IEEE Standard for Standard Terminal
Markings and Connections for
Distribution and Power Transformers

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(Revision of
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IEEE Std C57.12.70-2000)
USA

7 February 2012

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 IEEE Std C57.12.70™-2011
(Revision of
IEEE Std C57.12.70-2000)

IEEE Standard for Standard Terminal

Markings and Connections for
Distribution and Power Transformers

Sponsor

Transformers Committee
of the
IEEE Power & Energy Society

Approved 7 December 2011

IEEE-SA Standards Board

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 Abstract: Standard terminal markings and connections are described for single-phase and three
phase distribution, power, and regulating transformers. For terminal markings, it covers sequence
designation, external terminal designation, neutral terminal designation, grounded terminal
designation, and marking of full and tap winding terminals. Additive and subtractive polarity and
parallel transformer operation are described. Connections of single-phase transformers in various
configurations and angular displacement of three-phase transformers to connect to various
system phase displacements are covered.
Keywords: IEEE C57.12.70, transformer connection, transformer terminals, transformer polarity

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

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Copyright © 2012 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

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 Introduction

This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C57.12.70-2011, IEEE Standard for Standard Terminal Markings and
Connections for Distribution and Power Transformers.

In 1964, the first version of this standard was prepared. It replaced the material that originally appeared in a
separate section of Part O of NEMA TR 1-1962, Transformers, Regulators, and Reactors. Moreover, it was
intended that this standard would supersede the terminal markings and connections provided in ASA C6.1-
1956, Standard Terminal Markings for Electric Apparatus.

After reaffirmation of this standard in 1971, it was revised and published as IEEE Std C57.12.70-1978.
Significant revisions to this edition involved utilizing modern terminology, addition of zigzag phasor
diagrams, inclusion of figures showing additional grounding connections, addition of figures showing
“standard” and “reverse” arrangement commonly used in unit substations, and inclusion of a new
“preferred” connection arrangement for three-phase delta-connected windings with a mid-tap in one
winding.

In 2000, the standard was again revised as IEEE Std C57.12.70-2000 (Reaff 2006). The primary intent of
that revision was to update the standard to comply with the approved style of currently published standards,
to update reference standards, and to add terminal markings for padmounted compartmental transformers.

In this version of the standard, the references have again been updated. Also an informative Annex A,
Winding Connections Details and Explanations was added to introduce the clock face notation method for
the transformer winding connection symbols. This is similar to the IEC method outlined in IEC standard
60076-1. A bibliography has been added in Informative Annex B. Further, the standard has again been
updated to match current Style Guide requirements, text was generally revised, and many figures have been
redrawn to improve clarity.

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iv
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 Updating of IEEE documents
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 Participants
At the time this standard was completed, the C57.12.70 Working Group had the following membership:

Stephen Shull, Chair

Jerry Murphy, Vice Chair

William Bartley Rich Hollingsworth Charles Simmons

Charles Drexler Gael Kennedy Charles Sweetser
David Harris Alan Traut

The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have
voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.

William J. Ackerman James Graham Shawn Patterson

Samuel Aguirre Randall Groves Brian Penny
Stephen Antosz Said Hachichi Paul Pillitteri
Carlo Arpino J. Harlow Donald Platts
Robert Ballard Jerry Harness Alvaro Portillo
Peter Balma David Harris Lewis Powell
Barry Beaster Jeffrey Hartenberger Iulian Profir
Steven Bezner Timothy Hayden Jeffrey Ray
Wallace Binder Gary Heuston Michael Roberts
Thomas Bishop Timothy Holdway John Rossetti
Thomas Blackburn Philip Hopkinson Marnie Roussell
W. Boettger Gael Kennedy Thomas Rozek
Adam Bromley Sheldon Kennedy Daniel Sauer
Chris Brooks Jim Kulchisky Bartien Sayogo
Darren Brown Saumen Kundu Stephen Schroeder
Carl Bush John Lackey Devki Sharma
William Bush Chung-Yiu Lam Stephen Shull
Kurt Clemente Thomas La Rose James Smith
Craig Colopy Larry A. Lowdermilk Jerry Smith
Jerry Corkran Greg Luri Steve Snyder
John Crouse J. Dennis Marlow Gary Stoedter
Jorge Fernandez Daher Lee Matthews Peter Sutherland
Willaim Darovny William McBride David Tepen
Dieter Dohnal John Miller Alan Traut
Gary Donner Daleep Mohla Eric Udren
Randall Dotson Charles Morgan John Vergis
Charles Drexler Daniel Mulkey Jane Verner
Fred Elliott Jerry Murphy David Wallach
Gary Engmann Dennis Neitzel John Wang
Dan Evans Arthur Neubauer Kenneth White
Michael Faulkenberry Michael S. Newman Matthew Wilkowski
Joseph Foldi Carl Niemann Alan Wilks
Marcel Fortin Joe Nims John Wilson
Jalal Gohari Mohamed Omran Jian Yu
Edwin Goodwin Bansi Patel Matthew Zeedyk

vi
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 When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 7 December 2011, it had the following
membership:

