Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

LEVEL-1 Material for Passing package

PYSICAL CHEMISTRY ( Blue Print as per latest syllabus for the II PUC )

Fill In The
MCQ 2M 5M TOTAL
UNIT Blank
(6Q) (3Q) (5Q) MARKS
(2Q)
UNIT-1: TheSolid State Q.No. 1 ___ Q.No. 21 Q.No. 37 08
UNIT-2: Solution Q.No. 2,3 Q.No.16 ___ Q.No. 38 08
UNIT-3: Electrochemistry Q.No. 4 ___ Q.No.22 Q.NO. 39 08
UNIT-4: Chemical Kinetics Q.No. 5 Q.No.17 Q.No. 23 Q.No. 40 09
UNIT-5: Surface Chemistry Q.No. 6 ___ Q.No. 41 06
TOTAL PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (6Q) (2Q) (3Q) (5Q) 39

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY COMPULSORY TOPICS [9 marks]

 Solid State: A question for 3 marks to calculate the packing efficiency (Simple cubic unit cell, bcc or fcc)
and a problem on the equation for density formula (calculation of any parameter) or to calculate
number of particles per unit cell for 2 marks.
 Solutions: A numerical problem of 3 marks based on colligative properties (RLVP, ∆Tb , ∆Tf , π) (3Marks)
 Chemical Kinetics: A numerical problem of 3 marks or a derivation of rate constant [Zero order or First
order]

Q.No. 37 } The Solid State

1. Calculate the packing efficiency in simple cubic unit cell.( M-2014, J-2014,M-2016,M-2017,M-2018, S-
2020)
2. Calculate the packing efficiency in BCC unit cell. (J-2015, A-2016, J-2016,J-2018)
3. Calculate the packing efficiency in fcc, hcp or ccp. (M-2015,J-2017,M-2019,J-2019,M-2020)
A question for 3 marks to calculate the packing efficiency and a problem on the equation for density formula
(calculation of any parameter) or to calculate number of particles per unit cell for 2 marks.
SIMPLE CUBIC SYSTEM

 Packing efficiency is the percentage of total space filled by the particles.

 Number of particles, Z = 8 corners in a simple cube x contribution of corner particle = 1 atom

 Each particle is assumed as a sphere with the volume = r3

 Edge length of the unit cell is ‘a’, a= r+r =2r
 Volume of unit cell, a3 = (2r)3 = 8r3

 Packing efficiency = x 100

4
Z x πr3
3
=
a3
x 100
.
= x 100
= 52.4%
Naveen Kumar B R, M.Sc.,B.Ed. Page 1
 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

FACE CENTRED CUBIC SYSTEM [hcp, ccp or fcc]

 Packing efficiency is the percentage of total space filled by the particles.
 Number of particles, Z = [8 corners in a simple cube x contribution of corner particle] + [6 face centre x
contribution]
Z = 1+ 3 =
Z=4
 Each particle is assumed as a sphere with the volume = r3
 Edge length of the unit cell is ‘a’, face diagonal ‘b’
Length of the face diagonal, ‘b’ =4r
From ∆ADC, b2 = a2 + a2
= 2a2
b = √2a Therfore, a =
√

 Volume of unit cell, a3 =

√

 Packing efficiency = x 100

4
Z x πr3
3
= a3
x 100
a = edge length
.
= x 100 b = face diagonal
√

= 74%

BODY CENTRED CUBIC SYSTEM

 Packing efficiency is the percentage of total space filled by the particles.

 Number of particles, Z = [8 corners in a simple cube x contribution of corner particle] + [1 Body centre]
Z=2

 Each particle is assumed as a sphere with the volume = r3

 Edge length of the unit cell is ‘a’, body diagonal ‘c’, face diagonal ‘b’
Length of the body diagonal, ‘c’ =4r
From ∆EFD, b2 = a2 + a2 = 2a2
∆AFD, c2 = b2 + a2
= 2a2 + a2
= 3a2
c = √3a Therfore, a =
√

 Volume of unit cell, a3 =

√

 Packing efficiency = x 100

4
Z x πr3
3
= x 100 a = edge length
a3
. b = face diagonal
= x 100
c = body diagonal
√

= 68%

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 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

Density problems:

=
z= number of particles present per unit cell
M=molecular mass
a=edge length
NA= Avogadro’s number ( 6.022 x 1023)

