The document provides an overview of cosmetics, including definitions, classifications (misbranded and spurious), and the structure of skin, which consists of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. It also discusses common skin problems such as dry skin, acne, and pigmentation disorders, along with their causes and treatments. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of proper skin care and dietary recommendations for maintaining healthy skin.
The document provides an overview of cosmetics, including definitions, classifications (misbranded and spurious), and the structure of skin, which consists of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. It also discusses common skin problems such as dry skin, acne, and pigmentation disorders, along with their causes and treatments. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of proper skin care and dietary recommendations for maintaining healthy skin.
The document provides an overview of cosmetics, including definitions, classifications (misbranded and spurious), and the structure of skin, which consists of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. It also discusses common skin problems such as dry skin, acne, and pigmentation disorders, along with their causes and treatments. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of proper skin care and dietary recommendations for maintaining healthy skin.
The document provides an overview of cosmetics, including definitions, classifications (misbranded and spurious), and the structure of skin, which consists of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. It also discusses common skin problems such as dry skin, acne, and pigmentation disorders, along with their causes and treatments. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of proper skin care and dietary recommendations for maintaining healthy skin.
COSMETIC Cosmetic means any article intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled or sprayed on, or introduced into, or otherwise applied to, the human body or any part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance and includes any article intended for use as a component of cosmetic.
Definition of “Cosmetic Products”
The European Union Cosmetics Directive defines a cosmetic as "any substance
or preparation intended to be placed in contact with the various external parts of the human body (epidermis, hair system, nails, lips and external genital organs) or with the teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or mainly to cleaning them, perfuming them, changing their appearance and/or correcting body odors and/or protecting them or keeping them in good condition." 3
www.DuloMix.com
MISBRANDED COSMETIC A cosmetic is deemed to be misbranded – • If it contains colour which is not prescribed, or • If it is not labelled in prescribed manner, or • If the label or container of anything accompanying the cosmetic bears any statement which is false or misleading in particular.
[Cosmeceuticals- Cosmetic product with pharmaceutical grade ingredients]
SPURIOUS COSMETIC A cosmetic is deemed to be spurious- • If it is imported under a name which belongs to another cosmetic, or • If it is an imitation of, or a substitute for, or resembles another cosmetic • If the label of the container bears the name of an individual or company purporting to be the manufacturer of the cosmetic, which individual or company is fictitious and does not exist, or • If it purports to be the product of a manufacturer of whom it is not truly a product. 4
www.DuloMix.com
Structure of Skin 5
www.DuloMix.com
Skin has three distinct layers, namely the outermost epidermis, the dermis and hypodermis or subcutaneous layer. (a) Epidermis: The epidermis is made up of many layers of cells. ▪ Outermost layer of the skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells ▪ Microscopic sections of epidermis shows 2 main parts: a) The stratum corneum( Horny layer) b) The stratum Germinativum ( Viable epidermis)
➢ Process of differentiation is by mitosis resulting in migration of cells from basal
layer towards skin surface. ➢ The epidermis varies in thickness from 75 to 150 micrometers in most areas. And up to 4mm in palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Stratum corneum: It forms outermost layer of epidermis ( 10-15 micrometre).
It is quite dry and consists primarily of blocks of cytoplasmic protein matrices (keratin) embedded in the extracellular lipid. The keratin containing cells known as corneocytes, have an interlocking arrangement. Stratum Germinativum: It is the generative layer of epidermis. Contains basal cells. 6
www.DuloMix.com (b) The dermis: The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of epithelial tissue .The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many nerve endings that provide the sense of touch and heat. It contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. The blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste removal from its own cells as well as from the Stratum basale of the epidermis.
