[ Minerals ]

1. NATURE OF MINERALS o MINOR ACCESSORY - refers to accessory minerals that are present in small
amounts only (e.g. topaz, zircon, fluorite, magnetite, and allanite)
2 Classifications of
o VARIETAL OR CHARACTERIZING ACCESSORY - refers to accessory minerals that are
Accessory Minerals
o naturally occurring homogenous solids with a definite chemical composition and a present in greater amounts or are of special significance, which gives a varietal
MINERALS highly ordered atom arrangement that cannot be separated into simpler name to the rock (e.g. biotite, muscovite, pyroxene, and olivine)
compounds, which are usually formed by inorganic processes
1.3. Morphology
o this version of minerals is produced in industrial and research facilities and is often
MAN-MADE MINERALS identical to their natural counterparts, examples include emerald, sapphire, and o the term used by material scientists to refer any solid with an ordered internal
CRYSTAL
diamond arrangement, without regard to presence of external faces

o referred to minerals since minerals display a highly ordered internal atomic o refers to the external shape of a crystal, which is perceived as its aesthetic beauty,
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS MORPHOLOGY
structure that has a regular geometric form with its geometry reflecting the internal atomic arrangement

o referred to mineral solids that exhibit no such ordered internal arrangement, o an imaginary line through a crystal around which it may rotated and repeat itself in
AMORPHOUS ROTATION AXIS
examples include glass (classified as mineraloids) appearance during a complete rotation
o it combines rotation about an axis of rotation with inversion, symbolized by 1, 2, 3,
1.1. Occurrence and Formation ROTOINVERSION AXIS
4, and 6
4 Categories of Mineral o IGNEOUS OR MAGMATIC o METAMORPHIC
o represented by 1 in rotoinversion, it exists in a crystal if an imaginary line can be
Formation o SEDIMENTARY o HYDROTHERMAL
CENTER OF SYMMETRY extended from any point through the center and a similar point is present along
IGNEOUS OR MAGMATIC o a category of mineral formation in which minerals crystallize from a melt the line equidistant from the center

o a category of mineral formation in which minerals are result of the processes of o represented by 2 in rotoinversion, it is an imaginary plane that separates the
SEDIMENTARY MIRROR PLANE
weathering, erosion, and sedimentation crystal into halves
o morphologically, it is the number of classes of crystals which represent the
o a category of mineral formation in which minerals form at the expense of earlier
METAMORPHIC 32 possible symmetry elements and their combination, with the classes grouped into
ones owing to the effects of changing temperature of existing rock type
6 crystal systems
o a category of mineral formation in which minerals are chemically precipitated from
HYDROTHERMAL o ISOMETRIC – has 3 mutually perpendicular exes of equal length
hot solutions within the Earth
o HEXAGONAL – 3 equal-length axes perpendicular to the 4th axis of different length
HYDROTHERMAL o tend to follow fracture zones in rocks that provide open spaces for chemical 6 Crystal Systems o TETRAGONAL – 3 perpendicular axes with 2 axes equal and 1 with different length
SOLUTIONS precipitation of minerals from solution (IHTOMT) o ORTHORHOMBIC – 3 perpendicular axes of different lengths
o MONOCLINIC – 2 axes intersect at oblique angle and perpendicular to the 3rd axis
1.2. Primary and Accessory Minerals o TRICLINIC – 3 axes intersect at oblique angles
o in a given igneous rock, it refers to any mineral that formed during the original TWINNED CRYSTALS o refers to crystals that forms if 2 or more crystals form a symmetrical intergrowth
solidification of the rock, which forms in a sequence as dictated by chemistry and
PRIMARY MINERALS physical conditions o refers to a new symmetry operation, lacking in a single untwinned crystal, relates
TWIN ELEMENT
o used to assign a classification name to the rock and the accessory minerals present the individual crystals in a twinned position
in lesser abundance o TWIN PLANE - reflection by a mirror plane
3 Twin Elements that
o refers to minerals that form at a later time through processes such as weathering o TWIN AXIS rotation about a crystal direction common to both
SECONDARY MINERALS Relates the Crystals of Twin
and hydrothermal alteration o TWIN ROTATION- inversion about a point