Richard H. Hulett, Chair

John Kulick, Vice Chair
Robert M. Grow, Past Chair
Judith Gorman, Secretary

Masayuki Ariyoshi Jim Hughes Gary Robinson

William Bartley Joseph L. Koepfinger* Jon Rosdahl
Ted Burse David Law Sam Sciacca
Clint Chaplin Thomas Lee Mike Seavey
Wael Diab Hung Ling Curtis Siller
Jean-Philippe Faure Oleg Logvinov Phil Winston
Alex Gelman Ted Olsen Howard Wolfman
Paul Houzé Don Wright

* Member Emeritus

Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:

Satish Aggarwal, NRC Representative

Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative
Michael Janezic, NIST Representative

Catherine Berger
IEEE Standards Project Editor

Erin Spiewak
IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development

vii
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 Contents

1. Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Purpose ................................................................................................................................................ 1

2. Normative references.................................................................................................................................. 1

3. Marking of terminals and identification of windings ................................................................................. 2

3.1 General ................................................................................................................................................ 2
3.2 Sequence designation .......................................................................................................................... 2
3.3 External and Internal terminal designation .......................................................................................... 2
3.4 Neutral terminal designation................................................................................................................ 3
3.5 Grounded terminal designation............................................................................................................ 3

4. Single-phase transformers .......................................................................................................................... 3

4.1 Types of transformers .......................................................................................................................... 3
4.2 Polarity ................................................................................................................................................ 4
4.3 Order of numbering terminals of any winding .................................................................................... 9
4.4 Order of numbering terminals of different windings ........................................................................... 9
4.5 Location of H1 terminal ....................................................................................................................... 9
4.6 Parallel operation............................................................................................................................... 10

5. Angular displacement and connections for single-phase transformers in three-phase and

six-phase banks............................................................................................................................................. 11

6. Phase relationships and terminal markings for three-phase transformers................................................. 15

6.1 Relation between highest voltage winding and other windings......................................................... 15
6.2 Phase relationships and terminal markings........................................................................................ 17
6.3 Marking of full winding terminals..................................................................................................... 17
6.4 Tap leads............................................................................................................................................ 18
6.5 Location of external terminals ........................................................................................................... 19
6.6 Interphase connections made outside of case .................................................................................... 21
6.7 Parallel operation............................................................................................................................... 21

7. Terminal markings for three-phase to six-phase transformers.................................................................. 22

7.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 22
7.2 Marking of full winding terminals..................................................................................................... 22
7.3 Relation between three phase and six phase windings ...................................................................... 23
7.4 Tap leads............................................................................................................................................ 23

8. Use of transformers with standard voltage diagrams in connecting systems of various phase
displacements ............................................................................................................................................... 24

Annex A (informative) Winding connection details and explanations......................................................... 25

A.1 Wye windings configurations ........................................................................................................... 25
A.2 Delta windings configurations .......................................................................................................... 26
A.3 Zigzag (interconnected star) winding configurations ....................................................................... 27
A.4 Combining the various winding configurations................................................................................ 28
A.5 Examples .......................................................................................................................................... 36
A.6 Winding combinations and explanation drawings ............................................................................ 37

Annex B (informative) Bibliography............................................................................................................ 45

viii
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 IEEE Standard for Standard Terminal
Markings and Connections for Distribution
and Power Transformers
IMPORTANT NOTICE: This standard is not intended to ensure safety, security, health, or environmental
protection. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, security,
environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements.

This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices
and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading
“Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be
obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http://standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html.

1. Overview
1.1 Scope
This standard defines the terminal markings and connections for distribution, power, and regulating transformers
covered in the IEEE C57 series of standards, guides, and recommended practices.

1.2 Purpose

The standard provides a consistent method for terminal markings and connections for single-phase and three-phase
distribution, power, and regulating transformers. It designates terminal markings for interchangeability showing the
sequence, external terminations, neutral terminations, grounded terminations, and marking of full and tap winding
terminations. It also puts forth the connections of single-phase transformers in various configurations and describes
the angular displacement of three-phase transformers when connected to various system phase displacements.

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2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must be
understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is explained).
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.

When the following standards are superseded by a revision, the revision shall apply:
ANSI C57.12.10-1988, American National Standard for Transformers—230 kV and Below 833/958 through
8333/10 417 kVA, Single-Phase, and 750/862 through 60 000/80 000/100 000 kVA, Three-Phase without Load Tap
Changing; and 3750/4687 through 60 000/80 000/100 000 kVA with Load Tap Changing—Safety Requirements. 1

ANSI C57.12.20-1997, American National Standard for Overhead Distribution Transformers, 500 kVA and
Smaller: High Voltage, 34 500 Volts and below: Low Voltage, 7970/13 800 Y Volts and below—Requirements.

ANSI C57.12.22-1989, American National Standard for Transformers—Pad-Mounted, Compartmental-Type, Self-

Cooled, Three-Phase Distribution Transformers with High-Voltage Bushings, 2500 kVA and Smaller: High-
Voltage, 34 500 GrdY/19 920 Volts and Below; Low Voltage, 480 Volts and Below—Requirements.

ANSI C57.12.24-1992, American National Standard for Transformers--Underground-Type Three-Phase Distribution

Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 GrdY/19 920 Volts and Below; Low Voltage, 480
Volts and Below—Requirements. 2

1 ANSI publications are available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New
York, NY 10036, USA (http://www.ansi.org/).
2 ANSI C57.12.24-1992 has been withdrawn; however, copies can be obtained from the Sales Department, American National Standards
Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA (http://www.ansi.org/).

