CALCULUS II
Chapter 2: MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
LE THAI THANH
HCMC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Unit 4: DOUBLE INTEGRALS
DOUBLE INTEGRALS:
Definition and Properties
Definition 1: Let f px , y q be a function defined on the
bounded region D of R2 . We divide D into n subregions
D1 , D2 , . . . , Dn . Suppose ∆Dk be the area of the subregion
Dk where k “ 1, 2, . . . , n. Denote λ as a maximum diameter
of these subregions. In the subregion Dk we choose an arbi-
trary point pxk , yk q. Compute the sum:
n
ÿ
σn “ f pxk , yk q∆Dk
k“1
If there exists the limit I “ lim σn such that λ Ñ 0 when
nÑ8
n Ñ 8, then the value I is called the double integral of f on
D and is denoted by
ij ij
I“ f px , y qdA “ f px , y qdxdy
D D
Properties of Double Integrals
ij ij ij
(a) rf px , y q`gpx , y qsdA “ f px , y qdA` gpx , y qdA
D D D
ij ij
(b) Cf px , y qdA “ C f px , y qdA , C is a constant.
D D
Properties of Double Integrals
(c) If f px , y q ď gpx , y q for all px , y q in D, then
ij ij
f px , y qdA ď gpx , y qdA
D D
(d) If D “ D1 Y D2 and D1 X D2 ‰ H, then
ij ij ij
f px , y qdA “ f px , y qdA ` f px , y qdA
D D1 D2
ij
(e) 1 ¨ dA “ ApDq - the area of the region D.
D
(f) If m ď f px , y q ď M for all px , y q in D, then
ij
m ¨ ApDq ď f px , y qdA ď M ¨ ApDq
D
EVALUATE DOUBLE
INTEGRALS
CASE 1
If the region D is given by (See Figure)
D “ tpx , y q | a ď x ď b; g1 px q ď y ď g2 px qu
¨ ˛
ij żb gż2 px q żb gż
2 px q
f px , y qdA “ ˝ f px , y q dy ‚ dx “ dx f px , y qdy
˚ ‹
D a g1 px q a g1 px q
ij
Example 1: Evaluate I “ px ` 2y qdA where D is the
D
region bounded by the parabolas y “ 2x 2 and y “ 1 ` x 2 .
Solution :
The parabolas intersect when
2x 2 “ 1 ` x 2 , that is, x 2 “ 1, so
x “ ˘1. The region D is shown
in Figure and we can write
D “ t´1 ď x ď 1, 2x 2 ď y ď 1`x 2 u
ż 1 ż 1`x 2 ż1
‰y “1`x 2
xy ` y 2
“
I “ px ` 2y q dy dx “ y “2x 2
dx
´1 2x 2 ´1
ż1
x p1 ` x 2 q ` p1 ` x 2 q2 ´ x p2x 2 q ´ p2x 2 q2 dx
“ ‰
“
´1
ż1
´3x 4 ´ x 3 ` 2x 2 ` x ` 1 dx
` ˘
“
´1
˙ ˇx “1
x5 x4 x3 x2
ˆ
ˇ 32
“ ´3 ´ `2 ` ` x ˇˇ “
5 4 3 2 x “´1 15
ij
Example 2: Evaluate I “ px 2 ` y 2 qdA where D is the
D
region bounded by the line y “ 2x and the parabola y “ x 2 .
Solution :
From the figure we see that the
region D is given by
D “ t0 ď x ď 2, x 2 ď y ď 2x u
ż 2 ż 2x ż2„ ȷy “2x
2 2 2 y3
I “ px ` y q dy dx “ x y` dx
0 x2 0 3 y “x 2
ż2„
p2x q3 px 2 q3
ȷ
2 2 2
“ x p2x q ` ´ x px q ´ dx
0 3 3
ż2ˆ
8x 3 x6
˙
“ 2x 3 ` ´ x4 ´ dx
0 3 3
14 x 4 x 5 x 7 ˇˇx “2 7 ¨ 24 25 27
ˆ ˙ˇ
216
“ ¨ ´ ´ “ ´ ´ “
3 4 5 21 x “0
ˇ 6 5 21 35
CASE 2
If the region D is given by (See Figure)
D “ tpx , y q | c ď y ď d; h1 py q ď x ď h2 py qu
¨ ˛
ij żd hż
2 py q żd hż
2 py q
f px , y qdA “ f px , y qdx ‚dy “ dy f px , y qdx
˚ ‹
˝
D c h1 py q c h1 py q
ij
Example 3: Evaluate I “ xy dA where D is the region
D
bounded by the line y “ x ´ 1 and the parabola y 2 “ 2x ` 6.
