PRACTICE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR 1.

1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
(includes some questions from 1.4 Periodicity)

1. At room temperature, both sodium metal and sodium chloride are crystalline
solids which contain ions.

(a) On the diagrams for sodium metal and sodium chloride below, mark
the charge for each ion.

(2)

(b) (i) Explain how the ions are held together in solid sodium metal.

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(ii) Explain how the ions are held together in solid sodium chloride.

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(iii) The melting point of sodium chloride is much higher than that of
sodium metal. What can be deduced from this information?

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(3)

(c) Compare the electrical conductivity of solid sodium metal with that of
solid sodium chloride. Explain your answer.

Comparison .............................................................................................
...................

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Explanation .............................................................................................
...................

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(3)
 (d) Explain why sodium metal is malleable (can be hammered into shape).

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(1)
(Total 9 marks)

2. The equation below shows the reaction between boron trifluoride and a
fluoride ion.

–
BF3 + F → BF

(i) Draw diagrams to show the shape of the BF 3 molecule and the shape of
the BF ion. In each case, name the shape. Account for the shape of the
BF ion and state the bond angle present.

(ii) In terms of the electrons involved, explain how the bond between the
–
BF3 molecule and the F ion is formed. Name the type of bond formed
in this reaction.
(Total 9 marks)

3. Draw the shape of a molecule of BeCl2 and the shape of a molecule of

Cl2O. Show any lone pairs of electrons on the central atom. Name the
shape of each molecule.

BeCl2 Cl2O

Name of shape ......................................... Name of shape

.........................................
(4)
(Total 4 marks)
4. Ammonia, NH3, reacts with sodium to form sodium amide, NaNH 2, and
hydrogen.

(a) Draw the shape of an ammonia molecule and that of an amide

ion, NH

In each case show any lone pairs of electrons.

NH3 NH

(b) State the bond angle found in an ammonia molecule.

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…...............................

(c) Explain why the bond angle in an amide ion is smaller than that in
an ammonia molecule.

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(5)
(Total 5 marks)
5.

(a) Describe the bonding that is present in metals.

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(3)

(b) Explain how the bonding and structure lead to the typical metallic
properties of electrical conductivity and malleability.

Electrical conductivity
.....................................................................................

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Malleability.......................................................................................
................

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(4)

(c) Suggest a reason why aluminium is a better conductor of

electricity than magnesium.

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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

6. The table below shows the electronegativity values of some elements.

Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Carbon Hydroge

 n

Electrone 4.0 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.1

gativity

(a) Define the term electronegativity.

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(2)

(b) The table below shows the boiling points of fluorine, fluoromethane
(CH3F ) and hydrogen fluoride.

F–F H–F

Boiling point/K 85 194 293

(i) Name the strongest type of intermolecular force present in:

Liquid F2
.................................................................................................
........

Liquid
CH3F ........................................................................................
...........

Liquid
HF ............................................................................................
...........

(ii) Explain how the strongest type of intermolecular force in liquid HF

arises.

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(6)

(c) The table below shows the boiling points of some other hydrogen
halides.

HCl HBr HI

Boiling point / K 188 206 238

(i) Explain the trend in the boiling points of the hydrogen halides
from HCl to HI.

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(ii) Give one reason why the boiling point of HF is higher than that of
all the other hydrogen halides.

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(3)
(Total 11 marks)

7. (a) Methanol has the structure

Explain why the O–H bond in a methanol molecule is polar.

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(2)

(b) The boiling point of methanol is +65 °C; the boiling point of oxygen is –
183 °C. Methanol and oxygen each have an Mr value of 32. Explain, in
terms of the intermolecular forces present in each case, why the
boiling point of methanol is much higher than that of oxygen.

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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
8. (a) The diagram below shows the melting points of some of the elements
in Period 3.

(i) On the diagram, use crosses to mark the approximate positions of

the melting points for the elements silicon, chlorine and argon.
Complete the diagram by joining the crosses.

(ii) By referring to its structure and bonding, explain your choice of

position for the melting point of silicon.

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(iii) Explain why the melting point of sulphur, S 8, is higher than that of
phosphorus, P4

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(8)

(b) State and explain the trend in melting point of the Group II elements
Ca–Ba.

Trend .......................................................................................................
....................

Explanation .............................................................................................
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(3)
(Total 11 marks)
9. State and explain the trend in the melting points of the Period 3 metals
Na, Mg and Al.

Trend ......................................................................................................
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Explanation ........................................................................................
.......................

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(3)
(Total 3 marks)

10. (a) (i) Describe the bonding in a metal.