ANSI C57.12.25-1990, American National Standard for Transformers—Pad-Mounted, Compartmental-Type, Self-

Cooled, Single-Phase Distribution Transformers with Separable Insulated High-Voltage Connectors; High Voltage,
34 500 GrdY/19 920 Volts and Below; Low Voltage, 240/120 Volts; 167 kVA and Smaller—Requirements.

ANSI C57.12.40-1994, American National Standard for Secondary Network Transformers—Subway and Vault
Types (Liquid Immersed)—Requirements.

ANSI C57.12.50-1981 (Reaff 1989), American National Standard Requirements for Ventilated Dry-Type
Distribution Transformers, 1 to 500 kVA, Single-Phase, and 15 to 500 kVA, Three-Phase, with High-Voltage 601 to
34 500 Volts, Low-Voltage 120 to 600 Volts.

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ANSI C57.12.51-1981 (Reaff 1989), American National Standard Requirements for Ventilated Dry-Type Power
Transformers, 501 kVA and Larger, Three-Phase, with High-Voltage 601 to 34 500 Volts, Low-Voltage 208Y/120
to 4160 Volts.

ANSI C57.12.52-1981 (Reaff 1989), American National Standard Requirements for Sealed Dry-Type Power
Transformers, 501 kVA and Larger, Three-Phase, with High-Voltage 601 to 34 500 Volts, Low-Voltage 208Y/120
to 4160 Volts.

IEEE 100, The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Seventh Edition.3

IEEE Std C57.12.00™-2010, IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power,
and Regulating Transformers.1, 2

IEEE Std C57.12.01-2005, IEEE Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power
Transformers, Including Those with Solid-Cast and/or Resin Encapsulated Windings.

IEEE Std C57.12.23-1992 (Reaff 1999), IEEE Standard for Transformers—Underground-Type, Self-Cooled,
Single-Phase Distribution Transformers With Separable, Insulated, High-Voltage Connectors; High Voltage (24 940
GrdY/14 400 V and Below) and Low Voltage (240/120 V, 167 kVA and Smaller).

IEEE Std C57.12.26-1992, IEEE Standard for Pad-Mounted, Compartmental-Type, Self-Cooled, Three-Phase
Distribution Transformers for Use with Separable Insulated High-Voltage Connectors (34 500 GrdY/19 920 V and
Below; 2500 kVA and Smaller)4.

IEEE Std C57.12.80-1978 (Reaff 1992), IEEE Standard Terminology for Power and Distribution Transformers.

IEEE Std C57.12.90-1999, IEEE Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating
Transformers and IEEE Guide for Short Circuit Testing of Distribution and Power Transformers.

IEEE Std C57.12.91-1995, IEEE Standard Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers.

4 IEEE Std C57.12.26-1992 has been withdrawn; however, copies can be obtained from Global Engineering, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood,
CO 80112-5704, USA, tel. (303) 792-2181 (http://global.ihs.com/).

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3. Marking of terminals and identification of windings
3.1 General
The windings of a transformer shall be distinguished from one another as follows. Two winding transformers shall
have their windings designated as high voltage (HV or H) and low voltage (LV or X). Transformers with more than
two windings shall have their windings designated as H, X, Y, and Z except where a specific IEEE C57 standard
calls for a different designation e.g., IEEE Std C57.18.10™-1998 [B15],3 6.9.3(b).

3.2 Sequence designation

The highest voltage winding shall be designated as HV or H, except for transformers designed for three-phase to six-
phase transformation (see Clause 7). The other windings, in order of decreasing voltage, are designated as X, Y, and
Z. If two (or more) windings have the same voltage and different kVA (kilovolt ampere) ratings, the higher kVA
winding receives the prior letter designation of the two (or more) letters available, according to the sequence by
voltage as explained above. If two or more windings have the same kVA and voltage rating, the designations of
these windings are arbitrarily assigned.

3.3 External and Internal terminal designation

In general, external terminals shall be distinguished from one another by marking each terminal with a capital letter,
followed by a subscripted number. The terminals of the H winding are marked H1, H2, H3, etc. The terminals of the
X winding are marked X1, X2, X3, etc.
When two external terminals are connected to the same end of a winding, such as the terminals on loop feed
transformers, they shall be identified by the same capital letter and subscripted numeral followed by an additional
subscripted letter A or B, for example, H1A and H1B, H2A and H2B.
The identification of external terminals shall be accomplished either by the use of the sketches on the nameplate
showing locations of specific terminals, or by physically marking terminals. Internal winding termination shall be
marked with numbers or letters in any manner that will permit convenient reference and that cannot be confused
with the markings of the external transformer terminals.

1 IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
(http://standards.ieee.org/).
2 The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
3 The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex B.

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3.4 Neutral terminal designation
A neutral terminal of a three phase transformer shall be marked with the proper letter followed by the subscript 0,
for example, H0, X0, etc. A neutral terminal common to two or more windings of a single- or three-phase
transformer shall be marked with the combination of the proper winding letters, each followed by the subscript 0; for
example, H0X0, as in the case of autotransformers. A terminal brought out from the winding for a use other than that
of a neutral terminal (e.g., a 50% starting tap) shall be marked as a tap terminal.

