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LO 8

The document covers exponential and logarithmic functions, detailing their definitions, properties, and transformations. It explains concepts of exponential growth and decay, as well as the natural exponential function and logarithmic functions, including their basic properties and applications. Additionally, it provides formulas for compound interest and continuous compounding, illustrating their relevance in real-world scenarios.

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ahmedghx15
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2 views7 pages

LO 8

The document covers exponential and logarithmic functions, detailing their definitions, properties, and transformations. It explains concepts of exponential growth and decay, as well as the natural exponential function and logarithmic functions, including their basic properties and applications. Additionally, it provides formulas for compound interest and continuous compounding, illustrating their relevance in real-world scenarios.

Uploaded by

ahmedghx15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Grade (10)

2 (2)
Semester
2021/2022
LO 8
Concepts
1. Exponential functions
2. Logarithmic function
3. Growth
4. Decay

The exponential function with base a is defined by


𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥
where 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1, and x is a real number.
o If the base were a negative number, the value of the function
would be a complex number for some values of x.
o a is defined such that 𝑎 ≠ 1 because 𝑓 𝑥 = 1𝑥 = 1 is a
constant function
Properties of exponential functions of the form 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 ,
1. The function is a one-to-one function as the domain of the
function is (−∞, ∞) and the range of the function is (0, ∞).
2. The graph of f is a smooth, continuous curve with a y-intercept
of (0,1), and the graph passes through (1, 𝑎).
3. The graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 has no x-intercepts, so it never crosses
the x-axis. No value of x will cause 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 to equal 0.
4. The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote for every exponential
function of the form 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑎

For 𝑎 > 1, Exponential Growth


o 𝑓 is an increasing function, so the
graph rises to the right.
o As 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → ∞
o As 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 0
For 0 < 𝑎 < 1, - Exponential Decay
o 𝑓 is a decreasing function, so the graph
falls to the right.
o As 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → ∞
o As 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 0

Transformations on Exponential
Function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙
transformation Equation Effect on graph
Horizontal Shift 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 Shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑏
units
i. left if 𝑏 > 0
ii. right if 𝑏 < 0
Vertical Shift 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 Shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑏
units
i. up if 𝑏 > 0
ii. down if 𝑏 < 0
Stretching or 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑎 𝑥 Multiply the y coordinates by c.
Compressing The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 is
(Vertically) vertically
i. stretched if 𝑐 > 1
ii. compressed if 0 < 𝑐 < 1
Reflection 𝑦 = −𝑎 𝑥 Reflect the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 in
the x-axis.

𝑦 = 𝑎 −𝑥 Reflect the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 in


the y-axis.
Natural Exponential Function

o The irrational number 𝑒 is useful in many applications


that involve growth or decay.
o The letter e represents the number that
1
(1 + )𝑛 approaches as n increases without bound.
𝑛
o The value of 𝑒 accurate to eight decimal places is 2.71828183.

Natural exponential Function


For all real numbers x, the function defined by
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥
Logarithmic Functions
If 𝑥 > 0 and b is a positive constant (𝑏 ≠ 1), then
𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 if and only if 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥
The notation is read “the logarithm (or log) base b of x.” The function
defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑥 is a logarithmic function with base b. This
function is the inverse of the exponential function 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥

Composition of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions


Let 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥 and 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑥 (𝑥 > 0, 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1). Then
𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏 log𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥
Notes:
o The exponential form of 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 is 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥.
o The logarithmic form of 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥 is 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥.

Basic Logarithmic Properties


1. log 𝑏 𝑏 = 1
2. log 𝑏 1 = 0
3. log 𝑏 (𝑏 𝑥 ) = 𝑥
4. 𝑏 log𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥
Properties of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙
1. The domain of the function is (0, ∞) and the range of the
function is (−∞, ∞).
2. The graph of 𝑓 has an x-intercept of (1, 0)and passes through
(𝑏, 1).
3. If 𝒃 > 𝟎, 𝑓 is an increasing
function and its graph is asymptotic
to the negative y-axis.
o 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → ∞
o 𝑥 → 0, 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞

4. If 𝟎 < 𝒃 < 𝟏, 𝑓 is an decreasing


function and its graph is asymptotic
to the positive y-axis.
o 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞
o 𝑥 → 0, 𝑓 𝑥 → ∞

Common and Natural Logarithms


o The function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = log10 𝑥 is called the common
logarithmic function. It is customarily written as log 𝑥 without
stating the base.
o The function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥 is called the natural
logarithmic function. It is customarily written as 𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥.
Properties of Logarithms
In the following properties, b, M, and N are positive real numbers
(𝑏 ≠ 1).
o Product property
log 𝑏 (𝑀𝑁) = log 𝑏 𝑀 + log 𝑏 𝑁
o Quotient property
𝑀
log 𝑏 = log 𝑏 𝑀 − log 𝑏 𝑁
𝑁
o Power property
log 𝑏 (𝑀𝑝 ) = 𝑝 log 𝑏 𝑀
o Logarithm-of-each-side property
𝑀 = 𝑁 implies log 𝑏 𝑀 = log 𝑏 𝑁
o One-to-one property
log 𝑏 𝑀 = log 𝑏 𝑁 implies 𝑀 = 𝑁

Exponential Growth and Decay Functions


If a quantity 𝑁 increases or decreases at a rate proportional to the
amount present at time, then the quantity can be modeled by
𝑁 𝑡 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
where,,,
o 𝑁0 = 𝑁(0), the initial amount
o k = relative rate of growth (𝑘 > 0, 𝑁 increases as 𝑡 increases) or
decay (𝑘 < 0, 𝑁 decreases as 𝑡 increases)
o t = time

Compound Interest Formula


A principal 𝑝 invested at an annual interest rate 𝑟, expressed
as a decimal and compounded 𝑛 times per year for 𝑡 years,
produces the balance
𝒓 𝒏𝒕
𝑨 = 𝒑(𝟏 + )
𝒏
where,,,
𝑨 = amount after t years
𝑷 = principal
𝒓 = annual interest rate (expressed as a decimal)
𝒏 = number of times interest is compounded each year
𝒕 = number of years
Continuous Compounding Interest Formula
If an account with principal 𝑃 and annual interest rate 𝑟 is
compounded continuously for 𝑡 years, then the balance is
𝑨 = 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕
𝑨 = amount after t years
𝑷 = principal
𝒓 = annual rate (expressed as a decimal)
𝒕 = number of years

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