2°” PUC CHEMISTRY “CATALYST” FOR AY 2023-24 UNIT-O1; SOLUTIONS (13 1, State Henry's taw anid write equation, ‘Ans “At a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in liquid is directly proportional to the pertial pressure of the gat present above the rurface of the solution”. pe Kyex Where, p + partial pressure, Ky ~» Henry's constant and x -+ Mole fraction of gas in solution (solubility) 2. Explain the effect of temperature and pressure on solubility of a gas in liquid. ‘Ans: a) Effect of temperature: The solubility of a gas in liquid varies inversely with temperature, since jt is an exothermic proe (An <0), e ) Effect of pressure: The solubility of a gas in liquid varies directly with pressure (Henry's law). (2. State Raoult’s law and write equation, ‘Ans: "For a solution of volatile liquids, the partie! vapour pressure of each component of the solyyAQhs directly proportional to its mole fraction present in solution” pe p.x ‘Where, p =* partial vapour pressure , p® -* vapour pressure of pure liquid and x -+ mole fr 4A, Define osmosis, S. What is reverse osmosis? Give its use. Ans: The flow of solvent from higher concentration to lower concentrution thr; Use: Desalination of sea water to portable water. 6. What is osmotic pressure? Ans; The external pressure applied on solution to stop the osmosis (fl 7, What are Isotonic solutions? Give example. Ans; Two solutions having same ast pressure at a yiven temperature, Ex: fluid in blood cell is isotonic with 0.9% aqueous NaCl. 8, What are azeotrople mixtures? Give example. ‘Ans: The binary mixtures having same composition in liquid afQgpour phase abd boil ata constant temperature Ex: 68% nitric acid ~ water mixtuee. It is a maximum boiling azes 95% ethonol - water mixture. I unt boifipg, azeotrope, 9, What happens to the blood cell when it is pla (higher cone. than 0.9% aqueous NaCl)? Ans: Blood cell shrinks due to exosmosi h 10. What happens to the blood! aa place mpspliition (lower cone. than 0.9% aqueous NaCl)? ‘Ans: Blood cell swells de to endosi 11, How temperature does affes di nN ‘Ans: Molarity varies inversely will{tempel 12. How temperature does affeet molality’ Ans: Motality is independegy of temperature, ne 13._ Write the differences befiveen ideal and non3deal solution. — Ideal Sylutibiigyy Non-ideal solutions |i. These ol Tar [i These do not obey Raoult’s law LEmhalfy of mixing, Bailie O [ii Enthalpy of mixing, Oa,H #0 iit Vole of mixing, Bye 9, 0, [ii Volume of mixing, BicY #0 iv. A-B interactions # A-A and B-B interactions iw A= interactions = AA angiB-B interactions [i Example: jonef eben ‘and n-heptane Example: solution of chloroform and acetone arity? 14. Write the aug + between non-ideal solutions showing positive and negative deviation from Ravult’s law. Non-Ideal Solutions Showing Positive Deviation. Non-Ideal Solutions Showing Negative Deviation i. These are minimum boiling azeotropes i. These are maximum boiling azeotropes - iL Enthalpy of mixing, OigH = + ve Enthalpy of mixing, dmigl! = —ve in. Volume of mixin, AgeV = + ve Volume of mixing, dmeV = —ve iy. A — B interactions < A-A and B-B interactions iv. A= B interactions > A-A and B-B interactions ¥. Vapour pressure of solution is higher than that ‘y. Vapour pressure of solution is Tower than that predicted predicted by Raoult’s law by Raoult’s law Example: mix of CS; & acetone — Example: mix of chloroform & acetone ——--——-: Sri K Santhosh, M.Sc, B @ scanned with OKEN Scanner15. LOmL of liquid A and 10mL of liquid B are mixe deviation could be expected from Raoult's law? Ans Since volume of mixing, AmieV = — ve, negative deviation from Raoult's law could be expected - WOmL of liquid A and 10mL of liquid B are mixed then Volume of solution found to be 20.1mL. What type of deviation could be expected from Raoult's law? | Ans: Since volume of mixing, Byjg¥ = + ve, positive deviation from Raoult’ law could be expected. 17. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature Is 0.850 bar. A non-volatile, non-electrolyte solid Weighing 0.5 g when added to 39.0 g of benzene (molar mass 78 g mol"). Vapour pressure of the solatfon, then, {s 0.845 bar, What is the molar mass of the solid substance? Ans: vapour pressure of pure solvent (benzene), p° = 0.850 bar, vapour pressure of solution, p = 0 Weight of solvent (benzene), wy = 39 g ; molar mass of solvent (benzene), M, = 78 gmol™! Weight of solute, w = 0.5 g : Molar mass of solute, My =? ‘d then volume of solution found to be 19.9mL. What type of Wa xMy wi XM; Molar mass of solute,M, = 22 Ms*P"__ 0.5 x (70g mol™?) x 0.85bar wi x(p° =p)” 39x (O.8Sbar— OBtSpay 18. The boiling point of benzenc is 353.23 K. When 1.80 g of a nou-volatife ute war dissolved IMO g of benzene, the boiling point is raised to 354.11 K. Calculate the molar mass of ¢ Kkg mol-'? Ans: Botling point of bencene (solvent), TE = 363.23 K ; Duiling p Elevation of boiling peint, 4%, = T,— TY = 354.11K - 353.23 K = 0.8 Weight of solvent (benzene), Wy = 90 B: molar mass uf solv Weight of solute, wy = 1.8 g ; Molar mass of solute, My Ebullioscopic constant for benzene, Ky = 2.53 K kg mol~* Ky x we x 1000 ¢ kg"? Relative lowering of vapour pressure: 2 > P Elevation of boiling point, a7; Molar mass of salute, M, — = 575 amar 19. 1.00 g of a non-clectrolyte sost€'Ussolved In SU Qf benzené lowered the Freezing polnt of benzene by 040 K."The freezing point depression cigstant Sfthenzene is 5.1%) Find the molar mass of the solute? Ans: Depression of freczing point AT; — TART; = 0.402"; Weight of soivent (benzene), w, = 50 g: Molar mass of solvent (benzene), My = 78 x mol ight of solute, wy = 1.0 g; Molar mass of solute, My eager = 5.12 Kkg mol! Sat Ky rx Ww, & L000 g ke - Hepressinrhof freezing yoint, Sy 1 Keg mol™!)x 1g x (1000 g kg wi xT, s0gx04K = 2563 : 20. 200 em'@an aqueous sfilution of a ‘otein contains 1.26 g of the protein. The osmotic pressure of such a solution at Calculate thé inolar mass of the protein? fut. = 200 cm} = 200mL n). Wo = 1.26 y. Moiar mass uf suiule, My constant, R= 0.0831. har K~'mol! Osmotic pressure of solution, w = 2.57x1073 bar Ans: Volume of sa Weight of solute (prot “Temperature, T-300K, Weal g wy XRXTx 1000 mb 7 Mz X Vink Osmotic pressure, m= Lecturer in Ch @ scanned with OKEN ScannerWy XRXT x 1000 mL L-* 1x Vnt x (0.0031 bar K“!mol™!) x 300K x 1000 mL ZS7x10- bar x 200mi. Molar mass of solute, M, = 1.268 Molar mass of solute,My = 61022 gmol~? 21. Define van't Hoff factor. ‘Ans: It eecounts for the extent of dissociation or association, __ _Rormal molar mass ‘abnormal molar mass 22. Write the value of ' for complete dissociation of (i) NaCI (i MgSO, (ill)K:SOy (iv) Ans: (I) NaCI; i = 2 Gi)MeSO«; 1 2 (ili)KsSO. 51 = 3 (iv) KefFe(CN).) 1 = 5 UNIT 02: ELECTROCHEMISTRY (14 mar) 23. Write cell representation, half-cell reaction, value of E;,y and draw schema| Eaplain construction of Dantel cell. Ans: Zinc metal is placed in 1M ZnSO«and copper metal is placed in IM CuSO, and these two beakers are connected by salt bridge to neutralize the electrolytic solutions. Overall cell reaction: Znyy)+ Cu?* + Zn?* + Cu) Standard electrode potential, Ezy = 1-1 volts Sn representation of Dal emf ofthe Daniel cell; Een 059¥ yp 2 OB (curr Cell representation of SHE: Zine ftn** // Cu?