3.5 Grounded terminal designation

If a transformer has a two-terminal winding with one terminal grounded and the other ungrounded, the subscript 2
terminal shall be the grounded terminal.

4. Single-phase transformers
Polarity and terminal markings of single-phase transformers shall be as described in 4.1 through 4.4.

4.1 Types of transformers

4.1.1 Distribution transformers, liquid insulated
Polarity shall be subtractive for all liquid-insulated distribution transformers, except as otherwise described in
applicable sections of IEEE Std C57.12.00-2000 and ANSI C57.12.20-1997, which specify additive polarity for
single-phase transformers in sizes 200 kVA and smaller having high-voltage windings 8660 volts and below.
As defined in IEEE Std C57.12.80™-2010 [B13], it is a transformer for transferring electrical energy from a primary
distribution circuit to a secondary circuit or consumer’s service circuit. Terminal markings shall be as shown in this
standard except as otherwise specified in IEEE Std C57.12.23™-2009 [B6] and IEEE Std C57.12.38™-2009 [B10].

4.1.2 Power transformers, liquid insulated

As defined in IEEE Std C57.12.80-2010 [B13], it is a transformer that transfers electric energy in any part of the
circuit between the generator and the distribution primary circuits. Polarity shall be subtractive. Terminal markings
not described in IEEE Std C57.12.00 or in IEEE Std C57.12.10™-2010 [B4] shall be in accordance with Clause 4 of
this standard.

4.1.3 Dry type transformers

As defined in IEEE Std C57.12.80-2010 [B13], it is a transformer in which the core and coil are in a gaseous or dry
compound insulating medium. Polarity shall be subtractive. Terminal markings not described in IEEE Std
C57.12.01-2005 shall be in accordance with Clause 4 of this standard.

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4.1.4 Autotransformers
As defined in IEEE Std C57.12.80-2010 [B13], it is a transformer in which at least two windings have a common
section. Single phase autotransformer terminals shall, as far as practicable, be marked in accordance with the
requirements for subtractive polarity (Figure 1).

4.2 Polarity
Polarity shall be subtractive except as otherwise described in applicable clauses of IEEE Std C57.12.00 and IEEE
Std C57.12.20™-2005 [B5], which specify additive polarity for single-phase transformers in sizes 200 kVA and
smaller having high-voltage windings 8660 volts and below. All other single-phase transformers shall have
subtractive polarity. As illustrated in Figure 1(a) through Figure 7(a), subtractive polarity is when the X1 bushing is
directly across from the H1 bushing. As illustrated in Figure 1(b) through Figure 7(b), additive polarity is when the
X1 bushing is diagonally across from the H1 bushing. Figure 8 illustrates that autotransformers should be subtractive.

3.2 Subtractive and additive polarity

When terminals of any winding are brought outside the tank and marked per 3.3, 3.4, or 3.5, the polarity of a
transformer is
a) Subtractive when H1and Xl are adjacent. See Figure 1, Figure 2(a), Figure 3(a), Figure 4(a), Figure 5, Figure 6(a),
Figure 7(a), Figure 8(a), Figure 9(a), Figure 10(a), Figure 11(a), Figure 12(a), and Figure 13(a).
b) Additive when Hl is diagonally located with respect to Xl. See Figure 2(b), Figure 3(b), Figure 4(b), Figure 6(b),
Figure 7(b), Figure 8(b), Figure 9(b), Figure 10(b), Figure 11(b), Figure 12(b), and Figure 13(b).
c) The same rule applies between the H and Y winding and between the H and Z winding. For example, when Yl or
Zl is on the left when facing the Y or Z side of the case, respectively, the polarity is subtractive; conversely, when
Y1 or Zl is on the right when facing the Y or Z side of the case, respectively, the polarity is additive.

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4 Notes in text, tables, and figures are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement the standard.

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4.3 Order of numbering terminals of any winding
4.3.1 Terminal numbers
The terminals of any winding whose leads are brought out of the case shall be numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc, the lowest
and highest numbers marking the full winding and the intermediate numbers marking fractions of windings or taps.
All numbers shall be so applied that the voltage difference from any terminal having a lower number toward any
terminal having a higher number shall have the same sign at any instant (see Figure 4).

4.3.2 Series-multiple winding

If a winding is divided into two or more parts for series multiple connections and the leads of these parts are brought
out of the case, the above rule shall apply for the series connection with the addition that the terminations of each
portion of the winding shall be given consecutive numbers. (See Figure 4 for four leads brought out and Figure 2,
Figure 3, Figure 5, Figure 6, and Figure 7 for three leads brought out).

4.3.3 Two leads through one bushing

When two leads are brought out of the case through one bushing (to minimize the inductive effect), such terminals
shall be physically identified by stamping or tagging in compliance with 4.3.1.

4.4 Order of numbering terminals of different windings

The numbering of the terminals of the H winding and the terminals of the X winding shall be applied so that when
H1 and X1 are connected together and voltage is applied to the transformer, the voltage between the highest
numbered H terminal and the highest numbered X terminal is less than the voltage of the H winding.
NOTE—For further information concerning polarity, refer to 6.1 of IEEE Std C57.12.90™-2010 [B14].
When more than two windings are used, the same relationship shall apply between each pair of windings.

