modeling and animation to create
synthetic environments, objects, and even characters that most viewers will never
suspect are not real.
• Animated films use many of the same techniques that are used for visual effects, but
without necessarily aiming for images that look real.
• CAD/CAM stands for computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing.
These fields use computer technology to design parts and products on the computer and
then, using these virtual designs, to guide the manufacturing process. For example,
many mechanical parts are designed in a 3D computer modeling package and then
automatically produced on a computer-controlled milling device.
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• Simulation can be thought of as accurate video gaming. For example, a flight simulator
uses sophisticated 3D graphics to simulate the experience of flying an airplane. Such
simulations can be extremely useful for initial training in safety-critical domains such as
driving, and for scenario training for experienced users such as specific fire-fighting
situations that are too costly or dangerous to create physically.
• Medical imaging creates meaningful images of scanned patient data. For example, a
computed tomography (CT) dataset is composed of a large 3D rectangular array of density
values. Computer graphics is used to create shaded images that help doctors extract the
most salient information from such data.
• Information visualization creates images of data that do not necessarily have a
“natural” visual depiction. For example, the temporal trend of the price of ten different
stocks does not have an obvious visual depiction, but clever graphing techniques can help
humans see the patterns in such data.
• Presentation graphics: In applications like summarizing of data of financial, statistical,
mathematical, scientific and economic research reports, presentation graphics are used. It
increases the understanding using visual tools like bar charts, line graphs, pie charts and
other displays.
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OTHER APPLICATION AREAS………

DESIGN AND DEVELOP USER

INTERFACES
Almost all applications have user interfaces that rely on desktop
windows systems to manage multiple jobs at the same time.
These systems provide click options and different types of
menus to take input from users. After taking input from the end-
user these systems work according to stored instructions. Not
only for getting user inputs, but these systems also display the
processing of tasks using the graphical method.

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 OFFICE AUTOMATION AND
ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING
Computers and Graphics systems are the main players who have
changed the scenario of desktop publishing. Modern books,
magazines, newspapers, and designers are successful in
engaging more and more audiences. Now, computers are
capable of printing high-quality pictures, drawings, figures, etc.
This application is mostly used by interior designers, engineers,
architects, structural designers, etc. It makes them more powerful
as they can design numerous components and systems. Going
one step ahead from book and magazine publishing, computer
graphics are used to design structures of automobile bodies,
structures of buildings, airplanes, ships, optical instruments, and
some major computer network systems.

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 COMPUTER-AIDED DRAFTING AND
DESIGN
Computer graphics have a major role in design. You may confuse
about what type of design I am talking about, design may be
clothing, house engineering, mechanical and electromechanical
parts designing, web, and app interface designing, etc. CAD is
very useful in many applications like automotive, shipbuilding,
LSI, VLSI chip and component designing, complex optical
instruments, etc. CAD uses graphics to show that structure in 2D
and 3D so that they help in the development, modification, and
optimization of the design process.

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 EDUCATION
Computer Graphis play a key role to change the primitive
education system. It pays much attention to the evolution of the
interactive way of teaching-learning activities. High-quality
graphics, interactive education software, multimedia software,
distant learning system, etc. are only possible with the help of
computer graphics. The learning activity in students grows much
more graphically than remembering texts, this is because the
human brain can store pictures and graphics much longer than
simple text. Students can improve their understanding and
problem-solving capacity.

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 ENTERTAINMENT
It is very common and widely known that computer graphics are
helping a lot in the entertainment sector. Graphical methods are
used in creating motion pictures, music, videos, video effects, and
television shows. Some are created in complexity using computer
graphics. Some of the hit movies are lion king, Jurassic Park, the
beauty of the beast, and Avengers movies all are created using a
graphical application. In some movies, complete sciences are known
as animated movies and sometimes the graphics objects are
combined with actors and live scenes. In the case of cartoon films,
only keyframes with sciences are prepared while the other
background slightly changes scenes are interpolated by graphics
system which decreases the cost and maintains quality. Video games
are another entertainment sector that also falls in the sports
category and uses computer graphics extensively.

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CCS 310/CIT 316/CIS 314: COMPUTER GRAPHICS by Bethuel K. Okelo 24
 SCIENTIFIC AND BUSINESS
VISUALIZATION
Scientific Visualization is the process of presenting scientific data for
scientific, engineering, and medical data sets to gain core
understanding and insights. Scientific Visualization is the core of the
medical and scientific sectors. It makes the study of different
geographical and physical objects easy and more understandable. It
provides the initial details about the land topography. The medical
sector is also using scientific visualization on a daily basis to
visualize the internal organ. Deep research is needed to start
scientific work and scientific visualization helps a lot to make the
research successful. Whereas business visualization is related to non-
scientific data to understand the different patterns and trends easily.
Analytics is very important to improve the business. It enables us to
understand the trends, user intention, competitor analysis, marketing
strategies, etc. quick and understandable format.