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(ii) Explain why magnesium has a higher melting point than sodium.

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(4)

(b) Why do diamond and graphite both have high melting points?

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(3)

(c) Why is graphite a good conductor of electricity?

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(1)

(d) Why is graphite soft?

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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
11. Sodium sulphide, Na2S, is a high melting point solid which conducts
electricity when molten. Carbon disulphide, CS 2, is a liquid which does
not conduct electricity.

(a) Deduce the type of bonding present in Na2S and that present in
CS2

Bonding in Na2S
........................................................................................

Bonding in
CS2...........................................................................................

(b) By reference to all the atoms involved explain, in terms of

electrons, how Na2S is formed from its atoms.

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(c) Draw a diagram, including all the outer electrons, to represent the
bonding present in CS2

(6)
(Total 6 narks)

12. (a) The diagram below represents a part of the structure of sodium
chloride. The ionic charge is shown on the centre of only one of the
ions.

(i) On the diagram, mark the charges on the four negative ions.

(ii) What change occurs to the motion of the ions in sodium chloride
when it is heated from room temperature to a temperature below
its melting point?
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(2)

(b) Sodium chloride can be formed by reacting sodium with chlorine.

(ii) A chloride ion has one more electron than a chlorine atom. In the
formation of sodium chloride, from where does this electron
come?

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(ii) What property of the atoms joined by a covalent bond causes the
bond to be polar?

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(2)
(Total 4 marks)

13. Phosphorus and nitrogen are in Group V of the Periodic Table and both
elements form hydrides. Phosphine, PH 3, reacts to form phosphonium ions, ,
in a similar way to that by which ammonia, NH 3, forms ammonium ions,

(a) Give the name of the type of bond formed when phosphine reacts with
+
an H ion. Explain how this bond is formed.

Type of bond
...............................................................................................
..............

Explanation ........................................................................................
.....................

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...................

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(3)

(b) Draw the shapes, including any lone pairs of electrons, of a phosphine
molecule and of a phosphonium ion.Give the name of the shape of the
phosphine molecule and state the bond angle found in the
phosphonium ion.

PH3
 Shape of PH3 ………………………Bond angle in
……………......
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

14. (a) State the meaning of the term electronegativity.

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(2)

(b) State and explain the trend in electronegativity values across Period 3
from sodium to chlorine.

Trend........................................................................................................
..............

Explanation..............................................................................................
..............

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(3)
(Total 5 marks)

15. (a) The shape of the molecule BCl3 and that of the unstable molecule CCl2
are shown below.

(i) Why is each bond angle exactly 120° in BCl 3?

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(ii) Predict the bond angle in CCl2 and explain why this angle is
different from that in BCl3

Predicted bond angle

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Explanation .....................................................................................
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(5)

(b) Give the name which describes the shape of molecules having bond
angles of 109° 28'.Give an example of one such molecule.

Name of
shape ..............................................................................................
..........

Example...................................................................................................
................
(2)
 (c) The shape of the XeF4 molecule is shown below.

(i) State the bond angle in XeF4

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(ii) Suggest why the lone pairs of electrons are opposite each other in
this molecule.

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(iii) Name the shape of this molecule, given that the shape describes
the positions of the Xe and F atoms only.

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(4)

(d) Draw a sketch of the NF3 molecule. Indicate in your sketch any lone
pairs of electrons on nitrogen.

(2)
(Total 13 marks)

16. (a) Describe the motion of the particles in solid iodine and in iodine
vapour.

Motion in solid
iodine...............................................................................................
...

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Motion in iodine
vapour..............................................................................................

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(3)
(b) Explain why solid iodine vaporises when warmed gently.

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(2)

(c) Silver and sodium chloride melt at similar temperatures. Give two
physical properties of silver which are different from those of sodium
chloride and, in each case, give one reason why the property of silver
is different from that of sodium chloride.

First property of
silver................................................................................................

Reason for
difference.........................................................................................
.........

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Second property of
silver............................................................................................

Reason for
difference.........................................................................................
.........

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(4)

(d) Draw the shapes of BeCl2, NCl3 and BeCl. In each case, show any lone-
pair electrons on the central atom and state the value of the bond
angle.

BeCl2 NCl3 BeCl

(6)
(Total 15 marks)
17. Silicon dioxide has a macromolecular structure. Draw a diagram to
show the arrangement
of atoms around a silicon atom in silicon dioxide. Give the name of the
shape of this arrangement of atoms and state the bond angle.

Diagram

Name of
shape ..............................................................................................
..............