Note: Edge length if it is in pm it should be converted into cm, ( 1pm = 10-10 cm)
Edge length if it is in nm it should be converted into cm, ( 1nm = 10-7 cm)
1. Sodium crystallizes in a bcc structure. Its unit cell edge length is 420pm. Calculate its density. (atomic mass
of sodium = 23u, NA= 6.022 x 1023) [MQP]
z=2( for bcc), M= 23 u, a=420pm=420 x 10-10 cm, NA= 6.022 x 1023
d=
d= ( ) .
3
d = 1.031 g/cm
2. The density of Cr is 7.0gcm-3. If the unit cell is cubic with edge length of 289pm. Calculate the number of
atoms per unit cell. (Atomic mass of Cr = 51.79 gmol-1, NA= 6.022 x 1023) [MQP]
b. z=?, M= 51.79 gmol-1, a=289pm=289 x 10-10 cm, NA= 6.022 x 1023, d= 7.0 gcm-3
d=

z=
( ) .
z= .
z = 2 atoms
3. Silver crystallizes in FCC lattice. If the edge length of cell is 4.077 x 10-8 cm, calculate the density of silver.
Given the atomic mass of Ag = 108 amu, NA= 6.022 x 1023. (MQP)
z=4, M= 108 amu, a=4.077 x 10-8 cm, NA= 6.022 x 1023, d= ?
d=

d = (4.077 x 10−8 )3 x 6.022 x 1023

d = 10.64 gcm-3
4. An element having atomic mass 107.9 gmol-1 has face unit cell. The edge length of the unit cell is
408.6pm. Calculate the density of the unit cell. ( Given NA= 6.022 x 1023) [J-2015,A-2016,M-2018]
b. z=4, M= 107.9 gmol-1, a=408.6pm=408.6 x 10-10 cm, NA= 6.022 x 1023, d= ?
d=
.
d=( . ) .
-3
d = 10.5 gcm
5. An element crystallizes in fcc lattice. If edge length of the unit cell is 408.6 pm and density is 10.5gcm3.
Calculate the atomic mass of the element. (Given: NA = 6.022 x 1023) [M-2016]
z=4, M= ? , a=408.6 pm = 408.6 x 10-10 cm, NA= 6.022 x 1023, d= 10.5 gcm-3
d=

M=
. ( . ) .
M=

Naveen Kumar B R, M.Sc.,B.Ed. Page 3

 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

M = 107.8 gmol-1
6. An element having atomic mass 63.1 g/mol has face centred cubic unit cell with edge length 3.608 x 10-8
cm. Calculate the density of unit cell. [Given: NA = 6.022 x 1023 atoms/mol] (March 2017)
z=4, M= 63.1 gmol-1, a=3.608 x 10-8 cm, NA= 6.022 x 1023, d= ?
d=
.
d=
( . ) .
d = 8.92 gcm-3
7. Lithium metal has a body centred cubic lattice structure with edge length of unit cell 352pm. Calculate the
density of lithium metal. [Given: Atomic mass of lithium = 7 gmol-1, NA = 6.022 X 1023 atoms mol-1] {M-
2019}
Ans: a. z=2( for bcc), M= 7 gmol-1, a=352pm=352 x 10-10 cm, NA= 6.022 x 1023
d=
d=
( ) .
d = 0.53 g/cm3
8. Calculate metal crystallizes in a face centered cubic lattice with edge length of 0.556 nm.
Calculate the density of the metal. [Atomic mass of calcium 40g/mol, NA = 6.022 X 1023] [M-
2020]
z=4, M= 40 gmol-1, a=0.556 nm=0.556 x 10-7 cm, NA= 6.022 x 1023, d= ?
d=
d=( . ) .
-3
d = 1.545 gcm
9. Silver crystallizes in Face Centred Cubic (FCC) lattice. If the edge length of cell is 4.1 X 10-8 cm and density
is 10.4 gcm-3, Calculate the atomic mass (M) of silver. [NA = 6.022 X 1023] [S-2020]
-8 23 -3
z=4, a=408.6 x 10 cm, NA= 6.022 x 10 , d= 10.4 gcm , M= ?
d=

M=
. ( . ) .
M=
M = 107.91 or 108 gmol-1
Q.No.38 } Solution

Q No. 38: A numerical problem of 3 marks based on colligative properties .(3M)

1. RLVP (Relative Lowering Of Vapour Pressure)

= p = Vapour pressure of Solvent,

p = Vapour Pressure of solution
w2 = Mass of Solute,
p w M M2 = Molar mass of Solute
M =
p −p w w1 = Mass of solvent,
M1 = Molar mass of Solvent

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 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

