Lecture Ten
Multiple Integrals
continued…
Double Integrals in Polar Form
We can change from Cartesian coordinate to Polar
coordinate by the following substitutions,
x r cos , y r sin dA J ( r , ) dr d
Where the Jacobian of transformation is
x x
( x, y ) cos r sin
J (r , ) r r
(r , ) y y sin r cos
r
Hence;
2 f 2 ( )
f ( x, y) dA
R
f1 ( )
f (r cos , r sin ) r dr d
1
Example (1)
2 2
Evaluate ( x y ) dA ,
R
where R is the region bounded by the quarter circle: x 2 y 2 1
in the first quadrant.
Solution:
This integral is difficult to evaluate. So, we use the polar coordinates.
Put,
x r cos , y r sin , dA r dr d
x2 y2 r 2 0 /2 , 0 r 1
Then,
Example (2)
e
x2 y2
Evaluate dA ,
R
where R is the semicircular region bounded
by the x-axis and the curve: y 1 x .
2
Solution:
Using polar coordinates,
x r cos , y r sin , dA r dr d
x2 y2 r 2 0 , 0 r 1
Then,
Example (3)
Evaluate
f ( x, y) dA where f ( x, y ) x 2 y 2
3/ 2
and R is the
R
region bounded by the circle: x 2 y 2 4 .
Solution:
Using polar coordinates,
x r cos , y r sin , dA r dr d
x2 y2 r 2 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 0≤𝑟≤2
Then,
2 2
64
r
2
32
f ( x, y) dA r dr d 0 5 d 5
2 3/ 2
R 0 0
Example (4)
Evaluate 2
(3 x 4 y ) dA
R
where R is the region in the upper half-plane bounded by
the circles x2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + y2 = 4 .
Solution:
Using polar coordinates,
x r cos , y r sin , dA r dr d
Then,
2
(3 x 4 y ) dA
R
2
(3r cos 4r 2 sin 2 ) r dr d
0 1
2
(3r 2 cos 4r 3 sin 2 ) dr d
0 1
(3r cos 4r sin ) r dr d
0 1
2
(3r cos 4r sin ) dr d
2 3 2
0 1
[ r 3 cos r 4 sin 2 ]rr 12 d
0
(7 cos 15sin ] d 2
0
[7 cos 152 (1 cos 2 )] d
0
15 15
7 sin sin 2
2 4 0
15
2
Example (5)
Evaluate
R
( x 2 y 2 ) dA where R is the region in the first quadrant
bounded by the circles: x2 + y2 = 1 , x2 + y2 = 4 and the lines x = 0,
y=x.
Solution:
Using polar coordinates,
x r cos , y r sin , dA r dr d
x 2 y 2 r 2 0𝜋Τ4 ≤ 𝜃 ≤/𝜋2Τ, 2 1 r 2
Then,
/2 / 22 2 / /2/222 /2
152
15
(
) dA ( x rr yrr dr
x ( x y )y dA dd r rddr
d
2 2 2 2 2 22 2
)drdA d
/040 1 4
R R /4 /14 1
4 0
R
15 15
4 2 4 16
Applications on Double Integrals
1- Area of a region R
Let f be a continuous function of two variables such that
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≥ 𝟎 for every (𝒙, 𝒚) in a region R; Then the area A
of the region R is given by,
A
R
dA
R
r dr d
2- Volume of a solid
The volume V of the solid that lies under the graph of
𝐳 = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) and over the region R is given by,
V f ( x, y) dA
R
f ( x, y)
R
r dr d
Example (6)
Find the area enclosed by one loop of the four-leaved rose r = cos 2θ.
Solution:
From the figure, we see that a loop is given by the region:
D = {(r, θ) | –π/4 ≤ θ ≤ π/4, 0 ≤ r ≤ cos 2θ}
So, the area is:
/4 cos 2
A( D) dA r dr d
/ 4 0
D
/4
[ 12 r 2 ]cos
0
2
d
/ 4
/4
1
2
/4
cos 2 2 d
/4
1
4
/4
(1 cos 4 ) d
sin 4 / 4
/4
1
4
1
4
8
Example (7)
Find the volume of the solid bounded by the paraboloid
z = 1 – x2 – y2 and the plane z = 0.
