Course II
Lesson 5
Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
and Exponential Functions
5A
• Derivative of logarithmic functions
1
Review of the Logarithmic Function
y y = ax
Exponential function
Fig.1
Fig.1
x
y=a (a > 0, a ≠1)
O x
Logarithmic function y y = ax
Fig.2 Fig.1
x
y=a
x
We replace the notation y y = log a x
y
x=a y = log a x Fig.3
O x
2
Derivative of the Logarithmic Function
From the definition
ʹ log a (x + h ) − log a x
(log a x ) = lim
h→0 h
1 ⎛ h⎞ ⎧1 x ⎛ h ⎞⎫
= lim log a ⎜1 + ⎟ = lim ⎨ ⋅ log a ⎜1 + ⎟⎬
h→0 h x ⎠ h→0 ⎩ x h x ⎠⎭
⎝ ⎝
h
We put =k . When h → 0, k → 0.
x
ʹ ⎧1 1 ⎫
(log a x ) = lim ⎨ ⋅
k →0 x k
log a (1 + k )⎬ ?
⎩ ⎭
1 1 1 1
= lim log a (1 + k )k = log a ⎢lim(1 + k )k ⎤⎥
⎡
x k →0 x ⎣ k →0 ⎦
3
Napier’s Constant
Trial
We expect that approaches one value as .
Napier’s Constant
n
⎛ 1⎞
e = lim ⎜1 + ⎟ =
n→∞
⎝ n⎠
Important Mathematical Constants
“π=3.1415…” was known 4000 years ago
“e=2.7182…” was found in 17th century 4
Natural Logarithm
Then
If the base is e, we have
Natural logarithm is the logarithm to the base e.
Notation: log e x → ln x
Summary
d 1 d 1
(loga x) = , (ln x) =
dx x ln a dx x
5
1
Examples
[ Example 5.1] Find the derivative of the following functions.
(1) y = ln 2x, (2) y = log2 (3x + 2), (3) y = x ln 3x
Ans.
1 3
(2) y ʹ = ⋅(3x + 2) ʹ =
(3x + 2) ln 2 (3x + 2) ln 2
3
(3) y ʹ = x ʹ ln 3x + x(ln 3x) ʹ = ln 3x + x ⋅ = ln 3x + 1
3x
6
Examples
[ Example 5.2] Calculate the money which you can receive one year
later using various compound systems. The principal is 10000 yen.
(1) Annual interest is 100%. (2) Half a year interest is 50%, (3) Monthly
interest is 100/12%, (4) Daily interest is 100/360%.
Ans.
1
(1) 10000 × (1 + 1) = 20,000 yen
2 yen
(2) 10000 × (1 + 1 / 2 ) = 22,500
(3) 10000 × (1 + 1 / 12)12 = 26,130 yen
(4) 10000 × (1 + 1 / 365)365 = 27,148 yen
[ Note ] Napier’s Constant
n
⎛ 1⎞
lim ⎜1 + ⎟ = e = 2.7182
n→∞
⎝ n⎠ 7
Exercise
[Ex.5.1] Find the derivatives of the following functions.
2
(1) y = (ln x) , (2) y = x ln x , (3) y = log10 x
Pause the video and solve the problem by yourself.
8
Answer to the Exercise
[Ex.5.1] Find the derivatives of (1) y = (ln x)2 and (2) y = ln( x3 + 1)
Ans.
(1) d 2 d 2 ln x
(ln x ) = 2 ln x ⋅ ln x =
dx dx x
(2) d ʹ ʹ 1
(x ln x ) = (x ) ⋅ ln x + x ⋅ (ln x ) = ln x + x ⋅ = ln x + 1
dx x
ln x
(3) log10 x =
ln10
d d ln x 1 d 1
log10 x = = ln x =
dx dx ln10 ln10 dx (ln10)x
9
Course II
Lesson 5
Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
and Exponential Functions
5B
• Derivative of exponential functions
10
Derivative of Inverse Functions
Let f and g be inverse functions. Then
y = f (x) x = g ( y)
Differentiate both sides of (1) by y and from the chain rule, we have
df ( x) df ( x) dx df ( x) dg ( y) df ( x) dg ( y )
1= = = 1=
dy dx dy dx dy dx dy
Therefore
df ( x) 1 dy 1
= or =
dx ⎛ dg ( y ) ⎞ dx ⎛ dx ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ dy ⎠ ⎝ dy ⎠
11
Derivative of the Exponential Function
Exponential function of base e
y = f ( x) = e x x = g ( y ) = ln y
Therefore, from the previous slide we have
dy df ( x) 1 1 d x
= = = =y (e ) = e x
dx dx ⎛ dg ( y ) ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ dx
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ dy ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠
Case y = ax
x
If a = e , then x = ln a. Therefore
ln a x
x
y=a = e ( ) = e x ln a d x
From the Chain Rule dt
( )
a = a x ln a
d x d x ln a x ln a d
dt
( )
a =
dt
e ( =e ) dt
( x ln a) = a x ln a 12
Examples
[ Example 5.3] Find the derivative of the following functions.
(1) y = e2 x , (2) y = a −2 x
Ans.
(1) Chain rule
yʹ = e2 x ⋅ (2 x)ʹ = 2e2 x
(2) Chain rule
( )
yʹ = a −2 x log a ⋅ (−2 x)ʹ = −2a −2 x log a
13
Exercise
[Ex.5.2] Find the derivatives of the following functions.
x −x
(1) y = x a
x
(2) y=2 ln x
(3) y = e − e
e x + e− x
Pause the video and solve the problem by yourself.
14
Answer to the Exercise
[Ex.5.2] Find the derivatives of the following functions.
x −x
(1) y = x a
x
(2) y=2 ln x
(3) y = e − e
e x + e− x
(1) Product rule
yʹ = ( x)ʹa x + x(a x )ʹ = a x + x ⋅ a x log a = a x (1 + x log a)
(2) Chain rule
ln x 1 2 ln x ln 2
yʹ = 2 ln 2 ⋅ ( ) =
x x
(3) Quotient rule
(e x + e − x ) 2 − (e x − e − x ) 2 4
y =
ʹ x −x 2
= x −x 2
(e + e ) (e + e ) 15