2. Elevation of Boiling Point

∆T = K m T = Boiling Point of Solvent,

Tb = Boiling Point Of solution, ∆T = Tb - T
K w 1000 w2 = Mass of Solute,
∆T = w1 = Mass of solvent,
M w
Kb= Ebulioscopic constant or molal elevation constant
M2 = Molar mass of Solute.
M2 =
∆

3. Depression in frezing Point

∆T = K m T = Freezing Point of Solvent,

Tf = Freezing Point Of solution, ∆T = T – Tf
K w 1000 w2 = Mass of Solute,
∆T = w1 = Mass of solvent,
M w
Kf= Cryoscopic constant or molal depression constant
M2 = Molar mass of Solute.
M2 =
∆

4. Osmotic Pressure

π = CRT π = Osmotic pressure,

w2 = Mass of Solute,
T= Temperature
= R= Universal Gas Constant (0.083Lbarmol-1K-1)
π
V = Volume of Solution,
M2 = Molar mass of Solute.

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 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

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 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

Naveen Kumar B R, M.Sc.,B.Ed. Page 7

 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

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 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

Q.No. 40 } Chemical Kinetics

Q. No. 40: A numerical problem of 3 marks or a derivation of rate constant [Zero order or First order].

Integrated rate equation for the velocity constant or rate constant of a zero order reaction

Consider a zero order reaction.

R→P
[ ]
Rate = - = k [R]0
[ ]
- =k

d[R] = -k.dt …..(i)

Integrating equatioin (i) on both sides, we get

[R] = -kt+I …..(ii)

Where “I” is integration constant

At t=0, [R]=[R]0 where[R]0 is initial concentration of reactant. Comparing (iii) with equation of a
∴Eqn (ii) becomes; I=[R]0 straight line, y = mx + c, if we plot
[R] against t, we get a straight
Substituting I in equation (ii)
line with slope = –k and intercept
[R] = -kt + [R]0 ……….(iii)
equal to [R]0.
kt = [R]0-[R]

Naveen Kumar B R, M.Sc.,B.Ed. Page 9

 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination
[ ] [ ]
k= ……(iv)

Integrated rate equation for the velocity constant or rate constant of a First order reaction

Consider a first order reaction.

R→P
[ ]
Rate = - = k [R]1

[ ]
[ ]
= -k.dt …..(i)

Integrating equatioin (i) on both sides, we get

ln[R] = -kt+I …..(ii)

Where “I” is integration constant

At t=0, [R]=[R]0 where[R]0 is initial concentration of reactant.
∴Eqn (ii) becomes; I=ln[R]0

Substituting I in equation (ii)

ln[R] = -kt + ln[R]0 ……….(iii)
kt = ln[R]0-ln[R]
[ ]
kt = ln Comparing (iii) with equation of a
[ ]
straight line, y = mx + c, if we plot
[ ] ln[R] against t, we get a straight
k = ln [ ]
line with slope = –k and intercept
k=
.
log
[ ]
……(iv) equal to ln[R]0.
[ ]

Half life period of a first order reaction is independent of initial concentration of reacting species.
. [ ]
For the first order reaction; k= log [ ]

When t = t1/2 and [R] = [R]0/2

. [ ]
k= log [ ] /
/

.
k= log 2
/

.
k= x 0.3010
/

.
t1/2 =

Naveen Kumar B R, M.Sc.,B.Ed. Page 10

 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

Half life period of a zero order reaction directly proportional to initial concentration of reacting
species.
[ ] [ ]
For the zero order reaction; k=

When t = t1/2 and [R] = [R]0/2

[ ]
[ ]
k=

[ ]
k= t
1
2

[ ]
t1/2 = k

Arrhenius eaquation at @ different temperature for calculation of Ea:

log =
.
1. Calculate the activation energy if the rate of the reaction doubles when the temperature
increases from 270C to 370C. [R=8.314 Jmol-1K-1] {MQP,March-2014}

Ans: log = .

Given the rate of the reaction doubles i.e., = 2, T1 = 27 +273.15 = 300.15K

T2 = 37 +273.15 = 310.15K, R=8.314 J/mol/K

. .
log 2 = . . . .
Ea = 53595.5 J or 53.6 kJ

2. The rate constant of a reaction is doubled when the temperature increased from 400K to 410K.
Calculate the energy of activation [R=8.314 Jmol-1K-1]. {Supplimentary 2019}
log = .