o refers to minerals in an igneous rock that is not essential to the naming of the rock, 1.4. Internal Structure
ACCESSORY MINERALS
which forms at various times during crystallization
o a 3D, regular arrangement of chemical units – inorganic materials (atoms, ions, and
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
anionic groups) and organic substances (molecules)
ANGSTROMS /
o the unit for distances in inorganic structures and many atomic motif sizes
NANOMETERS
 o refers to the translation and symmetry groupings representing the various ways in o a physical property of minerals which can be observed very little in metallic
230 SPACE GROUPS COLOUR
which motifs can be arranged in an ordered 3D array minerals, while nonmetallic minerals demonstrate wide variance
HERMANN-MAUGUIN o the most popular form of shorthand in crystallography, which is closely related to o a physical property of minerals that refers to the resistance of a mineral to
HARDNESS
NOTATION the symbolic representation of space groups scratching, which is considered highly diagnostic, making it a sorting parameter

2 Methods for Creating MOHS SCALE OF o a standard scale of 10 minerals described relative to hardness as physical property
o the crystal structure can be presented as a 3D arrangement on a 2D page
Graphical Representation of HARDNESS of minerals
Crystal’s External Morphology o the crystal structure may be projected onto a planar surface
o TALC o APATITE
Mohs Scale of Hardness
o MOTIFS - referred to as chemical units, these are repeated by various translational o GYPSUM o ORTHOCLASE o CORUNDUM
(1 – 10)
Terms Related to Internal and symmetry operations o CALCITE o QUARTZ o DIAMOND
(TGCFAOQTCD)
Structure o TRANSLATION - the operation in which a motif is repeated in a linear pattern at o FLUORITE o TOPAZ
intervals that are equal to the translation distance
Classification of Minerals in o SOFT – hydrous minerals, halides, sulfides, carbonites, phosphates
1.5. Chemical Composition Terms of Hardness o HARD – anhydrous oxides, silicates

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION o it is fundamentally important as the minerals’ properties greatly depend on it o a physical property of minerals that refers to the cohesive forces between atoms of
TENACITY
mineral structures
o prior to the quantitative chemical analyses, it is mainly utilized in 1947, which
WET ANALYTICAL make it possible to determine quantitatively the oxidation states of cations o MALLEABLE – capable of being flattened under blows of hammer into thin sheets
METHODS (positively-charged atoms) and to ascertain the amount of water in hydrous without breaking into fragments (gold, silver, copper)
minerals Terms that Distinguish o FLEXIBLE – capable of staying bent after pressure is removed (talc)
Tenacity o BRITTLE – showing no resistance to breakage (silicate)
1.6. Physical Properties (MFBEDS) o ELASTIC – capable of being bent but returning to original form (mica)
o DUCTILE – capable of being drawn into form of wire (gold, silver, copper)
o these are the direct result of the structural and chemical characteristics of
o SECTILE – capable of being severed by smooth cut of a knife (gold, silver, copper)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES minerals, which can be determined by inspection, by simple tests, or by use of
special equipment o a physical property of minerals that defined as the ratio between the weight of a
SPECIFIC GRAVITY substance and the weight of equal volume of water at 4 degrees Celsius (39 F),
o CRYSTAL HABIT AND CRYSTAL o MAGNETISM which is represented by no units since it is a ratio
AGGREGATION o FLUORESCENCE
Physical Properties of Average Specific Gravity of o 2.65 – 2.75 – specific gravity for nonmetallic minerals (quartz, feldspar, calcite)
o CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE o LUSTRE
Minerals Types of Minerals o 5 - specific gravity for metallic minerals (pyrite, silver)
o COLOUR o TENACITY
(CCCSSMFLTRH)
o SPECIFIC GRAVITY o RADIOACTIVITY
2 Minerals that Exhibit o MAGNETITE – strongly attracted to hand magnet
o SOLUBILITY IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID o HARDNESS
Magnetism o PYRRHOTITE – shows weaker magnetic reaction
o a physical property of minerals that refers to the breakage along planar surfaces o FERROMAGNETIC - refers to minerals that exhibit strong magnetic reaction when
CLEAVAGE that are parallel to external faces on the crystal, with quality and direction as the subjected to a magnetic field
general characteristics that describe this Terms that Distinguish
o PARAMAGNETIC - refers to minerals that shows weak magnetic response in a
Magnetism
o a physical property of minerals that refers to the general appearance of a mineral strong magnetic field
LUSTRE o DIAMAGNETIC - refers to minerals that are repelled by an applied magnetic force
surface in reflected light