Solution:
If we put z = 0 in the equation of the paraboloid, we get
x2 + y2 = 1.
Hence, the z-plane intersects the paraboloid in the circle
x2 + y2 = 1.
The solid lies under the paraboloid and above the circular
disk D given by x2 + y2 ≤ 1.
In polar coordinates, D is given by 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
The volume is given by:
2 1
V (1 x y ) dA
2 2
(1 r 2 ) r dr d
0 0
D
2 1
d (r r 3 ) dr
0 0
1
r r 2 4
2
2 4 0 2
Example (8)
Find the area of the region bounded by y = x and y = x2 in the first
quadrant.
Solution:
The points of intersection are x = 0 or x = 1.
So, the area is:
1 x 1
A dA dy dx
xy x
2 dx
R 0 x2 0
1
x x
x
1 2 3
x 2
dx
0 2 3 0
1 1 1
2 3 6
Example (9)
Find the area of the region bounded by y = x2 and the line y = x+2.
Solution:
The points of intersection are x = -1 or x = 2.
So, the area is:
1 x2 1
y
x2
A dy dx x2 dx
1 x 2 1
1
x x
x
1 2 3
2 x 2
dx 2x
1 2 3 1
1 1 1 1 9
2 2
2 3 2 3 2
Example (10)
Find the area of the region bounded by the parabolas y = x2 and
𝑥 2 +1
𝑦= .
2
Solution:
The points of intersection are x = -1 or x = 1.
So, the area is:
( x 2 1) / 2
1 ( x 1) / 2
2
1
A
1
dy dx y
1
dx
x2 y x2
1
1
x 1 2
2
x x 2 3
1 2 x dx 2 6 3
1
Example (11)
Find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded by the
circles: x2 + y2 = 1 , x2 + y2 = 4 and the lines x = 0, y = x .
Solution:
Using polar coordinates,
x r cos , y r sin , dA r dr d
x 2 y 2 r 2 0𝜋Τ4 ≤ 𝜃 ≤/𝜋2Τ, 2 1 r 2
Then,
/2 2
3 3 3
/2
A=
R
dA r dr d d
/4 1 /4 2 2 2 4 8
Example (12)
Find the area of the region in the x-y plane bounded by the
Lemniscates: r 2 a 2 cos 2 .
Solution:
Using polar coordinates,
n , dA r dr d
From the symmetry of the figure, the
area is four times the area in the first
quadrant.
Then,
/ 4 a cos 2 /4
A 4
0
0
r dr d 2
0
a 2 cos 2 d a 2 .
Example (13)
Find the volume of the prism whose base is the triangle in the x-y
plane bounded by the x-axis and the lines y = x and x =1 and whose
top lies in the plane z = 3 – x – y .
Solution:
V f ( x, y) dA
R
1 x
V (3 x y)
0 0
dy dx
3 y x y y / 2 0 dx
1
x
2
3 x
1
1
3 x / 2 dx 3x / 2 x / 2 1.
2 2 3
0
0
Example (14)
Find the volume of the solid in space bounded by the four planes
x = 0 , y = 0 , z = 0 , 3x + 4y =10 and the graph of the surface z = x2 + y2 .
Solution:
V f ( x, y) dA
R
10 3 x
x
10 / 3 4
V 2
y 2 dy dx 12.056
0 0
OR
10 4 y
x
5/ 2 3
V 2
y 2 dx dy 12.056
0 0
Example (15)
Find the volume of the part of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 lying
above the x-y plane.
Solution:
V f ( x, y) dA
R
Using polar coordinates,
x r cos , y r sin , dA r dr d
x2 y2 r 2 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 0≤𝑟≤1
2 1 2
V 1 r 2
r dr d
1
3 (1 r ) d
2 3/ 2 1
0
0 0 0
2
1 2
3 0 3
