Differential Equations

I. Order of the differential equation

Order – it refers to the order of the highest ordered

derivatives in DE.

For example,
2
′ 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 + 3 (2 + (𝑑𝑥 )) = 0
𝑑𝑦 2

1. Variable Separable
Let
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑀(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑁(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) + ∫ 𝑔(𝑦) = 0

2. Homogeneous Differential Equation

Let f(x,y)=M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy

Set f(x,y) to f(tx,ty) to determine whether the DE is
homogeneous or not.
𝑓(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

Let
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑦

3. Exact Differential Equation

Let M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy=0

𝜕𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
4. Linear Differential Equation
Let M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy=0
Can be converted to
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
General Solution:
𝑑𝑦
𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶--- + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑦)𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶 --𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃(𝑦)𝑥 = 𝑄(𝑦)

5. Bernoulli’s Equation
Let M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy=0
Can be converted to
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 𝑛
𝑑𝑥
General Solution:
𝑦𝑒 (1−𝑛) ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (1 − 𝑛) ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 (1−𝑛) ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

Application of Differential Equation

Sample Problem
1. Determine the order and degree of the differential equation,
A. Fourth order, first degree B. Third order, first degree
C. First order, fourth degree D. First order, third degree.

2. The equation y^2 = cx is general solution of:

A. y’ = 2y / x B. y’ = 2x / y
C. y’ = y / 2x D. y’ = x / 2y

Solution:
In finding the DE, the aim is to eliminate the arbitrary
constant denoted by c.
𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥
𝑦2
=𝑐
𝑥
Derive by applying quotient rule.
𝑥(2𝑦𝑦 ′ )−𝑦 2 (1)
=0
𝑥2
′ 2
2𝑥𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦
𝑦2
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥𝑦
𝑦
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥

3. Which of the following equations is a variable separable DE?

A. (x + x2 y) dy = (2x + xy2) dx
B. (x + y) dx – 2y dy = 0
C. 2y dx - (x2 + 1) dy=0
D. y2 dx + (2x – 3y) dy = 0
Solution:
Option A
(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥(1 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥(2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 2 + 2)𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 2 +2
Option B
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
(𝑥+𝑦)𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
Option C
2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦
2𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 +1

4. Find the equation of the curve at every point of which the

tangent line has a slope of 2x.

A. x = -y2 + C
B. y = -x2 + C
C. y = x2 + C
D. x = y2 + C

Solution:
𝑚 = 𝑦′
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑦 = 2(2) + 𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑐

5. Find the differential equation whose general solution is y =

C1x + C2ex.

A. (x – 1) y” – xy’ + y = 0
B. (x + 1) y” – xy + y = 0
C. (x – 1) y” + xy’ + y = 0
D. (x + 1) y” + xy’ + y = 0

Solution:
The aim is to eliminate the c1 and c2 in order to obtain
the DE.
The number of derivatives depend on the number of arbitrary
constants.
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥  Eqn. 1
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥  Eqn. 2
𝑦 ′′ = 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥  Eqn. 3
Sub the value of 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 to eqn. 2.
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1 + 𝑦′′
𝐶1 = 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦′′
Sub. The value of 𝐶1 and𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 to Eqn. 1
𝑦 = (𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′′ )𝑥 + 𝑦′′
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑥𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦′′
𝑥𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)𝑦 ′′ − 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0

6. Find the general solution of y’ = y sec x

A. y = C (sec x + tan x)
B. y = C (sec x – tan x)
C. y = C (sec x tan x)
D. y = C (sec2 x + tan x)

Solution:
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑦
= sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
ln 𝑦 = ln(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) + 𝐶
ln 𝑦 − ln(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) = 𝐶
𝑦
ln (sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥) = 𝐶
Raised by e.
𝑦
=𝐶
sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶 (sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)

7. Solve (x + y) dy = (x – y) dx

A. x2 + y2 = C B. x2 + 2xy + y2 = C
C. x2 – 2xy – y2 = C D. x2 – 2xy + y2 = C

Solution:
0 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
Let f(x,y)=(x-y) dx – (x+y) dy

