Chapter 8 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Learning Outcomes

When you have completed this chapter you will be able to:

x Manipulate exponential functions and equations.

x Solve exponential equations
x Sketch exponential graphs and discuss the properties of these graphs.
x Manipulate natural logarithmic functions.
x Solve natural logarithmic equations.
x Sketch natural logarithmic graphs and discuss the properties of the graphs.

_____________________________________________________________________________
AM Msomi Mathematics Pre -Tech Study Notes January 2015

99
8.1 Exponential Functions
Exponential functions are equations of the form:

‫ ݕ‬ൌ ܾܽ ௫

with base ܾ where ܽ ് Ͳǡ ܾ ൐ Ͳǡ and ܾ ് ͳ. By considering the specific exponential function ‫ ݕ‬ൌ
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ʹ௫ , the following is noted:

1. The exponential function is defined for all real values of ‫ݔ‬. For the variable ‫ ݔ‬being
negative, the function is expressed as ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ʹି௫ . The domain of the function is the
set of real numbers.
2. For the variable ‫ ݔ‬being an element of integers, the function takes on a positive value. The
exponential function ʹ௫ can never represent a negative number, nor can ʹ௫ be equal to Ͳ.
The range of the function is the set of all positive real numbers.
3. An asymptote is a line that a graph approaches as ‫ ݔ‬՜ λ or as ‫ ݔ‬՜ െλ.

8.1.1 Characteristics of Exponential Functions:

x Continuous and one-to-one.

x Domain is ሺെλǡ λሻ.
x Range is ሺͲǡ λሻ if ܽ ൐ Ͳ.
x Range is ሺെλǡ Ͳሻ if ܽ ൐ Ͳ.
x The ‫ݕ‬-intercept is given by ሺͲǡ ܽሻ.

NB: For the range and ‫ݕ‬-intercept, not the case if a term is added/subtracted to exponential term
such as ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ʹ௫ ൅ ͷ.

8.1.2 Exponential Growth vs. Exponential Decay.

If ܽ is positive, the function ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ܾܽ ௫ can be classified as exponential growth or exponential decay.
In the case where ܽ, is positive, we note that:

_____________________________________________________________________________
AM Msomi Mathematics Pre -Tech Study Notes January 2015

100
 x If ܾ ൐ ͳ, then the function is classified as exponential growth.
x If Ͳ ൏ ܾ ൏ ͳ, then the function is classified as exponential decay.
x If ܽ is negative, then it is neither exponential growth nor exponential decay.

Exponential Growth Exponential Decay Neither

௫
‫ ݕ‬ൌ ʹሺ͵ሻ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͲǤͷ ௫ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  െ͵ሺʹሻ௫
ͳ ͳ ௫ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  െሺͲǤʹሻ௫
‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ሺʹሻ௫ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͵൬ ൰
Ͷ ʹ
‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ሺͳǤʹሻ௫ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ሺ͵ሻି௫ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  െͶሺ͵ሻି௫

Using the table method to sketch the function, ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ʹ௫ , we find the coordinates of ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݕ‬values
in the following table.

Table: Table of values of the function ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ʹ௫

‫ݔ‬ -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ʹ௫ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ʹ Ͷ ͺ
ͺ Ͷ ʹ

The table indicates that the function is increasing and the curve drawn using the table will be
concave upward. The ‫ݔ‬-axis is a horizontal asymptote toward the left. Thus, the function ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ʹ௫ ՜
Ͳ as ‫ ݔ‬՜ െλ so that ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ is a horizontal asymptote to the left. In sketching the exponential
భ
function, ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ʹ௫ , we made use of the property ʹି௡ ൌ  ʹ೙ .

_____________________________________________________________________________
AM Msomi Mathematics Pre-Tech Study Notes January 2015

101
Consider the exponential graph ࢟ ൌ  ૛࢞

The domain of the exponential graph is

‫ א ݔ‬ሺെλǡ λሻǤ The range is given by ሺͲǡ λሻ.