* / Coy y 24, Write cell representation, half-cell reaction, electrode). ‘Ans:SHE is a reference electrode, ws half cells. The platinum coat Electrode: platinum coated Electrolyte: 1M HCI, pH =0 Pressure: I bar Hal fell reaction: Hyg) # Standard electrode potential Y Cell represen ‘SHE: 25. State Kohlrausch’s law and give its equation for NaCl. Ans: ‘The limiting molar conductivity(A%,) of en electrolyte is the sum of limiting, molar conductivity of cation (A$) and anion (42). AQ, = n,a3 + na Whar, vz — stoichiometry (number) of cations; v_ -+ stoichiometry (number) of anions, Ex: Limiting molar conductivity of NaCl; AP, cacy = Anat + Abe 26, Identify reducing agent and oxidizing agent. E7-/, = +2.87V and Ans: Flourine is a strong oxidizing agent and lithium is a strong reducing agent 27, State Faraday's first law of electrol Ans: The amount of chemical reaction takes place at any electrode during electrolysis by a current (1) is propor of eleciricity (Q) passed through clectrolyte. Q = It 28, State Faraday’s second law of electrolysis, ‘Ans: The amount of different substances liberated by the same quantity of electricity passing through the electrolyte is proportional to their chemical equivalent al to quantity Stik Santhosh, M.Sc, B.Ed, KSET @ scanned with OKEN Scanner29, Explain the electrolysis of brine (aqueous NaCI) soletion._ ‘Ans: chlorine gas liberates at anode and hydrogen gas liberates at cathode NaCl my ———* Naggay + Clfsqy Anode: Clieqy “* $ Cla Cathode: HzOq) + £ Ha¢qy + OH) 30, Calculate the EMF of the cell for the reaction. Mga) + 2 ARfaq) > MRR) + 2 Aca Given: Ef, + nag) =~ 237 V& Eljge agy = 0.80 VEO V and [Mg™| = 0.001M; [Ag"| = 0.0001M; F = 96457Cmol' & log, 10m s, Ans: standard emf of the cell, En = E?yas, Fen = 0.8 V = (=2.37V) = 3.17V 0.059V, [Mg?*) m8 Tage Eeey = 3.17 2052V),,_ [0.001] 780) Ecen = Eceu— 2 8fo.oo0n? _ o0sev, (1077) ~ Even = 3.17V 7 aor . Vhoglt0*) ven = 3a7v— S055 z “= 3.17V- 0.1475V = S225 V. 31. Represent the cell in which the following reaction takes pl ce Maw#? Afooooimy —~ MEjéianyt 2A8« Cale Fs Een) iF EY 0.059V, [M log oosov, (0.13) Been #317 Vlog angie TV - 0: ulate t Ans: A all Here, n =2, F = 96487 C mol" and ¢ standard Gil fur the reaction: Zing + Cu yo? ZH ayy + Cues ee LIV ; ‘Therefore, Jandard Gibbs energ}Yor the reaction sc" = 2 x LAV 3 96t07 Coot ts 2122710" \ =~ 212271 Jmol! = ~ 212.271 k] mol 33. A9, fo NaCl, HCl and re 1264, 425.9 and 91.0 cw mol respectively. Caleulate A9, for HAc. Ans: Afiac * cl Mire I? + 91 Sem?mol*) — 126.4Sem?riot* = 390.5 Sem*mol 34. How many F: electricity is required (uv reduce | male of MnOj ions to Mn™ ions? ‘Ans: 5 Faraday of electricity. Because Mn changes from +7 to +2 oxfdation state. 35. ¢ reactions taking place at anode and cathode in drf cell (leclanche cell). ‘Ans: Anode: vine metal, Cathode: carbon (yraphite) + MnO Flectrolyte: a moist paste of ammonium chloride (NH,Cl) and zine chloride (ZnCl.), Anode: Zn -+Zn?* + 2e7 2 Cathode:Mn0, + NH{+ 2e7 -» MnO(OH) + NH 36. Write the reactions taking place at anode and cathode in lead storage battery. ‘Ans: Anode: lead, Cathode: lead dioxide * @ scanned with OKEN ScannerAnode:Pb + SO3~ — PSO, + 2e7 Cathode: PbO; + SO} + 411" + 2e" + PLSO, + 21,0 Overall reaction: Pb + PbO; + 13504 ~ 2PBSO, + 211,0 37. Write the reactions taking place at anode and cathode in 1; — 03 fuel no cell ‘Ans: Electrolyte: cone, NaOH solution Anode: 2H; + 4 OH ~+ 4130+ 4e7 Cathode: 02 + 2H;0+ 4c" + 40H~ Overall reaction: 2H; + 0, + 2H,0 38, Write the chemical composition of rust. ‘Ans: Fez05.XH30 39. Write the reactions taking pl € at anode and cathode in rusting of iron, 1 Atmospherle oxidation: 2 Fe** + 2H:0 +503 + Fez03 + 4 H* 40. Define specific conductance (conductivity) of an electrolyte. Gi ‘Ans: Itis the conductance of @ substance when its length is Im and Sl unit: Sm? 41. Specific conductance (conductivity) of an electrolyte decreases on dilution, Give reason. ‘Ans: Because the number of ions per unit volume that carry the current in a solution decreases on dil 42. Define molar conductance of an electrolyte. Give Ans: itis the conductance of all the ions produced by gram mol® ihe mys Slunit Sm?mol™ 43. Molar conductance of an electrolyte increases on dilution, Give : Ans: This is because of increase in the total volume, V of solution, dissociation of electrolyte and mobility of ions. neg the taetors affectinn tronic (metallic/electrical) conductance. < ire and structul® of fh ith increase of temperature), Ans: Anode: 2Fe + 2 Fe? + 4e igi Hs-Os Fuel Celt Cathode: 0; + 4H* + 4e~ + 240 < Overall reaction: 2Fe +0; + 4H* ~+ 2 Fe?* + 2H,0 y Sri K Santhosh, M.Sc, B.Ed, KSET @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Lecturer in Chemistry, Govt PU College, Moka Page No:UNIT 03; CHEMICAL KINETICS (13 marks) 49, Mention the factors affecting rate of a reaction. ‘Ans: i, Concentration of reactants ii, Temperature iii, Cotalyst 50. For the reaction R » P, the concentration of reactant changes from 0.03M to 0,02M in 25 min. Calculate the average | rate of reaction in seconds. _ -d{R] _ -[0.02-0.031M _ 0.01M ‘Ans: Average rate of reaction, = —F- sEaabe "T5006 = 6.66x10~6 MS“! = 6.66x107S mol L“! S“* 51, Derive integrated rate equation for rate constant of a first order reaction. as | ‘Ans: For a first order reaction, | orl KER rate = a = KR} | ain), . ee ifs Wat kee slope On integration, Inf] = —K t+ 1 When time,t = 0,1 = In[R]o = Inf] ~ -K t+ In[R]o => K t= In[R}p— InP] 1 [Ale 2K scint rR ™ 2303 [lo = rate constant, K == fog HP Here, [R]o = initial concentration of reactant, (R] = fi 52. Give an example for first order reaction. ‘Ans: Radioactive decay, hydrogenation of ethene, gte. 53. Derive integrated rate equation for rate co fa zero ordi Ans: For a zero order reaction, b., & im t ir On integration, [R] = Whentime.t = U,1 = (Hlo 3 ke slope 3 [R)= —kt+ [Ro g i 8 ° te of a reaction. \ in concentr}tiow6f reactants in unit time or increase in concentration of products in unit time, =a{h) _ + al?) te rae ae de 56. What is the uni te of a reaction? Ans: mol L=# $1 57. What is the unit of rate constant of a zero order reaction ‘Ans: mol L>* S“? 58, What is the unit of rate constant ofa first order reaction? Ans: St 59... What is the unit of rate constant ofa second order reaction? Ans: Lmol™? S~? hemistry, Govt PU College, Moka ge No: 6 Sri K Santhosh, M.Sc, B. © Scanned with OKEN Scanner60, What is the order of a reaction in which unit of rate constant fs same as the unit of rate of a reaction? ‘Ans: Zero order G1. Derive the halflife of a first order reaction. 2.303 |, 8 ‘Ans: Rate constant ofa first order reaction, K = —-— toe When t = ty, tay = 2.303, - 2303x0301 _ 0.693 a, uy, uy, 0.693 Half~ Ife ofa first order reaction,txy, = = 62. Derive the half ife ofa zero order reaction. = 18) ‘Ans: Rate constant of a zero order reaction, K = [Ro = (8) When,t = ey, .{R)= {lo= "lef, t Ney =K= , i = Flo half Me ofa zero order reaction,ts,, = 72 63. Explain Pseudo first order reaction with suitable ‘Ans: A reaction whose order is one but molecularity is m snd it does not vevount for rate ofa reaction, Exc Inversion of eane sugar: Rate ofa reaction i i CratlnOyy + HO ES Celt 0g + Cekt120¢ 5 (exetss)” Glacose) (Frugtose) Orderofa reaction = 1 64. Calculate the overall order of I ‘Molecularity ofa reaction. i. The number of reacting species taking part nan elementary reaction isa theoretical quantity It cannot be zero or a fraction but itis a whole naniber iv. Itis applicable only for elementary reactions half-life pitiod ofa first order reaction, ifthe rate constant of the reaction is @93x10"s" 69: 3 Corder reaction,ty), =~ = aT 66, Calculated ‘Ans: Half ~ I 67. Write Arrhenius equation. 4 x x10-* S “ty Ans:Rate constant. K = Ae /nr Where, A = Arthenius factor or the frequency factor, R = gas constant and Ea is activation energy in joules'mate “Appyng logarithms reaction tinal anda temperatures, i 8 -h 2303R ae Ke lo, Ba 6%, The rate constants of a reaction at SOOK and 700K are 0.02 S~? and 0,07 S~! respectively, Calculate the values of 2 and A. Lecturer in Chemistry, Govt PU College, Moka Page No: 7 @ scanned with OKEN Scannerao Ke. Ba eh Ansslo = Fa0an ety! Activation energy. E, = 2303 R [ee log = Ty? Ky ‘00! 