Then,
𝑓(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = (𝑡𝑥 − 𝑡𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑡𝑥 + 𝑡𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑓(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = 𝑡(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑡(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑓(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = 𝑡[(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦]
𝑓(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = 𝑡𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
Therefore, the DE is homogeneous.
Let y=vx
dy=v dx +x dv
Sub to the simplified DE.
(𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥)(𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0
𝑥(1 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥(1 + 𝑣)(𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0
Divide by x both sides for elimination.
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − (𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑣 − 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥(1 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = 0
(1 − 2𝑣 − 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥(1 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = 0
−(𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑣 + 1)𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 (𝑣+1)𝑑𝑣
∫ − 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑣2 +2𝑣−1
𝑑𝑥 1 2(𝑣+1)𝑑𝑣
−∫ = 2 ∫ 𝑣2 +2𝑣−1
𝑥
1
[− ln 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 2 ln(𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1)] 2
−2 ln 𝑥 + 𝑐 = ln(𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1)
𝑐 = 2 ln 𝑥 + ln(𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1)
𝑐 = ln 𝑥 2 + ln(𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1)
𝑐 = ln 𝑥 2 (𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1)
Raised by e both sides.
𝑒 𝑐 = 𝐶 = 𝑥 2 (𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1)
Let v=y/x
𝑦2 2𝑦
𝐶 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = 𝐶
Multiply by – both sides
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 𝐶

8. Solve (cos x cos y – cot x) dx – sin x sin y dy = 0

A. sin x cos y = ln (c cos x)
B. sin x cos y = ln (c sin x)
C. sin x cos y = -ln (c sin x)
D. sin x cos y = -ln (c cos x)

Solution:
Test whether the DE is exact or not.
𝑀 = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − cot 𝑥 𝑁 = − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= cos 𝑥 (− sin 𝑦) = − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= − sin 𝑦 cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑦 cos 𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Therefore, they are exact.
𝜕𝑀
Set 𝜕𝑥 = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − cot 𝑥
∫ 𝜕𝑀 = ∫(cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − cot 𝑥)𝜕𝑥
𝑀 = ∫ cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 − ∫ cot 𝑥 𝜕𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑀 = cos 𝑦 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑀 = cos 𝑦 sin 𝑥 − ln(sin 𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)
Derive M with respect to y, partially.
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑓(𝑥)
= − sin 𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑦
Equate:
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓(𝑥)
− sin 𝑦 sin 𝑥 + = − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓(𝑥)
=0
𝜕𝑦
∫ 𝜕𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶
Sub value of f(x) to the partial general equation of M.
𝑀 = cos 𝑦 sin 𝑥 − ln(sin 𝑥) + 𝐶
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − ln(sin 𝑥) = 𝑀 − 𝐶
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − ln(sin 𝑥) = 𝐶
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − ln(sin 𝑥) = ln 𝐶
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = ln 𝐶 + ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = ln(𝐶 sin 𝑥)
10. Solve the linear equation: dy/dx + y / x = x2

A. xy^2 = x3 / 4 + C
B. xy = x4 / 4 + C
C. x2y = x4 / 4 + C
D. y = x3 / 4 + C
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
+ 𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
Identify P(x) and Q(X).
1
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
Find the general solution using simplified Gen. Sol.
𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1
𝑦𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦𝑒 ln 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 ∗ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥4
𝑦𝑥 = +𝐶
4

11. An object falls from rest in a medium offering a resistance.

The velocity of the object before the object reaches the ground
is given by the differential equation dV/dt + V/10 = 32, ft/sec.
What is the velocity of the object one second after if falls?

A. 40.54 ft/sec

B. 38.65 ft/sec

C. 30.45 ft/sec

D. 34.12 ft/sec

Solution:
Given the differential equation,
𝑑𝑣 𝑣
+ 10 = 32 Linear DE
𝑑𝑡
Solve for the gen. sol.
𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
Replace y->v, x->t, P(x)=1/10 and Q(x)=32
1 1
𝑣𝑒 ∫10𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 32𝑒 ∫10𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑡 𝑡
𝑣𝑒 10 = 32 ∫ 𝑒 10 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑡 1 𝑡
1 𝑑𝑡
𝑣𝑒 10 = 32 ( 10 ) ∫ 𝑒 10 (10) + 𝐶
𝑡 𝑡
𝑣𝑒 10 = 320𝑒 10 + 𝐶
Solve for C when t=0,v=0.
0 0
(𝑜)𝑒 10 = 320 (𝑒 10 ) + 𝐶
𝐶 = −320
Hence, the particular solution is
𝑡 𝑡
𝑣𝑒 10 = 320𝑒 10 − 320
Solve for the velocity when t=1 s.
1 1
𝑣𝑒 10 = 320 (𝑒 10 ) − 320
𝑓𝑡
𝑣 = 30.45 𝑠

12. A nominal interest of 3% compounded continuously is given on

the account. What is accumulated amount of P10,000 after 10
years.

