[MAA 5.

22] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

SOLUTIONS
Compiled by: Christos Nikolaidis

O. Practice questions
dy
1. (a)  4 x  1  y  2 x 2  x  c (general solution)
dx
(b) y (3)  1 gives 1  18  3  c  c  20

y  2 x 2  x  20 (particular solution)

dy dy dy 1
  4 x  1 y 2  2   4 x  1 dx   2    4 x  1 dx    2x  x  c (*)
2
2. (a)
dx y y y
1
 y 2
(general solution)
2x  x  c
(b) y (3)  1 on (*) gives 1  18  3  c  c  22
1
y 2
(particular solution)
2 x  x  22

dy dy dy x
3. (a) x 2  y 2  1  2 x  2 y  0  2y  2 x  
dx dx dx y

dy x y2 x2 x2 y2
(b)    ydy   xdx   ydy    xdx    c  c
dx y 2 2 2 2

 x2  y2  C
For x  1, y  0  c  1 , Hence x 2  y 2  1

dy
4. (a)  ky 2
dx
dy dy 1 1
(b) 2
 kdx   2   kdx    kx  c  y  
y y y kx  c
1
(c) y (0)  1 on   kx  c , gives 1  c
y
1 1
Hence y   
kx  1 1  kx
1 1 1
y (1)  , gives   3  1  k  k  2
3 3 1 k
1
Hence y 
1 2x

1
 C
5. (a) the solution (by any method is y 
where C is a constant.
x
dy y dy dx dy dx
(i)         ln y   ln x  c  ln yx  c  yx  e c
dx x y x y x
ec C
y 
x x
y dy du
(ii) Let u   y  xu  ux
x dx dx
du du du dx du dx
ux  u  x  2u   2    2   ln u  2 ln x  c
dx dx u x u x
y 2 y C
 ln ux 2  c  ux 2  ec  x  ec   ec  y 
x x x
1
dy y 1  dx
, Q ( x)  0 , Integrating factor I  e 
P ( x )dx
(iii)   0 , P ( x)   e x  eln x  x
dx x x
c
Iy   IQdx  xy   0dx  xy  c  y 
x
2
For x  1, y  2  C  2 . Hence y 
x
(b) For x  2 , y  1
yn
(c) (a) xn 1  xn  0.2 , yn 1  yn  0.2
xn
n xn yn
0 1 2
1 1.2 1.6
2 1.4 1.33333
3 1.6 1.14285
4 1.8 1
5 2 0.88888
For x  2 , y  0.88888...  0.889
yn
(ii) xn 1  xn  0.01 , yn 1  yn  0.01 (100 steps) y  0.99497...  0.995
xn

A. Exam style questions (SHORT)

D.E. OF SEPARABLE VARIABLES

6. y = ex – x2 + C
3 = e0 – 0 + C C = 2
y = ex – x2 + 2

dy dy 1
7. Separating variables: 2
 2 xdx   2   2 xdx    x 2  C
y y y

2
 dy dy
8. x – y2 = 1,  x = y2 + 1
dx dx
dy
2
 dx
y 1 x
arctan y = ln x + c
y = 0, x = 2  arctan 0 = ln 2 + c –ln2 = c
arctan y = ln x – 1n 2 = ln x
2
y = tan  ln x 
 2
dy dy y 1
9. xy = 1 + y2  2  2 xdx     dx
dx y 1 y 2
x
1
ln(1 + y2) = ln x + ln c
2
1 + y2 = kx2 (k = c2)
y = 0 when x = 2, and so 1 = 4k
1
Thus, 1 + y2 = x2 or x2 – 4y2 = 4.
4

10. (a) EITHER using partial fractions

OR RHS to LHS
1 1 1  1 5 x x  1 5  1
      
5  x 5  x  5  x(5  x)  5  x(5  x)  x(5  x)
dx
(b) Given = kx(5 – x)
dt
1 dx
then =k
x(5  x) dt
1 1
 
5 x 5(5  x) 
dx  kdt
1
1 1  x 5 kt  x  5kt
ln x – ln(5 – x) = kt or   = Ae or   = Ae
5 5 5 x 5 x

11.

3
12.

