THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

Paper 1

MARKNG SCHEME
(CONFIDENTIAL)

MISUKUHO HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT JOINT

EXAMINATION COUNCIL
. +.

FORM IV TERM I SERIES 2025

MARKING HELD AT GOD BER HIGH SCHOOL,

HOMA BAY COUNTY ON 20TH AND 21ST

FEBRUARY 2025

@The Kenya National Examinations Council

MISUKUHOHISTORYJOINTEXAMINATIONCOUNCIL
311/1MS

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 SECTION A

1. Name two groups of Coastal Bantus who moved into Kenya during pre-colonial period. (2 marks)

(i) Taita-Taveta
(ii) Pokomo
(iii) Mijikenda

2. State main role of diviners among African communities in Kenya in pre-colonial period. (1 mark)

(i) Interpret Gods messages to the people

3. State two Arab families which ruled the Kenyan Coast on behalf of the Sultan of Oman. (2 marks)
KCSE 2012P1Q6: Name one Arab family which ruled the Kenyan coast on behalf of the Oman. (1 mark)

(i) Mazrui/Mazaria family-administered Mombasa

(ii) Nabahan family administered Lamu)
(iii) Busaidi
4. Give the meaning of the term ‘conflict resolution.’ (1 mark)

(i) Process of settling a dispute/disagreement wen it occurs to avoid a situation that may lead to war
5. Name the commission which recommended a racially segregated system of education before
independence in Kenya. (1 mark)

(i) The Fraser Commission

6. Outline one right of old members of society which is enshrined in Constitution of Kenya. (1 mark)

(i) To participate in the society affairs through wise counselling

(ii) To pursue their personal development
(iii) To live in dignity and respect
(iv) To be free from all forms of abuse eg sexual abuse
(v) To receive reasonable care and assistance from immediate family members and the state

7. Name two types of human rights. (2 marks)

KCSE 2010P1Q17: Give one type of human rights. (1 mark)
(i) Solidarity rights eg the right to clean environment, peace and sustainable development.
(ii) Social and cultural rights eg the right to work and start a family.
(iii) Economic rights eg the right to own property.
(iv) Civic and politic rights eg the right to vote, think and to access information.

8. Name the person who introduced indirect rule as a method of administration in Kenya. ( 1mark)
(i) William Mackinnon

9. Give one reason why the Bristish government was reluctant to provide Africans with higher education in
colonial Kenya. (1 mark)
(i) They believed Africans had no mental capacity to pursue higher education

10. State the main difference between KANU and KADU formed in Kenya in 1960. (1 mark)
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 (i) KANU wanted a strong unitary government while KADU advocated for a federal/majimbo
government

11. State two methods used by the Coast African Association to air their grievances to the colonial
government. (2 marks)
(i) Using newspaper-the Coast African Express.
(ii) Sending memoranda to the colonial government.
12. Name two Asians who took part in the struggle for independence in Kenya. (2 marks)
KCSE 2010PP1Q7: Identify one Asian who took part in the struggle for independence in Kenya. (1 mark)

(i) Makhan Singh.

(ii) Pio Gama Pinto.
(iii) M.A Desai.
(iv) A.M Jevanjee,
13. Name the arm of government which was not devolved to the counties in Kenya. (1 mark)

(i) The Judiciary

14. State the composition of the Senate in Kenya. (2 marks)

(i) Elected members/Senators per county

(ii) Nominated members represent persons with disability and the youth
(iii) The Speaker

15. State two functions of the Director of Public Prosecutions in Kenya. (2 marks)

(i) Direct Inspector General of the National Police Service to investigate information/allegations of
criminal conduct.
(ii) Exercise state powers of prosecution.
(iii) Defend public interest/administer justice to prevent abuse of legal process.
(iv) Supervise and coordinate the work of state counsels.
(v) Undertake criminal proceedings against any person before any court other than the courts martial for
any offence alleges to have been committed.
(vi) Takeover/continue criminal proceedings commenced in a court other than court martial instituted by a
person/authority with their permission.
(vii) Discontinue with permission of court, before judgment is delivered any criminal proceedings
instituted/taken over by DPP.

16. State two roles that Thomas Joseph Mboya played in the Kenya African Union. (2 marks)
KCSE 1997P1Q: State two main roles that Thomas Joseph Mboya played in the Kenya African Union. (2 marks)

(i) Appointed Director of Publicity in 1952 where he exposed KAU policies.

(ii) Appointed KAU Treasurer in 1953 where he mobilized financial support.
(iii) Revitalized KAU and made it have a national outlook.

