Notes for Class 10th ( Level 02)

Vocational Subject: Telecom

Subject code: 056
Job Role: Optical fibre splicer

2024-2025

Prep by: Mohd Iqbal Mir

Central High School Pulwama
Ques 1: Block diagram of optical fibre transmission system.
Ans: Fibre optic communication system consists of three main components as shown in Fig.
These are optical transmitter, fibre optic cable and an optical receiver.
1.optical transmitter: The optical transmitter converts electrical signal to optical signal.
2.Fibre optic cable : Fibre optic cable carries this optical signal from the optical transmitter to the optical
receiver.
3.Optical receiver: The optical receiver reconverts the optical signal to electrical signal.

Ques 2: list the advantages and applications of optical fibre communication.

Advantages Applications
1. High bandwidth 1. Telecommunications
2. Long-distance transmission 2. Internet connectivity
3. Low signal attenuation 3. Cable television
4. Resistance to electromagnetic interference 4. Data centers
5. Secure data transmission 5. Medical imaging

Ques 3: Explain Guided & Unguided Transmission Medium.

Ans: Communication media are classified into two categories: Guided and unguided.
Guided Medium:
Transmits data through physical media, guiding signals to their destination.
Examples:
1. Twisted Pair Cable: Telephone and Ethernet connections.
2. Coaxial Cable: Cable television, broadband internet.
3. Optical Fiber: High-speed internet, telecommunications.

Unguided Medium:
Transmits data wirelessly, without physical connections.
Examples:
1. Radio Waves: Broadcasting, mobile networks.
2. Microwaves: Satellite communications, wireless local area networks.
3. Infrared Waves: Remote controls, wireless keyboards.

Ques 4: Mention the elements of an optical fibre cables and their uses.
Ans: Structure of Optical Fiber
1. Core: The central, light-transmitting region with a higher refractive index.
2. Cladding: Surrounds the core, with a lower refractive index, keeping light within the core.
3. Coating: Outer protective layer, typically polymer, preventing damage and moisture.
4. Strengthening Fibers: Reinforcing materials adding mechanical strength.
5. Cable Jacket: Outermost layer, protecting the fiber from environmental factors.
Ques 5: List the names of the testing tools and equipment.
Ans: Various tools and equipment used for the installation of optical fibre cable in the network are listed
below.
1.Screwdriver: Screwdriver is a hand tool, specifically designed to insert and tighten the screws as well as
to loosen and remove screws from the job.
2.Scissors: Scissors are hand-operated tools. A pair of scissors consists of a pair of metal blades which are
pivoted.
3.Cable cutting knife: It has a sharp blade with comfortable handle. Its blade is made of the finest steel.
4.Pliers : Pliers are used for gripping or twisting of wires or cables.
5.Measuring tape: This is used for measurement of cable during splicing.
6.Optical fibre stripper: It is used for cutting and removing the primary coating of the optical fibres while
splicing the optical fibre cable.
Ques 6: list the tools used in splicing an optical fibre .
Ans: Tools used for splicing is a specialised technique of joining the broken ends of the optical fibre. The
procedure of splicing requires special tools. Some of the important tools are discussed below.
1.Optical fibre Splicing machine : A typical machine for fusion splicing. It is a small, lightweight machine
with an LCD screen. This screen shows the splicing operation and internal view of the operations
performed in machine during splicing.
2.Fibre optic cleaving tool: Fibre cleaving is used to cut the fibre ends perfectly perpendicular to the axis
before joining.The fibre to be cut is kept horizontally and the diamond blade is kept vertically. To get
perfect splicing it is necessary to have cleaving.
3.Protection sleeves: Fibre optic protection sleeve is used during the process of optical fibre splicing .
4.Matching gel : It is a gel which is used to match the refractive index of a material .
5.Clamp Spring: Clamp spring is used as a lock mechanism to hold the spliced fibre.
6.Cleaning tools and safety materials: Optical fiber cleaning tools remove contaminants, ensuring reliable
connections and minimizing signal loss.
Essential Cleaning Tools are:
1. Optical Fiber Cleaning Wipes.
2. Fiber Optic Cleaning Swabs.
3. Cleaning Liquids: Specialized solvents, such as isopropyl alcohol.