13.

dv
14. If kx = mv
dx 
Then kx dx =  mv dv (using separation of variables)
1 1
 kx2 = mv2 + C
2 2
1 kx 2
When x = 0, v = v0, therefore C = – mv 02 Therefore v2 = v 02 
2 m

4k
Therefore when x = 2, v = v02 
m

4
 dA
15. If A g is present at any time, then = ka where k is a constant.
dt
dA
Then, A 
 k dt
 ln A = kt + c
 A = ekt +c = c1ekt
When t = 0, c1 = 50  48 = 50e10k.
ln 0.96
= k or k = –0.00408(2)
10
10 ln 0.5
For half life, 25 = 50ekt  ln 0.5 = kt  t = = 169.8.
ln 0.96
Therefore, half-life = 170 years (3 s.f.)

16.
y

R(0,2) A(6, 0)

0 Q (x–1,0) x x

From the diagram,

dy y dy
 =>
dx 1  y
  dx => ln y = x + c=> y = ex+c = Aex.

But R (0,2) lies on the curve and so A = 2.

Thus y = 2ex

dv dv
17. (a) Given
dt
= –kv  v
 k dt 
 ln v = –kt + C
 v = Ae–kt(A = eC)
At t = 0, v = v0  A = v0  v = v0e–kt
v v
(b) Put v = 0 then 0 = v0e–kt
2 2
1 –kt 1
 = e  ln = –kt
2 2
ln 2
t=
k

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 HOMOGENEOUS D.E
18. (a) use the substitution y = vx
dv
x  v  v 1
dx
dx
dv  x
by integration
y
v= = lnx + c
x
OR
the equation can be rearranged as first order linear …

dy dv
19. put y = vx so that =  v x
dx dx
dv v 2 x 2  3vx 2  2 x 2
v+ x  = (v2 + 3v + 2)
dx x2
dv
x = v2 + 2v + 2
dx
dv dx
 2
v  2v  2
 
x
dv dx
 (v  1) 2  1
 
x
arctan (v + 1) = ln x + c
y
arctan( + 1) = ln x + c
x
When x = 1, y = –1, so c = 0
y
+ 1 = tan ln x
x
y = x(tan ln x – 1)
dy dv
20. put y = vx so that vx
dx dx
dv
the equation becomes v + x  v2  v  4
dx
dv dx
 2
v 4
  x
1 v
arctan  = ln x + C
2 2
substituting (x, v) = (1, 2)
π
C=
8
 y  π
the solution is arctan   2 ln x 
 2x  4
 π
y = 2x tan  2 ln x  
 4

6
 dy dv
21. let y = vx  vx
dx dx
2 2 2
dv v x  x dv 1  2v  v 2 dv (1  v) 2
 v x   x   x 
dx 2x 2 dx 2 dx 2
2 1 –1
 
(1  v ) 2
dv 
x 
dx  2(1 – v) = ln x + c

2
 = ln x + c
y
1
x
when x = 1, y = –1  c = 1
2x 2x  x ln x  x 
 = ln x + 1  y  x   
x y 1  ln x  1  ln x 

 4 
(ii) when x = 2, y = –0.362  accept 2  
 1  ln 2 
dy dv
22. put y = vx so that vx
dx dx
dv dv
the equation becomes v + x = v + v2  x = v2
dx dx
dx dv
separating variables, 
   lnx = – v–1 + C
x v2
x
substituting for v, ln x =  + C
y
substituting the boundary conditions,
1 1
0=– +C C=
2 2
x 1
the solution is ln x = 
y 2
2x
 to y = (or equivalent form)
1  2 ln x

FIRST ORDER LINEAR D.E

integrating factor is e 
 tan xdx
23. = eln cosx= cos x

 y cos x  cos 2 xdx
1
 y cos x 
2 
(1  cos 2 x)dx
x sin 2 x
 y cos x   k
2 4
π
when x = π, y = 0  k  
2
x sin 2 x π
 y cos x   
2 4 2
 x sin 2 x π 
 y  sec x   
2 4 2

7
 dy
24. (cos x – sin x) + (cos x + sin x)y = cos x + sin x
dx
dy cos x  sin x cos x  sin x
 y
dx cos x  sin x cos x  sin x
cos x  sin x
 cos x sin x dx 1
IF = e  e  ln(cos x  sin x ) 
cos x  sin x
y cos x  sin x 1
cos x  sin x
  (cos x  sin x) 2
dx =
cos x  sin x
+k

Hence y = 1 + k(cos x – sin x)

π
x= , y = –1  –1 = 1 + k(–1)  k = 2
2
y = 1 + 2(cos x – sin x)

Note: It is acceptable to solve the equation using separation of variables.