Bond
angle ...............................................................................................
...................
(3)
(Total 3 marks)

18. (a) When considering electron pair repulsions in molecules, why does a
lone pair of electrons repel more strongly than a bonding pair?

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(1)

(b) The diagram below shows a hydrogen peroxide molecule.

(i) On the diagram above, draw the lone pairs, in appropriate

positions, on the oxygen atoms.

(ii) Indicate, on the diagram, the magnitude of one of the bond

angles.

(iii) Name the strongest type of intermolecular force which exists

between molecules of hydrogen peroxide in the pure liquid.

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(4)

(c) Draw a diagram to illustrate the shape of a molecule of SF 4 and predict

the bond angle(s).

Diagram of shape
 Bond
angle(s)............................................................................................
..................
(4)

(d) Name two types of intermolecular force which exist between molecules
in liquid SF4

Type
I........................................................................................................
...................

Type2.......................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)

19. (a) Name the type of force that holds the particles together in an ionic
crystal.

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(1)

(b) What is a covalent bond?

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(1)

(c) State how a co-ordinate bond is formed.

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(2)

(d) Describe the bonding in a metal.

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(2)
 (e) A molecule of hydrogen chloride has a dipole and molecules of
hydrogen chloride attract each other by permanent dipole-dipole
forces. Molecules ot chlorine are non-polar.

(i) What is a permanent dipole?

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(ii) Explain why a molecule of hydrogen chloride is polar.

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(iii) Name the type of force which exists between molecules of

chlorine.

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(5)

(f) Show, by means of a diagram, how two molecules of hydrogen fluoride

are attracted to each other by hydrogen bonding; include all lone-pair
electrons and partial charges in your diagram.

(3)

(g) Why is there no hydrogen bonding between molecules of hydrogen

bromide?

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(1)
(Total 15 marks)

20. The table below gives the boiling points, Tb, of some hydrogen halides.
Hydrogen HF HCl HBr HI
halide

Tb /K 293 188 206 238

(a) By referring to the types of intermolecular force involved, explain why

energy must be supplied in order to boil liquid hydrogen chloride.

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(3)

(b) Explain why the boiling point of hydrogen bromide lies between those
of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen iodide.

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(2)

(c) Explain why the boiling point of hydrogen fluoride is higher than that of
hydrogen chloride.

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(2)

(d) Draw a sketch to illustrate how two molecules of hydrogen fluoride

interact in liquid hydrogen fluoride.
 (2)
(Total 9 marks)

21. Sulphur will combine separately with carbon, hydrogen and sodium to
form carbon disulphide (CS2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and sodium
sulphide (Na2S) respectively. The bonding in these compounds is
similar to that in CO2, H2O and Na2O .

(a) Complete the table in Figure 2 by classifying the compounds as

either ionic or covalent.

Melting point/K Ionic or covalent

Carbon disulphide 162

Hydrogen sulphide 187

Sodium sulphide 1450

Figure 2
(3)

(b) One of the compounds in Figure 2 shows high electrical

conductivity under appropriate conditions. Identify the
compound, by name or formula, and state one condition under
which it shows high electrical conductivity.

Name or formula of compound

........................................................................

Condition .........................................................................................
.................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

22. (a) State what is meant by the term polar bond.

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(1)

(b) Sulphuric acid is a liquid that can be represented by the formula drawn
below.

Given that the electronegativity values for hydrogen, sulphur and

oxygen are 2.1, 2.5 and 3.5 respectively, clearly indicate the polarity of
each bond present in the formula given.
(2)
 (c) Suggest the strongest type of intermolecular force present in pure
sulphuric acid.

Briefly explain how this type of intermolecular force arises.

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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

23. (a) Sketch the shapes of each of the following molecules, showing any lone
pairs of electrons. In each case, state the bond angle(s) present in the
molecule and name the shape.

Molecule Sketch of shape Bond angle(s) Name of shape

BF3

NF3

ClF3

(9)

(b) State the types of intermolecular force which exist, in the liquid state,
between pairs of BF3 molecules and between pairs of NF3 molecules.

BF3 ..........................................................................................................
....................

NF3 ..........................................................................................................
....................
(3)
 (c) Name the type of bond which you would expect to be formed between
a molecule of BF3 and a molecule of NF3. Explain how this bond is able
to form.

Name of bond
.......................................................................................................
.....

Explanation ............................................................................................
...................

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(3)
(Total 15 marks)

24. Sketch a diagram to show the shape of a molecule of NH 3 and indicate on

yourdiagram how this molecule is attracted to another NH 3 molecule in
liquid ammonia.

(3)
(Total 3 marks)

25. (a) Define the term electronegativity.