o METALLIC – lustre of untarnished metallic surface in which light do not pass (e.g. o a physical property of minerals that refers to the ability of mineral, when exposed
FLUORESCENCE
2 Main Types of Lustre gold, silver, copper, and steel) to ultraviolet light, to emit visible light during irradiation
o NONMETALLIC – exhibit by light-colored minerals that transmit light o a test that determines the solubility of a mineral with the use of dilute
FIZZ TEST
o VITREOUS – having the lustre of broken glass (quartz) hydrochloric acid
Terms that Distinguish o RESINOUS – having the lustre of piece of resin (sphalerite) o 2 minerals that distinguish radioactivity of minerals, which continually undergo
Lustre of Nonmetallic o GREASY – having the appearance of being covered with a thin layer of oil URANIUM AND THORIUM decay reactions and release energy in the form of alpha and beta particles and
Minerals o ADAMANTINE – having the brilliant lustre of diamond gamma radiation
(VRGASP) o SILKY – descriptive of the lustre of a skein of silk or a piece of satin
o PEARLY – having the lustre of mother-of-pearl (tale)
 o QUALITY - expressed as perfect, good, and so forth – so describes cleavage o substances characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity, which
directions with this characteristic as consistent with its overall symmetry comprises approximately 3 quarters of all known chemical elements (most
o CHONCOIDAL- used to describe fracture with smooth, curved surfaces that METALS abundant: aluminum, iron, calcium, potassium)
resemble the interior of a seashell, which is commonly observed in quartz and o crystalline solids that have a simple crystal structure distinguished by a close
glasses packing of atoms and high degree of symmetry
Terms that Describe o SPLINTERY FRACTURE - it is the breakage into elongated fragments like splinters of
Physical Properties wood 2.2. Sulfides
o HACKLY FRACTURE - it is the breakage along jagged surface o a mineral classification that are opaque and exhibit colors and streaks, which
o JOLLY BALANCE - determines the specific gravity of minerals by providing SULFIDES consists of one or more metals combined with sulfur (e.g. galena – ore mineral of
numerical values for a small mineral specimen in air as well as in water lead, and sphalerite)
o ELECTROMAGNET - a tool used to separate minerals attracted due to magnetic o consists of one or more metals combined with arsenic (semimetal), replacing some
properties SULDARSENIDES
of the sulfur (e.g. arsenopyrite – ore mineral of arsenic)
o sulfides that possess high refractive indices, transmitting light only on the thin
NONOPAQUE VARIETIES
edges of the specimen
STREAK o the color of the mineral’s powder
2. MINERALS CLASSIFICATION 2.3. Sulfosalts
o a mineral classification that has approximately 100 species, in which the metals
SULFOSALTS
o similarities in properties of minerals with identical anionic groups are more substitute some of the sulfur in the structure (e.g. sulfosalt enargite)
Reasons why classification
pronounced with the same dominant cation
based on chemical
o minerals that have identical dominant anions are likely to be found in the similar 2.4. Oxides and Hydroxides
composition is the highest
geologic environments o a mineral classification that combines oxygen with one or more metals, which
level of mineral OXIDES
o current chemical practice employs a classification scheme for inorganic display strong ionic bonding and are relatively hard, dense, and refractory
classification
compounds based on similar principles
o SIMPLE OXIDES – contain a single metal combined with oxygen (e.g. H2O3, SiO2)
o NATIVE ELEMENTS 2 Types of Oxides
o BORATES o MULTIPLE OXIDES – contain 2 nonequivalent metal sites
o NITRATES
o CARBONATES o a mineral classification that is characterized by hydroxyl (OH) groups, which results
Minerals Classifications o SULFIDES
o HALIDES HYRDOXIDES in structures with lower band strengths; considered as less dense and form at low
(NNSSSSBCHOP) o SULFOSALTS
o OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES temperatures (e.g. brucite, manganite, geothite)
o SULFATES
o PHOSPHATES
o SILICATES
2.5. Halides
2.1. Native Elements o a mineral classification distinguished by the large-sized anions of the halogens
o a mineral classification referred to as a chemical element that may occur in nature chlorine, bromine, iodine, and fluorine, having ions carrying a charge of negative
NATIVE ELEMENT
uncombined with other elements, however, do not include atmospheric gases one and exhibit structures with highest possible symmetry
HALIDES
o it consists of about 80 chemically related minerals with diverse structures and
92 ELEMENTS o the number of elements believed to found in nature origins (e.g. halite, sylvite, cryolite, fluorite) but do not have molecules present in
o METALS – either cubic or hexagonal close-packed (e.g. iron, zinc, gold, copper) the structure
3 Groups of Native
o SEMIMETALS – has complex structures (e.g. antimony, arsenic, selenium) o the smallest group of atoms, ions, or molecules from which the crystal structure
Elements UNIT CELL
o NONMETALS – has complex structures (e.g. sulfur, carbon, graphite, diamond) can be generated by its repetition
o metals of the same group in the periodic table, having similar physical and
GOLD, SILVER, AND
chemical properties, sharing a common structure type, and atoms positioned in a
COPPER 2.6. Carbonates
simple cubic arrangement
o has basic structural and compositional unit of carbonate ion, containing the
o semimetals of the same group that are brittle and do not conduct heat and
ANTIMONY, ARSENIC, AND anionic complex with a carbon atom at the center and an oxygen atom at corners
electricity, in which each of their atom is positioned closer to the 3 neighboring CARBONATES
BISMUTH of equilateral triangle that are strongly bonded individual units and do not share
atoms than the rest
oxygen atoms with one another; identified using the effervescence test with acid
 o CALCITE – members share common structure, with rhombohedral shape as its o also known as ring silicates, it is a group of silicates with silicon-oxygen
CYCLOSILICATES
structure, and considered derivative of NaCl structure tetrahedrons into rings, with overall Si:O ratio of 1:3
3 Groups of Anhydrous
o ARAGONITE – displays more limited solid solution than calcite
Carbonates o a group of silicates characterized by its one-dimensional chains created by the
o DOLOMITE – considered as a calcite-type structure with magnesium and calcium
cations occupy metal sites linkage of SiO4 tetrahedrons, with single chain having Si:O ratio of 1:3 and 2 chains
INOSILICATES
having Si:O ratio of 4:11, which has 2 rock-forming mineral families: single-chain
pyroxenes and double-chain amphiboles
2.7. Nitrates
o a mineral classification that is characterized by triangular groups that resemble the o also known as sheet silicates, it is a group of silicates that display 2D framework of
NITRATES carbonate groups, and have structures analogous to those of calcite group [ e.g. PHYLLOSILICATES infinite sheets of Si04 tetrahedrons with a Si:O ratio of 2:5, which shows sixfold
nitratite (soda nitre) and nitre (saltpetre) ] symmetry