Solution :
From the figure we see that the
region D is given by
$ ,
& ´2 ď y ď 4, .
D“ y2
% ´3ďx ďy `1 -
2
ż 4 ż y `1 ż4 „ ȷx “y `1
x2
I “ xy dx dy “ y dy
´2 y 2 {2´3 ´2 2 x “y 2 {2´3
ż4 „
py ` 1q2 py 2 {2 ´ 3q2
ȷ
“ y´ y dy
´2 2 2
ż4 ˆ
y5
˙
“ 2y 3 ` y 2 ´ ´ 4y dy
´2 8
ˆ 4 ˙ ˇy “4
y y3 y6 2 ˇ
ˇ
“ ` ´ ´ 2y ˇ
2 3 48 y “´2
ˆ ˙ ˆ ˙
64 256 8 4
“ 128 ` ´ ´ 32 ´ 8 ´ ´ ´ 8 “ 36
3 3 3 3
DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN
POLAR COORDINATES
Recall from Figure that the po-
lar coordinates pr , θq of a point
are related to the rectangular
coordinates px , y q by the equa-
tions
x “ r cos θ, y “ r sin θ
y
r 2 “ x 2 ` y 2 , tan θ “
x
So any region in the rectangular coordinates could be changed
to the polar coordinates. For example, a disk
D “ tpx , y q | x 2 ` y 2 ď 1u
can be rewritten in the polar coordinates as
D “ tpr , θq | 0 ď r ď 1, 0 ď θ ď 2πu
CASE 3
If the region D is given in the polar coordinates by
D “ tpr , θq | α ď θ ď β; h1 pθq ď r ď h2 pθqu
ij ż β ż h2 pθq
f px , y qdA “ f pr cos θ, r sin θq r dr dθ
α h1 pθq
D
ij
Example 4: Evaluate I“ p3x ` 4y 2 q dA where D is
D
the region in the upper half-plane bounded by the circles
x 2 ` y 2 “ 1 and x 2 ` y 2 “ 4.
Solution :
From the figure we see that the
region D is given by
D “ t1 ď r ď 2, 0 ď θ ď πu
żπż2
I “ p3r cos θ ` 4r 2 sin2 θqr dr dθ
0 1
żπ ż2
“ p3r 2 cos θ ` 4r 3 sin2 θq dr dθ
0 1
żπ« ˇr “2 ˇr “2 ff
ˇ ˇ
“ cos θ ¨ r 3 ˇˇ ` sin2 θ ¨ r 4 ˇˇ dθ
0 r “1 r “1
żπ
7 cos θ ` 15 sin2 θ dθ
“ ‰
“
ż0π „ ȷ
15
“ 7 cos θ ` p1 ´ cos 2θq dθ
0 2
ˆ ˙ ˇθ“π
15 15 ˇ 15π
“ 7 sin θ ` θ ´ sin 2θ ˇˇ “
2 4 θ“0 2
ij
Example 5: Evaluate I “ px 2 ` y 2 q dA where D is the
D
region inside the circles x 2 ` y 2 “ 2x .
Solution :
From the figure we see that the
region D is given by
# π π +
´ ďθď ,
D“ 2 2
0 ď r ď 2 cos θ
ż π{2 « ff
r 4 ˇˇr “2 cos θ
ż π{2 ż 2 cos θ ˇ
I “ pr 2 qr dr dθ “ dθ
´π{2 0 ´π{2 4 ˇr “0
ż π{2 ż π{2
“ 4 cos4 θ dθ “ 8 cos4 θ dθ
´π{2 0
ż π{2 ˆ ˙2
1 ` cos 2θ
“ 8 dθ
0 2
ż π{2 „ ȷ
1 ` cos 4θ
“ 2 1 ` 2 cos 2θ ` dθ
0 2
ˆ ˙ ˇθ“π{2
3 1 ˇ 3π
“ 2 θ ` sin 2θ ` sin 4θ ˇˇ “
2 8 2
θ“0
APPLICATIONS OF
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
The Area of The Region
The area of the closed, bounded region D in the plane is given
by ij
ApDq “ 1 dA
D
Example 6: Find the area of the region bounded by the
parabola y 2 “ 4x ` 4 and the line x ` y “ 2.