Given the rate of the reaction doubles i.e., = 2, T1 = 400K, T2 = 410K, R=8.314 J/mol/K

log 2 = . .
Ea = 94,518 J or 94.518 kJ

3. The rate of a reaction increases by 4 times when the temperature of the reaction is raised from
340K to 360K. Calculate the energy of activation of the reaction. Given R=8.314 Jmol-1K-1 {MQP}
log = .

Given the rate of the reaction increases by 4 times i.e., = 4, T1 = 340K

T2 = 360K, R=8.314 J/mol/K

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 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

log 4 = . .
Ea = 70554 J or 70.554 kJ

4. 75% of the first order reaction is completed in 30 minutes. Calculate rate constant of the
reaction.[July-2016]
. [ ]
Ans: k= log [ ]
For 75% completion, [R]0 =100, [R] = 100-75 =25
t= 30 minutes
.
k= log
k = 0.0767 x log 4
k = 0.0767 x 0.6021
k = 0.0461 min-1

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 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ( Blue Print as per latest syllabus for the II PUC )

Fill In The 3M
MCQ 2M TOTAL
UNIT Blank (8Q-Any
(4Q) (1Q) MARKS
(1Q) 4)
UNIT-6: GENERAL PRINCIPLES &
PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF Q.No. 7 ___ Q.No. 29 04
ELEMENTS
Q.No. 8(18th Q.No.
UNIT-7: p-BLOCK Q.No.18 ___ 11
group) 30,31,32
Q.No.24 Q.NO.
UNIT-8: d- & f-BLOCK Q.No. 9 ___ 09
(f-block) 33,34
UNIT-9: COORDINATION Q.No.
Q.No. 10 07
COMPOUNDS 35,36
(8Q-Any
TOTAL 4Q 1Q 1Q 31
4Q)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY COMPULSORY 9 MARKS TOPICS

Q.No. 30 (15th Group)

Q.No. 31 (16th Group)
[May have one question on manufacture or preparation for 3 marks on
nitric acid by Ostwald’s process or
ammonia by Haber’s process or
sulphuric acid by Contact process
3 Marks

Q.No. 33 3 Marks
Q.No. 34 Questions from d-block 3 Marks
[One question on manufacture of potassium dichromate from chromite ore OR potassium
permanganate from MnO2]

Q.No. 35
Q.No .36 Questions from Coordination Compounds
i) Based on VBT explain (mention) the hybridization, geometry and magnetic property of [Co(NH3)6]3+,
[CoF6]3-, [NiCl4]2-, [Ni(CN)4]2- 3 Marks
ii) Werner Theory / Crystal Field Theory/Isomerism/IUPAC/Remaining Concepts of coordination
compounds 3 Marks

Q.No. 30 (15th Group)

Q.No. 31 (16th Group)
[May have one question on manufacture or preparation for 3 marks on
nitric acid by Ostwald’s process or
ammonia by Haber’s process or
sulphuric acid by Contact process
3 Marks
 Preparation of Ammonia by Habers’ process.
N2(g) + 3H2(g)→ 2NH3(g), ∆H0f = –46 kJ/mol
The most favorable conditions according to Le-Chatelier’s principle
1. The temperature is about 770K (low temp)

Naveen Kumar B R, M.Sc.,B.Ed. Page 13

 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

2. The pressure is about 200 atm (high pressure)

3. Iron oxide catalyst with small amounts of K2O/Al2O3 as promoter

 Manufacture of Nitric acid by Ostwald’s process:

Nitric acid in Ostwald process manufactured by the oxidation of ammonia.

Temperature: 500K
Pressure : 9 bar
Ctalyst: Pt/Rh gauge catlayst
Nitric oxide thus formed combines with oxygen giving NO2.
2NO ( g ) + O2 ( g )→2NO2 ( g )
Nitrogen dioxide so formed, dissolves in water to give HNO3.
3NO2 ( g ) + H2O ( l ) → 2HNO3 ( aq ) + NO ( g )
Dilute nitric acid on distillation followed by dehydration using conc. sulphuric acid gives 98% nitric acid.
 Manufacture of Sulphuric acid by Contact process process:
Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the Contact Process which involves
three steps:
(i) burning of sulphur or sulphide ores in air to generate SO2.
(ii) conversion of SO2 to SO3 by the reaction with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst (V2O5),

Temperature : 720K
Pressure : 2 bar
Catalyst: V2O5
(iii) absorption of SO3 in H2SO4 to give Oleum (H2S2O7), Dilution of oleum with water gives H2SO4 of the
desired concentration. The sulphuric acid obtained by Contact process is 96-98% pure
SO3 + H2SO4 → H2S2O7
Oleum
H2S2O7 + H2O → 2H2SO4