7 o the number of only known naturally occurring nitrates o also known as framework silicates, it is a group of silicates with all oxygen atoms
of SiO4 tetrahedrons creating strongly bond structure with Si:O of ratio 1:2, in
TECTOSILICATES
2.8. Borates which comprises of almost 75% percent of the Earth’s crust having this type of 3D
o a mineral classification that contains boron-oxygen groups that can be link framework
BORATES
together to form chains and isolated multiple groups
o a phenomenon that causes minerals of borate class to link together, forming
POLYMERIZATION
chains and multiple groups

2.9. Sulfates
o a mineral classification that contains anionic groups, which are formed by tight
SULFATES
bonding of central S ion to neighboring oxygen atoms

o BARITE – most common anhydrous sulfate with barium surrounding 12 oxygen 3. MINERALS DEPOSITS
3 Most Frequently atoms
Occurring Sulfates o ANHYDRITE – with calcium surrounding 8 oxygen atoms
o GYPSUM – most important abundant hydrous sulfate o considered as a geological term, it is the name for an aggregate of a mineral in an
MINERAL DEPOSIT
unusually high concentration
2.10. Phosphates
o considered as an economic term, refers to minerals that can be smelted more
o a mineral classification that is characterized by tetrahedral anionic complexes ORE MINERALS readily than others and tend to be concentrated in small rock masses that form
PHOSPHATES analogous to the sulfate groups, which in total has almost 700 known species but special geological processes
most are quite rare
GANGUE o collective admixture of valueless minerals
o has a valence of positive 5, which is only slightly larger than sulfur ion with valence
PHOSPHORUS ION o the ease with which a mineral can be separated from the gangue and
of positive 6 2 Factors that Determine
concentrated for smelting
Suitability of Mineral to be
2.11. Silicates o smelting – releasing the metal from other elements to which it is chemically
an Ore Mineral
bonded in the mineral
o a mineral classification that comprises 25% of all known minerals and 40% of the
SILICATES most common ones, in which the structure is composed of a central silicon cation o CARBONATES AND SILICATES (e.g. manganese, magnesium)
bonded to 4 oxygen atoms Groups that are Considered o OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES (e.g. aluminum, iron, titanium)
Ore Minerals o NATIVE METALS (e.g. gold platinum)
Groups of Silicates
o NESOSILICATES o INOSILICATES o SULFIDES – largest group (e.g. copper, lead, zinc, silver)
According to Structural
o SOROSILICATES o PHYLLOSILICATES
Configuration
o CYCLOSILICATES o TECTOSILICATES
(NSCIPT)

o a group of silicates that have isolated groups of Si04, with tetrahedrons not
NESOSILICATES
polymerized as they are linked to one another by ionic bonds of cations
o a group of silicates that contain sets of 2 Si04 tetrahedrons joined by one shared
SOROSILICATES
apical oxygen, having a silicon-oxygen ratio of 2:7
 4. THE SILICATES o CRYSTAL STRUCTURE – consists of continuous, negatively charged, 3D framework
made up of corner sharing SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedrons
o PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – range from transparent to nearly opaque, have
o make up the 95% of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle, occurring as the major Characteristics of Feldspar nonmetallic lustres, and has Mohs hardness of 6
SILICATES
constituents of most igneous rocks o ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE – occur in all rocks, but widely distributed in igneous
o the basic structural unit of all silicate minerals, in which 1 silicon is surrounded by rocks
SILICON TETRAHEDRON o USES – used in glass and ceramic industries, also used as gemstones
4 oxygen atoms
o GARNETS o OLIVINES o ALKALI FELDSPAR – grains do not exhibit albite twinning ; include orthoclase,
2 Groups of Feldspars