07 E, = 2.303 x8314] mol"? (aes Kop om = 182308) © 700K —sooK! 8 O9 wht = Ae™ /nt pe K-00 oor = bt ear 69, Explain the effect of a catalyst on rate of a reaction. Also plot the graph. ‘Ans: Catalyst is a chemical substance, it increases the rate ofa reaction by decreasing activa | 70. Define collision frequency (2). | Ans: The number of collisions per second per unit volume of the’ 71. Define effective collision. Ans: The collisions in which molecules c 72. Define activation energy. ‘Ans: The energy required by reaq 73. Write the general oy Ans: [Noble gas] (n — 1) 74. Why do the transition Ans: i) Because, Sblarge numb) ii) they hav wan: nb Y 75. Why fio the transition eletjents exhibit higher melting points? ‘Ans: Becatige of the involvement &.eyeater number of valence electcons from (n-l) din addition to the ns electrons makes the t which does not exhibit variable oxidation states. fot exhibit variable oxidation states. 78. Which transition element exhibit higher metting 9 ‘Ans: Molybylenum (Mo) 79. Which transition element exhibit higher mel ‘Ans: Tungsten (W) 80. Which of the 3d series of the transition metals exhibits the largest number of oxidation states and why? ‘Ans; Manganese (Z = 25) exhibits the largest number of oxidation states from Mn?" to Mn”’, as its atom has the maximum number of unpaired electrons. 81. The ability of oxygen to stabilise the high oxid: in Ad series? Su set ? i states of transition metals exceeds that of fluorine, Why? nthozh, M.Sc, B.Ed, KSET Lecturer in Chemistry, Govt PU College, Moka Page No: $ @ scanned with OKEN ScannerAns: The ability of oxygen to form multiple bonds to metals explains its superiority. 82. Transition elements form coloured compounds. Why? ‘Ans: Due to d-4 transition of electrons. 83. Explain why Cu" jon is not stable in aqueous solutions? . » | ‘Ans: The stability of Cugay is more than Cug,q) is due to much more negative hydration enthalpy (Oy,gH7) of Cup. than Cufaq)» Which more than compensates for the second ionisation enthalpy of Cu. Therefore, Cu" in aqueous solution undergoes disproportionation, i.¢., 2CUfaq) —* Cuzsa) + CU). The E° value for this is favourable. 84. Calculate the magnetic moment of a divalent fon in aqueous solution if Its atomic number is 25. ‘Ans: Atomic number of Manganese, Z= 25 Electronic configuration of Manganese (Mn): [Ar] 3d5 4s? Electronic configuration of Manganese divalent ion(Mn?*): [Ar] 3d5 45° Number of unpaired electrons, n= 5 The magnetic moment, p= Jn(a +2) = /5(S +2) = 5.92 BM Mn?* is paramagnetic, because of presence of unpaired clectrons 85. Calculate the magnetic moment of Sc?*? ‘Ans: Atomic number of Scandium, Z= 21 Electronic configuration of Scandium (Se): [Ar] 3d! 4s Electronic configuration of Scandium (Sc**): [Ar] 3d° 45° Nunber of unpaired electrons, n= 0 The magnetic moment, x= Yn +2) = fO(0+Z) =0 BM Sc** is diamagnetic, because of absence of unpaired clectror 86. Transition elements form complex compounds. Why? Ans; i) small size of the wansition metal ions i) greater ioyjt charges 87. Transition elements are good catalysts. Why? Ans; i) Because of their ability to adopt multiple oxidatio¥ sta iii) Presence of partially filled d-orbitals 88, What are interstitial compounds? Also men Ans; Interstitial compounds are formed when smallg ped inside the crystal lattice of metals. They are usually non stoichiome' Ex: TiC, MnwN, ete, Properties: i) They have high melting points, (iii) They retain metallic conduct fi) Proyide larg@Surface area for adsorption, iv) The®form complexes. Ans; Because of absence of unpaired electron 90. Cu salts are coloiee, Ans: Because of presence\¥p 91, Se” Ans; An alley is a mixture of metals, ora metal combined with one or more other elements (C, ete). Ex : Brass (Cu+Zn), Bronze (Cu#Sn), etc. 94, Explain He aratigiPof potassium dichromate. Ans: Step-1: Fusiot valtazathe ore (FeCr:0,) with soclium carbonate in presence of air gives sodium chromate. 4 FeCr,0, +8NagCO; + 70; -» BNagCrO, +2 Fe20; + 8CO, Step2: The yellow solution of sodium chromate is filtered an acidified with sulphuric a sodium dichromatecan be crystallised. 2NazCrO, + 11,80, + NazCr,0, + NagS0, ++ 11,0 Step3: The reaction of sodium dichromate with potassium chloride gives potassium dichromate, NazCrg0, +2 KC > K3Cr.0, +2 NaCl 95. Explain the preparation of potassium permanganate, Ans Potassium permanganate is prepared by fusion of MnO, with ‘Thisproduces the dark green K3MnO, which to give a solution from which orang alkali metal hydroxide and in oxidising agent like KNO), woportionates ina neutral or acidic solution to give potassium permanganate, Sri k Santhosh, M.Sc, B.Ed, KSE’ Lecturer in Chemistry, G @ scanned with OKEN Scanner2Mn0, +4 KOH + 0, -» 2K,Mn0, +2H,0 3K2Mn0, + 2H,S0, -> 2KMnO, + MnO, + 2KzS0, + 21,0 96, Write the general outer electronic configuration of F-block elements. Ans: [Noble gas} (n — 2)f714(n = 1)d9~} ns? 97. Write the differences between lanthanoids and actinoids. Ans: Lanthanoids ‘Ketinoids 1-4 f= orbitals are progressively filled 1,5 f— orbitals are progressively filled 2 Only promethium (Pm) is radioactive 2. Allare radioactive 3. They are less reactive 3, They are more reactive 4, They show +3 as common oxidation state 4. They show #2 to +7 xidation stat 98. What is Lanthanoid contraction? Give its consequences. Ans: The filling of 4f before Sd orbital results in a regular decrease in atomic radii from lanth: jum is called contraction. It is duc to poor shielding of f- orbitals. Consequences: i. Second and the third d series (¢.g..2r 160 pm, Hf 159 pm) exhibit sit ii, Show similer physical and chemical properties. iii, Difficult to separate lanthanoids. iv, Busivity deereases from Lu to Lu. 99, What is the common oxidation state of lanthanoids? Ans: #3 100. What is misch metal? Give its use. ‘Ans: It is an alloy consists of a lanthanoid metal (~ 95%) and iron (~ It is used in Mg-based alloy to produce bullets, shell wn lighter Mint, 101. Complete the reaction (I. =lanthanaid) Ans: 2in +30; Ln,03 Ln +320 Ln(OH); Hy ain gs LnSs 2in+ Ny > 2L0N In +20 ee Lacy Ln SHCIRRAC + 3/2 HS 4-3 Cl; > 2LnCl; 102. What is aetinoid contraction? Ans: The filling of Sf hefore Gd arhital: id contraction. It is duc t 103. Mention the catalyst used Ans: vanadium pentoxide (V20,) 104. Mention the catalyst used in the makinigijolythene polymer. Ans: TiCl, + AI(CH))s fogs the basis of the Zigglecatalysts used fo manufacture polyethylene (polythene) 105. Mention the catalystasethin the manufact HF ammonia by Haber’s pr yess. Aus, fru catalysts Sy ilts.in a reytlar eras mic radii from actinium to lawrencium is called shielding of f YGrbimns, tion of SO2 ¥ manufacture of sulphuric acid by contact process. 108. Ment ‘Ans: AgBr Page No 10 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner4 (12 marks) 109. Write the postulates of Werner's theory of Coordination Compounds. ‘Ans: i) In coordination compounds metals show two types of linkages (valences)-primary and secondary. ii) The primary valences are normally ionisable and are satisfied by negative ions. iil) The secondary valences are non-ionisable. These are satisfied by neutral molecules or negative ions. iv) The secondary valence is equal to the coordination number and is fixed for a metal. -¥) Coordination polyhedron is the spatial arrangements of secondary linkages. It is dependent on coordination number of the metal, vi) The species within the square bracket are coordination entities or complexes and the fons outside the square bracket are called counter ions. 110, What are homoleptic complexes? Give an example. ‘Ans: The coordination complexes in which central metal is bound to only one type of ligands. Ex: [Co(NH3)¢]°*, [Ni(CO)4] 111, What are heteroleptic complexes? Give an example. ‘Ans: The coordination complexes in which central metal is bound to different type of lig Ex: [PU(NHg)2Cla}, [Co(NH3)4Cl}*, [CoCl;(en)2] 112, Write the IUPAC name of ) [CO(NH)]Cly__il) Kg[Fe(CN).] Ans: i) [Co(NH3)g]Cl3 : Hexaamminecobalt (I1f) cliloride [P((NH,)_Cl]: Diamminedichloridoplatinum (11) i a 113. Using VBT, explain geometry, hybridization and magnetic propeyty oft ‘ complex: [Co(NH. y Ans: E.C. of Co** : [Ar]3d® TIT Tt d? sp? hybrid orbitais of Co3*: 6° pairs from 6 NH ligands: Hybridization: d@sp3 i th 1 Geometry: Octahedral Magnetic property: diamagnetic (absence of unpaired electfol 114, Using VBT, explain geometry, hybridization and magnetiegroperty of Yue complex: [CoF¢]?