Mechanics of Materials

Lecture 2

Dr. Ibrahim Nabil Eldesouky

Faculty of Engineering
German International University (GIU)

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Objective

• The objective of the course is to introduce the Mechanical

Engineering students to the analysis and design of various
load bearing structures.

• Students will learn how to analyze the stresses and

deformations of various structural components subjected to
axial loading, torsion and bending as well as its application to
the design of simple structures.

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Course content
1. Introduction to the concept of
stress.
2. Axial Loading.
3. Torsion.
4. Pure Bending.
5. Analysis and Design of Beams
for Bending.
6. Shearing Stresses in Beams.
7. Transformations of Stress and
Strain
8. Buckling of Columns

Different loading conditions

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Reference

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Course information

Lecturer & TA availability Grading

• Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky • Assignments: 10%
• Office: S1.310
• Project and Quizzes: 20%
• Office hours: Tuesday 3rd slot, or by
appointment • Midterm Exam: 30%
• Email: ibrahim.eldesouky@giu-uni.de
• Final Exam: 40%

• Eng. Mariam Mamdouh. Contact hours

• Office: S1.214 • Credit points: 4 ECTS
• Lectures:
• Email: mariam.mamdouh@giu-uni.de • Sunday: 3rd slot (Robotics and
Manufacturing)
• Eng. Abdelrahman Khaled. • Wednesday: 4th slot (Automotive)
• Email: abdelrahman.khaled@giu-uni.de • Tutorials: once per week (check your
schedule)

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Chapter 1 – Concept of Stress

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Stress Analysis & Design Example

• Determine the stresses in

the members and
connections of the structure
shown.

• From a statics analysis:

FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

• Must consider the shearing

stress and bearing stress at
each pinned connection

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Pin Shearing Stresses

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Pin Shearing Stresses
• The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,
and C,
2
2  25 mm  6 2
A  r     491 10 m
 2 

• The force on the pin at C is equal to the

force exerted by the rod BC,
P 50 103 N
 C , ave    6 2
 102 MPa
A 49110 m

• The pin at A is in double shear with a

total force equal to the force exerted by
the boom AB,
P 20 kN
 A, ave    6 2
 40.7 MPa
A 49110 m

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Pin Shearing Stresses
• Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
the section with the largest shear force,
PE  15 kN
50 kN PG  25 kN (largest)

• Evaluate the corresponding average

shearing stress,
PG 25 kN
 B, ave    50.9 MPa
A 49110 6 m 2

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Pin Bearing Stresses

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the bar AB, we

have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b    53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm 

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,

we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b    32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm 

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Units
2

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Stress in Two Force Members
• Axial forces on a two force
member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• Transverse forces on bolts and

pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.

• Will show that either axial or

transverse forces may produce both
normal and shear stresses with respect
to a plane other than one cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

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Stress on an Oblique Plane

• Pass a section through the member forming

an angle q with the normal plane.

• Resolve P into components normal and

tangential to the oblique section,
F  P cosq V  P sin q

• The average normal and shear stresses on

the oblique plane are
F P cosq P
   cos 2 q
Aq A0 A0
cosq
V P sin q P
   sin q cosq
Aq A0 A0
cosq

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Maximum Stresses
• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
P P
 cos 2 q  sin q cosq
A0 A0

• The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
P
m    0
A0

• The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at

+ 45o with respect to the axis,
P P
m  sin 45 cos 45   
A0 2 A0

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State of Stress
• Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes.
• For equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses
are exerted on the hidden planes.
• The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
 Fx   Fy   Fz  0
Mx  My  Mz  0
• Consider the moments about the z axis:
 M z  0   xy Aa   yx Aa
 xy   yx

similarly, 𝜏 =𝜏 and 𝜏 =𝜏

• It follows that only 6 components of stress are

required to define the complete state of stress
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Factor of Safety
Structural members or machines Factor of safety considerations:
must be designed such that the • uncertainty in material properties
working stresses are less than the • uncertainty of loadings
ultimate strength of the material. • uncertainty of analyses
• number of loading cycles
FS  Factor of safety • types of failure
u ultimate stress • maintenance requirements and
FS   deterioration effects
 all allowable stress
• importance of member to structures
integrity
• risk to life and property
• influence on machine function

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Sample Problem 1.3

• Two loads are applied to the bracket BCD as

shown.
(a) Knowing that the control rod AB is to be
made of a steel having an ultimate normal stress
of 600 MPa, determine the diameter of the rod
for which the factor of safety with respect to
failure will be 3.3.
(b) The pin at C is to be made of a steel having
an ultimate shearing stress of 350 MPa.
Determine the diameter of the pin C for which
the factor of safety with respect to shear will
also be 3.3.
(c) Determine the required thickness of the
bracket supports at C, knowing that the
allowable bearing stress of the steel used is 300
MPa.

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Sample Problem 1.3 - Solution
(a) Knowing that the control rod AB is to be made of a steel having an ultimate normal
stress of 600 MPa, determine the diameter of the rod for which the factor of safety
with respect to failure will be 3.3.

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Sample Problem 1.3 - Solution

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Sample Problem 1.3 - Solution

• (b) The pin at C is to be made of a steel having an ultimate shearing

stress of 350 MPa. Determine the diameter of the pin C for which the
factor of safety with respect to shear will also be 3.3.
• Rc = 76.3 kN
• Is it a Single or Double shear joint?

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Sample Problem 1.3 - Solution

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Sample Problem 1.3 - Solution
(c) Determine the required thickness of the bracket supports at C, knowing
that the allowable bearing stress of the steel used is 300 MPa.

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Chapter 2 – Axial Loading

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Normal Strain

P
  stress 2P P
A  
 2A A
  normal strain 
L 
L P

A
2 
 
2L L
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Stress-Strain diagram

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Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

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Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

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Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity

• Below the yield stress

  E
E  Youngs Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity

• Strength is affected by alloying,

heat treating, and manufacturing
process but stiffness (Modulus of
Elasticity) is not.

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Fatigue

• Fatigue properties are shown on

S-N diagrams.

• A member may fail due to fatigue

at stress levels significantly below
the ultimate strength if subjected
to many loading cycles.

• When the stress is reduced below

the endurance limit, fatigue
failures do not occur for any
number of cycles.

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Deformations Under Axial Loading

• From Hooke’s Law:

 P
  E  
E AE
• From the definition of strain:


L
• Equating and solving for the deformation,
PL

AE
• With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,
Pi Li
 
i Ai Ei
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Example 2.01

SOLUTION:
• Divide the rod into components
at the load application points.

• Apply a free-body analysis on each

component to determine the
internal force

• Evaluate the total of the component

deflections.

Determine the deformation of

the steel rod shown under the
given loads.

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 SOLUTION:
• Apply free-body analysis to each
• Divide the rod into 3 sections:
component to determine internal forces,
R 60 kips 𝑃 = 60 × 10 lb (Tension)

𝑃 = −15 × 10 lb (Compression)

𝑃 = 30 × 10 lb (Tension)

• Evaluate total deflection,

Pi Li 1  P1L1 P2 L2 P3 L3 
      
A
i i iE E  1A A 2 A 3 


    
 60 103 12  15 103 12 30 103 16 
1
 

6 0.9 0. 9 0.3

29 10  
 75.9 103 in.

L1  L2  12 in. L3  16 in.   75.9  103 in.

A1  A2  0.9 in 2 A3  0.3 in 2
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Any questions?

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