1.
Foundation
It is part of sub structure forming the base is building . It’s function is to transfer the load from building
to the soil. Also it resists / withstands seismic loads exerted by the soil.
2. Plinth
It is located between Foundation and Super Structure made up of damp proof course . It’s function is to
control differential settlements, to connect all columns to foundations , to control leaking of water.
3. Walls and Columns
Columns
It is a vertical component which is erected from foundation to the top most portion of building . It’s
main function is to carry the loads of super structure and transferring them to foundation (in a framed
structure).
Walls
Walls are vertical components which act as partition between two spaces and form the outer limits of
building. Its function is to separate spaces from each other internally and to cover all the external sides
of the building.
4. Roof Slab and beams
Roof Slab
Roof Slabs are horizontal structural member providing base to floor and ceiling to the users of adjacent
storeys. Slab connects beams and columns. Also supports and distribute loads from beam and column .
The lower portion of slab acts as ceiling and upper portion acts as floor between two adjacent storeys.
Slab is made of material concrete and reinforcement steel bars.
Beams
Horizontal components of building which acts as structural members connecting columns and slab . It
carries dead and live load from building and transfers to columns . Varies in sizes as per total loads
acting on it . Made of reinforcement steel and concrete .
5. Flooring
Flooring is a finishing layer provided to the roof slab, which is a structural member and which separates
two adjacent storeys from each other. The purpose of flooring is to provide even finish to the roof slab
and ensure proper slope for drainage of water.
6. Doors and Windows
Doors
These are openings provided for entry or exit of users / occupants into different spaces inside a building.
They play an important role in circulation of occupants from one room to another. Privacy of a space can
be maintained by doors. It provides protection to interior of any space from exterior.
Window
These are openings provided for circulation of air and to get natural light inside spaces of buildings.
Windows are generally provided on external walls only.
7. Lintel and Window Sills
Lintels are small beams provided over openings (windows and doors). It’s function is to provide support
to the wall above openings. Lintels are usually made up of reinforced concrete or wood so as to take the
loads from above.
8. Stairs
Vertical component which joins adjacent storeys of building and provide circulation of humans as well as
materials from one storey to another. Stairs are Located at centre or corner building. Stairs come in
different types based on shapes and materials used.
9. Roof terrace with Flooring and Parapet
Topmost horizontal part of building roof which can be used as roof terrace with floor finishes. Water
tanks, solar panels are installed in roof terrace.