Dermis consists of:
Collagen and elastin: collagen forms the major constituents of the fibrous proteins which gives the skin its tensile strength. Elastin; makes up a smaller percentage and tends to be interwoven among the collagen bundles. These elastin fibers allow the skin to deform and return to its original state once the pressure or tension is removed. 7
www.DuloMix.com
Ground substance: Consists of salt, water and glycosaminoglycans. It
forms complex with protein molecules known as proteoglycans. Mast cells: Second major cell type in the dermis, can be found close to the small blood vessels. They are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of heparin (anticoagulant), histamine and prostaglandins, both are vasoactive substance.
(c) Hypodermis or Subcutaneous Tissue:
• The hypodermis or subcutaneous fat tissue supports the dermis and epidermis. It serves as a fat storage area. • This layer helps to regulate temperature, provides nutritional support and mechanic protection. • It carries principal blood vessels and nerves to skin and may contain sensory pressure organs. • The subcutaneous layer is quite elastic. 8
www.DuloMix.com
Problems related to the skin
I. Dry skin
II. Acne
III. Pigmentation
IV. Prickly heat
V. Wrinkles and
VI. Body odor.
9
www.DuloMix.com
(1) DRY SKIN: Dry skin is an awkward condition set apart by
scaling, tingling, and breaking. Dry skin is a condition described as absence of water in the most shallow layer of the skin. • Dry skin has a low level of sebum and can be prone to sensitivity. • It usually feels "tight“ and uncomfortable after washing unless some type of moisturizer or skin cream is applied. • Chapping and cracking are signs of extremely dry, dehydrated skin. • It looks dull, especially on the cheeks and around the eyes. There may be tiny expression lines on these spots and at the corners of the mouth 10
www.DuloMix.com
CAUSES • The oil glands do not supply enough lubrication to the skin. As a result, the skin becomes dehydrated. • Dry skin could be due to a genetic condition. • Poor diet. Nutritional deficiencies, especially deficiencies of vitamin A and the B vitamins, can also contribute to dry skin. • Environmental factors such as exposure to sun, wind, cold, chemicals, or cosmetics, or excessive bathing with harsh soaps. • Conditions such as dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis.
Xeroderma or xerodermia "dry skin", is a condition which can safely be treated
with emollients or moisturizers. Cleansing, Moisturizing Medicines Change in lifestyle Humidify during winter Applying cool cloths Avoiding heat
1)Cleansing :- •Apply moisturizers and or emollients while the skin is still moist; apply liberally once a day at a minimum and reapply when required. •A barrier cream may be useful for hands and feet. •When scaling is present, consider a keratolytic such as a urea-based moisturizer, salicylic acid, lactic acid, or glycolic acid for mildly, moderately, and severely dry skin. Consider a higher concentration keratolytic product on hands and feet. 12 2) Skin Care Products www.DuloMix.com 13
www.DuloMix.com
HOW TO CARE FOR DRY SKIN
Dry skin needs plenty of thorough but gentle cleansing, regular stimulation with massage and generous quantities of oil and moisture. Washing dry skin with soap and water not only removes grime but also the natural oils protecting the skin. A moisturizer increases the water content of the outer layers of the skin and gives it a soft, moist look.
DIET RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DRY SKIN
Eat a balanced diet that includes vegetables, fruits, grains, seeds, and nuts. Drink at least 2 L of water every day to keep the skin well hydrated. Eat foods such as garlic, onions, eggs, and asparagus that are high in sulfur, which helps to keep the skin smooth and youthful. 14
www.DuloMix.com
(2) ACNE: Acne, also known as acne vulgaris Its an inflammatory skin condition that occurs when oil and dead skin cells block the pore opening, causing sebum (oil) to build up inside the pore.