Solution : The parabola y 2 “ 4x ` 4 intersects the line
x ` y “ 2 at the points p0, 2q and p8, ´6q. The region D can
1 2
be expressed as D “ t´6 ď y ď 2, 4y ´ 1 ď x ď 2 ´ yu
ż 2 ż 2´y
ApDq “ dx dy
1 2
´6 4
y ´1
ż2 „ ˙ȷˆ
1 2
“ p2 ´ y q ´
y ´1 dy
´6 4
y 2 y 3 ˇˇy “2
ż2 ˆ
y2
˙ ˆ ˙ˇ
“ 3´y ´ dy “ 3y ´ ´
´6 4 2 12 ˇy “´6
ˆ ˙
2 64
“ 6´2´ ´ p´18 ´ 18 ` 18q “
3 3
Example 7: Use a double integral to find the area enclosed
by one loop of the four-leaved rose r “ cos 2θ.
Solution :
From the figure we see that the
region D is given by
! π π )
D “ ´ ď θ ď , 0 ď r ď cos 2θ
4 4
So the area is
ż π{4 ż cos 2θ ż π{4 ˆ 2 ˙ ˇcos 2θ
r ˇ
ApDq “ r dr dθ “ ˇ dθ
´π{4 0 ´π{4 2 ˇ
θ“0
1 π{4 1 π{4
ż ż
“ cos2 2θ dθ “ p1 ` cos 4θq dθ
2 ´π{4 4 ´π{4
ˆ ˙ ˇθ“π{4
1 1 ˇ π
“ θ ` sin 4θ ˇˇ “
4 4 θ“´π{4 8
The Volume of The Solid
Suppose that f is a function of two variables defined on a
closed region D and for any px , y q P D, f px , y q ě 0. Let V
be the solid that lies above D and under the graph of f , that
is,
V “ tpx , y , zq P R3 | 0 ď z ď f px , y q, px , y q P Du
Then the volume of V is given by the following formula
ij
V “ f px , y q dA
D
Example 8: Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by
the planes x ` 2y ` z “ 2, x “ 2y , x “ 0, and z “ 0.
Solution :
The tetrahedron T is bounded by the coordinate planes
x “ 0, z “ 0, the vertical plane x “ 2y , and the plane
x ` 2y ` z “ 2. Since the plane x ` 2y ` z “ 2 intersects the
xy -plane (whose equation is z “ 0) in the line x ` 2y “ 2,
we see that T lies above the triangular region D in the
xy -plane bounded by the lines x “ 2y , x ` 2y “ 2, and
x “ 0.
The plane x ` 2y ` z “ 2 can be written as z “ 2 ´ x ´ 2y ,
so the required volume lies under the graph of the function
z “ 2 ´ x ´ 2y and above
D “ tpx , y q | 0 ď x ď 1, x {2 ď y ď 1 ´ x {2u
Therefore
ij ż 1 ż 1´x {2
V “ p2 ´ x ´ 2y q dA “ p2 ´ x ´ 2y q dy dx
0 x {2
D
˘ ˇy “1´x {2
ż1 ˇ
2y ´ xy ´ y 2 ˇˇ
`
“ dx
0 y “x {2
px ´ 1q3 ˇˇx “1 1
ż1 ˇ
2
“ px ´ 1q dx “ “
0 3 ˇ
x “0 3
Surface Area
Let S be a surface with equation z “ f px , y q, where f has
continuous partial derivatives. For simplicity, we assume that
f px , y q ě 0 for all px , y q in the region D, that is the projection
of S on the xy -plane. Then the area of S is calculating by
d ˆ ˙2 ˆ ˙2
ij
Bf Bf
ApSq “ 1` ` dA
Bx By
D
Example 9: Find the surface area of the part of the surface
z “ x 2 ` 2y that lies above the triangular region D in the
xy -plane with vertices p0, 0q, p1, 0q, and p1, 1q.