The graph has a horizontal asymptote given
by ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ. Lastly, it is an exponential growth.
We now explore exponential function ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ
‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ܾ ௫ for which Ͳ ൏ ܾ ൏ ͳ. If we choose ܾ ൌ
ଵ ଵ ௫ ଵ
ଶ we mathematically get ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ቀଶቁ ൌ  ଶೣ ൌ
ଵ
ʹି௫ . The graph of ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ೣ can also be
ଶ

found by comparing it to the graph of ‫ ݕ‬ൌ

ଵ
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ʹ௫ . Since ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ଶೣ ൌ  ʹ௫ ൌ ݂ሺെ‫ݔ‬ሻ,

the ‫ݕ‬-values for ݃ are the same as the ‫ݕ‬-

values for ݂ on the opposite side of the ‫ݕ‬-axis.
In other words, the graph of ݃ is the reflection
of the graph of ݂ through the ‫ݕ‬-axis.

Figure: Exponential graphs ࢟ ൌ  ૛ି࢞

The domain of the exponential graph is ‫א ݔ‬

ሺെλǡ λሻǤ The range is given by ሺͲǡ λሻ. The graph
has a horizontal asymptote given by ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ. Lastly,
it is an exponential decay.

_____________________________________________________________________________
AM Msomi Mathematics Pre -Tech Study Notes January 2015

102
Let us now consider the exponential function ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  െ͵ሺʹሻ௫ . Using the table method to sketch the
function, ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  െ͵ሺʹሻ௫ , we find the coordinates of ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݕ‬values in the following table.

Table: Table of values of the function ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  െ͵ሺʹሻ௫

‫ݔ‬ -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
௫ െ͵ െ͵ െ͵
‫ ݕ‬ൌʹ െ͵ െ͸ െͳʹ ʹͶ
ͺ Ͷ ʹ

The table gives the following graphical

representation of an exponential graph.

The domain of the graph is ሺെλǡ λሻ, the

range is ሺെλǡ Ͳሻ and the horizontal
asymptote is given by ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ. The graph is
neither exponential growth nor exponential
decay.

8.2 Transformation on exponential functions

The general form of an exponential function showing both vertical and horizontal transformation
is given by

‫ ݕ‬ൌ ܾܽ ௫ି௣ ൅ ‫ݍ‬, where ܾ ൐ Ͳ and ܾ ് Ͳ

In the equation, ܽ gives the shape of the graph and also determines on which side of the
asymptote the exponential function lies. The product of ܽ and the value of ܾ determines whether
the function is increasing or decreasing. The value of ‫ ݍ‬determines the vertical translation (up or
down) and the line ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ ݍ‬is a horizontal asymptote. The value of ‫ ݌‬gives a horizontal translation.

_____________________________________________________________________________
AM Msomi Mathematics Pre -Tech Study Notes January 2015

103
Example

ଵ ௫
Consider the given function ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ʹ ቀଶቁ ൅ ͳ. State the domain and range. List any asymptotes.

Determine whether the function is exponential growth, exponential decay or neither. List any
translations.

Solution:

The domain is ‫ א ݔ‬ሺെλǡ λሻ, the range is

‫ א ݕ‬ሺͷǡ λሻ and the horizontal asymptote is
given by ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͳ. This is an exponential
decay. The graph is translated 0 units
horizontally and 5 units vertically.

8.3 The Definition of the natural exponential function

The natural exponential function for all real
numbers ‫ ݔ‬is defined by the following
equation:

‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ݁௫

Since ʹ ൏ ݁ ൏ ͵, the graph of the natural

exponential function ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ݁ ௫ has the same
shape as the curves ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ܾ ௫ for ܾ ൐ ͳ, and
lies between the graphs of ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ʹ௫ and ‫ ݕ‬ൌ
͵௫ . You can use the ݁ ௫ key on your
calculator for specific values of x to locate
points on the graph.

Figure: Exponential graphs, ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ  ૛࢞, ࢍሺ࢞ሻ ൌ  ࢋ࢞ , ࢎሺ࢞ሻ ൌ  ૜࢞

104
Now let us consider the sketch of the
graphs of ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ݁ ି௫ and ݄ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  െ݁ ௫ on
the same axes. Rather than plotting
points, we can sketch these curves by
making use of the graph of ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ݁ ௫ . The
reflection of the graph of ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ݁ ௫ through
the ‫ݕ‬-axis gives the graph of ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ݁ ି௫ . We
can also reflect the graph of ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ݁௫
through the ‫ݔ‬-axis to find the graph of

‫ ݕ‬ൌ  െ݁ ௫ .