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(2)

(b) State and explain the trend in electronegativity of the elements across
Period 3 from sodium to chlorine.

Trend. ......................................................................................................
..................

Explanation. ............................................................................................
..................

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(3)
 (c) State the bond type in sodium oxide and the bond type in sulphur
dioxide. In each case, explain the link between the bond type and the
electronegativity of the elements involved.

Bond type in sodium

oxide. .......................................................................................

Explanation. ............................................................................................
.................

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Bond type in sulphur

dioxide. ..................................................................................

Explanation. ............................................................................................
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(4)
(Total 9 marks)

26. (a) Co-ordinate bonding can be described as dative covalency. In this

context, what is the meaning of each of the terms covalency and
dative?

Covalency.................................................................................................
...................

Dative ......................................................................................................
...................
(2)

(b) Write an equation for a reaction in which a co-ordinate bond is formed.

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(2)

(c) Why is sodium chloride ionic rather than covalent?

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(2)

(d) Why is aluminium chloride covalent rather than ionic?

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(2)

(e) Why is molten sodium chloride a good conductor of electricity?

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(1)
 (f) Explain, in terms of covalent bonding, why the element iodine exists as
simple molecules whereas the element carbon does not.

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(3)
(Total 12 marks)

27. (a) Describe the nature and strength of the bonding in solid calcium
oxide.

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(3)

(b) Use the kinetic theory to describe the changes that take place as
calcium oxide is heated from 25°C to a temperature above its
melting point.

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(3)

(c) State two properties of calcium oxide that depend on its bonding.

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(2)
(Total 8 marks)

28. What is a covalent bond?

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(1)
(Total 1 mark)

29. (a) Figure 1 shows some data concerned with halogens.

Boiling point of
Element Electronegativity
hydride / K

Fluorine 4.0 293

Chlorine 3.0 188

Bromine 2.8 206

Iodine 2.5 238

Figure 1

(i) Define the term electronegativity.

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(2)

(ii) Explain the trend in boiling points from hydrogen chloride to

hydrogen iodide.

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(2)

(iii) Explain why hydrogen fluoride does not fit this trend.

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(2)

(b) The oxygen atoms in the sulphate ion surround the sulphur in a regular
tetrahedral shape.

(i) Write the formula of the ion.

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..................
(1)

(ii) State the O–S–O. bond angle.

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(1)
(Total 8 marks)

30. (a) State the type of bonding in a crystal of potassium bromide.

Type of
bonding............................................................................................
..............
(1)

(b) Sketch a diagram to show the shape of a BrF 3 molecule. Show on

your sketch any lone pairs of electrons in the outermost shell of
bromine and name the shape.

Sketch

Name of
shape.......................................................................................
 ............

(3)
(Total 4 marks)

31. (a) (i) State one feature which molecules must have in order for
hydrogen bonding to occur between them.

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..................

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(1)

(ii) Give the name of the type of intermolecular bonding present in

hydrogen sulphide, H2S, and explain why hydrogen bonding does
not occur.

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(2)

(iii) Account for the much lower boiling point of hydrogen sulphide (–
61 °C) compared with that of water(100 °C).

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(2)
 (b) Protein molecules are composed of sequences of amino acid molecules
that have joined together, with the elimination of water, to form long
chains. Part of a protein chain is represented by the graphical formula
given below.

Explain the formation of hydrogen bonding between protein molecules.

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(4)
(Total 9 marks)

32. (a) Describe the bonding found in metals.

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(3)

(b) Use data from table above and your knowledge of the bonding in
these metals to explain why the melting point of magnesium is higher
than that of sodium.

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(3)
 (c) State and explain the similarities and differences in electrical
conductivity of sodium, graphite and diamond.

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(4)
(Total 10 marks)

33. The table below contains electronegativity values for the Period 3 elements,
except chlorine.

Elemen Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
t

Electro 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 no

negativ value
ity

(a) How can electronegativity values be used to predict whether a given

chloride is likely to be ionic or covalent?

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...................

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(2)

(b) State the type of bonding in sodium oxide.

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...................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

34. The diagram below shows how a water molecule interacts with a hydrogen
fluoride molecule.
(a) What is the value of the bond angle in a single molecule of water?

.................................................................................................................
...................
(1)

(b) Explain your answer to part (a) by using the concept of electron pair
repulsion.

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...................

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(4)

(c) Name the type of interaction between a water molecule and a

hydrogen fluoride molecule shown in the diagram above.

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...................
(1)

(d) Explain the origin of the δ+ charge shown on the hydrogen atom in the
diagram.