Ques 7: what is Splicing. What are the types of splicing?

Ans: Splicing is the process of joining two or more optical fibers together to create a continuous fiber path,
ensuring minimal signal loss and optimal transmission quality.
Types of Splicing
Fusion Splicing: Uses heat to melt and join fibers together, creating a strong, permanent bond.
- Advantages: Low loss, high reliability and strength.
- Applications: Underground, submarine and aerial fiber installations.
Mechanical Splicing: Uses mechanical connectors to hold fibers together.
- Advantages: Quick installation, reusable and cost-effective.
- Applications: Emergency repairs, temporary connections and fiber distribution hubs.
Ques 8: Explain functioning of an OTDR.
Ans: An OTDR is a testing instrument used to characterize and troubleshoot optical fiber cables.
Primary Functions
1. Fault detection: Identifies fiber breaks, bends and other issues.
2. Distance measurement: Calculates distance to faults or reflections.
3. Loss measurement: Quantifies signal attenuation (dB).
4. Reflection analysis: Analyzes reflections from connectors, splices or faults.
5. Fiber characterization: Measures fiber length, attenuation and dispersion.

Ques 9: what is VFL and what tests can be conducting by using it.
Ans: A Visual Fault Locator (VFL) is a handheld testing instrument used to identify faults, bends, and breaks
in optical fiber cables by emits a laser light through the fiber.
Tests Conducted using VFL
1. Fiber continuity testing: Verifies fiber connectivity.
2. Fault detection: Identifies breaks, bends, or damage.
3. Splice verification: Confirms splice quality.
Ques 10: Explain how a visual connector inspection is done with the help of a inspection microscope.
Ans: Visual connector inspection is a critical step in ensuring optimal fiber optic network performance. A
microscope is used to examine the connector's end face for contaminants, scratches, or other defects.
Equipment Needed:
1. Microscope .
2. Fiber optic connector (cleaned and prepared)
Step-by-Step Inspection Process:
1. Prepare the Connector: Clean the connector end face using isopropyl alcohol, lint-free wipes).
2. Mount the Connector: Secure the connector to the microscope stage.
3. Focus the Microscope: Adjust the microscope to achieve clear focus on the connector end face.
4. Inspect the End Face: Examine the connector end face for Contaminants (dirt, dust, oils.
5. Check for Fiber Core Alignment: Verify fiber core alignment and centrality.
6. Document Findings: Record inspection results, including images or notes.

Ques 11: Explain the testing of optical fibre with Bare Fibre Test.
Ans: The Optical Fiber Bare Test is a critical process to ensure the quality and reliability of optical fiber
connections.
Objective:
To visually inspect the bare fiber end face for defects, contaminants, or damage before connecting or
splicing.
Equipment Needed:
1. Fiber optic microscope.
2. Fiber cleaning materials (lint-free wipes, isopropyl alcohol)
Step-by-Step Procedure:
1. Strip and Clean: Remove the fiber coating and clean the fiber end face.
2. Inspect Fiber End Face: Examine the bare fiber end face using the microscope
3. Check for Defects Like Scratches, Cracks,Fiber core damage, Contamination (dirt, dust, oils)
4. Verify Fiber Core Alignment: Confirm fiber core centrality and alignment.
5. Document Findings: Record inspection results, including images or notes.

Ques 12: Explain the testing of optical fibre with insertion loss Test.
Ans:The Insertion Loss (IL) test measures the signal attenuation or loss introduced by an optical fiber
connection or component.
Objective:
To quantify the signal loss caused by inserting a fiber optic component or connection into a network.
Test Setup:
1. Light Source (LS): Emits a stable, calibrated optical signal.
2. Optical Power Meter (OPM): Measures optical power.