17. Identify the special court which handles cases within the military in Kenya. (1mark)
(i) The Court Martial

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18 a) Give three reasons why Kenyan communities fought each other before the 19th century. (3marks)

KCSE 2011P1Q3: Give two reasons why Kenyan communities fought each other during the pre-colonial
period? (2 marks)
(i) Due to competition for land for cultivation and settlement
(ii) Due to competition for water and pasture
(iii)To raid the cattle
(iv) To demonstrate their military power/strength
b) Describe the political organisation of the Somali during the pre-colonial period. (12 marks)

Political organization
KCSE1997: Describe the political organization of the Somali in Kenya during the precolonial period (10
marks)

(i) The basic political unit of the Somali was the clan, each with a name and occupying a specific territory
and it comprised of several related families.
(ii) They had a decentralized political system of government based on autonomous clans led by the
council of elders as they did not have an overall ruler
(iii)Clans were led by council of elders who made major decisions, maintained law and order, settled
disputes and acted as the final Court of Appeal
(iv) -Initiated boys at puberty formed an age set system, each with specific roles and duties to play.
(v) With the introduction of Islam, they had community leaders called Sultans and Sheikhs whose main
role was advisory.
(vi) There were warriors, a military organisation that defended community from enemies, external attacks
and conducted raids and assisted the council in general administration.
(vii) There existed special people like sheiks and medicine men who were highly regarded.

19 a) State three factors that led to growth of towns along the coast of Kenya before 19th C. (3 marks)

KCSE 2007P1Q19a: Identify five factors that led to the growth of towns along the coast of Kenya before
the 19th century (5 marks)

(i) The coming and settlement at the East African Coast by the early visitors
(ii) The development of Indian Ocean Trade
(iii) Towns established on the islands due to security
(iv) Presence of deep natural and well sheltered harbours
(v) Favourable climate for settlement/agriculture
(vi) Increased population due to intermarriages
(vii) Effective administration by rulers of the towns enabled them to expand
(viii) Settlement of Muslim refugees from Arabia who were fleeing civil wars
b) Describe the way of life in the coastal towns of Kenya before the 19th century. (12 marks)

(i) The towns and settlements where the people lived were politically independent entities and were led
and administered by Muslim leaders the Sultan/Sheikh.
(ii) The towns were governed and administered by Islamic code of sharia law.

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(iii) The main language of communication developed and spoken by the people who lived in the city states
was Kiswahili.
(iv) Main mode of dressing was influence by the Arabian way of dressing through buibui for women and
kanzus for men.
(v) Islam was the main religion practiced and predominant at the coast which was introduced by the
Arabs.
(vi) The people adopted Arabic/ and Persian architecture designs in construction of buildings e.g.
mosques.
(vii) They ate oriental diet and spiced foods and the main staple food was rice.
(viii) Main economic activity was Indian Ocean trade between Europeans and interior coastal communities
and also conducted fishing in the Indian Ocean for fish/sea food.
(ix) They practiced mixed farming where they domesticated animals, did fishing and grew crops like
bananas and cashew nuts and yams.
(x) They embraced Islamic education in the madrassas

20 a) Give three reasons why oathing was conducted during the Mau Mau uprising. (3 marks)

(i) Gave moral support to the freedom fighters.

(ii) United the soldiers and committed them to a cause.
(iii) Instill confidence among warriors.
b) Explain six factors which promoted nationalism in Kenya after 1945. (12 marks)
Internal factors
(i) Support from Trade Union Movements which educated workers on their rights and
provided/agitated for independence.
(ii) Support form Mau Mau movements/uprising which hastened independence as they fought for
land rights among other grievances.
(iii) The formation of National Political Parties eg KANU and KADU which helped to mobilize
Africans against colonial rule.
(iv) Most Africans had acquired western education which enabled them to understand political
developments and demand for independence.
External factors
(v) Support from the Labour Party in Britain which favoured delocalization.
(vi) Support from the Two Super Powers USA and USSR after the World War II for decolonization
of Africa.
(vii) Support for the United Nations Organizations in 1945 for the granting of political
independence/freedom to nations under colonialism.
(viii) Support from Pan African Leaders in 1945 like WEB Du Bois for self-determination and
political independence of Africa/they encouraged Africans to liberate themselves from colonial
rule.
(ix) The Signing of the Atlantic Charter by both Britain and USA which called for self-
determination and political independence of Africans.
(x) Inspiration from the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 and Ghana in 1957 encouraged
nationalists in Kenya to fight for political independence.
(xi) Support for World War II ex-soldiers/ex-servicemen from Kenya who used their experience to
organize and lead their independence.

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21 a) Give three grievances raised by Africans to the Duke of Devonshire in 1923. (3 marks)
(i) Return of alienated African land.
(ii) Representation in government.
(iii) Abolition of kipande and squatter system.
(iv) Disposal of their labour as they wished.
b) Discuss six ways in which the colonial government promoted settler farming in Kenya. (12marks)

KCSE 1996: Identify two factors which enabled the white settlers to establish farms in the White/Kenya
highlands during the colonial period.
KCSE 2002PP1Q20B: Explain six ways through which the colonial government promoted settler faming in
Kenya. (12 marks)
(i) Providing free/cheap land alienated from Africans through various land legislations.
(ii) By providing loans to settler farmers.
(iii) By proving cheap/free/forced labour to the settler farmers which ensured regular supply.
(iv) By providing transport and communication system eg railway line and roads which facilitated
farming.
(v) Providing security to settler farmers against possible African rebellion by defeating hostile
communities.
(vi) By banning/denying Africans the right to grow cash crops to force them look for employment
in settler farms.
(vii) Colonial government encouraged Africans to form cooperatives to enable the settlers
market/process their produce.
(viii) Offering credit facilities/loans to settlers to develop farming/extension services through the
Department of Agriculture and established financial institutions like AFC And banks.
(ix) Establishment of agro-based industries which created a ready market for produce.
(x) Introduction of kipande system which ensured that Africans remained in employment.
(xi) Removal of trade tariffs and grating of concessions to settlers.