Figure: Exponential graphs, ࢍሺ࢞ሻ ൌ  ࢋି࢞ , ࢎሺ࢞ሻ ൌ  െࢋ࢞

Properties of ࢟ ൌ  ࢋ࢔࢞ ൅ ࢓Ǣ ࢔ǡ ࢓Ǣ ࢓ ‫ࢆ א‬

1. Domain: ‫ܴ א ݔ‬
2. Range: ‫ ݕ‬൐ ݉
3. Horizontal asymptote ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݉
4. Increasing function for ݊ ൐ Ͳ
5. Decreasing function for ݊ ൏ Ͳ
6. ‫ݔ‬-intercept, depends on the sign of ݉, ie. If ݉ is positive, no ‫ݔ‬-intercept but if ݉ is negative,
express the equation in log form and find ‫ݔ‬.
7. ‫ݕ‬-intercept, make ‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ.

_____________________________________________________________________________
AM Msomi Mathematics Pre-Tech Study Notes January 2015

105
8.4 Laws of exponents and Natural exponential functions

Exponents Natural Exponents

ܾ ௫ ܾ ௬ ൌ  ܾ ௫ା௬ ݁ ௫ ݁ ௬ ൌ  ݁ ௫ା௬
ሺܾ ௫ ሻ௬ ൌ  ܾ ௫௬ ሺ݁ ௫ ሻ௬ ൌ  ݁ ௫௬
ܾ଴ ൌ ͳ ݁଴ ൌ ͳ
ܾ௫ ݁௫
ൌ  ܾ ௫ି௬ ൌ  ݁ ௫ି௬
ܾ௬ ݁௬
ܽ ௫ ܾ ௫ ൌ  ሺܾܽሻ௫ ݁ ௫ ܾ ௫ ൌ  ሺܾ݁ሻ௫
ͳ ͳ
ܾ ି௫ ൌ  ݁ ି௫ ൌ 
ܾ௫ ݁௫

Exercise 8.1

Simplify

1. ݁ ି௫ Ǥ ݁ ଶ௫
௘ ర೟
2.
௘ య೟
௘ ೣ ା௘ మೣ
3.
௘ మೣ ା௘ యೣ

4. ݁ ௫ ሺ݁ ௫ െ ݁ ି௫ ሻ
௘ మೣ ିଵ
5.
௘ ೣ ାଵ
௘ మೣశయ Ǥ௘ ఱೣ
6.
௘ ೣశమ

7. ξ݁ ଶ௫ ൅ ʹ݁ ଶ௫ାଵ ൅ ݁ ଶ௫ାଶ

_____________________________________________________________________________
AM Msomi Mathematics Pre -Tech Study Notes January 2015

106
Answers

1. ݁ ௫ 2. ݁ ௧ 3. ݁ ି௫ 4. ሺ݁ ௫ െ ͳሻሺ݁ ௫ ൅ ͳሻ

5 . ݁௫ െ ͳ 6. ʹ 7. ݁ ଺௫ାଵ 8. ݁ ௫ ሺ݁ ௫ ൅ ͳሻ

8.5 The Logarithmic Function

The logarithmic function is the inverse of the exponential function. In order to determine the
equation of the inverse of an exponential function, we use the definition of a logarithm. Given the
function ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ܾ ௫ , we determine the equation of the its inverse by swopping the ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݕ‬values
such that

‫ ݔ‬ൌ  ܾ ௬  ՜ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ݈‫݃݋‬௕ ‫ݔ‬, where ‫ ݔ‬൐ Ͳ

Example1: Sketch the graphs of ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ͵ି௫ ǡ ݂ ିଵ ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ and ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬on the same set of axes and state
the domain and range of ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ and ݂ ିଵ ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ.