It is characterized by blackheads or whiteheads, pimples, oily skin,
and possible scarring. • It primarily affects areas of the skin with a relatively high number of oil glands 15
www.DuloMix.com
ACNE LIFE CYCLE
• Stage 1: Clogged Pores. Cells lining pores shed and mix with excess sebum produced by sebaceous glands, forming a plug, which leads to clogged pores. • Stage 2: Bacteria. Accumulated sebum and dead cells attract propioni bacterium naturally found in skin, which feeds on oil and multiplies rapidly inside pores. • Stage 3: Inflammation. This bacterial overgrowth triggers the natural inflammatory response causing swelling and redness. This can ultimately lead to discoloration and scarring. 16
www.DuloMix.com
CAUSES OF ACNE: • Genes • Hormonal activity, such as occurs during menstrual cycles and puberty • Infections against anaerobic bacterial species Propionibacterium acnes • High-glycemic-load diets • Stress can aggravate the skin by triggering release of androgens and cortisol. These stress hormones can stimulate an overproduction of oil. When this excess oil mixes with dead skin cells, it promotes bacterial growth and can cause acne to develop or worsen. • Acne is caused by the excess production of sebum from skin. • Several medications like lithium, hydantoin, isoniazid, glucocorticoids, iodides, bromides, and testosterone. 17
TREATMENT www.DuloMix.com
➢ Too much washing will only irritate the skin further and worsen their acne. Gently washing the face daily with mild cleanser or soap, pat dry and use appropriate acne treatment.
➢ Antibiotics used for mild to moderate inflammatory acne.
• They have activity against P. acnes, act on the surface of the skin to reduce the stimulus for inflammation of the lesions, inhibit the growth of bacteria and reduce inflammation. Topical antibiotics used in acne treatment are erythromycin, clindamycin etc.
➢ Benzoyl Peroxide •Benzoyl peroxide is a topical disinfectant, originally employed as a peeling agent for treating acne . •Benzoyl peroxide has proven bactericidal activity against P. acnes by releasing free radical oxygen, which degrades the bacterial proteins
➢ Azelaic Acid •Azelaic acid is a natural dicarboxylic acid that inhibits protein synthesis of the P. acnes species . •It is an effective agent because it has bacteriostatic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant. 18
www.DuloMix.com
➢ Use anti-androgen (e.g. oral contraceptive pills) to regulate androgen, to prevent
excess sebum production. This method is only suitable for women. ➢ Some acne scar will remain permanent, so patients should use appropriate acne treatment as soon as possible.
MOST TREATMENTS AIM TO,
Help clear dead skin Help clear blackheads This allows sebum to move freely again The spots heal 19
(3) PIGMENTATION www.DuloMix.com
Skin color is due to a pigment, called melanin. Melanin is produced by melanocytes
( cells present in the basal layer of the epidermis) and is responsible for the coloration of skin, hair and eyes. • Melanin is synthesized by melanocytes within melanosomes and transferred to keratinocytes. Pigmentation disorders are disturbances of human skin color, either loss or reduction, which may be related to ➢ loss of melanocytes or the ➢ inability of melanocytes to produce melanin or ➢ transport melanosomes correctly. •Pigmentation is the coloring of an individual’s skin. The color of skin appears normal when a person is healthy. • A person’s skin may change color and grow darker (hyperpigmentation) or lighter (hypopigmentation) because of illness and/ injury. 20
www.DuloMix.com 21
www.DuloMix.com
Two types: (a) Hyperpigmentation: • This is the disorder due to abnormal pigmentation which occurs on a smack area of the skin, due to an increased local synthesis of melanin in epidermis. • This can be further stimulated by exposure to UV or X-ray irradiation.
CURRENT TREATMENTS:
• Old bleaching agents
➢ Hydroquinone (tyrosin inhibitor) ➢ Corticoïds
• Associated with « peeling » / dermabrasion products
(b)Hypopigmentation: Synthesis of lesser amount of melanin in part of skin can cause hypopigmentation, which is called vitiligo, i.e patchy depigmentation of the skin. A decrease or total absence of melanocytes in the depigmented areas has been observed.
CURRENT TREATMENTS:
UV narrow band • For 10 years: unknown risk cancer Topical treatments • Tacrolimus • Corticoids Surgery: too invasive technique • If spot entirely healed, no relapsing 23