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...................

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...................
(2)

(e) When water interacts with hydrogen fluoride, the value of the bond
angle in water changes slightly. Predict how the angle is different from
that in a single molecule of water and explain your answer.

Prediction ................................................................................................
...................

Explanation .............................................................................................
...................

.................................................................................................................
...................
(2)
 (Total 10 marks)

35. (a) State which one of the elements neon, sodium, magnesium,
aluminium and silicon has
the lowest melting point and explain your answer in terms of the
structure and bonding present in that element.

Element with lowest melting

point ..............................................................................

Explanation .............................................................................................
....................

.................................................................................................................
....................

.................................................................................................................
....................
(3)
 (b) State which one of the elements neon, sodium, magnesium, aluminium
and silicon has the highest melting point and explain your answer in
terms of the structure and bonding present in that element.

Element with highest melting

point ............................................................................

Explanation .............................................................................................
....................

.................................................................................................................
....................

.................................................................................................................
....................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

36. Diamond and graphite are both forms of carbon.Diamond is able to scratch
almost all other substances, whereas graphite may be used as a lubricant.
Diamond and graphite both have high melting points.

Explain each of these properties of diamond and graphite in terms of

structure and bonding.Give one other difference in the properties of
diamond and graphite.
(Total 9 marks)

37. Iodine and diamond are both crystalline solids at room temperature. Identify
one similarity in the bonding, and one difference in the structures, of these
two solids.Explain why these two solids have very different melting points.
(Total 6 marks)

38. Phosphorus exists in several different forms, two of which are white
phosphorus and red phosphorus. White phosphorus consists of P 4 molecules,
and melts at 44°C. Red phosphorus is macromolecular, and has a melting
point above 550°C.

Explain what is meant by the term macromolecular. By considering the

structure and bonding present in these two forms of phosphorus, explain
why their melting points are so different.
(Total 5 marks)

39. (a) Predict the shapes of the SF6 molecule and the ion. Draw diagrams of
these species to show their three-dimensional shapes. Name the
shapes and suggest values for the bond angles. Explain your
reasoning.
(8)

(b) Perfume is a mixture of fragrant compounds dissolved in a volatile

 solvent.

When applied to the skin the solvent evaporates, causing the skin to
cool for a short time. After a while, the fragrance may be detected
some distance away. Explain these observations.
(4)
(Total 12 marks)

40. (a) Iodine and graphite crystals both contain covalent bonds and yet the
physical properties of their crystals are very different.For iodine and
graphite, state and explain the differences in their melting points and
in their electrical conductivities.
(9)

(b) Draw the shape of the BeCl2 molecule and explain why it has this
shape.
(2)
(Total 11marks)

41. (a) The table below gives the melting point for each of the Period 3
elements Na – Ar.

Elemen Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
t

Melting 371 923 933 1680 317 392 172 84

point /
K

In terms of structure and bonding, explain why silicon has a high

melting point, and why the melting point of sulphur is higher than that
of phosphorus.
(7)

(b) Draw a diagram to show the structure of sodium chloride. Explain, in

terms of bonding, why sodium chloride has a high melting point.
(4)
(Total 11 marks)

42. Explain the meaning of the term periodicity as applied to the properties
of rows of elements in the Periodic Table. Describe and explain the
trends in atomic radius, in electronegativity and in conductivity for the
elements sodium to argon.
(13)
(Total 13 marks)
43. (a) Describe the structure of, and bonding in, three different types of
crystal. Illustrate your answer with a specific example of each type of
crystal and sketch labelled diagrams of the structures. In each case,
explain how the ability to conduct electricity is influenced by the type
of bonding.
(18)

(b) Explain how the concept of bonding and lone (non-bonding) pairs of
electrons can be used to predict the shape of, and bond angles in, a
molecule of sulphur tetrafluoride, SF4. Illustrate your answer with a
sketch of the structure.
(8)
(Total 26 marks)

44. Sketch a graph to show how the melting points of the elements vary across
Period 3 from sodium to argon. Account for the shape of the graph in terms
of the structure of, and the bonding in, the elements.
(Total 21 marks)

45. (a) With the aid of diagrams, describe the structure of, and bonding in,
crystals of sodium chloride, graphite and magnesium. In each case,
explain how the melting point and the ability to conduct electricity of
these substances can be understood by a consideration of the
structure and bonding involved.
(23)

(b) Explain how the electron-pair repulsion theory can be used to predict
the shapes of the molecules H2O and PF5. Illustrate your answer with
diagrams of the molecules on which the bond angles are shown.
(7)
(Total 30 marks)