integrating factor = e 
2tanxdx
25. = e2 ln sec x = sec2x
ysec2 x = ∫sin x sec2x dx = ∫sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
substituting, 0 = 2 + C so C = –2
the solution is y = cos x – 2 cos2 x
EITHER
using a GDC, maximum value of y is 0.125
OR
y′ = –sin x + 4 sin x cos x = 0
1
 cos x  (or sin x = 0, which leads to a minimum)
4
1
y
8

dv
26. (u + 3v3) = 2v
du
du (u  3v 3 ) u 3v 2
  
dv 2v 2v 2
du u 3v 2
 
dv 2v 2
1 1 1
  2 v dv  ln v 
IF is e  e 2 = v 2
3
5
u 3v 2 3 2
v
  2
dv =
5
v c

3 3
u= v c v
5

8
 dy 2 x2
27. (a) Rewrite the equation in the form  y 2
dx x x 1
2
  x dx 1
Integrating factor = e = e 2ln x =
x2
1 dy 2 1 d  y  1
(b) [in fact we multiply by IF: 2
 3 y 2  2  2 ]
x dx x x  1 dx  x  x  1
y dx
x 2 
 2
x 1
= arctan x + C

 
Substitute x = 1, y = 1. 1  C  C 1 
4 4
  
y  x 2  arctan x  1  
 4 
dy
28.
dx

 2 x 1 x 2  y  dy
 2 xy  2 x(1  x 2 )
dx

Linear: P ( x )  2 x , Q ( x )  2 x (1  x 2 )

 e
2

Integrating factor is I  e 
P ( x ) dx 2 xdx
ex
2 2
So, Iy   IQdx  e x y   2 x(1  x 2 )e x dx

du du
Let u  x 2   2 x  dx 
dx 2x
du
The integral becomes  2 x(1  u )e   (1  u )eu du
u

2x
By parts:
2 2 2
 (1  u )eu   eu du  (1  u )eu  eu  c  (1  x 2 )e x  e x  c  x 2 e x  c

2 2 2 c
Hence, e x y  x 2e x  c  y  e x  2
ex
c
x = 1, y = 2  2 = 1 +  c=e
e
2
y = x2 + e1  x

1 A B
29. (a)  
( x  1)( x  2) x  1 x  2
We find A  1 , B  1
1 1 1
 
( x  1)( x  2) x  1 x  2

9
 dy y 1
(b) Rewrite the equation in the form  
dx x  1x  2  x  2

 dx    1 1    x 1  x 1
I = exp    = exp   
  x  1x  2 
   
 x  1  x  2 dx  = exp ln  x  2  =
      x2

 x 1  1
Hence,   y  ln x  2  C
 x2 x2

 x2 1 
y    ln  x  2    C
 x 1   x2 

 x   1 2 
  4  x 2  dx   ln( 4 x ) 
 2  1
30. (i) Integrating factor = e = e =
4 x2
y  x
 arcsin   C
4 x 2 2
1
Putting x = 0, y = 1,  C
2
  x 1
Therefore, y = 4  x 2  arcsin   
  2 2
(ii) When x = 1, y = 1.77.

EULER’S METHOD

31. (a) xn 1  xn  0.1 , yn 1  yn  0.1( xn 2  yn 2 )

x1  0.1 , x2  0.2
y1  1  0.1(02  12 )  1.1
y2  1.1  0.1(0.12  1.12 )  1.222
(b)
n x y
0 0 1
1 0.1 1.1
2 0.2 1.222
3 0.3 1.3753284
4 0.4 1.573481221
approximate value of y = 1.57

32. xn 1  xn  0.1 , yn 1  yn  0.1(e xn  2 yn 2 )

n x y
0 0 1
1 0.1 1.3
2 0.2 1.7485170918
3 0.3 2.482119772
4 0.4 3.849289365
required approximation = 3.85

10
 y n 2  xn 2
33. (a) xn 1  xn  0.25 , yn 1  yn  0.25( )
2 xn 2
n xn yn
0 1 –1
1 1.25 –0.75
2 1.5 –0.58
3 1.75 –0.436311

 y(2) ≈ –0.304
34. (a) (i) xn 1  xn  0.1 , yn 1  yn  0.1(2 xn (1  xn 2  yn ))

n xi yi
0 1 2
1 1.1 2
2 1.2 2.0462
3 1.3 2.1407
f (1.3) = 2.14
(ii) Decrease the step size

xn yn
35. (a) xn 1  xn  0.25 , yn 1  yn  0.25(1  )
4  xn 2

n x y
0 0 1
1 0.25 1.25
2 0.5 1.48015873
3 0.75 1.680820106
4 1 1.839139009

To two decimal places, when x = 1, y = 1.84.

(b)

Since the function is concave down the value of y is over-estimated at each step.

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