A. P13,620.10

B. P13,500.10

C. P13,650.20

D. P13,498.60

Solution:
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
Where:
𝑃𝑜 = 𝑃10,000 𝑘 = 0.03
𝑃 = 10,000𝑒 0.03𝑡
Solve for the accumulated amount after 10 years.
𝑃 = 10,000𝑒 0.03∗10
𝑃 = 𝑃13,498.59

13. According to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate at which a

substance cools in air is directly proportional to the
difference between the temperatures of the substance and that of
air. If the temperature of the air is 30° and the substance
cools from 100° to 70° in 15 minutes, how long will it take to
cool 100° to 50°?

A. 33. 59 min

B. 43.60 min

C. 35.39 min

D. 45.30 min
Solution:
Use the simplified gen. sol.
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑎 + 𝑐𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
Solve for c when Ta=30o and T=100o, then t=0.
100 = 30 + 𝑐𝑒 −(𝑘∗𝑜)
100 − 30 = 𝑐
𝑐 = 70

𝑇 = 30 + 70𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
Solve for k when T=70o and t=15 mins.
70 = 30 + 70𝑒 −𝑘∗15
70 − 30 = 70𝑒 −15𝑘
40 = 70𝑒 −15𝑘
1
4 −15𝑘 15
(7 = 𝑒 )
1
4 15
𝑒 −𝑘 = (7)

𝑡
4 15
𝑇 = 30 + 70 (7)
Solve for t when T=50.
𝑡
4 15
50 = 30 + 70 (7)
𝑡
4 15
20 = 70 (7)
𝑡
2 4 15
(7) = (7)
Multiply ln both sides.
2 𝑡 4
Ln (7) = 15 ln (7)
2
15 ln( )
7
𝑡= 4
ln( )
7
𝑡 = 33.58 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠

14. In a tank are 100 liters of brine containing 50 kg. total of

dissolved salt. Pure water is allowed to run into the tank at
the rate of 3 liters a minute. Brine runs out of the tank at the
rate of 2 liters a minute. The instantaneous concentration in
the tank is kept uniform by stirring. How much salt is in the
tank at the end of one hour?

A. 15.45 kg

B. 19.53 kg

C. 12.62 kg
D. 20.62 kg

Solution:
Draw the diagram.
Let Q be the amount of salt
In the tank at any time t.

𝑑𝑄
= 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡

Where:
𝐿 𝑘𝑔
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = ( 3 ) (0 )=0
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐿
𝐿
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (2 𝑚𝑖𝑛) 𝐶
Solve for the concentration.
𝑄
𝐶=𝑉
𝑄
𝐶 = 100+(3−2)𝑡
𝑄
𝐶 = 100+𝑡
2𝑄
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 100+𝑡
Substitute the value of Qout.
𝑑𝑄 2𝑄
= 0 − 100+𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑄 2𝑄
= − 100𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑡
∫ = ∫ −2 100+𝑡
𝑄
ln 𝑄 = −2 ln(100 + 𝑡) + 𝐶
Set C= ln C
ln 𝑄 = ln(100 + 𝑡)−2 + ln 𝐶
ln 𝑄 = ln 𝐶(100 + 𝑡)−2
Raised by e both sides, it gives
𝑄 = 𝐶(100 + 𝑡)−2
At t=0, Q=50 kg
50 = 𝐶(100 + 0)−2
𝐶 = 50(100)2
𝐶 = 500,000

𝑄 = 500,000(100 + 𝑡)−2
60𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
Solve for Q when t= 1 ℎ𝑟 ∗ 1ℎ𝑟 = 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
𝑄 = 500,000(100 + 60)−2
𝑄 = 19.53 𝑘𝑔
Higher order of Linear Differential Equation

𝑑
(𝑎𝐷𝑛 + 𝑏𝐷𝑛−1 +. . . +𝑎)𝑦 = 0 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑎𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2

Solve/find the general solution of the higher order linear DE.