~ Ans: E.C. of Co¥* : [Ar]3d6 TLlEltit spd? hybrid orbitals of Co**: : 6 e° pairs from 6 F~ ligands: Gitte F upp] Tr Magnetic property: paramagnetic (pyehce of unpaired s\éetrons) eg zation and mygnetie property of the complex: [NiCI,]>~ th Ans: E.C. of Ni?* : [Ar]3d® sp hybrid orbitals of Wi2* : 4° pairs from 4 CI” i Hy bridization: sp? Geometry: Tetrahedral paired electrons) tion and magnetic property of the complex: [Ni(CN)4]?~ mitts 7 ee fic (absence of unpaired electrons) JL7.Write the relationship between Crystal field splitting energy of octahedral and tetrahedral complexes. 4g Ans: a= 2 4,= Crystal field splitting energy in tetrahedral complexes ‘4g= Crystal field splitting energy in octahedral complexes 148,Sketch the diagram for Crystal field splitting in octahedral coordination enti Ans: The degeneracy of d-o the central metal spits into vo sets (¢, ants) in the presence of octahedral field. The e, set will have higher energy than t, set of orbitals S1ik Santhosh, M, @ scanned with OKEN Scannerdeapide Endy & Average enorgy of ‘d-orbltalsIn sphoricalfield -orbitalsinfreeion splittingofd-orbltalsin octahedral crystal Geld 119, Sketeh the dlagram for Crystal field splitting in tetrahedral coordination entities) “\ ‘Ans: The degeneracy of d-orbitals in central metal spits into two sets (¢, and t;,) in the OftetrahedMpfield. The ts, set swill have higher energy than e set of orbitals. Aeysdyeedes ada O Average enorgy of ‘4-orbitalsinephorlealfeld e Loo apap ¥ a-orbitalsinfreefon splitting ofd-orbitalsintetrahodralerysta field 120. Explain linkage isomerism with examples. ‘Ans: Two complexes having same molecular formu Ex: [Co(NHs)s(NO,)]Cla is linkage isomeg of {Co( 121. Explain ionisation is a Aas: Two compleves ha Ex: [Co(NI1s)5(S04)]Br is ionisa Ans: Two complexes having same molecular different metal ions present ina complex. 123, Draw cis trans isons ag{2t(NH)Cla). Ans: . oa UNH cas UNHs ca NHg Naga en co tans Geometrical tomers (ele ant trans) of PENT) CLI 124, Draw cis“ )ans isomexf of [Co(NH3)4Clz). . Ans: a ‘ a 7 7 nS ve iy | ny m7 Suny, nn, 7 Sn NH, a as trans Geometrical isomers (ets and trans} os . AICOANTL) C1 Sri K Santhosh, M.Se. B.Ed, KSET Lecturer in Chemistry. Govt PU Collewe. Moka © Pawe Nav 1 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner(Cly)3C* + OM > (CH3)3COM {) Tels a first order reaction, The rate of reaction depends on the concentration of ter- butyl bromide only. ii) It takes place in 2 steps. iii) Racemic mixture is obtained. nal planar carbocation is formed — ——--—OR- Mechanism: Step-1: Formation of carbocation; It Isa slow step and rate determining step. ons on, ° a to + tr ne'er He7"S cH 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane trigonal planar carbocation (sp?C) tack of nucleophile " ia + OH _, oN, Sno OP noe FS, Racemic mixture Chloromethane 1; sition state wy : i) It is a second order reaction. The rate of reaction depends oncentrationyof beth rhethy! chloride and hydroxide ion. ii) Itakes place in one step. ii) producti formed with inver one iv) Itinvolves transition state 136. Give an example for dehydrohalogenating rea 135. What is racemic mixture? Ans: Its optically inactive mixture cont tions alogenating reagent e ‘Ans: Alcoholic KOH e on 137, What is Grignard reagent? Cacefust be tation ty re the nar gent. Why? Ans: {isan Alkyl or aryl iad ide (RMX). a Grignard reagents are highly ee" a “ls of proton to give hydrocarbons. That is why care must be taken to i Ratiomers in store it, 138. Explain Wurtz reaction with a suitable czuiple. ‘Ans: Alkyl halides re Methy! brot ary ether sodium metal in deyeter to give higher hydrocarbon, 2RX + 2Na SRR + 2NaX ary ether netal in divether to give ethane, 2CHyBr + 2Na USMS CHa — CHa + 2NaBr 139. Aryl halidaRare extrenibly I ive towards nucleophilic substitution reactions. Give any vo reasons, Ans: Becausgol, i. Resonangl uires a partial double bond character due to resonance. sp? hybtidised carbon atom boitied,with halogen of haloarene. ich arene. ry ether ‘Ans: Aryl halides rail sodium metal in dry ether to give biphenyl. 2ArX +2Na “2<""5 ay— Ar +2NaX Ex: When chlorobenzene is treated with sodium metal in dry ether, gives diphenyl (biphenyl 2 Om an ee OX) banat Chlorobenzene Diphenyl 141, Explain Wurtz— Fittig reaction with a suitable example, Ans; Alkyl halide and aryl halide react with sodium metal in dry ether to give alkyl benzene. ether RX+2Na+ArX “ZEN Ar + aNaX A mixture of methyl chloride and chloroben: Jwlien treated with sodium in dry ett r gives toluene. Page No: Mt @ scanned with OKEN Scannerdry ether Cl +2.Na+ CHCl ———> CH + 2NaCI Chlorobenzene Toluene 142. Chloroform is stored in closed dark coloured bottle. Why? \loroform is slowly oxidised by sir in the presence of light to an extremely poisonous gas, carbonyl chloride (phosgene). Itis therefore stored in closed dark coloured bottles completely filled so that air is kept out. Mght 2CHCl; + 02 —+ 2 COC, + 2HCL 143. What are freons? Ans: The chlorofluorocarbon compounds of methane and ethane. Ex: Freon 12 (CCI3F:) 144. Complete the reaction with reagent/major product. CHaBr + AgCN 7 ‘Ans: CHBr + AgCN > CH,NC(methyl Isocyapfite) + AgBr ~ CHyBr + KCN 3? CHyBr + KCN > CH,CN (methyl cyan ir CH,Br + AgNO, 4? ‘CHyBr + AgNO, ~ CH,NO,(nitro me (CH,Br + KNO;—? CH,Br + LIAIH, +? NIT07: ALCOHO ENOLS 145. Explain the hydroboration-oxidation of propene to propanol. ‘Ans: Diborane (BsH,) reaets with propene to give tripropyl borane as addjjion pr peroxide in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide. ‘3CH3— CH = CH +(BHs)2 146. Explain the mechanism of acid catalysed hydration of ethene to ethanol. ‘Ans: Alkenes react with water in the presence of acid H;SOg¢6 catalyst to form alcohol CH; = CH, + H,0 — CH;CH,OH Mechanism: Step I: Protonation of ethene to carbocation. ° e CH=CH, +H ClCH Step 2: Nucleophilic attack of water 8 . CHjCHy+H,O === CHCH, Step 3: Deprotonation to ethanol.¢f e CH\CH,OH, === CHsCH20B +" protonated ethanol ethanol 147. Name the suitable ret gent for conve! ‘Ans: LiAlH,, Ha! ” 148. Explain Ans: Cumerf (i: ay in the presence of air to cumene hydroperoxide. It is converted to phenol and acetodd by treating it with d My HyC-C-H é OH CQ + cnscoa, Acctone 149, Complete the reaction with suitable reagent, catalyst or major product. CHIyCHO + Hy» CHyCH,01 ‘Ans: Catalyst used is Ni/ Pt Pal CH,COCH, J cHyCH(OMNCHs Retecing agent = LiAlH, oriNQBHe 7 CH COOM Ci1,CH,0H Reincing agent used is LIAU, or Byli, followed by HCHO + cHyMgBr — adduct 2x X= CH,CH,0M,itisa i’ — alcohol CEIACHO + CHyMgBr > adduct ““ ¥ Y= CHsCH(OMCH,,itis a2° ~ alcohol Moka Sri K Santhosh. MSc. BEd.KSET Lecturer in Chemistry, Govt PU College, @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCH,COCN, + GH,MpBr adduct en Y= (GH;),01,itsa3°— alcohol Cag CglgONa 4, A= C,HsOn CH, CH=CH ~ CHO S Cliy— ci = CH - CHO Gerda chlorochromate (PCC) it is an oxidizing ~ alcohol =" p P= aldehyde 2°— alcohol» Q Q= ketone | 3° — alcohol" R Re alkene 150. Ethanol is soluble in water. Give reason. ‘Ans: Because it 1s polar and makes hydrogen bonding with water. 