Solution : The region D is described by D “ t0 ď x ď
1, 0 ď y ď x u. We get
ij a ij a
ApSq “ 2 2
1 ` p2x q ` p2q dA “ 5 ` 4x 2 dy dx
D D
ż1 a ˇx “1
2
1 2 ˇ
2 3{2 ˇ
“ x 5 ` 4x dx “ ¨ p5 ` 4x q ˇ
0 8 3 x “0
?
27 ´ 5 5
“
12
Density and Mass
Suppose the lamina occupies a region D of the xy -plane and
its density (in units of mass per unit area) at a point px , y q
in D is given by ρpx , y q, where ρ is a continuous function on
D. Then the total mass mijof the lamina is
m“ ρpx , y q dA
D
Physicists also consider other types of density. For example,
if an electric charge is distributed over a region D and the
charge density (in units of charge per unit area) is given by
σpx , y q at a point px , y q in D, then the total charge Q is
given by ij
Q“ σpx , y q dA
D
Example 10: Charge is distributed over the triangular region
D “ t0 ď x ď 1, 1 ´ x ď y ď 1u so that the charge density
at px , y q is σpx , y q “ xy , measured in coulombs per square
meter (C {m2 ). Find the total charge.
Solution :
ij ż1ż1 ż 1 2 ˇy “1
y ˇ
Q “ σpx , y qdA “ xy dy dx “ x ˇˇ dx
0 1´x 0 2 y “1´x
D
ż1 ȷx “1
1 2x 3 x 4
„
1 2 3 5
“ p2x ´ x q dx “ ´ “
2 0 2 3 4 x “0 24
Moments and Centers of Mass
Suppose the lamina occupies a region D and has density func-
tion ρpx , y q. Then the moment of the entire lamina about
the x -axis: ij
Mx “ y ρpx , y q dA
D
Similarly, the moment about the y -axis is
ij
My “ x ρpx , y q dA
D
The coordinates px , y q of the center of mass of a lamina
occupying the region D and having density function ρpx , y q
are My Mx
x“ , y“
m m
where m is the mass of the lamina.
Example 11: Find the mass and center of mass of a triangular
lamina with vertices p0, 0q, p1, 0q, and p0, 2q if the density
function is ρpx , y q “ 1 ` 3x ` y .
Solution :
The triangle is shown in Figure.
(Note that the equation of the up-
per boundary is y “ 2 ´ 2x .) The
mass of the lamina is
ż 1 ż 2´2x
m “ p1 ` 3x ` y qdydx
0 0
ż1„ ȷy “2´2x ż1
y2 8
“ y ` 3xy ` dx “ 4 p1 ´ x 2 qdx “
0 2 y “0 0 3
ij ż 1 ż 2´2x
1 3
x “ x ρpx , y qdA “ px ` 3x 2 ` xy qdydx
m 8 0 0
D
ż1„ 2 y “2´2x
ȷ
3 y
“ xy ` 3x 2 y ` x dx
8 0 2 y “0
ż1
3 3
“ px ´ x 3 qdx “
2 0 8
3 1 2´2x
ij ż ż
1
y “ y ρpx , y qdA “ py ` 3xy ` y 2 qdydx
m 8 0 0
D
ż1„ ȷy “2´2x
3 y2 y2 y3
“ ` 3x ` dx
8 0 2 2 3 y “0
ż1
1 11
“ p7 ´ 9x ´ 3x 2 ` 5x 3 qdx “
4 0 16
EXERCISES
ť
(1) Evaluate I “ D px 2 ` y 2 qdA where D is bounded by the lines
y “ x , x ` y “ 2, and x “ 0.
ť a
(2) Evaluate I “ D xy ´ y 2 dA where D is a trapezoid with
the vertices p1, 1q, p5, 1q, p10, 2q, and p2, 2q.
ť
(3) Evaluate I “ D px 2 ` y 2 qdA where D is bounded by the
circles x 2 ` y 2 “ ax , x 2 ` y 2 “ 2ax , (a ą 0 and y ě 0)
(4) Find the area of the region bounded by the circles
x 2 ` y 2 “ 2ax , x 2 ` y 2 “ 2bx , and the lines y “ x , y “ 0
(0 ă a ă b).
(5) Find the area of the region bounded by the cardioid
r “ ap1 ´ cos θq and r “ a ą 0 (outside of the cardioid)
(6) Find the volume of the solid bounded by the surfaces y “ x 2 ,
z “ y , and z ` y “ 2.
That’s all. Thanks a lot
...
