BIODIVERSITY & THE
HEALTHY SOCIETY
INTRODUCTION
• Right now, as we witness the various forms of natural
calamities and dispersal of viral diseases, we might be
wondering the leading causes that threaten our society with
these disasters.
• Scientists have already given answers to these questions in
which they stated that, because of human interventions,
sustainable management and use of our environment is
unbalanced (Rawat and Agarwal, 2015).
• The ecological equilibrium thus collapses, reducing the
population of various life forms on Earth, resulting in
detrimental impacts on human health.
INTRODUCTION
• Since humans are dependent on
climate, the interconnection
between human health and
biodiversity is complex (Taştan and
Can, 2019).
• For this reason, it is best first to
understand the fundamental
concepts of ecology and
biodiversity to understand the
relationship between humans and
their environment fully.
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY
• Ecology is the science of
interactions among organisms and
their physical environment.
BIOTIC Biotic Factors or Components include living
organisms, the principal constituent of an ecosystem.
PRODUCERS CONSUMERS DECOMPOSERS DETRITIVORES
are organisms are organisms that are organisms are groups that
capable of depend on that decompose are responsible
producing their producers or other dead parts of for the decaying
own food. consumers. living organisms. matter and
release of gases
into the
atmosphere
Abiotic Factors (non-living forms in the environment such
ABIOTIC as weather, climate, temperature, rock, air humidity,
water, etc.). It helps synthesize organic components that
involve the exchange of energy.
AIR LIGHT SOIL WATER
mixture of needed in vital for the
different gases photosynthesis of survival of all
that is needed in the producers. organisms.
photosynthesis
and respiration.
HABITAT
• is the type of natural
environment in which a
particular species of
organism lives.
• A species' habitat is where
the species can find food,
shelter, protection, and
mates for reproduction.
SPECIES
• is a group of living
organisms consisting of
similar individuals
capable of exchanging
genes or interbreeding.
ECOSYSTEM
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
• ecosystems are those that are • are ecosystems present in a body
entirely made up of land. of water.
• Different types of terrestrial • These can be further divided into
ecosystems exist in different two types: Freshwater Ecosystem
geological zones. and Marine Ecosystem.
ECOSYSTEM
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
MARINE
TUNDRA
WATERS
TEMPERATE FRESH
GRASSLAND
GRASSLAND WATERS
DESERT SAVANNA
TROPICAL
RAINFOREST
TUNDRA
❑ Coldestand harshest of
all biomes and also
called as treeless plain.
❑ Has permanently frozen
soil with an extremely
cold and windy
climate.
GRASSLAND
❑ Widely distributed
over temperate
regions.
❑ Covered with
grasses that tends to
be tall in moist areas,
short in drier areas.
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
❑ Differs from savanna in
terms of climate.
❑ Have hot summers and
cold winters.
❑ Rainfall is moderate and
receives less rainfall
than savanna.
SAVANNA
❑ Rolling grassland with
shrubs and isolated
trees and has both dry
and rainy seasons
❑ Can be found
between a tropical
rainforest and desert
biome.
DESSERT
❑ Considered as the driest
biome and exhibits
drastic temperature
changes between day
and night.
❑ Found in Asia, Africa and
North America
TROPICAL RAINFOREST
❑ Receives the highest
amount of rainfall and
has great water
availability results in
great diversity.
❑ Houses more that half of
all the plant and animal
species in the world.
MARINE
❑ Includes oceans
characterized with very
high salinity.
❑ Serves as a home for
plants and animals of
great diversity
FRESH WATER
❑ Consists of lakes, rivers,
and streams with minimal
salinity.
❑ Characterized by still
waters where animals and
plants have adapted to
float on the surface.
SPECIES CONCEPT
• According to the • Species is the lowest • There are eight
Species Concept, a taxon in the distinct taxonomic
species taxon is a taxonomic rank in categories to explain
collection of Taxonomy, the it further
creatures that may nomenclature study
effectively interbreed for identifying,
and produce fertile characterizing, and
offspring. classifying organisms,
which comprises all
• Interbreeding and plants, animals, and
reproductive barriers microbes.
between organisms
of different species.
SPECIES CONCEPT
• As you move further • For a long time, life • A unique Phylum is
from the origin, the was divided into six used to categorize
groupings grow more kingdoms: the kingdom (plural
distinct until one phyla).
branch culminates in • Animalia (animals)
a single species. • Although it remains a
• Plantae (plants) broad categorization,
• Scientists categorize it divides kingdoms
organisms into three • Mycenae (fungi) into various divisions.
significant divisions
termed Domains after • Protista (protists) • Class, Order, Family,
the common origin of Genus, and Species
all life: Bacteria, • Archaea (archaea) are the categories
Archaea, and • that follow Phylum in
Eukarya. • Bacteria (bacteria) order of increasing
specificity.