Flow chart:

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 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

Q.No. 33 3 Marks
Q.No. 34 Questions from d-block 3 Marks
[One question on manufacture of potassium dichromate from chromite ore OR potassium
permanganate from MnO2]

 Preparation of potassium dichromate from chromite ore:

Step-1: Fusion of chromite ore (FeCr2O4) with sodium carbonate in free access of air to give sodium
chromate.
4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7 O2 → 8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2
Step-2: Sodium chromate is filtered and acidified with sulphuric acid to give a solution from which
orange sodium dichromate, Na2Cr2O7.
2Na2CrO4 + 2 H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + 2 Na+ + H2O
Step-3: Potassium dichromate is prepared by treating the solution of sodium dichromate with
potassium chloride.
Na2Cr2O7 + 2 KCl → K2Cr2O7 + 2 NaCl

 Preparation of potassium permanganate from pyrolusite ore:

Potassium permanganate is prepared by fusion of MnO2 with an alkali metal hydroxide and an
oxidising agent like KNO3. This produces the dark green K2MnO4.

K2MnO4 disproportionates in a neutral or acidic solution to give permanganate.

Commercial method:
Commercially it is prepared by the alkaline oxidative fusion of MnO2 followed by the electrolytic
oxidation of manganate (Vl).

Q.No .36 Questions from Coordination Compounds

i) Based on VBT explain (mention) the hybridization, geometry and magnetic property of [Co(NH3)6]3+,
[CoF6]3-, [NiCl4]2-, [Ni(CN)4]2- 3 Marks
ii) Werner Theory / Crystal Field Theory/Isomerism/IUPAC/Remaining Concepts of coordination
compounds 3 Marks
3+
1. [Co(NH3)6] - Hexaminecobalt(III) ion (cobalt atomic number is 27, electronic configuration
[Ar]3d74s2)

 Cobalt in the complex is present in Co+3 oxidation state

 In presence of strong ligand NH3 pairing of electrons in 3d orbitals takes place against to
Hund’s rule. two 3d orbitals, one 4s orbital and three 4p orbitals undergoes d2sp3 hybidization to give
six d2sp3 hybrid orbitals.

Naveen Kumar B R, M.Sc.,B.Ed. Page 15

 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

 Six d2sp3 hybrid orbitals are donated with 6 lone pair of electrons of 6 NH3 ligands in the
complex.

 Due to d2sp3 hybridization the complex is having octahedral geometry.

 It is a low spin or inner complex due to the involvement of (n-1)d orbitals for hybridization.
 It exhibits diamagnetic behavior due to the absence of unpaired electron.

2. [CoF6]-3 - Hexafluorocobaltate(III) ion (cobalt atomic number is 27, electronic configuration

[Ar]3d74s2)
 Cobalt in the complex is present in Co+3 oxidation state
 In presence of weak ligand F- pairing of electrons in 3d orbitals does not takes place against to
Hund’s rule. Therefore nd orbitals (i.e., 4d) orbital is utilized for hybridization. One 4s orbital, three 4p
orbitals and two 4d orbitals undergoes sp3d2 hybidization to give six sp3d2 hybrid orbitals.
 Six d2sp3 hybrid orbitals are donated with 6 lone pair of electrons of 6 F- ligands in the complex.

 Due to sp3d2 hybridization the complex is having octahedral geometry.

 It is a high spin or outer complex due to the involvement of nd orbitals for hybridization.
 It exhibits paramagnetic behavior due to the presence of 4 unpaired electron.
3. [NiCl4] – Tetrachloridonickelate (II) ion { atomic no. of Ni=28; electronic configuration is [Ar]3d84s2}
-2

 Nickel in the complex is present in Ni+2 oxidation state

 In presence of weak ligand cl- pairing of electrons in 3d orbitals does not takes place against to
Hund’s rule. Therefore 4p orbital is utilized for hybridization. One 4s orbital, three 4p orbitals undergo
sp3 hybidization to give 4 sp3 hybrid orbitals.
 Four sp3 hybrid orbitals are donated with 4 lone pair of electrons of 4 Cl- ligands in the complex.

Naveen Kumar B R, M.Sc.,B.Ed. Page 16

 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

 Due to sp3 hybridization the complex is having Tetrahedral geometry.

 It exhibits paramagnetic behavior due to the presence of 2 unpaired electrons.