3. Fiber Optic Component/Connection: Device Under Test (DUT).

4. Reference Cable: Known, low-loss fiber optic cable.
Test Procedure:
1. Reference Measurement: Connect LS to OPM using Reference Cable. Record optical power (PREF).
2. DUT Measurement: Insert DUT between LS and OPM. Record optical power (PDUT).
3. Calculation: Insertion Loss (IL) = PREF - PDUT (in dB).

Ques 13: Explain the testing of optical fibre with Optical Return loss Test.
Ans: Optical Fiber Return Loss (RL) Test measures the amount of light reflected back to the source due to
imperfections or discontinuities in an optical fiber connection or component.
Objective:
To quantify the signal reflection caused by inserting a fiber optic component or connection into a network.
Test Setup:
1. Light Source (LS): Emits a stable, calibrated optical signal.
2. Optical Power Meter (OPM): Measures optical power.
3. Optical Return Loss Meter (ORLM): Measures reflected power.
4. Fiber Optic Component/Connection: Device Under Test (DUT).
5. Reference Cable: Known, low-loss fiber optic cable.
Test Procedure:
1. Reference Measurement: Connect LS to OPM using Reference Cable. Record optical power (PREF).
2. DUT Measurement: Insert DUT between LS and OPM. Record reflected power (PRFL).
3. Calculation: Return Loss (RL) = 10 * log10(PREF / PRFL) (in dB).
Ques 14: what is Route inspection, its benefits and steps of route inspection.
Ans: Route inspection ensures the selected route for laying optical fiber cables is feasible, safe, and
compliant with regulations.
Pre-Installation Checks
1. Route Survey: Verify route feasibility, identify potential obstacles.
2. Terrain Analysis: Assess terrain difficulties (e.g., hills, rivers).
3. Environmental Factors: Consider weather, soil conditions, and potential hazards.
4. Existing Infrastructure: Identify existing utilities, pipelines, and cables.
5. Land Ownership: Verify land ownership and obtain necessary permits.
Benefits
1. Reduced Installation Costs
2. Minimized Environmental Impact
3. Improved Network Reliability
4. Enhanced Safety
Route Inspection Steps
1. Visual Inspection: Walk or drive the proposed route to identify:
- Obstacles (e.g., trees, buildings).
- Environmental concerns (e.g., wetlands, wildlife habitats).
- Existing infrastructure.
2. GPS Mapping: Record GPS coordinates for route mapping.
3. Photography: Document potential issues and route conditions.
4. Soil Investigation: Conduct soil tests to determine:
- Soil type and condition.
- Depth to rock or water table.
5. Cable Route Marking: Mark the approved route with stakes or flags.
Ques 15: What is trenching. List the steps involved?
Ans: Trenching is the process of digging a narrow, shallow ditch or trench to lay optical fiber cables underground.
Trenching Methods:
1. Open Trenching: Traditional method using backhoes or excavators.
2. Trenchless Technology: Minimally invasive methods (e.g., horizontal directional drilling, HDD).
Trenching Steps:
1. Marking: Identify trench route with stakes or flags.
2. Digging: Trenching equipment digs the trench.
3. Cable Placement: Lay optical fiber cable in trench.
4. Backfilling: Fill trench with soil or other materials.
5. Compaction: Compact soil to prevent settlement.
Ques 16: what is cable blowing and what are its steps?
Ans: Cable blowing is a technique used to install optical fiber cables into pre-installed ducts typically in
underground or aerial fiber optic networks.
Process:
1. Pre-installation: Ducts or conduits are installed along the desired route.
2. Cable preparation: Fiber optic cable is prepared with a blowing head or nose.
3. Cable feeding: Cable is fed into the duct through a cable blowing machine.
4. Air pressure: Compressed air is injected into the duct to propel the cable.
5. Cable advancement: Cable is pushed through the duct using air pressure.
Types of Cable Blowing:
1. Push blowing: Cable is pushed through the duct using air pressure.
2. Pull blowing: Cable is pulled through the duct using a winch.
3. Hybrid blowing: Combination of push and pull methods.
Ques 17: what are the steps involved in the laying of an optical fibre cable.
Ans: Here are the detailed steps involved in laying an optical fiber cable:
Pre-Laying Steps:
1. Route survey and planning
2. Cable design and selection
3. Material procurement (cable, conduits, etc.)
4. Permitting and approvals
5. Environmental assessment
Cable Preparation
1. Cable unrolling and inspection
2. Cable testing (OTDR, etc.)
3. Cable cleaning and labelling
4. Cable jointing and splicing preparation
Trenching and Excavation
1. Trenching (open trenching or trenchless technology)
2. Excavation (manual or mechanical)
3. Soil stabilization (if necessary)
Cable Laying
1. Cable feeding into trenches
2. Cable pulling through conduits
3. Cable placement and securing
4. Cable protection (conduits, armor, shielding)