4.5 Location of H1 terminal

The H1 lead shall be brought out as the right-hand terminal of the high-voltage group as seen when facing the highest
voltage side of the case; other H terminals shall be in numerical order from right to left, except as modified by
specific product standards (e.g., IEEE Std C57.12.23-2009 [B6] and IEEE Std C57.12.38-2009 [B10]).
When only one lead of the high-voltage winding is brought out (the other lead being conn0065cted to the tank
internally), it shall be designated as H1. For polarity marking and testing, this H1 terminal shall be regarded as
located on the right, when facing the high-voltage side of the case, regardless of its actual location.
When the high-voltage leads are brought out through two bushings of different insulation levels, the bushing that has
the higher voltage level shall be designated as H1 and shall be located on the right hand side when facing the high-
voltage side of the case, except as modified by specific product standards (e.g., IEEE Std C57.12.23-2009 [B6] and
IEEE Std C57.12.38-2009 [B10]).

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4.6 Parallel operation
Transformers that have terminals marked in accordance with this standard may be operated in parallel by connecting
similarly marked terminals together, provided their ratios, voltages, resistances, reactances, and ground connections
are such as to permit parallel operation. (See Figure 9for connections for transformers in parallel.)
NOTE—In some cases, designs may be such as to permit parallel operation, although, due to a difference in the number of tap
terminals, the terminals to be connected together may not be similarly marked.

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5. Angular displacement and connections for single-phase transformers in three-
phase and six-phase banks
See Figure 10 through Figure 13.

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6. Phase relationships and terminal markings for three-phase transformers
6.1 Relation between highest voltage winding and other windings
6.1.1 Phase sequence markings
The markings shall be so applied that if the phase sequence of voltage on the highest voltage winding is in the time
order H1, H2, H3, it will be in the time order of X1, X2, X3, and Y1, Y2, Y3, etc, on the other windings.

6.1.2 Phase relationship markings

In order that the markings of terminals shall indicate definite phase relations, they shall be made in accordance with
one of the three-phase groups shown in Figure 14. The angular displacement between the H winding and the X
winding is the angle in each of the voltage phasor diagrams (see Figure 14), between the lines passing from its
neutral point through H1 and X1, respectively.

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6.2 Phase relationships and terminal markings
Phase relationships and terminal markings for liquid-insulated distribution transformers shall be as specified in
general and product standards IEEE Std C57.12.00, IEEE Std C57.12.20-2005 [B5], IEEE Std C57.12.24™-2009
[B7], and IEEE Std C57.12.40™-2006 [B11].
Phase relationships and terminal markings for liquid-insulated power transformers shall be as specified in general
and product standards IEEE Std C57.12.00 and IEEE Std C57.12.10-2010 [B4].
Phase relationships and terminal markings for dry-type distribution and power transformers shall be as specified in
general and product standards IEEE Std C57.12.01-2005, ANSI C57.12.50-1981 [B1], IEEE Std C57.12.51™-2008
[B12], and ANSI C57.12.52-1981 [B2].

6.3 Marking of full winding terminals

6.3.1 General
The three leads for each winding that connect to the full-phase windings of a three-phase transformer shall have
their terminals marked H1, H2, H3, X1, X2, X3, Y1, Y2, Y3, etc, respectively.

6.3.2 Autotransformers
Three-phase autotransformer terminals shall be marked in accordance with the requirements for corresponding
multiwinding transformers. (See Figure 15, Group 3.)

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6.4 Tap leads
In general, where tap leads are brought out of the case (neutral lead excepted) their terminals shall be marked with
the proper letter followed by the subscripts 4, 7, etc, for one phase; 5, 8, etc, for a second another phase; and 6, 9, etc
for the third phase. (See Figure 14, Group 3.)
For delta connections, the order of numbering tap terminals shall be as follows; 4, 7, etc, from terminal 1 toward
terminal 2; 5, 8, etc, from terminal 2 toward terminal 3; and 6, 9, etc, from terminal 3 toward terminal 1. (See Figure
14, Group 3.)

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For wye connections, the order of numbering tap terminals shall be as follows; 4,7, etc, from terminal 1 toward
neutral; 5, 8, etc, from terminal 2 toward neutral; and 6, 9, etc, from terminal 3 toward neutral. (See Figure 14,
Group 3.)
For a delta-connected winding with a center-tap in one leg, two connections are in common use as described below:
a) Unless otherwise specified, a center-tap X6 shall be provided in leg X1X3, as shown in Figure 15(b) or Figure
15(g).
NOTE 1—This connection provides coordination with NFPA 70-2011,5 paragraph 408.3(E), which requires that the B phase
(commonly connected to X2) shall have the higher voltage to ground.
b) When specified, a center tap X4 shall be provided in leg X1X2, as shown in Figure 15(c) or Figure 15(h).
NOTE 2—This connection will also conform to NFPA 70-2011, paragraph 408.3(E), if the B phase is connected to X3.