151. The boiling point of ethanol is higher thin that of acetaldehyde. Give reason. ‘Ans: Ethanol has intermolecular hydrogen bonding so its boiling point is higher than acetaldeh 152, Explain esterification reaction with a suitable example. ‘ns: Wh enol i teated with ethane sed inthe presence of on CH,CH,OH + CH;COOH —» CH3COOCH,CH; +11,0 153. Explain the preparation of aspirin. Ans: Acetylation of salicylic acid produces aspirin, IUPAC name of aspirin is -aghtoxy benzoic acid. 1 _ ‘an antipyretic as well coon +(CH3CO),0 gon acetic Salicylieacid anhydride 154, What is Lucas reagent? Ans: it is a mixture of conc, HCI and ZnCl 155, Pyptain the distingnish test for alcohols. ‘Ans: Alcohols are soluble in Lucas reagent (cone. H halides are immiscible and produce turbidity in solution __ Test fervation Inference Mechanism Presence of 3° — alcohol Syl Alcohol + biog a Presence of 2° — alcohol Syl or Sy2 Turbidity is wot produced wtemperahile OF) || ace of I~ alcohol Sy jon heating ge the followig : Propan-I-ol, 24,6-trini¢raphenol, 3= nol, 3, Hylphenol. Also justify your answer. Ans: Order of acigity enol, because alkoxide is less stable than phenoside Presence of e the acidity of alcohols and phenols as they stabilize the alkoxide ion o phenoxide j Kiron donpting groups decrease the acidity Order of adifity:Propan-I-ol < 4yethylphenol < phenol < 3-nitrophenol <3,5-dinitrophenol < 2,4, 6-trinitrophenol 157. Exp! i Xuydration of ethanol to ethene. Ans: Aleol 'o form alkenes on treating with a protic acid e.g, concentrated HaSO, oF HsPOx, oF catalysts such as' i CHACHA Mechanism: Step |: Formation of protonated alcohol © fast 2 CHCH,OI + H === CH;CHLON, Step 2: Formation of carbocation: It is the slowest step and rate determining step of the reaction. Slow CHCH;O1, ==> CHCl + 1,0 Step 3: Deprotonation to ethene. ~~ Sri K Santhosh, MSe, B.Ed, KSET Lecturer in Chemistry, Govt PU College, Moka Pane No: 16 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCone + CHBr O-oer, Sodium phenoxide Anisole 166. What is the effect of Electron withdrawing group on the acidity of phenol? Justify your answer. Ans; Electron withdrawing groups (like -NO:,-CHO groups) stabilize the phenoxide ion produced and increase the acidity of phenol, 167. What is the effect of Electron donating group on the acidity of phenol? Justify your answer. ‘Ans: Electron donating groups (like -CHs,-Oll groups) destabilize the phenoxide ion produced and decrease the acidity of phenol. 168. Complete the reaction. 7 Phenol A ‘A= Benzene Phenol 220% 72°04, B= Benzoquinone | CO + 2H, CHyOH CHAOCH, | 21 »X 1 HO Call OCH, + HI X+Y 169. Write the equations for preparation of ethanol from sugareanelmolass invertase enzyme Ans: Cratla2Ou1 (sucrose) + H20 me C4Hi20, + CoH i206 jymate eusyme Goly20¢ (glucose) 2¢, H,011(ethanol) + 20 170, Explain nitration of anisole. Ans: Anisole reacts with a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid ond nitric nel nitroanisole, OCH; OCH, HNO; RN H,SO, iene inet ac Pry in the absence of iron (I11) bromide catalyst. It is duc to — ee omer is a major product amixture of ortho and para - Anisole the activation of benzene ring by, OCH; Ss Bry acetic aciit CQ vcotinawten cS. y Of 2-methosy taluene 173. Explain Friedel ~ Craft’s aeylation of anisol ‘Ans: Anisole undergoes acylation with acetyl chloride in the presence of aluminium chloride catalyst and gives 4-methoxy acetophenone as a major product. rr Santhosh, M.Sc, B.Ed, KSET ——_Lecturet @ scanned with OKEN Scannerom, anyd.AIC COCH; +cu,coa, ————> . ‘Anisole 1) Lmethory acetophenone A-methory aeetophencee 174. Write the resonance structures of carbonyl group. Also comment on its nature. ‘Ans: Due to electronegativity difference between carbon and oxygen, highly electronegative o and less electronegative carbon becomes electrophilic centre. The carbonyl group is polar i © 3 9 9 Joo. ob aN aN 175. Explain Rosenniund reduction with an example. ‘Ans: Hydrogenation of benzoyl chloride with partially deactivated pally ° d. Benzoyl ehtnride: Benzatdenyoe 176. What is the name of the given reaction?RC = N Ans: Stephen reaction om Benzaldehyde Wluprte to benzaldchyde. Genzal chloride, which on hydrolysis gives benzaldehyde. This is 2 commercial Ci .cuo ( NCh hy ae i 11,0 Toluene Benzaldehyde 180. Explain Gatterman-Koch reaction. Ans: When benzene is treated with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride or cuprous chloride, it gives benzaldehyde. CO, uCI cuo SS cucl Benzene Benzaldehyde 18 1 Explain Friedel-Crafts acetylation of benzene. ‘Ans. When benzene is treated with acetyl chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride catalyst, gives acetophenone. Moka Page Nor 19 @ scanned with OKEN Scanneranhyd. AICI, COCH; + CH;COCL—————- Benzene ‘Acetophenone 182, What is Tollens’ reagent? Mention its use. ‘Ans: It is ammoniacal silver nitrate solution. It is used to detect both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. 183. What is Fehling’s reagent? Mention its use. ‘Aus: It isa mixture of equal amounts Fehling’s solution A (aqueous copper sulphate) & Fehling's solution B (alkaline sodium potassium tartarate). Iti used to detect aliphatic aldehydes only. 184. Mention the significance of haloform test. Ans: Its used to detect methy! Ketones. 185. Aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones in nucleophilic addition reaction; reasons. Ans: Because of less steric hinderance and less electronic (inductive) effect in aldehs 186, Name the ketone used as a solvent for removing nail polish. ‘Ans: Acetone or propanone. 187. Fxplain the mechanism of addition of IICN to carbonyl compounds. ‘Ans: Aldehydes and ketones react with hydrogen cyanide (HCN) to yield cyanoh} ‘Step-1: Addition of nucleophile: R _ S o De=o +en7 =| Poc7 R Rr NCN. o n*, ROH RA t= *e¢ Rw PON, Rr” SCN Step 1 Addition of electrophile (proton): ‘Tetrahedral intermediate Cyanohyd If, R= Clly, Re H, then reactant If, R= CHy, R= CHy, then react: 188, Complete the rea i Zn-1) ty) \ceo St f° 0. uc [Aldetiyde oF Ketone (itis Clemmensen resinetion) (itis a Wolff-Kishner reduction) 189. Explain Al i FIpitgble example. Ans: Aldehyg@s and*ketones hig Roric a-hydrogen undergo a reaction in the presence of dilute alkali as catalyst to form {-hydffay aldehydes (aldol}or P-hydroxy ketones (ketol), respectively and readily lose water to give «, Pumsaturated carbo| . ClCHO DAiLNION Hy CH=CH - CHO + 11,0 Ethanal — "heat But-2-enal 190. Explain Canni ‘Ans: Aldehycles which do not have a u-hydrogen atom undergo self oxidation and reduction (dispropestionation) reaction on J allt fw thiy reaction, one moieeute ot the aldehyde is reduced to alcohol while another is id salt " heal CH,OH + HCOOK 2HCHO + Cone.KO! Methanol Potassium methanoate (rormaldchyde) (Methyl alcohol) 191. What is formalin? Mention its use. Ans: It isa 40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde. Its used to preserve biological specim a vy cal sp ‘SriK Santhosh, MSc, B.Ed, KSET Lecturer in Chemistry, Govt PU Colleve, Moka Page No: 20 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner192. Explain the action of alkaline KMnO, on Toluene. Ans: Aromatic carboxylic acids can be prepared by vigorous oxidation of alkyl benzenes with chromic acid of acidic or alaaline potassium permanganate. co” KMn04- KO COOK or coon thot heat Toluene Potassium benzoate Benzole seld 193. Explain the action of ammonia on benzofe acid. ‘Ans: Carboxylic acids react with ammonia to give ammonium salt which on further heating at high temperature gives amides Coon COON ay ‘ONIT +N, ==> ha = 11,0 Benzole acid Ammonium benzoate Benzamide 194, Explain the action of ammonia on phthalic acid. Ans: Phthalic acid reacts with ammor i high temperature gives phthalimide coon COONH, ct +NH) ===! heat 5 et ‘coon ‘COONH, -2 #20 Phthalic acid Ammonium phthalate 19S. Explain Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ) reaction with a suitable example. ‘Ans: Carboxylic acids having an a-hydrogen are halogenated f the a-position on treat presence of small amount of red phosphorus to give arboxylic acids 198. Acetaldehyde does not un ecause it contains a — hy 201. Con Atte the reactions: Wy we utc Ta COOH + HCl; > Se OOH-¥'SOCl, > 202. Complete the reiétions: 2. 