Case 1: DE with real and distinct roots:
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥 order of DE=2
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑚3 𝑥 order of DE=3

Case 2: DE with real and repeated roots

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑚𝑥 order of DE=2
𝑚𝑥 𝑚𝑥 2 𝑚𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 + 𝐶3 𝑥 𝑒 order of DE=3
For n order,
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐶𝑖 𝑥 𝑖−1
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 (𝐶1 𝑥1−1 ) + 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 (𝐶2 𝑋 2−1 )

Case 3: DE with conjugate/complex roots for which r=a+bi and

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑏𝑥) For which order of DE=2

Cont:
15. Solve. (𝐷 2 − 2𝐷 + 5)𝑦 = 0
a. y=e^x (C_1 cos 2x+C_2 sin 2x)
b. y=e^x (C_1 cos 3x+C_2 sin 3x)
c. y=e^-x (C_1 cos 2x+C_2 sin 3x)
d. y=e^-x (C_1 cos 3x+C_2 sin 3x)
Solution:
𝐷2 𝑦 − 2𝐷𝑦 + 5𝑦 = 0
Let y=e^mx
𝑦 ′ = 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
Sub.
𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 2𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 5𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0
Divide e^mx both sides.
𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 5 = 0
Solve for m using calculator.
𝑚1 = 1 ± 2𝑖
Where a=1 and b=2.
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 2𝑥)

16. Find the values of m for which y=e raised to the power mx is
a solution of 6y’’-y’-y=0.
a. m=-1/2, 2/3
b. m=-1,2,3
c. m=-1/3,1/2
d. m=-3, 1/3
Solution:
Let y=e^mx, y’=me^mx y’’=m^2 e^mx
Sub.
6𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0
Divide e^mx both sides.
6𝑚2 − 𝑚 − 1 = 0
Solve for m using calculator.
1 1
𝑚 = 2,−3

Advanced Engineering Mathematics

I. Complex Numbers
𝑖 = √−1
𝑖 2 = −1
𝑖 3 = −𝑖
𝑖4 = 1
Trigonometric form / polar form of complex numbers
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝐴 + 𝑖 rsin 𝐴
𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝐴 + 𝑖 sin 𝐴)
𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝐴
z=r∠A

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝐴 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝐴

Exponential form of complex numbers

𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝐴
A= argument in radians

Rectangular form of complex numbers

Multiplication of Complex numbers in polar form
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑐𝑖𝑠 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )
Mode 2 then type
(R1∠A1)*(R2∠A2)=R1R2∠A1A2

Let z1=5∠45o and z1=4∠60o

Press mode then 2(Complex)
For ∠, press shift then (-).
(5∠45o ) ∗ (4∠60o ) = −5.18

Division of Complex numbers in polar form

𝑧1 𝑟1
= 𝑐𝑖𝑠 (𝐴1 − 𝐴2 )
𝑧2 𝑟
2

Multiplication and Division of Complex numbers in exponential

form
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑒 𝑖(𝐴1 +𝐴2) where 𝐴1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴2 =arguments in radian
𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑖(𝐴 −𝐴 )
=𝑟 𝑒 1 2
𝑧2 2

Powers of Complex Numbers

𝑧 = (𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝐴)𝑛
𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝐴

Roots of Complex Numbers

1 1
𝑧 𝑛 = (𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝐴)𝑛
Try:
(5∠45)3=
Press 2 (complex). Then type, (5∠45)3
For ∠, press shift then (-).
(5∠45)3=-88.39+88.39i
Convert. Press shift, then 2, then press 3 (r∠A). 125∠135
1 1
𝐴+360𝑘
𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ( ) where k=0,1,2,3,…
𝑛

Cis=∠

Logarithm of Complex Numbers

ln 𝑧 = ln 𝑟 + 𝐴𝑖 where A is in degrees

II. Hyperbolic Functions

IIa. Definition of Hyperbolic Functions

1 2
sinh 𝑥 = 2 (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) csch 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
1 2
cosh 𝑥 = 2 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) sech 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
tanh 𝑥 = coth 𝑥 =
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥

IIb. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Arcsinh 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1) x is real numbers
arccosh 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 ± √𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑥≥1
1 1+𝑥
arctanh 𝑥 = 2 ln (1−𝑥) 𝑥<1
1 𝑥+1
arccoth 𝑥 = 2 ln (𝑥−1) 𝑥>1
1+√1−𝑥 2
arcsech 𝑥 = ln ( ) 0<𝑥<1
𝑥
1±√1−𝑥 2
arccsch 𝑥 = ln ( ) x>0, x<0
𝑥

IIc. Pythagorean Relations

cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1
sech2 𝑥 + tanh2 𝑥 = 1
coth2 𝑥 − csch2 𝑥 = 1

IId. Inverse hyperbolic function of complex numbers

Arcsinh 𝑧 = ln(𝑧 + √𝑧 2 + 1)
arccosh 𝑥 = ln(𝑥 ± √𝑧 2 − 1)
 1 1+𝑧
arctanh 𝑧 = 2 ln (1−𝑧)

III. Determinants
Is a scalar calculated from a square matrix.

Solve for the determinants using the calculator.