6.5 Location of external terminals

6.5.1 Station type transformers
For station type transformers, and others with high-voltage and low-voltage terminals on opposite sides of the case,
the H1 terminal shall be on the right-hand side of the case when facing the highest voltage side. The H2 and H3
terminals shall be arranged in numerical order reading from right to left when facing the highest voltage side. The
H0 terminal, if present, shall be located on the right of the H1 terminal when facing the highest voltage side of the
case (see Figure 15, Group 1 and Group 2).
The X1 terminal shall be on the left-hand side of the case when facing the low-voltage side. The X2 and X3 terminals
shall be arranged in numerical order, reading from left to right, when facing the X winding side of the case. The X0
terminal, if present, shall be located to the left of the X1 terminal when facing the X winding side of the case (see
Figure 15, Group 1 and Group 2).
When a common H0X0 terminal is required (see Figure 15, Group 3), it shall be treated in the same manner as an X0
terminal. The Y winding and Z winding terminals, if present, shall be numbered in the same manner as the low-
voltage terminals.

When cover mounted bushings are specified, the arrangement of terminals shall be as shown in Figure 16. For
reference, segment 1 is considered the front of the transformer and typically has the nameplate and other user
accessible accessories mounted there. The high-voltage terminals shall be mounted in segment 3 and the low-voltage
terminals mounted in segment 1. When H0 and/or X0 terminals are required, they shall be mounted within the shaded
portion shown in segment 1, 2, and 3.

5 NFPA publications are available from Publications Sales, National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy,
MA 02269-9101, USA (http://www.nfpa.org/).

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When sidewall mounted bushings are specified, the arrangement of terminals shall be as shown in Figure 17. The
standard location for high-voltage terminals is in segment 2 and low-voltage terminals in segment 4. Other locations
may be specified by the user. When required, H0 and/or X0 terminals shall be located within the shaded portions as
shown in Figure 17.

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5.5.2 Secondary network, subway, and vault-type transformers

More specific requirements for station type transformers are shown in IEEE Std C57.12.10-2010 [B4] and IEEE Std
C57.12.36™-2007 [B9]. Locations of line and neutral terminals of secondary network, subway, and vault type
transformers differ from the locations above and are shown in IEEE Std C57.12.40-2006 [B11]. Locations of the
terminals for submersible type transformers are shown in IEEE Std C57.12.24-2009 [B7].

6.5.2 Overhead transformers

Location and arrangement of terminals for overhead type transformers are shown in IEEE Std C57.12.20-2005 [B5].

6.5.3 Unit Distribution substation transformers

Location and arrangement of terminals for distribution substation transformers are shown in IEEE Std C57.12.36-
2007 [B9].
The winding terminals of “standard” and “reverse” unit substation transformers shall be located in accordance with
Figure 21 or Figure 22.

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When specified, winding terminals of “standard” and “reverse,” or “right” and “left”-hand units, may have other
terminal markings or arrangements.

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6.5.4 Padmounted, compartment type transformers
Location and arrangement of terminals for pad-mounted distribution transformers are shown in IEEE Std
C57.12.34™-2009 [B7].

For padmounted compartmental-type transformers with all terminals on one side of the case, the high-voltage
compartment shall be located on the left side of the case, when facing the terminal side of the case. The H1
terminal shall be located on the left of the high-voltage compartment. The compartment with the low-voltage
terminals shall be grouped on the right-hand side of the case when facing the terminal side of the case. The low-
voltage neutral terminal, when required, shall be located to the left side of the low-voltage terminal grouping
followed by X1, X2, and X3 in a left-to-right-arrangement. ANSI C57.12.22-1989 and IEEE Std C57.12.26-1992
should be referred to for the arrangements and specific dimensional requirements of the terminal arrangements.

6.6 Interphase connections made outside of case

Where the interphase connections are made outside the case, the terminals shall be marked with the proper letter
followed by the numbers 1, 4, 7, 10, etc., for one phase; 2, 5, 8, 11, etc. for the second phase; and 3, 6, 9, 12, etc. for
the third phase.
The markings shall be so applied that when a wye connection is made by joining together the highest numbered
terminals of each phase, the requirements in this standard will apply except as described in 3.4.

6.7 Parallel operation

Transformers that have terminals marked in accordance with this standard may be operated in parallel by connecting
similarly marked terminals together, provided that their angular displacements are the same and also provided that
their ratios, voltages, resistances, reactances, and ground connections are such as to permit parallel operation.
NOTE—In some cases designs may be such as to permit parallel operation, although, depending on any differences in the
number of tap terminals, the terminals to be connected together may not be similarly marked.

7. Terminal markings for three-phase to six-phase transformers

7.1 General
The requirements for three-phase to six-phase transformers are set up on the basis that the three-phase winding is
always the H winding.

7.2 Marking of full winding terminals

The three terminals that connect to the three-phase winding shall be marked H1, H2, H3, and the six terminals that
connect to the full six phase winding shall be marked X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6 (see Figure 18, Group 1 and Group 2).

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7.3 Relation between three phase and six phase windings
The markings shall be so applied that if the phase sequence of voltage on the three phase terminals is in the order H1,
H2, H3, it is in the time order X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6 on the six-phase terminals.
In order that the markings of terminal connections between phases will indicate definite phase relations, they shall
be made in accordance with one of the four six-phase groups shown in Figure 18, Group 1 and Group 2. The angular
displacement between the three phase and six phase windings is the angle in each of the voltage phasor diagrams
from its neutral through H1 and X1, respectively.

7.4 Tap leads

Where tap leads from the six phase windings are brought out of the case (neutral lead exceptedignored), they shall
have terminals marked as designated in 7.4.1 and 7.4.2.