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 SCIENTIFIC VISUALIZATION
Mapping.
Computer graphics is used to produce reliable and schematic
representations of natural phenomena from data captured with
sensors. As an example we can think of the relief or vegetation
maps that are obtained from data transmitted by satellites.

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 CARTOGRAPHY
Cartography is a discipline that deals with the generation of
informative maps and charts. Computer graphics are widely
used to craft and design maps for different purposes. Computer
graphics help to design the map focused on different strategies.
As cartography combines science, aesthetics, and technique, it
crafts maps so that users can easily communicate with maps and
gather necessary information. Cartography was used in ancient
times but in ancient times it is all designed by humans with
hands-on stone or paper which was not accurate and informative.
Nowadays, cartography uses computer graphics and printing
material to design more precise and user-understandable maps
showing information based on different aspects.

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 PHOTO REALISTIC IMAGES.

• cavas
Nvidia has just released a new application that allows you to
generate photo-realistic landscape environments, even if you
don’t have artistic skills. You just have to make drawings,
sketches and doodles, and the application, called Canvas, will
be in charge of interpreting these lines in photo-realistic
images in real time thanks to Artificial Intelligence.

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CCS 310/CIT 316/CIS 314: COMPUTER GRAPHICS by Bethuel K. Okelo 29
 MEDICINE AND VIRTUAL SURGERY
Computer graphics has extensive application in tomography and
simulations of medical treatment and operation. Tomography is
medical terminology that defines a technique in which shadows of
the superimposed organs are blurred out by using an x-ray tube. It
creates detailed images of internal organs of our body like bones,
soft tissue, blood vessels, etc. for example, US, CT, and MRI scans.
Doctors also use image processing on the image generated by these
scans. It is not always possible to practice medical operations on
physical or living bodies, for such a situation virtual surgery plays
an important role. It simulates a surgical procedure in a virtual world
or can be said to be a computer-generated graphical environment. It
helps to improve the training and then doctors can apply this
operation in real life. It uses augmented reality after gathering
information from the patients.

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VIRTUAL SURGERY CONT….

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 AUGMENTED REALITY
• Fashion
One area where augmented reality is already used regularly is
fashion, due to the possibility of trying on clothes virtually and
seeing how they fit on us. There are also devices for
augmented reality in the field of optics, to try on glasses, or
makeup.

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AUGMENTED REALITY CONT…

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 VIRTUAL REALITY
• Military use
Simulators are frequently used due to the savings they
represent in certain industrial or military applications. In these
systems, the computer graphics part is essential to give a
sensation of reality while facilitating its use for the user.

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 PROCESS CONTROL
Computer Graphics can present the situation of processes
running on the system backend. The graphical method presents
the overall process in user understandable format. It also
provides the facility to control the process mechanism of the
system. Due to this feature process control has become portable
and easy to handle. Large factories and industries use real-time
process control to understand the system operations. They can
also increase and decrease the processing speed, workload,
production capacity, quality, etc. by controlling the machinery
from graphical systems. The most important thing is, that
computer graphics make the process control portable and easy
to understand.

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 EARLY ARREST OF MENTAL
ILLNESS
As you may have seen, virtual reality is very useful in medicine,
and even more so in the fields of psychology and psychiatry. In
addition to being a palliative and rehabilitative tool for different
mental illnesses, the technology currently developed makes it
possible to detect mental illnesses such as Alzheimer’s.
The Sea Hero Quest VR game is a good proof of this. According
to doctors from Alzheimer’s Research UK, the game in question
tests various mental abilities that, if not overcome with relative
success, could be symptoms of an early stage of Alzheimer’s,
among other mental illnesses.

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 PRESENTATION
Nowadays, presentations apply in every sector like education,
business, science, etc. Computer-generated slides can attract the
user and make it easy for the speaker. Speakers can describe the
whole idea of their business or plan in a few minutes with the
help of graphically generated animations and postures. Large
businesses and firms focus on presentations to inform, educate
and motivate their internal and external audiences. If a speaker
uses only audio description, then the audience and judges but
audio with visual interpretation can engage their audience and
retain attention.

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 …..CONT
These are some major application areas of computer graphics.
There are many other places where computer graphics play a
very important role, like cartography, medicine, etc. Day by day
computer graphics is also advancing in its region. Virtual Reality
and augmented reality are also advancing in their region. Virtual
Reality and augmented reality are also developing parts of
computer graphics. Computer graphics with artificial
intelligence and machine learning will create many advanced
application areas for graphics systems.

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 END
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