Classification of Silicates o FELDSPAR o PYROXENES microcline, sanidine
(According to International
(GGFJOPAZ) o FELDSPATHOIDS o AMPHIBOLES o PLAGIOCLASE FELDSPAR – grains exhibit albite twinning ; continuous at both high
Union of Geological Sciences)
o JADE o ZEOLITES and low temperatures, include albite-anorthite solid solution series

o MACERALS – macerated bits of organic matter, primarily plant materials, which are
chief original constituents of all diverse coals and other organic rich-rocks
4.1. AMPHIBOLES Terms Related to Feldspar o PORPHYRY – an igneous rock containing conspicuous crystals, called phenocrysts,
o from the Greek word amphiboles – meaning ambiguous, it is a silicate group surrounded by a matrix of finer-grained minerals
AMPHIBOLES named by the French crystallographer and mineralogist Rene-Just Hauy (1801) in o POLARIZED – refers to light that vibrates in a single plane
allusion to the great variety of composition of this mineral group
4.3. FELDSPATHOIDS
o CRYSTAL STRUCTURE - includes double chain of corner-linked silicon-oxygen
tetrahedron that extend indefinitely parallel to the c crystallographic axis o a silicate group made of aluminosilicate minerals similar to felspars in chemical
Characteristics of FELDSPATHOIDS composition, but either having low silica-alkali ratio or containing chloride, sulfide,
o PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – long fibrous crystal habit with Mohs hardness between 5
Amphiboles or carbonate
to 6, specific gravity about 2.9 to 3.6, and yields water when heated in a tube
o ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE – crystallize in both igneous and metamorphic rocks
o CRYSTAL STRUCTURE – have framework structures same with felspar but the
o the number of chemically defined end-member amphibole compositions according arrangement differs from species to species
76 o PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – has properties of nepheline, leucite, and sodalite
to the British mineralogist Bernard E. Leake Characteristics of
o ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE – considered rare as they are used in naming alkali
o IRON-MAGNESIUM-MANGANESE AMPHIBOLE GROUP Feldspathoids
4 Principal Sub-Divisions of igneous rocks
o CALCIC AMPHIBOLE GROUP o USES – nepheline, a feldspathoids, are used as source of soda, silica, and alumina
Amphibole based on B-
o SODIC-CALCIC AMPHIBOLE GROUP in glass and ceramics manufacture
Group Cation Occupancy
o SODIC AMPHIBOLE GROUP
4.4. GARNETS
o PYRIBOLE - refers to any member of the biopyribole group excluding the sheet
silicates GARNETS o a silicate group favored by lapidaries and widely used as abrasive
o BIOPYRIBOLE - the term used to describe any mineral that has both I beams and o CRYSTAL STRUCTURE – consists of independent groups of SiO4 tetrahedrons linked
Terms Related to sheetlike structures to BO6, thus forming 3D framework
Amphiboles o HORNBLENDE- refers to amphiboles of intermediate composition that occurs in o PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – have vitreous to resinous lustres, ranges from transparent
various plutonic igneous rocks to opaque, with Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7.5
o AUREOLE - the zone surrounding an intrusion, which is mass of igneous rock is Characteristics of Garnets
o ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE – most common in metamorphic rocks and resistant to
solidified between other rocks located on Earth weathering processes
o USES – its properties led to recovery and size-sorting of garnet for use of abrasives
4.2. FELDSPAR such as sandpaper
o a silicate group that constitutes aluminosilicate minerals containing calcium,
FELDSPAR 4.5. JADE
sodium, and potassium – which make up more than half of the Earth’s crust
o a silicate group that refers to either of 2 tough, compact green gemstones that
JADE
take a high polish