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7.4.1 Diametrical connections
Tap terminals shall be marked from the two ends of each phase winding toward the middle or neutral point in the
following order:
a) X7, X13, etc, from X1 toward neutral
b) X8, X14, etc, from X2 toward neutral
c) X9, X15 etc, from X3 toward neutral
d) X10, X16, etc, from X4 toward neutral
e) X11, X17, etc, from X5 toward neutral
f) X12, X18, etc, from X6 toward neutral

See Figure 18(e).

A tap from the middle point of any phase winding not intended as a neutral shall be given a number determined by
counting from X1, X2, or X3 and not from X4, X5 or X6. For example, if the only taps brought out are 50% starting
taps, they shall be numbered X7, X9, and X11.

7.4.2 Double delta connection

Tap terminals shall be marked in the following order:
a) X7, X13, etc, from X1 toward X3
b) X8, X14, etc, from X2 toward X4
c) X9, X15 etc, from X3 toward X5
d) X10, X16, etc, from X4 toward X6
e) X11, X17, etc, from X5 toward X1
f) X12, X18, etc, from X6 toward X2

See Figure 18(f).

8. Use of transformers with standard voltage diagrams in connecting systems of

various phase displacements
7.1 General
The phasor grouping of a wye, delta or zigzag connected transformer or set of transformers shall be indicated by the
upper case letters Y, D, or Z for the high-voltage windings and lower case letter of y, d, or z for the low or
intermediate voltage windings. The phasor group shall be listed from high voltage to low voltage. If a neutral point
is externally available, the phasor group designation for the voltage set shall end with an N or n as appropriate for
the winding voltage level. For an auto connected transformer, the winding pairing will be followed with the word
“auto” or an “a” (IEC 60076-1 Edition 2.1 2000-04 [B3]).

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On the basis of two power or source systems (hereafter referred to as systems), one with phase terminals arbitrarily
designated by A, B, C, and the other by a, b, c, the phase displacement number of “a” with respect to “A” may be
from 0° to 330° in steps of 30° in a clockwise direction. Examples are given in 7.2 through 7.4 of transformer
connections that may be made to transformers for any of these displacements. Also the phase displacement number
refers to the phase angle, as viewed on a 12 hour clock, of winding W1 relative to the voltage applied to the A
bushing with a balanced three-phase positive sequence voltage (ABC sequence). The winding connection letter
grouping shall be immediately followed by its phase displacement. A nonloadable balancing winding will be
designated after the main winding group. This will be connected to the main group by a plus sign (+).

7.2 0˚ phase displacement: '-'or Y-Y

The following examples are for '-'connections with system displacements of 0˚, 120˚, and 240˚.

7.3 30˚ lagging phase displacement: '-Y or Y-'

The following examples are for '-Y connections with system displacements of 30˚, 150˚, and 270˚ lagging.

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7.4 30˚ leading phase displacement: '-Y or Y-'
To connect systems with 30o, 270o, or 150o leading displacements, the procedure given in 7.3 is followed, except
that the sequence of connecting system terminals to the transformer is reversed by reversing any pair of terminals on
both systems, such as B, C and b, c.
For example, again using the '-Y diagram, when the diagram is shown in the usual form, the change in the sequence
of connections results in a reversal of phase rotation as seen by the transformer terminals. Expressed in the
recognized counterclockwise rotation, the equivalent diagrams are as follows.

The leading displacements mentioned above can be expressed as lagging displacements for reference consistency by
subtracting the lead angle degrees from 360o. For example, the 30o leading displacement is the same as 330o lagging
displacement.

7.5 Summary of preceding examples

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Annex A
(informative)
Winding connection details and explanations

A.1 Wye windings configurations

The phasor diagrams in Figure A.1 show the phase angle between the W1 winding and the voltage on the A bushing.
The relationship between the W1 voltage and the A bushing is important as a common reference for determining
phase shift across the transformer. The phase shift is determined by lining up the W1 voltages on different sides of a
transformer and seeing how the A bushing voltages on each side compare.

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A.2 Delta windings configurations
Windings and bushings can be interconnected in a delta configuration. These are shown in Figure A.2, which
assumes the positive sequence rotation is maintained. The most common connections are D1, which is also known as
DAB and D11, which is also known as DAC.

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A.3 Zigzag (interconnected star) winding configurations
A zigzag winding is a series connection of two windings that have voltages that are of 60º out of phase with each
other. The two windings are typically the same voltage magnitude. There are two basic ways to create a zigzag
winding: Connect the A leg in series with B leg (called a ZAB) or connect the A leg in series with C leg (called a
ZAC), which can be seen by inspection of Figure A.3. Figure A.3 shows what appears to be the more common
variations of ZAB and ZAc. The polarity marks of the two windings either face toward one another or face away from
one another. In order to get other phase shifts, some configurations may invert polarity connections, change the side
of the winding to which the bushings are connected, or introduce a 120º phase shift by swapping the A, B, and C
bushings connections. To fully define a zigzag connection, both the phase shift and whether it is a based on ZAB or
ZAC must be specified.