4. [Ni(CN)4]-2 – Tetracyanonickelate (II) ion { atomic no. of Ni=28; electronic configuration is [Ar]3d84s2}
 Nickel in the complex is present in Ni+2 oxidation state
 In presence of strong ligand CN- pairing of electrons in 3d orbitals takes place against to Hund’s rule.
Therefore (n-d) orbitals (i.e., 3d) orbital is utilized for hybridization. One 3d orbital, one 4s orbital and
two 4p orbitals dsp2 hybidization to give 4 dsp2 hybrid orbitals.
 Four dsp2 hybrid orbitals are donated with 4 lone pair of electrons of 4 CN- ligands in the complex.

 Due to dsp2 hybridization the complex is having Square planar geometry.

 It is a low spin or inner complex due to the involvement of (n-1)d orbitals for hybridization.
 It exhibits diamagnetic behavior due to the absence of unpaired electrons.

5. Postulates of Werner’s theory:

1. In coordination compounds metals show two types of linkages (valences)-primary and
secondary.
2. The primary valences are normally ionisable and are satisfied by negative ions.
3. The secondary valences are non ionisable. These are satisfied by neutral molecules or negative
ions. The secondary valence is equal to the coordination number and is fixed for a metal.
4. The ions/groups bound by the secondary linkages to the metal have characteristic spatial
arrangements corresponding to different coordination numbers Limitations of Werner’s
theory
This theory fails to explain why,
a) a few elements have the property to form coordination compounds
b) the bonds in coordination compounds have directional properties
c) coordination compounds have characteristic magnetic and optical properties

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 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

6. Crystal Field Theory:

This theory considers ligands as point charges in case of anionic ligands and dipoles in case of
neutral molecules. The bond formed between central metal ion and the ligands is purely ionic.
In an isolated gaseous central metal atom or ion, all the five d orbitals are having same energy. i.e
they are degenerated. In the presence of attacking ligands, it becomes asymmetric and the d
orbitals lose degeneracy, resulting in splitting of d orbitals. This is called crystal field splitting.

In an octahedral complex, six ligands surround the central metal ion. dx2 – y2 and dz2 orbitals (called
eg set) are directed along the direction of ligands and experience more repulsion. They have more
energy. dxy, dyz and dzx orbitals (called t2g set) are directed between the axes of attacking ligands
and experience lesser repulsion by the ligands. They have lesser energy. The energy separation
between two split sets is denoted as ∆o .
The energy of eg orbitals increase by 3/5 ∆o and that of t2g set decrease by 2/5 ∆o .

CFS in Octahedral complex

CFS in Tetrahedral complex

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 Important topics for II PU Chemistry examination

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ( Blue Print as per latest syllabus for the II PUC )

Fill In The 3M
MCQ 2M TOTAL
UNIT Blank (6Q-Any
(5Q) (4Q) MARKS
(2Q) 3)
UNIT-10: Haloalkanes and
Q.No. 11 Q.No.19 Q.No. 42 07
haloarenes
UNIT-11: Alcohols, phenols &
Q.No. 12 Q.No. 25 Q.No. 43 08
Ethers
UNIT-12: Aldehydes, Ketones &
Q.No. 13 Q.No. 26 Q.No. 44 08
Carboxylic acids
UNIT-13: Amines Q.No. 14 Q.No. 45 06
UNIT-14: Biomolecules Q.No. 15 Q.No. 46 06
UNIT-15: Polymers Q.No. 47 05
UNNIT-16: Chemistry in everyday Q.No.
Q.No.20 05
life 27,28
(6Q-Any
TOTAL 5Q 2Q 4Q 45
3Q)

Organic chemistry part in the question paper (part B & D (VI) must include a mechanism [SN1, SN2,
dehydration of alcohol to alkene, addition of HCN to aldehyde/ ketone] worth 3 marks and may have
four named reactions of 2 marks each. [11 to 13 Marks]

Haloalkanes & Haloarenes

SN2 Mechanism: Conversion of methylchloride to methyl alcohol

CH3Cl + OH- → CH3OH + Cl-
The nucleophile OH- attacks the carbon atom from the side opposite to the chlorine. The formation of
C-OH and the cleavage of C-Cl bond takes place simultaneously. Finally Cl- gets detached to give methyl
alcohol.

Note:
 It takes place in single step.
 It is a bimolecular reaction.
 It follows second order kinetics, r= k[CH3Cl][OH-]
 Order of reactivity of various alkyl halides towards SN2 Mechanism is
Primary alkylhalides > secondary alkyl halides > tertiary alkylhalides
(less stearic repulsion) (more stearic repulsion)
 Steriochemical aspect: It results in inversion of configuration.