3CH,COOH + PCI, > 3CHCOCI + 115P03 CH3COOH + PCI; CHjCOCI + POC; + HCl i. CHyCOOH + SOCI, > CHyCOCI + SO, 1 + RCIT i) LiAIM, lether, or ByHg Ans: ) CHCOOM i) LiAI fether or ByH i) CH ii) Hy0" ) cH,coon eee or BN ay cron ; + i) 11,0" RCOONa Na+ Cad i ‘a Heat i) RCOONa ~MAOUE CAG Rt +Na,CO, 203, Select the possible tests or reactions to detect the given compounds and justify your answer: Tests/Reaction Compounds een ne ec a Sri k Santhosh, MSc, B.Ed, KSET Lecturer in Chemistry, Govt PU Collexe, Moka @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTollens’ test Formaldehyde, ethanal, propanal, acetone, Febling’s test benzaldehyde, acetophenone, acetie Haloform test acid, propanoic acid. Aldol condensation Cannizzaro reaction HVZ reaction ‘Ans: i) Methanal or Formaldehyde (HCHO): Undergo Tollens’ test, Fehling’s test because it is an aldehyde. Undergo Cannizzaro reaction because it is an aldehyde not containing a — hydrogen ii) Ethanal or acetaldehyde (CHjCHO): Undergo Tollens® test, Fehling's test because itis an aldehyde. Undergo Aldol condensation because itis an aldehyde containing w — hydrogen. Undergo Haloform test because it is a methyl ketone. iii) Propanal or propionaldehyde (CHyCH:CHO): Undergo Tollens® test, Febing's test because itis an aldehyde. Undergo Aldot condensation because itis an aldehyde containing a — hydroger iv) Propanone or acetone (CH;COCH, Undergo Aldol condensation because it is a ketone containing « — hydrogen. Undergo Haloform test because it is a methyl ketone. v) Benzaldehyde (C.HsCHO): Undergo Tollens’ test it is an aromatic aldehyde. Undergo Cannizzaro reaction because itis an aldehyde not conta vi) acetophenone (C,HsCOCH): Undergo Aldo! condensation because it is’a ketone contajni Undergo Uatotorm test because it is a methyl ketone. vii) Acetic acid (CH,COOH), propanoic acid(CH,CH acids containing a — hydrogen. 204. Formic acid does not undergo HVZ reaction. 20S. Explain the conversion of Ans: By passing hydrogen gas ov’ aniline 0 Nil, Ethanol Cc [OR] By reducti Malytn acidic medium gives ani NO» Ni ( Sn4HiCl or Fe +HCi Nitrobenzene Antiat 206. Compl 1) Reduction of nitriles to amines by catalytic hydrogenation oF using sodium » yC—C: DTERON metal in ethanot t ini Ni cuyen,nu, sy tants nyc— 7 yCHANI 1ynyc—E—nn, ino )7 CON HY Red hydritle Followed by hydrolysis. iy Liam, CHyCHNH Sri K Santhosh, M.Sc, B.Ed, KSET @ scanned with OKEN Scanner207. Explain Gabriel phthalimide synthesis, ‘Ans: Gabriel synthesis is used for the preparation of prima ‘ethanolic potassium hydroxide forms potassium salt of phthalimide which on heating with alkyl halide followed by alkaline hydrolysis produces the corresponding primary amine. D evanote KOI COONn ny EU + CN eee (Methanarsine (1"-amine) ‘Sedlam pathatete Phthatimide 208. Explain Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction with a suitable example. ‘Ans: When on amide is treated with bromine in an aqueous or ethanolic solution of sodium hydrox) ‘amines. Phthalimide on treatment with primary amine. HsC—C—NH, +Br,+4NaOH —> CHyNH3 + Na,CO! Methanamine Methanainide 209. Explain carbylamine reaction with a suitable example. Also write its signific Ans: Aliphatic ond aromatic primary amines on heating with chloroform and elhgholic isocyanides or jsocyanide test and is, carbylamines which are foul smelling substances. This reaction is known as\ rbylamine reaction used as a test for primary amines. Secondary and tertiary amines do got show {i ++ CHANH; + CHCl; +3KOH Methanamine 210. Explain the bromination of aniline. Ans: Aniline reacts with bromine water at room temperatuy Nil Ghgive a white precipitate o Hh +31br Ans: Firstly, the yields p-bromoacetanilide. NICOL, NIICOCH;—NIty tn, Wor Onn ‘Gicoon nile Dromoscetanilide p-Bremonnitiog 212. Explaiga Ans; Firsthf ae ps hydride in pyridine to get acetanilide, this is treated with nitrating mixture at of p-nitroacetanilide yields p-nitroanitine. NUCOCHS nicoctt, Nil, (CMsCONO (7S) HNOy Pyridine THI ~——s Acetanitide NOs © p.Nitroaniline 213, Explain diazotization, ‘Ans: Benzenediazonium chloride is prepared by the reaction of aniline with nitrous acid at 273-278K. The conversion of primary aromatic amines into diazonium salts is known as diazotisation. 273-270 CgHgNIly + NaNO, + UCl——— CgHgNzCl + NaCl + 211,0 214, Explain coupling reaction of benzene diazonium chloride with phenol. Ans: Benzene diazonium chloride reacts with phenol in which the phenol molecule at diazonium salt to form p-hydroxyazobenzene. This type of reaction is known as coupling r para position is coupled with the Teeturer in Chemisty, Govt PU College, Moka Sik Santhosh, MSc, B.Ed, @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCO tena + un) -on- 08 Coes )-on + NaCl +10 p- Hydroxy azo benzene (Orange dye) 215. Amines are Lewis bases. Give reason, ‘Ans: Nitrogen atom in amines donate electron pair so these are called as Lewis bases. 216. Arrange the given gaseous phase amines in the decreasing order of basicity: (CI13)3N, (CH,):NH, CH,NH; and NH, ‘Ans: Gascous phase amines in the decreasing order of basicity: tertiary amine, (CH;)N > secondary amine, (CHs):NH > primary amine, CH;NH;> Ammonij 217. Arrange the given aqueous phase methyl amines in the decreasing order of basicit and Nis, ‘Ans: Aqueous phase methyl amines in the decreasing order of basicit Secondary amine, (CH);NH > primary amine, CHjNH3> tertiary amine, (CH) 218, Arrange the given aqueous phase ethyl amines in the decreasing order of bj and Nits, ‘Ans: Aqueous phase ethyl amines in the decreasing order of basicity: Secondary amine, (CyH,):NH > tertiary amine, (C:H,))N > primary amifes 219, The pKb vaiues of CH.NH;, C)HSNH CH,, CHNH; are9.38, 930 and in the decreasing order of their basic strength. Aus: Sinaller the value of pKb, stronger is the base. ‘The decreasing order af basic strength is: CHsNHs> C,HsNH CH, > C,HyNH: 220, Explain nitrous acid test to distinguish aliphatic 1°, D AN, (CH,):NH, CH,NH, Hy (b) Aromatic amines react with called as diazotization. 221. What is Hinsber Ans: Nenzenestt frown as Hinsberg’t reagent 1°, 2°,3° — amines. ‘Ans: (a) Thg reaction jonyl chloride with primary amine yields Nealky|bert@Dngsulphon} (b) Th reaction of benze} imide, it is not acidic and hence insoluble in alkali. open benzenesulphony! chloride. 223, jedel-Crafts reaction. Why? salt with sluminiumn chloride, a Lewis acid which is used asa catalyst in the Friedel-Crafls 24, 2 fon with an example. ary aromatic amines into diazonium salts is known as diazetiovinn ide is prepared by the reaction of aniline with nitrous acid at 273-278K A eo CollgNtly + NaNOy + 2HCL > CellsN2Cl+ NaCl + 2430 Benzene diazonium chloride Aniline 225. Explain Sandmeyer reaction with an example: ~ ‘Ans: When benzenediazonium halide is treated with Cu(1) halides in presence of hydrogen halide gives haloarene and @ scanned with OKEN Scannerix CNX + Cu;Xy ——CMsX + Ny (X =O, Br, Haloarene Ex: uct CAHgN:Cl+ CuyCh, ——> CYIgCl+ Ny Chlorobenzene 226. Explain Gatterman reaction with an example. ‘Ans: When benzenediazonium halide is treated with Cu powder in presence of hydrogen halide gives ha! gasand Cu(I) halide. ux | CN:X + Cu —— Cel sX + Ny + Cu;X; (X= Cl, Br) . | Haloarene | HCL CeHgNgCl4 Cu > CIgCl+ Nz + CuCh Chlorobenzene 227. Explain the conversion of benzenediazonium chloride into lodobenzes ‘Ans; When benzenediazonium chloride is treated with potassium iodid CgHsNCl + KE ——> Cy 228. Explain the conversion of benzenediazonium chloride into fluorobenze ‘Ans: When benzenediazonium chloride is treated with fJporoboric acid followe: CcHsNaCl+ HBF, ———+ CgH:N2BFy, 229, Explain the conversion of benzenediazunitt ‘Ans: When benzenediazonium chloride is tredqelay ft like CeligN2Cl + C]HsOH FA bh + CHyCHO +HCI Ethanol Etbanal 230. Explain the conve! piiloride into phenol. Ans: When benzenediaa fed above 283K, gives phenol. 