Press mode 6(matrix), then choose (1)MatA. Choose (1) 3x3.

Encode the given matrix in calculator.
Press AC.
Press shift then 4. Choose (7)Det.
Press again shift then 4. Choose (3)MatA.
Press equal.
𝐷=0

Sample Problems:
1. Simplify: i^29 + i^21 + i
A. 3i B. 1 – I C. 1 + I D. 2i
Solution:
Press 2(complex). Then type the given equation.
For I, Press shift then ENG.
𝑖 29 + 𝑖 21 + 𝑖

Find the way such the exponent has a multiple of 4.

𝑖 28+1 + 𝑖 20+1 + 𝑖
𝑖 28 ∗ 𝑖 + 𝑖 20 ∗ 𝑖 + 𝑖
1∗𝑖+1∗𝑖+𝑖
𝑖+𝑖+𝑖
3𝑖
Ex.
𝑖 30 = 𝑖 28+2 = 𝑖 28 ∗ 𝑖 2 = 1 ∗ −1 = −1
𝑖 30 = (𝑖 2 )15 = −1

𝑖(𝑖 28 + 𝑖 20 + 1)

2. If A = 40e^j120°, B = 20 ∠ -40°, C = 26.46 + j0, solve for A

+ B + C.

A. 27.7 ∠ 45°

B. 35.1 ∠ 45°

C. 30.8 ∠ 45°

D. 33.4 ∠ 45°
Solution:
Rewrite these expressions into r∠A.
𝐴 = 40∠1200
B=20∠-40o
𝐶 =26.46∠0
Add.
40∠1200 + 20∠ − 40 o + 26.46∠00
30.8∠45o

6+2.5𝑖
3. Determine the rationalized complex number: 3+4𝑖
a. -1.22+0.66i
b. 1.12-0.66i
c. 0.32-0.66i
d. -32+0.66i
4.

a. 4 b. 2 c.5 d. 0
Solution:
Press mode 6(matrix), then choose (1)MatA. Choose (1) 3x3.
Encode the given matrix in calculator.
Press AC.
Press shift then 4. Choose (7)Det.
Press again shift then 4. Choose (3)MatA.
Press equal.

5.

a. 489 b. 389 c. 326 d. 452

Solution:
5 −1 3 1 −1 3 1 5 3 1 5 −1
+2 [−2 2 −3] − 14 [1 2 −3] + 3 [1 −2 −3] − 1 [1 −2 2 ]
−4 −3 −4 3 −3 −4 3 −4 −4 3 −4 −3
= 2(−47) − 14(−39) + 3(−23) − 1(57)
= 326

6.
Solution:
Let MatA= and MatB=

Press mode 6(matrix), then choose (1)MatA. Choose (1) 3x3.

Encode the given matrix in calculator.
Press AC.
Another Press mode 6(matrix), then choose (2)MatA. Choose (1)
3x3
Then Press AC.
Press shift then 4, then choose MatA.
Press x. Another Press shift then 4, then choose MatB.

(MatA)(MatB)=

Laplace Transform

7. The inverse Laplace transform of s / ( s2 + w2 )

A. sin wt

B. w

C. e^wt

D. cos wt

8. The inverse Laplace transform of ( 2s – 18 ) / ( s^2 + 9 )

A. 2 cos x – sin 3x
B. 2 cos 3x – 6 sin 3x

C. 3 cos 2x – 2 sin 6x

D. 6 cos x – 3 sin 2x

Solution:
2𝑠 18
ℒ −1 (𝑠2 +9 − 𝑠2 +9)
2𝑠 1
ℒ −1 (𝑠2 +9) − 18ℒ −1 (𝑠2 +9)
𝑠 18 3
2ℒ −1 (𝑠2 +32 ) − ℒ −1 (𝑠2 +9)
3
2 cos 3𝑥 − 6 sin 3𝑥