ͳ ௫ ݂ ିଵ ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻǣ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ  ͵௬
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ͵ି௫ ൌ  ൬ ൰
͵ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  െ݈‫݃݋‬ଷ ‫ ݕݎ݋ݔ‬ൌ  ݈‫݃݋‬ଵ ‫ݔ‬
ଷ
Ͳ൏ܾ൏ͳ
Ͳ൏ܾ൏ͳ
x Decreasing function
x Decreasing function, substitute a
x ‫ݕ‬-intercept: (0;1)
point in for ‫ ݔ‬eg: ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͵
x Substitute a point in for ‫ ݔ‬eg: ‫ ݔ‬ൌ െͳ,
x Hence point is ሺ͵Ǣെͳሻ
hence the point is ሺെͳǢ ͵ሻ

_____________________________________________________________________________
AM Msomi Mathematics Pre -Tech Study Notes January 2015

107
 ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻǣ ݂ ିଵ ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  െ݈‫݃݋‬ଷ ‫ݔ‬
Domain: ‫ܴ א ݔ‬ Domain: ‫ א ݔ‬ሺͲǢ λሻ
Range: ‫ א ݕ‬ሺͲǢ λሻ Range: ‫ܴ א ݕ‬

‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ݈‫݃݋‬௕ ‫ ݔ‬is symmetrical to ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ܾ ௫ about the line ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬

‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ݈‫݃݋‬௕ ‫ ݔ‬is symmetrical to ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  െ݈‫݃݋‬௕ ‫ ݔ‬about the ‫ݔ‬-axis.

8.6 The Definition of the Natural Logarithmic Function

The inverse of ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ݁ ௫ is given by ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ݈‫݃݋‬௘ ‫ݔ‬. In place of ݈‫݃݋‬௘ ‫ݔ‬, we usually write ݈݊‫ݔ‬, which is
called the natural log of ࢞. Thus ‫ ݔ‬ൌ  ݁ ௬ and ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݈݊‫ ݔ‬are equivalent. As noted when we
studied inverse functions, the graph of ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݈݊‫ ݔ‬can be obtained by reflecting the graph of ‫ ݕ‬ൌ
݁ ௫ through the line ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬.

_____________________________________________________________________________
AM Msomi Mathematics Pre-Tech Study Notes January 2015

108
 The reflection of the points are shown.

Figure: Natural Logarithmic graph ࢍሺ࢞ሻ ൌ ࢒࢔࢞ and Natural Exponential graph ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ  ࢋ࢞

_____________________________________________________________________________
AM Msomi Mathematics Pre -Tech Study Notes January 2015

109
 Characteristics of ࢟ ൌ ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ  ࢒࢕ࢍ࢈ ሺ࢔࢞ െ Characteristics of ࢟ ൌ ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ ࢒࢔ሺ࢔࢞ െ ࢓ሻ,
࢓ሻ, where ࢈ ‫ࡾ א‬ǡ ࢈ ൐ ૙ and ࢈ ് ૚ where ࢋ ‫ࡾ א‬ǡ ࢋ ൐ ૙ and e് ૚
௠ ௠
1. Domain: ‫ܦ‬௙ ൌ  ቄ‫ܴ א ݔ‬ȁ‫ ݔ‬൐ ௡ ቅǤ 1. Domain: ‫ܦ‬௙ ൌ  ቄ‫ܴ א ݔ‬ȁ‫ ݔ‬൐ ௡ ቅǤ

2. Range: ܴ௙ ൌ ܴ 2. Range: ܴ௙ ൌ ܴ
3. ݂ increases when ܾ൐ͳ and 3. ݂ increases when ݁ ൐ ʹ and
decreases when Ͳ ൏ ܾ ൏ ͳ. decreases when ʹ ൏ ݁ ൏ ͵.
4. ݂ is a one-to-one function. 4. ݂ is a one-to-one function.
5. The graph of ݂ cuts the ‫ݔ‬-axis at 5. The graph of ݂ cuts the ‫ݔ‬-axis at
ሺͳǢ Ͳሻ. ሺͳǢ Ͳሻ.
6. The vertical asymptote of the 6. The vertical asymptote of the
graph is the negative ࢟-axis when graph is the negative ࢟-axis
ܾ ൐ ͳ and the positive ࢟-axis when when ݁ ൐ ʹ and the positive ࢟-
Ͳ ൏ ܾ ൏ ͳ. axis when ʹ ൏ ݁ ൏ ͵.