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A.4 Combining the various winding configurations
An exhaustive listing of all the possible permutations of transformer winding configurations will not be presented
and only the winding configurations commonly found in practice are presented. More complete wiring and phasor
diagrams of some of these common configurations are given in Figure A.4 through Figure A.15.
The following figures illustrate the most common configurations. To determine the phase relationship of positive
sequence voltage and current between primary and secondary, use the W1 phasor as the common reference for each
winding and compare the resultant angle between the A (a) phasor on each winding. The angular relationship will be
the primary angle minus the secondary angle, on a 12 hour clock basis.

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A.5 Examples
A.5.1 Example 1:
A wye high-voltage winding with neutral bushing; a wye low-voltage winding with neutral bushing; No phase shift
between windings. The designation would be YNyn0.

A.5.2 Example 2:
A delta high-voltage winding; a wye low-voltage winding with neutral bushing; With 30° phase shift between
windings. The designation would be Dyn1.

A.5.3 Example 3:
A wye high-voltage winding with neutral bushing; a wye low-voltage winding with neutral bushing; No phase shift
between windings. A stabilizing tertiary wind connect delta that is not designed for external loading. The
designation would be YNyn0+d.

A.5.4 Example 4:
A wye high-voltage winding with neutral bushing; a wye low-voltage winding with neutral bushing; No phase shift
between HV and LV windings. A stabilizing tertiary winding connect delta and designed for external loading with
TV leading the HV winding by a 30 degrees phase shift. The designation would be YNyn0d11.

A.5.5 Example 5:
Three-phase auto-transformer, with winding connected in Wye configuration. The designation would be YNa or

YNauto.

A.5.6 Example 6:
Three-phase auto-transformer with loaded delta tertiary winding. The designation would be YNad11 or

YNautod11.

A.5.7 Example 7:
Three-phase auto-transformer with “buried” stabilizing winding. The designation would be YNa+d or

YNauto+d.
A.5.8 Example 8:
If a transformer is specified with its winding connection changeable (Y to D, or series-parallel), both connections
should be noted, related to the corresponding voltages.
230(115)/12 kV YN(YN)d5
115/7.2(4.16) kV YNy0(d5)

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Annex B
(informative)
Bibliography

[B1] ANSI C57.12.50-1981 (R1998), American National Standard Requirements for Ventilated Dry-Type
Distribution Transformers, 1 to 500 kVA, Single-Phase; and 15 to 500 kVA, Three-Phase; with High Voltage 601 to
34 500 Volts, Low-Voltage 120 to 600 Volts.

[B2] ANSI C57.12.52-1981 (R1998), American National Standard Requirements for Sealed Dry-Type Power
Transformers, 501 kVA and Larger, Three-Phase, with High Voltage 601 to 34 500 Volts, Low-Voltage 208Y/120
to 4160 Volts.

[B3] IEC 60076-1 Edition 2.1 2000-04, Power transformers—Part 1: General.

[B4] IEEE Std C57.12.10-2010, IEEE Standard Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Power Transformers.

[B5] IEEE Std C57.12.20-2005, IEEE Standard for Overhead Type Distribution Transformers, 500 kVA and
Smaller: High Voltage, 34500 Volts and Below; Low Voltage, 7970/13800Y Volts and Below.

[B6] IEEE Std C57.12.23-2009, IEEE Standard for Submersible Single-Phase Transformers: 167 kVA and Smaller;
High Voltage 25 000 V and Below; Low Voltage 600 V and Below.

[B7] IEEE Std C57.12.24-2009, IEEE Standard for Submersible, Three-Phase Transformers, 3750 kVA and
Smaller: High Voltage, 34 500 GrdY/19 920 Volts and Below; Low Voltage, 600 Volts and Below.

[B8] IEEE Std C57.12.34-2009, IEEE Standard Requirements for Pad-Mounted, Compartmental-Type, Self-Cooled,
Three-Phase Distribution Transformers, 5 MVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34.5 kV Nominal System Voltage and
Below; Low Voltage, 15 kV Nominal System Voltage & Below.

[B9] IEEE Std C57.12.36-2007, IEEE Standard Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution Substation
Transformers.

[B10] IEEE Std C57.12.38-2009, IEEE Standard for Pad-Mounted-Type, Self-Cooled, Single-Phase Distribution
Transformers; High Voltage, 34 500 GrdY/19 920 V and Below, Low Voltage, 240/120 V; 167 kVA and Smaller.

[B11] IEEE C57.12.40-2006, IEEE Standard for Requirements for Secondary Network Transformers, Subway and
Vault Types (Liquid-Immersed).

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[B12] IEEE Std C57.12.51-2008, IEEE Standard for Ventilated Dry-Type Power Transformers, 501 kVA and
Larger, Three-Phase, with High-Voltage 601 V to 34 500 V; Low-Voltage 208Y/120 V to 4160 V—General
Requirements.

[B13] IEEE Std C57.12.80-2010, IEEE Standard Terminology for Power and Distribution Transformers.

[B14] IEEE Std C57.12.90-2010, IEEE Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and
Regulating Transformers.

[B15] IEEE Std C57.18.10-1998 (Reaff 2003), IEEE Standard Practices and Requirements for Semiconductor
Power Rectifier Transformers.

[B16] “Three Phase Transformer Winding Configurations and Differential Relay Compensation,” Larry Lawhead,
Randy Hamilton, John Horak Basler Electric Company, Presented before the 60th Annual Georgia Tech Protective
Relay Conference May 2–5, 2006.

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