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
• Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish
scientist who lived in the
18th century and is the
father of taxonomy,
developed the "Linnaean
System of Classification."
• Linnaeus is credited with
• is a naming system developed by naming approximately
Carl Linnaeus, a great scientist. 10,000 plant and animal
species varieties
• Linnaeus was the first to classify throughout his lifetime,
organisms into hierarchical more than any other
groups. researcher.
Some labels classified the existence of distinct species to provide additional information
about species characterization.
Keystone Species, Flagship Species, and Umbrella Species are the three types of species
mentioned.
Keystone Species Flagship Species Umbrella Species
Measurements of
Species Diversity
SPECIES RICHNESS
SPECIES ABUNDANCE
SPECIES EVENNESS
SPECIES DOMINANCE
Measurements of
Species Diversity
SPECIES RICHNESS
• Species richness refers
to the number of
unique species present
in a specific area.
• Mindoro Island.
• Species will be counted
regardless of whether
It refers to the
they are plants,
variety of species in
animals, or fungi.
a given ecosystem.
Measurements of
Species Diversity
SPECIES ABUNDANCE
Species abundance
refers to the total
number of individuals
that belong to one
distinct species.
Measurements of
Species Diversity
SPECIES EVENNESS
It measures the diversity of species while
considering the abundance of each
species within the ecosystem.
Measurements of
Species Diversity
SPECIES DOMINANCE
Species dominance
refers to the relative
importance of a
species related to the
degree of influence it
has on ecosystem
components.
BIODIVERSITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippines is a
biodiversity hotspot.
BIODIVERSITY
ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PHILIPPINE SPECIES
ANIMALS
BIRDS 581 SPECIES
AMPHIBIANS 109 SPECIES
REPTILES 288 SPECIES
FISHES 330 SPECIES
MAMMALS 204 SPECIES
ENDEMIC SPECIES
• Endemic species are
species that are
exclusively found in a
geographical area.
• An example of an
endemic species to
the Philippines is the
Philippine eagle,
Pithecophaga jefferyi.
SPECIES RICHNESS ABUNDANCE
• Coral reefs are rich in • Abundance refers to the
biodiversity. number of individuals in
an area.
SPECIES DENSITY
• Deserts typically have
low species density
compared to other
ecosystems.
• How do these
affect biodiversity?
• The use of
resources can
change based on
the number of
species or
individuals present.
Endangered species are ones that have low
populations, or are being threatened to
have dwindling populations.
ENDAGERED
EXTINCT
Extinct species are ones that
have disappeared from the
Earth.
EXTINCTION
EXTINCTION
• Extinction occurs when
all of the members of a
species disappears on
Earth
Extinction happens naturally. However,
HUMANS are speeding the process up because
of our impact on the environment.
ENVIRONMENTAL
PHENOMENA DISEASES COMPETITION
HABITAT INVASIVE
PREDATION DEGRADATION SPECIES
ANTHROPOGENIC
(chiefly of environmental pollution and pollutants)
originating in human activity.
GLOBAL
OVER HARVESTING POLLUTION CLIMATE
CHANGE
ENVIRONMENTAL
PHENOMENA
• Ex. forest fires,
typhoons,
earthquakes
DISEASES
• Ex. chytridiomycosis
COMPETITION
• Ex. Hyenas and lions
competing for food.
PREDATION
• Ex. Lions preying on
herbivores.
HABITAT
DEGRADATION
• Ex. Deforestation
INVASIVE SPECIES
• Ex. Brown tree snake
CLIMATE CHANGE
• Drastic alterations in an
area’s normal climate
and weather
conditions and patterns
CONSERVATION PRACTICES
IN THE PHILIPPINES
REPUBLIC ACT PROTECTED RESTORATION AWARENESS
9147 AREAS PROJECTS PROGRAMS
Republic Act 9147
The following are the objectives of RA 9147:
1. To conserve and protect wildlife species and their
habitats to promote ecological balance and
enhance biological diversity;
2. To regulate the collection and trade of wildlife;
3. To pursue, with due regard to the national interest,
the Philippine commitment to international
conventions, protection of wildlife and their
habitats; and
4. To initiate or support scientific studies on the
conservation of biological diversity.