SN1 Mechanism: Conversion of ter-butylbromide to ter-butylalcohol

(CH3)3CBr + OH- → (CH3)3COH + Br-

Step-1: Tertiary butyl bromide undergoes slow ionization gives carbocation.

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Step-2: The nucleophile attacks the carbocation to give product.

Note:
 It takes place in two step.
 It is a unimolecular reaction.
 It follows first order kinetics, r= k[(CH3)3CBr]
 Order of reactivity of various alkyl halides towards SN1 Mechanism is
Tertiary alkylhalides > secondary alkyl halides > Primary alkylhalides
(more stable carbocation) (less stable carbocation)
 Steriochemical aspect: It results in racemic mixture (both inversion and retention).

Named Reactions:
a. Sandmayer’s reaction:
i) Preparation of chlorobenzene:
When primary aromatic amine (aniline) is treated with nitrous acid gives benzene
diazonium chloride. It is treated with cuprous chloride to give Chlorobenzene.

ii) Preparation of bromorobenzene:

When primary aromatic amine (aniline) is treated with nitrous acid gives benzene
diazonium chloride. It is treated with cuprous bromide to give bromobenzene.

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iii) Preparation of iodobenzene

When primary aromatic amine (aniline) is treated with nitrous acid gives benzene
diazonium chloride. It is treated with potassium iodide to give iodobenzene.

b. Finkelstein reaction:
Alkyl iodides are often prepared by the reaction of alkyl chlorides/ bromides with NaI in dry
acetone. This reaction is known as Finkelstein reaction.

c. Swarts reaction.
The synthesis of alkyl fluorides is best accomplished by heating an alkyl chloride/bromide in the
presence of a metallic fluoride such as AgF, Hg2F2. The reaction is termed as Swarts reaction.

d. Wurtz reaction:
Alkyl halides react with sodium in dry ether to give hydrocarbons containing double the number
of carbon atoms present in the halide. This reaction is known as Wurtz reaction.

Eg., CH3Br + 2Na + BrCH3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CH3- CH3 +2NaBr

Methyl Bromide Ethane
e. Wurtz-Fittig reaction
A mixture of an alkyl halide and aryl halide gives an alkylarene when treated with sodium in dry
ether and is called Wurtz-Fittig reaction.

Eg:

f. Fittig reaction:
Aryl halides also give analogous compounds when treated with sodium in dry ether, in which
two aryl groups are joined together. It is called Fittig reaction.
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ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS & ETHERS

MECHANISM: Dehydration of ethanol to ethane

Named reactions:
a. Kolbe’s reaction:
When phenol is heated with NaOH gives sodium phenate and then CO2 is passed through it and
followed by acidification gives salicylic acid.

b. Reimer-Tiemann reaction
When phenol is heated with sodium hydroxide and CHCl3, sodium salt of Salicylaldehyde is
obtained, which on acidified with HCl gives Salicylaldehyde.

c. Williamson’s ether synthesis:

When alkyl halide is heated with sodium alkoxides, gives ether. This reaction is called Williamson’s ether
synthesis.
General reaction :

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ALDEHYDES, KETONES & CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

 MECHANISM: Addition of HCN to aldehydes/ketones ( 3 Marks)
Aldehydes and ketones react with Hydogen Cyanide (HCN) to yield Cyanohydrin. It takes place in 2
steps.
Step-1: Nucleophile (CN-) attacks the carbonyl carbon of aldehyde / ketone. This step is a slow step
and as a result a tetrahedral intermediate is formed.
Step-2: This intermediate captures a proton from the reaction to give nucleophile (CN-) addition
product.

 NAMED REACTIONS:
1. Rosenmund reaction:
Acyl chloride (acid chloride) is hydrogenated over catalyst, palladium on barium sulphate. This
reaction is called Rosenmund reduction.

2. Stephen reaction:
Nitriles are reduced to corresponding imine with stannous chloride in the presence of hydrochloric
acid, which on hydrolysis give corresponding aldehyde. This reaction is called Stephen reaction.

3. Etard reaction:
Chromyl chloride oxidizes methyl group to a chromium complex, which on hydrolysis gives
corresponding benzaldehyde. This reaction is called Etard reaction.

4. Gatterman-Koch reaction:
When benzene or its derivative is treated with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride in the
presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride or cuprous chloride, it gives benzaldehyde or
substituted benzaldehyde. This reaction is known as Gattermann-Koch reaction.

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5. Clemmensen reduction:
The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is reduced to CH2 group on treatment with zinc-
amalgam and concentrated hydrochloric acid. This reaction is called as Clemmensen reduction.