SECTION C(30 MARKS)

22 a) Give five circumstances under which one’s freedom of expression may be limited. (5 marks)
KCSE2003P1Q12: State one reason why the government may limit the freedom of speech. (1 mark)
KCSE2008P1Q12: Give one reason why the government of Kenya may limit a person’s freedom of speech.
(1 mark)
KCSE 2016P1Q10: Identify one reason why the government may limit ones freedom of expression in Kenya.
(1 mark)
(i) If one makes untrue/malicious utterances about another individual or government/state.
(ii) If one publishes seditious documents/reveal government secrets.
(iii) If one incites others against government/other people through hate speech.
(iv) If one talks ill against the president.
(v) If one spreads propaganda aimed at provoking people to war/violence
(vi) If one is advocating for hatred

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 b) Discuss five results of conflicts in the society. (10 marks)

(i) Massive displacement of people who become refugees

(ii) Fear and insecurity due to anarchy/lawlessness
(iii) Loss of lives as people are killed in violence
(iv) Destruction of properties like farms and buildings
(v) Starvation due to disruption of agriculture and destruction of crops
(vi) Poverty due to decline in economy
(vii) Widespread human suffering and misery
23 a) Give five functions of correctional services in Kenya. (5 marks)

KCSE 1999PP1Q: State two functions of prisons in Kenya. (2 marks)

KCSE 2001PP1Q17: State the main function of the Prisons Department in Kenya.
(i) To rehabilitate/reform/ convicts and prisoners through counselling.
(ii) Confine prisoners convicted by courts of law so as to protect public rights and freedoms.
(iii) Keep watch over the behaviour of suspected criminals whose cases are still pending in law courts and
who are a threat to security by separating them from law abiding citizens.
(iv) Refrain /deter people from committing crime as they see offenders punished.
(v) Execute/implement decisions of the courts regarding treatment of prisoners.
(vi) Provide prisoners with relevant training skills useful and productive in post prisons life.
(vii) Take care of the welfare services of convicts/prisoners by providing them with the necessary medical
attention/spiritual nourishment/education.
b) Explain five challenges facing correctional services in Kenya. (10 marks)

KCSE 2006PP1Q24B: Explain five factors that make it difficult for the prisons Department (correctional
services) in Kenya to work effectively. (12 marks)
(i) Congestion in the correctional facilities due to high incidents of crime.
(ii) Outbreak of diseases like cholera in the congested and dilapidated correctional facilities, leading to
deaths.
(iii)Brutal mistreatment of convicts/inmates by prisons warders leading to torture/deaths.
(iv) Rising cases of crime in the prisons eg smuggling of illegal goods like mobile phones to prisons and
prison breaks
(v) Shortage of funds to buy food/medicine/clothing for the inmates.
(vi) Corruption where inmates pay to get better services.
(vii) Political interference and rapid changes
(viii) Cases of hardened inmates who are difficult to rehabilitate/reform like drug and alcohol
addicts.
(ix) Inadequate personnel to rehabilitate convicts effectively through counselling and vocational training.
(x) Poor living conditions of prison warders who are demoralized through low remuneration and poor
housing hence brutally mistreat convicts.

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24 a) State five changes made to the Constitution of Kenya between 1965 and 2002. (5 marks)

b) Describe the law making process in the National Assembly in Kenya. (10 marks)
Stages of law making in Kenya
KCSE1997PP1Q24A: What are the stages through which a bill passes before it becomes law in Kenya?
KCSE2001PP1Q24A: What are the stages through which a bill passes before it becomes law in Kenya?
a) Drafting Stage: the proposed bill in drafted by the attorney general
b) First Reading Stage: where the bill is read for members to acquaint themselves with its contents but no
debate/voting needed.
c) Second reading stage: where the bill is read, debated and minute details are discussed and
amendments/improvements proposed.
d) Committee Stage-where a relevant house committee scrutinize/analyze the bill and incorporate
recommendations/suggestions from Second Reading.
e) Report Stage: The committee reports its considerations to the house for MPs to confirm whether or no
their recommendations have been incorporated/effected.
f) Third reading stage: where a vote is taken to either accept or reject the bill and if approved, it is forwarded
to the president for assent.
g) Presidential assent stage where the bill is forwarded to the president for assent.