MECH3020
Solid Mechanics II
(Spring 2015)
Professor Robin MA (melwma@ust.hk)
Room 2552, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Course details
Lecture: 13:30-14:50 every Tuesday and Thursday 6602
Tutorial: 16:30-17:20 every Tuesday 4502
Name
Email
Teaching assistant:
CHEN Tongheng
Textbook/recommended materials:
Mechanics of Materials (Global edition)
6/e or latest version
McGraw Hill
Beer, Johnston, Dewolf, and Mazurek
Supplementary text:
Mechanics of Materials (latest version)
Thomson
Gere
tchenai
MECH3020 Mid-term
test (close book)
during lecture
Please check with the
seating plan before
entering 6602
Course details
Assessment tools (Grading):
Assignments
(15%)
No late submission, upload a pdf file to the LMES by the deadline
The internet was crashed
Forgot to upload, I finished before the due
I miss the deadline, too many assignment, etc
Mid-term test
(35%)
Week 8: 13:30- 14:50, 26/03/2015 (Thu)
Final examination (50%)
Review
Extended version of Solid Mechanics I
Topics:
Review of Solid Mechanics I
Analysis and Design, Design Considerations
Repeated Loadings; Fatigue
Dilatation: Bulk Modulus
Stress-Strain Relationships for Fiber-Reinforced Composite
Materials
Stress Concentrations
Plastic Deformations and Residual Stresses
Bending of Members Made of Several Materials
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
Energy Methods
Review of Statics
The structure is designed to
support a 30 kN load
The structure consists of a boom
and rod joined by pins (zero
moment connections) at the
junctions and supports
Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in
each structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports
Structure Free-Body Diagram
Structure is detached from supports and the
loads and reaction forces are indicated
Conditions for static equilibrium:
Ay and Cy can not be determined from these
equations
Component Free-Body
In addition to the complete structure, each
Diagram
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
Results:
Reaction forces are directed along boom
and rod
Method of Joints
The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e., the
members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends
For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to to
an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions
Joints must satisfy the conditions for static
equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:
FB 0
FAB FBC 30 kN
4
5
3
FAB 40 kN
FBC 50 kN
Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
At any section through member BC, the
internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
From the material properties for steel, the
allowable stress is
Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate
Design
Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
For reasons based on cost, weight, availability, etc.,
the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum (sall= 100 MPa). What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is
adequate
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
The force intensity on that section is defined as
the normal stress.
F
A0 A
lim
ave
P
A
The normal stress at a particular point may not be
equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P ave A dF dA
A
The detailed distribution of stress is statically
indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.
Centric & Eccentric Loading
A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.
A uniform distribution of stress is only possible
if the concentrated loads on the end sections
of two-force members are applied at the
section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.
If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,
then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a
moment.
The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded
members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
Shearing Stress
Forces P and P are applied transversely to the
member AB.
Corresponding internal forces act in the plane of
section C and are called shearing forces.
The resultant of the internal shear force distribution
is defined as the shear of the section and is equal
to the load P.
The corresponding average shear stress is,
ave
P
A
Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to be
uniform.
Shearing Stress Examples
Single Shear
P F
ave
A A
Double Shear
ave
P F
A 2A
Bearing Stress in Connections
Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.
The resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.
Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing
stress,
b
P P
A td
Stress Analysis & Design Example
Would like to determine the
stresses in the members and
connections of the structure
shown.
From a statics analysis:
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
Must consider maximum
normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection
Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
At the rod center, the average normal stress in the circular
cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is sBC = +159 MPa.
At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional
area occurs at the pin centerline,
The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40 kN
and average normal stress of 26.7 MPa.
The minimum area sections at the boom ends are
unstressed since the boom is in compression.
Pin Shearing Stresses
The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,
and C,
The force on the pin at C is equal to the
force exerted by the rod BC,
The pin at A is in double shear with a total
force equal to the force exerted by the
boom AB,
Pin Shearing Stresses
Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
the section with the largest shear force,
Evaluate the corresponding average shearing
stress,
Pin Bearing Stresses
To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB, we
have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket, we
have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
Example
Corner arm is subjected to the loading
shown, find the required diameter of
the steel pin at C if the allowable
shear stress for the steel is
allow=55MPa
Factor of Safety
Structural members or machines
must be designed such that the
working stresses are less than the
ultimate strength of the material.
FS Factor of safety
FS
u
ultimate stress
all allowable stress
If structure failure to be avoided,
the loads that a structure is
capable of supporting must be
greater than the loads it will be
subjected to when in service
Factor of safety considerations:
uncertainty in material properties
uncertainty of loadings
uncertainty of analyses
number of loading cycles
types of failure
maintenance requirements and
deterioration effects
importance of member to
integrity of whole structure
risk to life and property
influence on machine function
Example-Factor of Safety
ABC is supported by a pin and bracket
at C and a cable BD.
It was designed to support the load P
(16kN).
The ultimate load for BD is 100kN,
determine the F.S. with respect to
cable failure
Example-Design
Rods AB and AC are made of steel
with failure tensile stress of
sfail=510MPa.
Using a F.S. = 1.75 for tension
Find the smallest diameters of both
rods, so that they can support the
load shown.
The beam is pin connected at A and C
Example -Design
The suspension system is pinned at C
and supported by the shock absorber
BD.
It is designed to support a load
P=1500N.
Find the required minimum diameter
of pins B and C.
F.S. is 2 against failure. The pins are
made of materials having a failure
shear stress of fail = 150MPa and
each pin is subjected to double shear
Below the yield stress
E
E Youngs Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity
Strength is affected by alloying, heat
treating, and manufacturing process
but stiffness (Modulus of Elasticity)
is not.
Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior
If the strain disappears when the
stress is removed, the material is
said to behave elastically.
The largest stress for which this
occurs is called the elastic limit.
When the strain does not return
to zero after the stress is
removed, the material is said to
behave plastically.
Fatigue
Fatigue properties are shown on SN diagrams.
A member may fail due to fatigue at
stress levels significantly below
the ultimate strength if subjected
to many loading cycles.
When the stress is reduced below
the endurance limit, fatigue
failures do not occur for any
number of cycles.