14,0 A colon +N; + HCL fion of bejizenediazonium chloride with phenol. | :iloride is treated with phenol in the presence of an alkali gives p-hydroxyazobenzene. It is an orange ° eo pignjci+ chon — 244 Cglts -N=N-CoH,ON + CL+ H,0 Phenol 12 reaction of benzenediazonium chloride with aniline. n chloride is treated with aniline in the presence of an acid gives p-aminoacwbenzene. It is a 232, Explain the coupl ‘Ans: When benzenediaz0r yellow dye. e e un CollsN2Cl + CgHsNUy > CoH -N=I aniline ‘Srik Santhosh, M.Sc, B.Ed, KSE Lcclurer in Chemistry, Govt PU College, Moka PageNo:25 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner(09 marks 233, Write the Haworth structure of glucopyranose . 234. Write the * 6 OH HOH,C On a H OH, ow H\y on HO OH HH OH H @-D-(-)-Fructofuranose @—D - (4) - Glucopyranose 235. Write the Haworth structure of sucrose. a CHO WAR u oH Hy uO) 3 on @-D-Clucese -D- Fructose sructure uf lactose, t > Ff lee — Y 138, Write the differences between, Ans: + ‘Amyi ‘Amylopectin T-Ttis water soluble component Pf 1 is insoluble in water ZW sons an Raa _ | 2constitutes about 80- 85% of starch. 3. Itis a long unbranche jt, 200-1000 wD-()- | ¥ Ie isa branched chain polymer uf u -D-glucose glucose units held togeth cosidic units in which chain is formed by C1-CA glycosidic linkage. linkage whereas branching occurs by C1-C6 glycosidic i __[Ltinkage. plants. ‘Ans: Storch 241. Which pol Ans: Glycogen 242, What are essential ine amino acids Which cannot be synthesised in the body and must be obtained through diet , Leucine, ete. Ans: Ex: Val 10 acids? Give an exa ‘Ans: The amino acids, which can be synthesised in the body. Ex: Glycine, Alanine, etc. 24d, Name an optically inactive naturally occurring w-amino acid. Ans: Glycine.. 245. Write the zwitter ion structure for Glycine, Ans: pallens Sti K Santhosh, M.Se, B.Ed, KSET Lecturer in Chem @ scanned with OKEN ScannerN—cn,-COon S==—= Nily—Chy—COO Glycine Zwitter lon of glycine 246, Define proteins, Ans: The biomolecules which are polymers of a —amino acids. 247. How many amino acids and peptide linkages are there in a tripeptide? Ans: A tripeptide contains three amino acids linked by two peptide linkages. 248. Whatis denaturation of protein? Give an example. ‘Ans: The loss of structure and biological activity ofa protein when itis subjected to a change in temperature or pH. Ex: i) The coagulation of egg white on boiling. ii) Curdling of milk due to change in pH. 249. Which structure of proteins is remain intact on denaturation. ‘Ans: Primary structure of proteins. 250, Write the differences between Fibrous proteins and Globular proteins. Ans: Fibrous proteins These have long fibre or sheet like structure. These have spherical s These are insoluble in water. These are soluble jp These perform structural functions. These perform gigtpboli ‘These have repetitive antino acid sequence These have irregutg amino acid sequen Less sensitive to changes in pH, heat, ete. Ex: keratin (present in hair, wool, silk) and myosin (present in muscles), ete. 251, Define vitamins. ‘Ans: The organic compounds required in the diet in small a maintenance of optimum growth and health of the organist. 252, Explain the classification of vitamins with examples. stored in liver and adipose (fat storing) tissues (ii) Woter soluble vitamins: B group vitamins and vi Water soluble vitamins mnust be supplied segularly in vitamin B,:) in our body. 253, List of vitamins, names and dgfiglency diseases. Ans: Vitamin Deficien’ Vitamin A Xerophthalmia (hare g of coméa of eye) Night blindness ‘Vitamin BI Beri beri (loss oF seth growth) (Thiamine) Vitamin BZ uring at corfers of mouth and lips), digestive disorders (Riboflavin) So, ane ion.of the skin. Vitamin Cony (Pyridine) ‘Vitamij\B 12 Pemicios agaemia (RBC deficient in haemoglobin) ~ (Cobalfine) ee Vitamin’ Scurly (bleeding gums) (Ascorbic ten Vitamin D_“&SStabRibkets (Gone deformilies in children) and osteomalacia (so bones and joint pain in adults) Vitamin E Tncreased fragility of RBCs and muscular weakness Vitamin K Increased blood clottin 2544, What is heredity? Mention the component which is responsible for heredity. - Ans: The transmission of inherent characters from ancestors to olfsprings. DNA is responsible for heredity. 255.Write the differences between DNA and RNA. Ans DNA, | RNA Iris deowribonuclete acid [Tris ribonucleic acid owt PU College, Moka “Page No: 27 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerThe nitrogenous bases are, adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T) Pentose sugar present is f-D-2-Jeoxyribose. Tehas double strand helix sinicture. Message for the synthesis of a particular protein is Proteins are synthesized by various RNA molecules in present in DNA. the cell. 256. Name the attractive force which holds double strand helix structure of DNA. ‘Ans: Hydrogen bonds 257.How many hydrogen bonds exist between adenine and thymine in DNA? Ans 258. How many hydrogen bonds exist between guanine and cytosine in DNA? Ans: 259, Name the base present in DNA but not in RNA. ‘Ans: Thymine 260. Name the base present in RNA but not in DNA. Ans: Uracil 261.__ Structural elucidation of The nitrogenous bases are; adenine (A), guanine (G), _cytosine (C) and uracil (U) Pentose sugar present is f-D-ribose. thas single strand helix structure. Jucose Reastant | Reagentused | Product aH nHexane b.HCN ‘Cyanohydrin Glucose [&-Bes water | Gluconie acid 4. acer Glucose anhydtide pentaacetate ie e.nitricacid | Saecharic acid | v. presdhce of a primary alcuholi@tuQH) group 262. Mention the points/reasons which support the eytlextructure of glucose. Ans: 1. Despite having the aldehyde group, glucose does not gi hydrogensulphite addition product with NaHSO3. 2. The pentaacetate of glucose does not reacleyith hydroxylam! 3. Glucose is found to exist in anomers (two difegent crystalline ecris test and it does not form the indian the absence of ree CHO group. s8hich are named as w and B). 263. Define anomers. Give examples. * Hed anomers. Ans: The two cyclic hemiacetal forms ogfiegce diffe ‘yp joutipfration oF the hydroxyl group at Clave 264. _Mateh the followings wy y Biomolecule Linkage bonding ‘Carbohydrates Giycosidi@iliukage | Proteins “SjhPeptide lingiige Nucleic acids sphouiester linkage Enzymes (globular PROSIGT _[LPEBRETinkage I 265. Classify the followige ifitaextrorotatory’and laevan otatory: Monosacefa cose is dextrorotatory and fructose is Inevorotatory Disac ”Ans: solid sucrose, maltose and lactose are dextrorotatory and aqueous sucrose is aevorotatg 266._M _- Mul ge between monomers Sug glucose and C2 of B-D-fructose Malte Cl of offe a -D- glucose is linked to C4 of another « -D-glucose unit Lactose -D-galactose and C! of f -D-xlucose ‘Amylose _| straight chain of @-D-(+)-glucose units held by CI-Cl glycosidic linkage cmmvinnestin | staght chain of @-D-} seid by CICA glycosidie linkage whereas Dranching j OME SPEFES | occurs by C1-C6 glycosidic linka _ _ Cellulose _| straight chain of f -D-glucose units held by CI-Cd glycosidic linkage a |_| Its structure is similar to anylopectin and itis highly branched ( straight chain of @-D-(+ )-glucose Glycouen | units held by CI-CA glycosidic linkage whereas branching occurs by C1=Cé6 glycosidic linkage) 267, What is the configuration of most naturally occurring @-amino acids, (Ans: L configuration) ‘268, Define’ peptide bond: ‘The linkage present in proteins which is formed by the condensation of e-amino acids. 269, Write the significance of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins. Moka ~ Page Nov *S ee Sri K Santhosh, M.Se, B.Ed, KSET @ scanned with OKEN Scanner‘Ans: primary structure: It refers to sequence of amino acids in a protein secondary structure: It refers to the shape in which a polypeptide chain exists in a protein. Types: @ — helix and fi ~ pleated teniary structure: It refers to further folding of secondary structure in a protein. Types: Fibrous and globular 4quotemary structure: The spatial arrangement of these subunits with respect to each other . 