o JADEITE – highly priced; a silicate of sodium and aluminum and classified as

2 Classification of Jade pyroxene
o NEPHRITE – silicate of calcium and magnesium and classified as tremolite
4.6. OLIVINES
5. SILICA MINERALS
o a silicate group of common magnesium, iron, and silicate minerals that is most
OLIVINES abundant in the upper mantle
o its name is derived from the unusual yellow-green color of magnesium-iron series o composed of any forms of silicon dioxide, which make up approximately 12% of
SILICA MINERALS
the Earth’s crust and second only to feldspar in mineral abundance
o CHEMICAL COMPOSITION – most abundant olivine occur is forsterite and fayalite
o CRYSTAL STRUCTURE – crystallize in orthorhombic crystal system and considered o PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES – has 3D arrays of linked tetrahedrons,
as neosilicate each consisting of a silicon atom coordinated by 4 oxygen atoms; when pure, they
Characteristics of Silica
Characteristics of o PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – has 2 cleavages that are well developed in iron-rich are colorless and transparent and has vitreous lustre and has Mohs hardness of 7
Minerals
Amphiboles varieties o USES – quartz, a silica mineral, are used in significant quantities as millions are
o CRYSTAL HABIT AND FORM – occur commonly as compact masses consumed annually
o ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE – appear in all types of rocks but dominant in igneous
rocks and are vulnerable to weathering

4.7. PYROXENES
o a silicate group considered most significant and abundant group of rock-forming
ferromagnesian silicates that are found in almost every variety of igneous rocks
PYROXENES
o it is derived from the Greek word pyro – meaning fire, and xenos – meaning
stranger, and was given by Hauy to greenish crystals found in many lavas

o also known as orthorhombic pyroxenes it is common silicate minerals within

pyroxene that occur as fibrous green masses in igneous and metamorphic rocks;
ORTHOPYROXENE
the commonest silicate in meteorites and major constituent of most chondrites;
magnesium-rich

CLINOPYROXENES o a pyroxene group that are also called as monoclinic pyroxene and are calcium-rich

o CHEMICAL COMPOSITION – includes pure magnesium silicate and pure ferrous

iron silicate
o PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – has 2 directions of cleavage that intersect with one
Characteristics of Pyroxene another, has prismatic crystal habit, and has Mohs hardness of 5 to 7, and do not
yield water when heated in a tube
o ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE – abundant in igneous and metamorphic rocks and
classified as ferromagnesian minerals

4.8. ZEOLITES
o a silicate group that belong to a family of hydrated aluminosilicate minerals that
ZEOLITES contain alkali and alkaline-earth metals, which has 3D framework with each oxygen
atom shared by 2 tetrahedra