6. Wolff-Kishner reduction:
The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is reduced to CH2 group on treatment with hydrazine
followed by heating with sodium or potassium hydroxide in high boiling solvent such as ethylene
glycol. This reaction is called as Wolff-Kishner reduction.

7. Tollen’s test:
On warming an aldehyde with freshly prepared ammoniacal silver nitrate solution (Tollens’
reagent), a bright silver mirror is produced due to the formation of silver metal. The aldehydes are
oxidised to corresponding carboxylate anion.

8. Fehling’s test:
On heating an aldehyde with Fehling’s reagent, a reddish brown precipitate is obtained. Aldehydes
are oxidised to corresponding carboxylate anion. Aromatic aldehydes do not respond to this test.

[Fehling reagent comprises of two solutions, Fehling solution A and Fehling solution B. Fehling
solution A is aqueous copper sulphate and Fehling solution B is alkaline sodium potassium tartarate
(Rochelle salt).]

9. Cannizzaro reaction:
Aldehydes which do not have an α-hydrogen atom, undergo self oxidation and reduction
(disproportionation) reaction on treatment with concentrated alkali. In this reaction, one molecule
of the aldehyde is reduced to alcohol while another is oxidised to carboxylic acid salt.

OR

10. Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction:

Carboxylic acids having an α-hydrogen are halogenated at the α-position on treatment with
chlorine or bromine in the presence of small amount of red phosphorus to give α-halocarboxylic
acids. The
reaction is known as Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction.

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AMINES
Named reaction:
a. Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction:
Hoffmann developed a method for preparation of primary amines by treating an amide with
bromine in an aqueous or ethanolic solution of sodium hydroxide. The amine so formed
contains one carbon less than that present in the amide.

b. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis:

Gabriel synthesis is used for the preparation of primary amines. Phthalimide on treatment with
ethanolic potassium hydroxide forms potassium salt of phthalimide which on heating with alkyl
halide followed by alkaline hydrolysis produces the corresponding primary amine.

c. Carbylamine reaction:
Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines on heating with chloroform and ethanolic potassium
hydroxide form isocyanides or carbylamines which are foul smelling substances. Secondary and
tertiary amines do not show this reaction. This reaction is known as carbylamines reaction or
isocyanide test and is used as a test for primary amines.

Example:
d. Reaction with Hinsberg reagent:
Hinsberg reagent = benzene sulphonyl chloride
1o amine react with Hinsberg reagent form alkali soluble product
2o amine react with Hinsberg reagent form alkali insoluble product
3o amine donot react with Hinsberg reagent due to absence of hydrogen attached to Nitrogen
Eg., i) The reaction of benzenesulphonyl chloride with primary amine yields N-
ethylbenzenesulphonyl amide. The hydrogen attached to nitrogen in sulphonamide is strongly

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acidic due to the presence of strong electron withdrawing sulphonyl group. Hence, it is soluble
in alkali

ii.) In the reaction with secondary amine, N,N-diethylbenzenesulphonamide is formed. Since N,

N-diethylbenzene sulphonamide does not contain any hydrogen atom attached to nitrogen
atom, it is not acidic and hence insoluble in alkali.

BIOMOLECULES
Haworth Stuctures:

. SUCROSE
α(1→2) glycosidic linkage
β(1→4) glycosidic linkage
LACTOSE

Structural elucidation of glucose:

Reaction Significance about the structure

1 Reaction with HI to give n-Hexane All the six carbon atoms in straight chain

2 i) Reaction with hydroxylamine to give Carbonyl group is present as functional group

oxime
ii) Reaction with HCN to form cyanohydrin

i) ii)

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3 Reaction with Bromine water to give Aldehyde group is present as functional group
gluconic acid

4 Reaction with acetic anhydride to give Presence of 5 –OH groups in glucose

pentaacetate derivative of glucose

5 Reaction with Con.HNO3 to form saccharic Presence of one primary hydroxyl group
acid

Structure of aminoacids:

Peptide bond:
Peptide linkage is an amide bond formed between –COOH group and –NH2 group. A peptide linkage formed
between 2 amino acids is called as dipeptide.

Note: In a given n-peptide ; n- amino acids and n-1 peptide bonds are present
Dipeptide; 2 amino acids and 1 peptide bond
Tripeptide; 3 amino acids and 2 peptide bonds
Tetrapeptide; 4 amino acids and 3 peptide bonds
Pentapeptide; 5 amino acids and 4 peptide bonds

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