270. Write the general characteristics of enzymes. (Reaction specific and they work under optimum conditions only) 271. Define oxidoreductase enzymes.(the enzymes which catalyse the oxidation of one substrate with simultaneous reduction of another substrate) 27. enzyme catalyse the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose. (Ans: Invertase or sucras 273, enzyme catalyse the hydrolysis of maltose into glucose. (Ans: Malta:e) 274, enzyme catalyse the conversion of glucose into eth: 275, Name the enzymes present in yeast. (Ans: Invertase and zymase) 276. Fat soluble vitamins are stored in (Ans: liver and adipose (fot storin 277. Define hormones. tly in the blood stream which transports them to the site of action. 278. Name any two steroid hormones. Estrogens and androgens; 279. Name any two polypeptide hormones. insulin and endorphins 280, Name any two amino acid derivative hormones. epinephrine and ni 281. Name the hormone whick regulates the glucose level in the blood. {i 282. Name the hormone which increases the glucose level in the 283. Thyroxine hormone produced in the thyroid gland is an iog 284. — Low level of iodine in the di 285. _ low level of thyroxine leads to hypothyroidism whi called simple goiter 286. Increased level of thyroxi 287. Common names and IUPAC names of few organic compa) Organic compound ‘Common ni TUPAC name 1 CHCl thyl chloric Chloromethane CH3Cl tel Dichloromethane CHCL, (anaesthetic) 3 Ti Trichloromethane | CCly(fire extinguisher) 23 Calon tetrachitoride Tetrachloromethane CH, = CH — CH, CI (haloalketie) SS \lyl chloride 3=chloreprop — 1 —ene j CH, = CH — Cl (haloalkensh Vitylchloride T= chlorocth-l-ene | CI Chlorobenzene Chlorobenzene } a i Benzyl chloride 1-Chloro-1 - pheny! methane | | P, p’-Dichlorodiphenyltrichlorocthane 2,2-Bis(4-chlorophenyl-1,1,1- (insecticide) trichlorocthane CH, 011 (simplest alcohol, poisonous) Methyl alcohol Methanol : CH320H (beverage alcohol) Ethyl alcohol Ethanol cHycH(oncn, Isopropyl alcohol CH, = CH = CH, 0H (alkenol) Allyl alcohol CH, = Cll — OH (alkenol) Vinyl alcohol @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCHOI ‘on Benzyl alcohol 1- phenylmethanol {aliphatic alcohol) | OW S Phenol Benzenol F_ORCyHsON On Oo o-cresol 2-Methylbenzenol On On. NO, : Picric’deid 2,4,0¢Rcinitrophenol NO; CH OCH, (simple or symmetric ether) Dimethylether [_CH,OCH,CHy (mixed or asym. ether) Methoxymetinsré Ethyimethyl ether ae OCH; Anisole (mnethylphenyl gther) Metligxybenzene ni | HCHO (simplest aldehyde) Formaldehyde Methanat CH3CHO, ‘Avetaldehyde Cthanal CHO OR C,H CHO (aromatic) Benzencearbaldehyde i HyC~C—CH) simplest ketone) _ | Propanone o 4 | Opens | {aromatic ketosis, | ~ Phenylethano 1,1 = Diphenylmethanone Methanoie acid (aliphatic amine) HCOOH (simplest carboxylic acid) CH,COOH 1 Ethanoieacid | C,HsCOOH (aroniauey Benzoic acid - Benzenecarvoxylic acid CHSCOOCH, Pe Methyl acetate ‘Methyl ethanoate sin Methyl amine Methanamine ons HRECHS oF (C13), Dimethyl amine N-methyl methanamine Trimethyl amine N,N ~ Dimethyl methanamine CaN (aromatic 1° — amine) C,HeNHCH(aromatic 2° — amine) | IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR PASSING: i N= methyl benzen UNIT-1: SOLUTIONS 1. State Henry's law and write equation. 2. What is reverse osmosis? Give its use. solution. 3. Write the differences between ideal and non-ideal 2. State Kohirausch’s law ‘TROCHEMISTRY 1, Write cell representation, hali-eell reaction, Ezeu and draw schematic representation of SHE il give its equation 3. State Sri K Santhosh, M.Se, B.Ed, KSET Lecturer in C @ scanned with OKEN Scanner4, What are isotonic solutions? Give example. 5, Problems on colligative properties. 4. Write the reactions taking place at anode and cathode In lead storage battery. 5, Write the reactions taking place at anode and cathode in Hz ~ 07 facleell. Problems on Eze, SG UNIT-3: CHEMICAL KINETICS 1. Derive integrated rate equation for rate constant of a first order reaction. 2. Derive integrated rate equation for rate constant ofa zero order reaction. 3. Derive the half life of a first order reaetion, 4, Derive the half= life of a zero order reaction. 5. Explain Pseudo first order reaction with suitable ‘example. 6. Explain the effect of a catalyst on rate of a reaction. Also plot the graph. 7. Define collision frequency (Z). 8. Define effective collision. | Problems on K, ty and Ey UNIT-4: d = & f= BLOCK ELEMENTS 1. Calculate the magnetic moment ofa divalent ion in aqueous Solution ifits atomic number is 25, 2. Transition elements form complex compounds. Why? 3. Transition elements are good catglysts, Why? 4, What are interstitial eompou: viso mention its properties. . 5, Explain the Preparation f um m dichromate 6. Explain UNIT-5: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS «Write the postulates of Werner's theory of Coordination Compounds. 2. What are homoleptic complexes? Give an example. 3. What are heteroleptic complexes? Give an example. 4, Using VBT, explain geometry, hybridization and magnetic property of the complex: (Co(NH3)«)°* 5. Using VBT, explain geometry, hybridization and magnetic property of the complex: [CoF.}*% 6. Using VBT, explain geometry, hybridization magnetic property of the complex: [NICI,]*~ 7. Using VBT, explain geometry, hy 8. 9. 10, Draw facial and meridional isomers of [Co(NH3)3(NOz)3} lan 2. Explain the Si 3. or the stereochemistry involved in conversion more UY bromide to t-butyl alcohol. ot methyl chloride to methyl alcohol. inic mixture? ignard reagent, Why? ‘Wurtz reaction with a suitable exa ple, Fyl halides are extremely less reactive towards ‘nucleophilic substitution reactions. Give any two reasons. n with a suitable example. ig reaction with a suitable example. Explain Kolbe’s reaefion. 6. Explain Reimer-Tiemann reaction. 7. Explain Williamson synthesis of ethers with a suitable. OR Explain preparation of anisole. UNIT-8: ALCONOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS 1, Explain Rosenmund reduction with an example. Explain Etard reaction (or explain the prepara benzaldehyde from toluene), Explain Gatterman-Koch reaction. of 4, Explain the mechanisin of addition of HCN to carbonyl compounds. 5. Explain Wolff Kishner reduction. 6. Explain Clemmensen reduction, 7. Explain Aldol condensation with a suitable example, 8, Explain Cannizzaro reaetion with a suitable example. 9. Explain the action of al ine MnO, on Toluene, . Explain the action of ammonia on benzoic acid. 11. Explain Hell-Volhard-Z.clinsky (HVZ) reaction with a suitable example. 12. Mention the use of sodium benzoate. UNIT-9: AMINES AND DIAZONIUM SALTS UNIT-10: BIOMOLECULES Si ri K Santhosh, M Sc, B.Ed, KSET Lecturer in Chemistry, Govt PU College, Moka Page No: 31 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerExplain the conversion of nitrobenzene Into anlline. bxplain Gabriel phthalinide synthesis Explain Hottinann bromamide degradation reaction veh a suitable example, in _carbylamine reaction with a suitable example. rite its significane, Expiain the bromination of aniline, ‘Creanyge the given gaseous phase amines in the decreasing order of basicity: (CH,),N, (CH,),NH, CHINE and NH, — ; Explain the conversion of benzenediazonium chloride into phenol. 1. Write the Haworth structure of sucroxe, 2. Write the Haworth structure of maltose. 3. Write the Naworth structure of lactose. 4. What is denaturation of protein? Give an example. 5. What arc essential amino acids? Give an example. $. What are non-essential amino acids? Give an example. 7. What are fat soluble vitamins give examples. 8. What are water soluble vitamins give examples, 9. List of vitamins and deficiency diseases, 10. Name the base present in DNA but not in RNA, 11. Name the base present in RNA#Buf not in DNA. 12, Which structure of proteingf@ remain intact on denaturation. : 13, Namean optically ina amino acid. 14, Name the most 15, Name the foot 16. Which polysact iosh, M.Sc, B.Ed, KSET @ scanned with OKEN Scanner