7. When ܾ ൐ ͳ, the bigger ܾ becomes, 7. When ʹ ൐ ͳ, the bigger ܾ

the closer the graph moves to the becomes, the closer the graph
positive ࢞-axis when ‫ ݔ‬൐ ͳ, the moves to the positive ࢞-axis
closer the graph moves to the when ‫ ݔ‬൐ ͳ, the closer the graph
negative ࢟-axis when Ͳ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ͳ moves to the negative ࢟-axis
8. When Ͳ ൏ ܾ ൏ ͳ, the smaller ܾ when Ͳ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ͳ
becomes, the closer the graph 8. When Ͳ ൏ ݁ ൏ ͳ, the smaller ܾ
moves to the positive ࢞-axis when becomes, the closer the graph
‫ ݔ‬൐ ͳ, the closer the graph moves to moves to the positive ࢞-axis
the positive ࢟-axis when Ͳ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ͳ when ‫ ݔ‬൐ ͳ, the closer the graph
moves to the positive ࢟-axis
when Ͳ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ͳ

_____________________________________________________________________________
AM Msomi Mathematics Pre-Tech Study Notes January 2015

110
 Exercise 8.2

Sketch each pair of functions on the same axes and determine the following foe both graphs:
range, domain, asymptote and ‫ݔ‬-intercept.

1. ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ݁ ௫ , ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ʹଶ௫

2. ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ʹି௫ , ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ݁ ௫ ൅ ʹ
3. ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  െ݁ ௫ , ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ʹ െ ʹି௫
4. ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ݈݊‫ݔ‬, ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ݈‫݃݋‬௘ ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹሻ
5. ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ݈‫ ଺݃݋‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ሻ, ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ Žሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ሻ

Answers
1.

_____________________________________________________________________________
AM Msomi Mathematics Pre -Tech Study Notes January 2015

111
 2.

3.

_____________________________________________________________________________
AM Msomi Mathematics Pre -Tech Study Notes January 2015

112
 4.

5.

_____________________________________________________________________________
AM Msomi Mathematics Pre -Tech Study Notes January 2015

113
8.7 Laws of Logarithms and Natural logarithm
The logarithm is generally an exponent, as a result, it is expected that it must follow the laws
of exponents. The laws of logarithm is given in the table below:

Exponents Logarithms Natural Logarithms

If ‫ ݑ‬ൌ ݈‫݃݋‬௕ ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݒ‬ൌ  ݈‫݃݋‬௕ ‫ݕ‬ ݈‫݃݋‬௕ ‫ ݕݔ‬ൌ ‫ ݑ‬൅ ‫ݒ‬ If the base changes from ܾ
These functions in to ݁, then
exponential form, becomes ݈‫݃݋‬௕ ‫ ݕݔ‬ൌ  ݈‫݃݋‬௕ ‫ ݔ‬൅  ݈‫݃݋‬௕ ‫ݕ‬ ݈‫݃݋‬௕ ‫ ݕݔ‬ൌ  ݈‫݃݋‬௕ ‫ ݔ‬൅  ݈‫݃݋‬௕ ‫ݕ‬
Becomes
௨ ௩
‫ ݔ‬ൌ  ܾ and ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ܾ ݈‫݃݋‬௘ ‫ ݕݔ‬ൌ  ݈‫݃݋‬௘ ‫ ݔ‬൅  ݈‫݃݋‬௘ ‫ݕ‬
௨ା௩
‫ ݕݔ‬ൌ  ܾ ݈݊‫ ݕݔ‬ൌ ݈݊‫ ݔ‬൅ ݈݊‫ݕ‬
ሺܾ ௫ ሻ௬ ൌ  ܾ ௫௬ ݈‫݃݋‬௕ ሺ‫ ݔ‬௬ ሻ ൌ ‫݃݋݈ݕ‬௕ ‫ݔ‬ ݈݊‫ ݔ‬௬ ൌ ‫ݔ݈݊ݕ‬
ܾ௫ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬
ൌ  ܾ ௫ି௬ ݈‫݃݋‬௕ ൬ ൰ ൌ  ݈‫݃݋‬௕ ‫ ݔ‬െ ݈‫݃݋‬௕ ‫ݕ‬ ݈݊ ൬ ൰ ൌ ݈݊‫ ݔ‬െ ݈݊‫ݕ‬
ܾ௬ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ݕ‬
݈‫݃݋‬௕ ሺܾ௡ ሻ ൌ ݊ ݈݊ሺ݁ ௡ ሻ ൌ ݊