Ques 18: What are the factors affecting optical fibre cable.
Ans:Optical fiber cables are susceptible to various environmental and physical factors that can impact their
performance, reliability, and lifespan.
Environmental Factors:
1. Temperature: Extreme temperatures affect fiber transmission and cable durability.
2. Humidity: High humidity causes moisture ingress, damaging fibers and cables.
3. Water: Water ingress or immersion damages fibers and cables.
4. Soil: Soil conditions (e.g., acidity, moisture) affect underground cables.
Physical Factors:
1. Bending: Sharp bends or excessive bending radius damages fibers.
2. Tension: Excessive tension causes fiber strain and damage.
3. Compression: Compression damages fibers and cables.
4. Vibration: Vibrations cause fiber strain and damage.
Ques 19: What are the steps involved in cable termination.
Ans: Cable termination involves preparing and connecting optical fiber cables to equipment or other cables.
Pre-Termination Steps
1. Cable inspection: Verify cable condition and integrity.
2. Cable cleaning: Clean cable ends to prevent contamination.
3. Cable stripping: Remove outer jacket and strength members.
4. Fiber identification: Identify and label individual fibers.
Cable Termination Steps
1. Prepare Cable End: Strip and clean cable end.
2. Prepare Fiber: Strip and clean fiber.
3. Apply Connector: Attach connector to fiber.
4. Crimp or Epoxy: Secure connector with crimp or epoxy.
5. Polish Connector: Polish connector ferrule.
6. Inspect and Test: Verify termination quality.
Ques 20: What optical fibre handling precautions must be followed?
Ans: Handling optical fibers requires careful attention to prevent damage, contamination, and safety risks.
General Precautions
1. Wear protective gear: gloves, safety glasses, and masks.
2. Ensure clean workspace: dust-free, static-free environment.
3. Use anti-static materials: wrist straps, mats, and bags.
4. Handle fibers gently: avoid bending, twisting, or pulling.
5. Label and organize fibers: prevent mix-ups and confusion.
Fiber Handling Precautions
1. Handle fibers by the connector or reel, not the fiber itself.
2. Avoid touching fiber ends: oils from skin damage fibers.
3. Use fiber cleaning materials: wipes, swabs, and cleaning solutions.
4. Inspect fibers before handling: check for damage or contamination.
5. Use fiber holders or trays: prevent fiber damage and tangling.
Bending and Flexing Precautions
1. Avoid sharp bends: radius should be > 30 mm.
2. Limit flexing: avoid repeated bending or twisting.
3. Use bend-resistant fibers: designed for tight bends.
Safety Precautions
1. Avoid eye exposure: fibers can emit laser light.
2. Prevent electrical shock: ensure proper grounding.
3. Use proper lifting techniques: avoid straining or pulling.
4. Follow local safety regulations and guidelines.
Cleaning and Maintenance Precautions
1. Use proper cleaning materials: avoid damaging fibers.
2. Clean fibers before and after handling.
3. Inspect and maintain equipment: prevent contamination.
4. Follow manufacturer guidelines: cleaning and maintenance.