Exercise 8.3

Simplify

1. ሺ݈݊݁ሻଷ െ ݈݊݁ ଷ , answer: -2

ଶ ଵ
2. ξ݈݊݁ ଶ  െ  ൫݈݊ξ݁൯ , answer: ξʹ െ ସ

3. Ž‘‰ ଷ ͺͳ, answer: 4

ଵ
4. Ž‘‰ ଻ ቀସଽቁ , answer: -2

Exercise 8.4

Expand each of the following

ሺ௫ିଵሻሺ௫ାଷሻమ ଵ
1. ݈݊ , answer: Žሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻ ൅ ʹ Žሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ሻ െ ଶ Žሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹሻ
ξ௫ మ ାଶ
ଵ
2. ݈݊ඥ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻ, answer: ଶ ሾ͵݈݊‫ ݔ‬൅ Žሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻሿ

3. Ž‘‰ ସ ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ , answer: Ž‘‰ ସ ͵ ൅ ʹ Ž‘‰ ସ ‫ݔ‬

ଷ௫ మ
4. Ž‘‰ ସ ቀ ௬
ቁ, answer: Ž‘‰ ସ ͵ ൅ ʹ Ž‘‰ ସ ‫ ݔ‬െ  Ž‘‰ ସ ‫ݕ‬

114
Exercise 8.5

Convert each expression into the logarithm of a single expression.

ଵ
1. ଶ
݈݊‫ݔ‬ ൅ Žሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͷሻ , answer: ݈݊ξ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͷሻ
ଵ ଵ ξ௫
2. ݈݊‫ݔ‬ െ ʹ Žሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻ െ ଷ Žሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳሻ, answer: ݈݊ ሺ௫ିଵሻమ ሺ௫మ
ଶ ାଵሻభȀయ

௫ మ ሺ௫ మ ିଵ଺ሻ
3. Ž‘‰ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͳ͸ሻ െ ͵ Ž‘‰ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷሻ ൅ ʹ Ž‘‰ ‫ݔ‬, answer: Ž‘‰ ቀ ሺ௫ାସሻయ
ቁ
௫య௬
4. Ž‘‰ ଶ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ െ Ž‘‰ ଶ ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ሻସ ൅ Ž‘‰ ଶ ‫ݕ‬, answer: Ž‘‰ ଶ ቀሺ௫ାଷሻర ቁ

Exercise 8.6

Solve the following exponential and logarithmic equations without using a calculator.

1. ݁ ଶ௫ ൅  ݁ ௫ െ ͸ ൌ Ͳ, answer: ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ݈݊ʹ

2. ݁ ௫ െ ͳʹ݁ ି௫ െ ͳ ൌ Ͳ, answer: ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ݈݊Ͷ
ଶ௫ ௫ ௫
3. ݁ ൅ ͵݁ െ ݁Ǥ ݁ െ ͵݁ ൌ Ͳ, answer: ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳ
4. ݁ ଶ௫ െ ݁Ǥ ݁ ௫ െ ʹ݁ ଶ ൌ Ͳ, answer: ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳ ൅ ݈݊ʹ
ଶ
5. ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݁ݔ‬ହ௫ାଶ ൌ Ͳ, answer: ‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ‫ ݔݎ݋‬ൌ െ ହ

6. ͷሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ Ͷሻ ൌ  ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ Ͷሻ݁ ଻ି௫ ൌ Ͳ, answer: ‫ ݔ‬ൌ  േʹ‫ ݔݎ݋‬ൌ ͹ െ ݈݊ͷ
ଵ ଽ
7. Ͷ݁ ଵାଷ௫ െ ͻ݁ ହିଶ௫ ൌ Ͳ, answer: ‫ ݔ‬ൌ  ହ ሺͶ ൅ ݈݊ ସሻ
ଵ
8. ሺ݁ ௫ ൅  ݁ ି௫ ሻ ൌ ͵ answer: ͵ േ ʹξʹ
ଶ
ଵ
9. ሺ݁ ௫ െ  ݁ ି௫ ሻ ൌ െ݁ answer: Žሺെ݁ ൅ ξ݁ ଶ ൅ ͳሻ
ଶ
௘ ೣ ି௘ షೣ ଶ
10. ൌ answer: ݈݊ξͷ
௘ ೣ ା௘ షೣ ଷ

௘ ೣ ି௘ షೣ ଵ ௘ାଵ
11. ൌ௘ answer: ݈݊ට௘ିଵ
௘ ೣ ା௘ షೣ

௘మ
12. ʹ݈݊ξ‫ ݔ‬െ  Ž‘‰ ௘ ሺͳ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ʹ, answer: ‫ ݔ‬ൌ 
ଵା௘ మ

13. Ž‘‰ ଼ ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹሻ ൌ ʹ െ  Ž‘‰ ଼ ʹ, answer: ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͵Ͳ

_____________________________________________________________________________
AM Msomi Mathematics Pre-Tech Study Notes January 2015

115
 14. ݈݊݁ ξ௫ାଵ ൌ ͵ answer: 8
మ ିସሻ ସ
15. ݁ ୪୬ሺ଺௫ ൌ ͷ‫ݔ‬ answer: ଷ
మ ି଺ሻ
16. ݁ ୪୬ሺଷ௫ ൌ െ͹‫ݔ‬ answer: െ͵‫ݕ݈݊݋‬
మ ିଶሻ
17. ݁ ୪୬ሺହ௫ ൌ െ͵‫ݔ‬ answer: െͳ‫ݕ݈݊݋‬
18. Žሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹሻ ൅ ݈݊‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ݈݊‫ݔ‬ answer: െͳ ൅ ξʹ
19. ݈݊‫ ݔ‬൅ Žሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹሻ ൌ ͳ answer: െͳ ൅ ξͳ ൅ ݁
ଷ௘ భబ ିଶ
20. Žሺ͵ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ Žሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹሻ െ ͳͲ answer: Ͳ‫ݎ݋‬ ଵା௘ భబ

21. ሺ݁ ௫ାଶ െ ͳሻ Žሺͳ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ answer: Ͳ‫ ݎ݋‬െ ʹ

22. ‫ ݔ‬௟௡௫ ൌ  ݁ ସ answer: ݁ ଶ ܽ݊݀݁ ିଶ
23. ‫ ݔ‬௟௡௫ ൌ ‫ ݁ݔ‬ଶ answer: ݁ ଶ ‫ି ݁ݎ݋‬ଵ
24. ‫ ݔ‬௟௡௫ ൌ  ‫ ݔ‬ହ ݁ ି଺ answer: ݁ ଷ ‫ ݁ݎ݋‬ଶ
25. ‫ ݔ‬௫ ൌ  ݁ ଺ ‫ି ݔ‬ଵ answer: ݁ ଶ ‫ି ݁ݎ݋‬ଷ

Exercise 8.7

1) The graph of ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ܾ ௫ ൅ ‫ ݍ‬has an asymptote of ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  െʹ and passes through the point
ሺ͵Ǣ ͸ሻ.
5.1 Determine the values of ܾ and ‫ݍ‬. Answer ܾ ൌ ʹ and ‫ ݌‬ൌ  െʹ
5.2 Determine the coordinates of the ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ݕ‬-intercepts. Answer ‫ݔ‬-int: ሺͳǢ Ͳሻ and ‫ݕ‬-
int:ሺͲǢെͳሻ
2) If the graph of ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ܽ ௫ and ܽ ൐ Ͳ, determine:
ଶହ ହ
The value of ܽ if the graph passes through the point ቀʹǢ ଵ଺ቁ. Answer ܽ ൌ  ସ

_____________________________________________________________________________
AM Msomi Mathematics Pre -Tech Study Notes January 2015

116